Period lasting 3 weeks: Von Willebrand Disease: Types, Causes, and Symptoms

04.09.202318.07.2023 by alexxlab

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Placenta Previa

Placenta previa occurs when the placenta covers the opening of the cervix during the last months of pregnancy. This condition can cause severe bleeding before or during labor.

The placenta develops in a pregnant person’s uterus during pregnancy. This sac-like organ provides the developing baby with food and oxygen. It also removes waste products from the baby’s blood. The placenta is also referred to as “afterbirth” because it exits the body after the baby is born.

During pregnancy, the uterus stretches and grows. It’s normal for the placenta to be low in the uterus in early pregnancy. As the pregnancy continues and the uterus stretches, the part of the uterine the placenta was stuck to moves, usually away from the cervical opening.

By the third trimester, the placenta should be near the top of the womb. This position allows the cervix, or the entrance to the womb at the bottom of the uterus, a clear path for delivery.

If the placenta attaches instead to the lower part of the uterus, it can cover part or all of the internal opening or “os” of the cervix. When the placenta covers the cervical os during the last months of pregnancy, the condition is known as placenta previa.

Most pregnant people with placenta previa will require pelvic rest. This typically includes abstaining from having sexual intercourse, limiting any procedures like an obstetrical check for dilation, and possibly restricting any exercises that may strain the pelvic floor.

The main symptom of placenta previa is sudden light to heavy bleeding from the vagina. Any bleeding can be representative of problems with the placenta and needs investigation by a physician. Specific symptoms may include:

cramps or sharp pains
bleeding that starts, stops, and begins again days or weeks later
bleeding after intercourse
bleeding during the second half of pregnancy

Risk factors for the development of placenta previa include:

unusual position of the baby, including breech (buttocks first) or transverse (lying horizontally across the womb)
previous surgeries that involve the uterus: cesarean delivery, surgery to remove uterine fibroids, dilation and curettage (D&C)
pregnant with twins or other multiples
prior miscarriage
large placenta
abnormally shaped uterus
having already given birth to one child
prior diagnosis of placenta previa

Pregnant people who are smokers, who are older than 35, or who are of Asian descent are also at higher risk of developing placenta previa.

Usually, the first signs of placenta previa will show up during the routine 20-week ultrasound. These initial signs are not necessarily a cause for worry, since the placenta is often lower in the uterus during the early part of a pregnancy.

The placenta usually corrects itself. According to the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, only 10 percent of people with low-lying placenta at 20 weeks will have a low-lying placenta at their next ultrasound. Only .5 percent will have placenta previa at the end of their pregnancy.

If you experience any bleeding in the second half of your pregnancy, doctors will monitor the position of the placenta using one of these preferred methods:

Transvaginal ultrasound. Your doctor places a probe inside the vagina to provide an inside view of your vaginal canal and cervix. This is the preferred and most accurate method for determining placenta previa.
Transabdominal ultrasound. A healthcare technician places gel on your abdomen and moves a handheld unit called a transducer around your abdomen to view the pelvic organs. The sound waves make a picture on a TV-like screen.
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). This imaging scan will help clearly determine the placenta’s location.

Doctors will decide how to treat your placenta previa based on:

the amount of bleeding
the month of your pregnancy
the baby’s health
the position of the placenta and the baby

The amount of bleeding is a doctor’s main consideration when deciding how to treat the condition.

Minimal to no bleeding

For cases of placenta previa with minimal or no bleeding, your doctor will likely suggest pelvic rest. This means refraining from putting anything into your vagina during pregnancy in order to prevent medical complications.

You’ll also be asked to avoid sex and likely exercise as well. If bleeding occurs during this time, you should seek medical care as soon as possible.

Heavy bleeding

In the case of heavy bleeding, your doctor will advise scheduling a cesarean delivery as soon as it’s safe to deliver — preferably after 36 weeks. If the C-section needs to be scheduled sooner, your baby may be given corticosteroid injections to speed up their lung growth.

Uncontrollable bleeding

In the case of uncontrolled bleeding, an emergency cesarean delivery will have to be performed.

During labor, the cervix will open to allow the baby to move into the vaginal canal for birth. If the placenta is in front of the cervix, it will begin to separate as the cervix opens, causing internal bleeding.

This can necessitate an emergency C-section, even if the baby is premature, as the pregnant person could bleed to death if no action is taken. Vaginal birth also poses too many risks for the pregnant person, who could experience severe hemorrhaging during labor, delivery, or after the first few hours of delivery.

A placenta previa diagnosis can be alarming for people who are expecting a baby. Here are some ideas for how to cope with your condition and how to prepare yourself for delivery.

Get educated. The more you know, the more you’ll know what to expect. Get in contact with other people who have been through placenta previa births.

Be prepared for your cesarean delivery. Depending on the type of your placenta previa, you might not be able to have a vaginal birth. It’s good to remember the ultimate goal — the health of you and your baby.

