What are the different types of rosacea. How can you identify rosacea symptoms. What are the most effective treatments for managing rosacea. How does rosacea impact daily life. What triggers rosacea flare-ups. How can you prevent rosacea outbreaks.

What is Rosacea and How Does it Manifest?

Rosacea is a chronic skin condition that primarily affects the face, causing redness, visible blood vessels, and in some cases, small bumps or pimples. It typically begins with a tendency to blush or flush more easily than others. Over time, the redness may become more persistent, spreading across the cheeks, nose, forehead, and sometimes even to the ears, chest, and back.

The condition can vary significantly from person to person, but some common characteristics include:

• Persistent redness in the central part of the face
• Small, red, pus-filled bumps
• Visible blood vessels (telangiectasia)
• Sensitive, easily irritated skin
• Burning or stinging sensations
• Dry, rough, or scaly skin

The Four Types of Rosacea: Identifying Key Differences

Rosacea is classified into four distinct subtypes, each with its own set of symptoms and characteristics. Understanding these types can help in proper diagnosis and treatment.

Erythematotelangiectatic Rosacea (ETR)

This type is characterized by persistent redness in the central portion of the face. People with ETR may experience:

• Flushing and blushing easily
• Visible blood vessels (spider veins)
• Sensitive, sometimes swollen skin
• Stinging and burning sensations
• Dry, rough, and scaly skin texture

Papulopustular Rosacea

Often confused with acne, this type of rosacea presents with:

• Persistent redness in the central face
• Bumps (papules) and pimples (pustules), sometimes containing pus
• Oily and sensitive skin
• Burning and stinging sensations
• Visible broken blood vessels
• Raised patches called plaques

Phymatous Rosacea

This rare form of rosacea is more common in men and typically develops after another type of rosacea. It’s characterized by:

• Thickening of the skin, especially around the nose (rhinophyma)
• Bumpy, textured skin appearance
• Enlarged pores
• Visible broken blood vessels
• Oily skin

Ocular Rosacea

Affecting the eyes, this type of rosacea can cause:

• Watery, bloodshot eyes
• Gritty sensation, as if sand is in the eyes
• Burning, stinging, or itching in the eyes
• Dry eyes
• Blurred vision and light sensitivity
• Broken blood vessels on eyelids
• Cysts on eyelids

Diagnosing Rosacea: Challenges and Approaches

Diagnosing rosacea can be challenging as there are no specific medical tests for the condition. How do dermatologists diagnose rosacea? They typically rely on a combination of visual examination and patient history. The process often involves:

• A thorough examination of the skin and eyes
• Questions about symptoms and medical history
• Ruling out other conditions with similar symptoms, such as lupus or allergies

While there are no definitive tests for rosacea, your doctor may recommend certain tests to exclude other conditions or to assess the severity of your symptoms.

Treatment Options: Managing Rosacea Effectively

While there is no cure for rosacea, various treatments can help manage symptoms and prevent the condition from worsening. The choice of treatment often depends on the specific type of rosacea and the severity of symptoms.

Topical Medications

Several topical treatments can help reduce redness and inflammation:

• Brimonidine (Mirvaso) and oxymetazoline (Rhofade): These medications work by constricting blood vessels, reducing redness for about 12 hours.
• Azelaic acid and metronidazole: These help with both redness and bumps but may take 3-6 weeks to show results.
• Other creams and lotions: Your dermatologist may recommend specific products based on your individual symptoms.

Oral Medications

In some cases, oral medications may be prescribed:

• Antibiotics: Drugs like doxycycline, tetracycline, or minocycline can help reduce inflammation associated with rosacea.
• Isotretinoin: In severe cases that don’t respond to other treatments, this potent acne medication may be prescribed. However, it’s not suitable for pregnant women due to the risk of birth defects.