Rest. Pelvic rest is important while you are experiencing this condition. Additionally you should not engage in any strenuous activity or heavy lifting. You can use the time wisely by catching up on small projects, such as:

putting together a photo album
writing letters
reading about your upcoming lifestyle change

Pamper yourself. Indulge in small pleasures, such as:

buying a new pair of comfortable pajamas
reading a good book
watching your favorite TV program
keeping a gratitude journal

Be sure to rely on your circle of friends and family for conversation and support.

Von Willebrand Disease: Types, Causes, and Symptoms

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Medically reviewed by Graham Rogers, M. D. — By Lydia Krause — Updated on March 31, 2017

What is von Willebrand disease?

Von Willebrand disease is a bleeding disorder. It’s caused by a deficiency of von Willebrand factor (VWF). This is a type of protein that helps your blood to clot. Von Willebrand is different from hemophilia, another type of bleeding disorder.

Bleeding happens when one of your blood vessels breaks. Platelets are a type of cell that circulates in your blood and clumps together to plug broken blood vessels and stop bleeding. VWF is a protein that helps platelets clump together, or clot. If your levels of functional VWF are low, your platelets won’t be able to clot properly. This leads to prolonged bleeding.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, von Willebrand disease affects up to 1 percent of the general population in the United States.

Three main types of von Willebrand disease exist:

Type 1

Type 1 is the most common type of von Willebrand disease. It causes lower-than-normal levels of VWF to occur in your body. You still have small amounts of VWF in your body to help clot blood. You’ll likely experience mild bleeding problems but be able to live a normal life.

Type 2

If you have type 2 von Willebrand disease, you have normal levels of VWF but it won’t work properly due to structural and functional defects. Type 2 is divided into subtypes, including types:

Type 3

Type 3 is the most dangerous type of von Willebrand disease. If you have this type, your body won’t produce any VWF. As a result, your platelets won’t be able to clot. This will put you at risk of severe bleeding that’s difficult to stop.

If you have von Willebrand disease, your symptoms will vary depending on which type of the disease you have. The most common symptoms that occur in all three types include:

easy bruising
excessive nose bleeds
bleeding from your gums
abnormally heavy bleeding during menstruation

Type 3 is the most severe form of the condition. If you have this type, you have no VWF in your body. This makes episodes of bleeding difficult to control. It also raises your risk of internal bleeding, including bleeding in your joints and gastrointestinal system.

Men and women develop von Willebrand disease at the same rate. But women are more likely to experience symptoms and complications due to the increased risk of bleeding during menstruation, pregnancy, and childbirth.

A genetic mutation causes von Willebrand disease. The type of von Willebrand disease that you have depends on whether one or both of your parents have passed a mutated gene on to you. For example, you can only develop type 3 Von Willebrand if you’ve inherited a mutated gene from both of your parents. If you’ve only inherited one copy of the mutated gene, you’ll develop type 1 or 2 von Willebrand disease.

Your doctor will ask you questions about your personal and family history of abnormal bruising and bleeding. Type 3 tends to be the easiest to diagnose. If you have it, you’ll likely have a history of severe bleeding starting early in life.

Along with taking a detailed medical history, your doctor may also use laboratory tests to check for abnormalities in your VWF levels and function. They may also check for abnormalities in clotting factor VIII, which can cause hemophilia. Your doctor can also use blood tests to learn how well your platelets function.

Your doctor will need to collect a sample of your blood to conduct these tests. Then, they’ll send it to a laboratory for testing. Because of the specialized nature of these tests, it may take up to two or three weeks to receive your results.

If you have von Willebrand disease, your treatment plan will vary, depending on the type of condition you have. Your doctor may recommend several different treatments.

Nonreplacement therapy

Your doctor may prescribe desmopressin (DDAVP), which is a drug recommended for types 1 and 2A. DDAVP stimulates the release of VWF from your body’s cells. Common side effects include a headache, low blood pressure, and fast heart rate.

Replacement therapy

Your doctor may also recommend replacement therapy, using Humate-P or Alphanate Solvent Detergent/Heat Treated (SD/HT). These are two types of biologics, or genetically engineered proteins. They’re developed from human plasma. They can help replace the VWF that’s absent or working improperly in your body.

These replacement therapies aren’t identical and you shouldn’t use them interchangeably. Your doctor may prescribe Humate-P if you have type 2 von Willebrand disease and are unable to tolerate DDAVP. They may also prescribe it if you have a severe case of type 3 von Willebrand disease.

Common side effects of replacement therapy with Humate-P and Alphanate SD/HT include chest tightness, rash, and swelling.

Topical treatments

To treat minor bleeding from small capillaries or veins, your doctor may recommend applying Thrombin-JMI topically. They may also apply Tisseel VH topically after you undergo surgery, but it won’t stop heavy bleeding.

Other drug therapies

Aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid are drugs that help steady clots formed by platelets. Doctors often prescribe them to people who are undergoing invasive surgery. Your doctor may also prescribe them if you have type 1 von Willebrand disease. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, and clot complications.

Drugs to avoid

If you have any form of Von Willebrand disease, it’s important to avoid drugs that can increase your risk of bleeding and complications. For example, avoid aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen and naproxen.

Most people who have type 1 von Willebrand disease are able to live normal lives with only mild bleeding issues. If you have type 2, you’re at an increased risk of experiencing mild to moderate bleeding and complications. You may experience worse bleeding in the case of infection, surgery, or pregnancy. If you have type 3, you’re at risk of severe bleeding, as well as internal bleeding.

No matter what type of von Willebrand disease you have, you should let your healthcare providers know about it, including your dentist. They may need to adjust their procedures to lower your risk of bleeding. You should also let trusted family members and friends know about your condition in case you have an unexpected accident or need life-saving surgery. They can share important information about your condition with your healthcare providers.

Last medically reviewed on March 31, 2017

How we reviewed this article:

Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. We avoid using tertiary references. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy.

Bharati, K. P., & Prashanth, U. R. (2011, January-February). Von Willebrand disease: An overview. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 73(1), 7-16
ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3224412/
Mayo Clinic Staff. (2014, January 2). Von Willebrand disease
mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/von-willebrand-disease/basics/definition/con-20030195
Von Willebrand disease. (2014, June 11)
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0063054/
Von Willebrand disease (VWD): Data and statistics – NCBDDD. (2015, March 20)
cdc.gov/ncbddd/vwd/data.html

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Medically reviewed by Graham Rogers, M.D. — By Lydia Krause — Updated on March 31, 2017

Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation: Official website

Working hours should provide (Article 100 of the Code): flexible schedule, part-time work),

work with irregular working hours for certain categories of workers, the duration of daily work (shifts), including part-time work (shifts),

start and end time,

break time,

number of shifts per day,

alternation of working and non-working days, which are established by the internal labor regulations, collective agreement, agreements, and for employees whose working hours differ from the general rules established by the given employer, by an employment contract.

Features of the regime of working time and rest time for transport workers, communications workers and others with a special nature of work are determined in the manner established by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 10, 2002 No. 877.

Working hours – the time during which the employee, in accordance with the internal labor regulations and the terms of the employment contract, must perform labor duties, as well as other periods of time that, in accordance with the Code, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, refer to to working time.

Normal working hours may not exceed 40 hours per week (Article 91 of the Code).

For certain categories of workers, labor legislation provides for the establishment of reduced working hours (Article 92 of the Code):

for employees aged 16 to 18 not more than 35 hours per week;

for employees who are disabled people of groups I and II – no more than 35 hours a week;

for workers, working conditions at workplaces, which, according to the results of a special assessment of working conditions, are classified as harmful working conditions of the 3rd or 4th degree or dangerous working conditions – no more than 36 hours a week;

and other categories of employees established by the Code and other federal laws (for example, pedagogical, medical workers).

The legislation also provides for the possibility of establishing part-time work both by agreement of the parties to the employment contract, and by virtue of the direct obligation of the employer (at the request of a pregnant woman, one of the parents with a child under the age of 14 and in other cases provided for in Article 93 of the Code ).

At the same time, the reduced duration of daily work is established (Article 94 of the Code): 15 to 16 years old – 5 hours, 16 to 18 years old – 7 hours;

90,005 employees aged 14 to 16 who receive general education or secondary vocational education and combine education with work for no more than 2.5 hours during the academic year,

90,005 employees aged 16 to 18 who receive general education or secondary vocational education and combine education with work for no more than 4 hours during the academic year;

employees employed in jobs with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions, where reduced working hours are established, with a 36-hour working week – 8 hours, with a 30-hour working week or less – 6 hours;

to other categories of employees in accordance with the Code and other federal laws.

The duration of work on the eve of a non-working holiday is reduced by one hour (Article 95 of the Code).

The duration of work (shift) at night is reduced by one hour without further working off (Article 96 of the Code).

The employer has the right to involve employees to work outside the working hours established for this employee:

for overtime work in the manner prescribed by Article 99 of the Code;
if the employee works on irregular working hours (Article 101 of the Code).

The legislation provides for the possibility of establishing work in irregular working hours, flexible working hours, shift work, as well as dividing the working day into parts.

The Code also provides for the possibility of introducing a summarized recording of working hours so that the length of working time for an accounting period (month, quarter and other periods) does not exceed the normal number of working hours. The accounting period cannot exceed one year, and for accounting for the working time of employees employed in work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions, three months (Article 104).

This mode of working hours is established when, due to the conditions of production (work) for an individual entrepreneur, in an organization as a whole or in the performance of certain types of work, the established for this category of workers (including workers engaged in work with harmful and (or ) dangerous working conditions) daily or weekly working hours.

In this case, if due to seasonal and (or) technological reasons for certain categories of workers employed in work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions, the established working hours cannot be observed during the accounting period of three months , an industry (inter-sectoral) agreement and a collective agreement may provide for an increase in the accounting period for recording the working time of such employees, but not more than up to one year.

The normal number of working hours for the accounting period is determined on the basis of the weekly working hours established for this category of employees. For employees working part-time (shift) and (or) part-time working week, the normal number of working hours for the accounting period is reduced accordingly.

The procedure for introducing the summarized recording of working time is established by the internal labor regulations.

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