Laser and Light Therapies

For persistent redness and visible blood vessels, your doctor might recommend:

• Laser therapy to reduce the appearance of enlarged blood vessels
• Intense pulsed light therapy
• Electrosurgery
• Dermabrasion to improve skin texture

Unraveling the Causes of Rosacea: Current Theories and Research

The exact cause of rosacea remains unknown, but researchers have identified several factors that may contribute to its development:

• Genetic predisposition: Rosacea tends to run in families, suggesting a hereditary component.
• Immune system dysfunction: For acne-like breakouts (type 2 rosacea), an overreaction to the bacteria Bacillus oleronius may play a role.
• Microorganisms: The bacteria H. pylori and the common skin mite Demodex have been linked to rosacea.
• Protein abnormalities: The protein cathelicidin, which normally helps protect against skin infections, may contribute to rosacea in some individuals.

Ongoing research continues to explore these and other potential causes to improve our understanding and treatment of rosacea.

Who is at Risk? Understanding Rosacea Demographics

Rosacea affects over 16 million Americans, but certain groups appear to be at higher risk. Who is most likely to develop rosacea?

• Individuals with fair skin, blonde hair, and blue eyes
• Women (although men often experience more severe symptoms)
• People of Scandinavian or Celtic descent
• Those with a family history of rosacea or severe acne
• Adults between 30 and 50 years old

While these factors increase the likelihood of developing rosacea, it’s important to note that anyone can be affected by this condition, regardless of age, gender, or ethnicity.

Identifying and Managing Rosacea Triggers

Rosacea flare-ups can be triggered by various factors, which differ from person to person. Common triggers include:

• Environmental factors: Sun exposure, cold wind, hot weather
• Dietary factors: Spicy foods, hot drinks, alcohol (especially red wine)
• Emotional factors: Stress, anxiety
• Physical factors: Intense exercise, hot baths
• Certain skincare products or cosmetics
• Some medications

Keeping a diary of activities, foods, and environmental factors preceding flare-ups can help identify personal triggers. Once identified, avoiding or minimizing exposure to these triggers can help reduce the frequency and severity of rosacea outbreaks.

Living with Rosacea: Practical Tips for Daily Management

Managing rosacea extends beyond medical treatments. Incorporating certain practices into your daily routine can help minimize flare-ups and maintain healthier skin:

Sun Protection

Rosacea-prone skin is often sensitive to sunlight. How can you protect your skin from sun damage?

• Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher daily
• Wear protective clothing like wide-brimmed hats and sunglasses
• Avoid outdoor activities during peak sun hours (typically 10 am to 4 pm)

Gentle Skincare

Choosing the right skincare products and techniques is crucial for managing rosacea:

• Use mild, fragrance-free cleansers and moisturizers
• Avoid products containing alcohol, witch hazel, or other potential irritants
• Be gentle when washing your face or applying products
• Test new products on a small area before full application

Stress Management

Stress can exacerbate rosacea symptoms. Incorporating stress-reduction techniques into your routine may help:

• Practice relaxation techniques like deep breathing or meditation
• Engage in regular exercise (while being mindful of potential exercise-induced flare-ups)
• Ensure adequate sleep and maintain a consistent sleep schedule

Diet Considerations

While dietary triggers vary among individuals, some general guidelines may help:

• Avoid or limit known trigger foods, such as spicy dishes or hot beverages
• Consider keeping a food diary to identify personal dietary triggers
• Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water

By combining medical treatments with these lifestyle adjustments, many people with rosacea can effectively manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life. Remember, what works best can vary from person to person, so it’s important to work closely with your healthcare provider to develop a personalized management plan.

Living with rosacea can be challenging, but with proper understanding, treatment, and self-care, it’s possible to minimize its impact on daily life. By staying informed about the condition, working closely with healthcare providers, and being proactive in identifying and avoiding triggers, individuals with rosacea can maintain healthier skin and greater confidence in their appearance.

Rosacea: Types, Symptoms, and Treatment

Medically Reviewed by Debra Jaliman, MD on August 22, 2022

It starts with a blush of red on your cheeks, nose, or forehead. In time, this may spread to the ears, chest, and back and turn to bumps, pimples, and broken blood vessels. It could also inflame and irritate your eyes and thicken your skin. There are four types, though if you have one, you might have others and symptoms can overlap.

Your face may appear to blush in the center and you might see tiny broken blood vessels that appear in a distinctive pattern called spider veins. Your skin could swell, sting, burn, and flush more easily than other people. Eventually it might get dry, rough, and scaly. 

You’ll have outbreaks of bumps that look like acne and might be filled with pus. Your skin may be oily and sensitive or burn and sting. Raised, often hardened patches called plaques also might appear, along with spider veins. 

This one is rare. You usually get another type of rosacea first. You may see broken blood vessels and your skin might be oily and look like it has large pores. It gets bumpy and starts to thicken around your forehead, cheeks, chin, ears, and especially your nose, the most common area, where it’s called rhinophyma.

They may be watery and bloodshot and feel like there’s sand in them. They could itch, burn, sting, and get really dry. And you might not see as well as you did before. Your vision can get blurry and oversensitive to light. Look for broken blood vessels or fluid-filled sacs called cysts on your eyelids. 

There are no medical tests for rosacea, but your doctor could use them to rule out other conditions like lupus or allergies. They’ll examine your skin and eyes and ask you questions about your symptoms and medical history to see if you have it.

No, but treatments might help. Medication and other therapies can make your skin look and feel better. They might also stop your rosacea from getting worse. 

Brimonidine (Mirvaso) and oxymetazoline (Rhofade) cut down redness for about 12 hours by shrinking your blood vessels. Azelaic acid and metronidazole can help with redness and bumps, but they take 3 to 6 weeks to work. Talk to your doctor about creams and lotions that might be best for you.

Antibiotics mainly ease swelling linked to rosacea. You might take doxycycline in particular if you have bumps and pus. You could also use tetracycline or minocycline, but it’s not clear if they work as well. Your doctor may suggest a strong acne drug called isotretinoin (known as Claravis or Amnesteem) if other treatments don’t work, but not if you’re pregnant because it can cause birth defects. 

Your doctor may use a laser to reduce the redness of enlarged blood vessels. They also could use other therapies like intense pulsed light therapy, electrosurgery, and a technique called dermabrasion that sands away outer layers of skin to allow healthier skin to grow back. 

Scientists don’t know for sure, but there are some clues:

• It tends to run in families.
• For acne-like breakouts (type 2), your immune system seems to overreact to a bacteria called Bacillus oleronius.
• A type of bacteria called H. pylori and a common mite called demodex are linked to rosacea.
• The protein cathelicidin, which normally helps stop skin infection, might be a cause in some people.  

More than 16 million Americans live with the disease. Anyone can get it, but most have light skin, blonde hair, and blue eyes. Women get it more than men, but it’s often more severe in guys. Your odds also go up if your extended family has Scandinavian or Celtic roots or a history of rosacea or serious acne.

Those are things that cause your rosacea to flare. It may help to keep a journal of what you’re doing before an outbreak so you can look for possible culprits. Everyone is different, but some common triggers are a cold wind that blows on your face or eating spicy foods. Others might include sunlight, stress, red wine, drugs, and exercise.

Your skin is often sun-sensitive when you have rosacea. Avoid the outdoors in the heat of the day, and use “broad-spectrum” sunscreen if you’re in the sun. The SPF rating, which tells you the level of protection, should be 30 or higher. Use it every day along with a wide-brimmed hat, sunglasses, and other clothing that covers and protects your skin. 

Certain soaps, creams, lotions, and makeup can cause rosacea flare-ups. Ask your doctor or pharmacist about milder products that are less likely to cause irritation. Also, you may get problems if you simply scrub too hard. Take care, be gentle, and watch closely to see what helps and what hurts. 

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SOURCES:

American Academy of Dermatology: “Rosacea.”

FamilyDoctor.org: “Triggers could be causing your rosacea flare-ups,” “Rosacea. “

Mayo Clinic: “Rosacea,” “Dermabrasion.”

National Rosacea Society

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Skin infection pictures and treatments

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A skin infection occurs when parasites, fungi, or germs such as bacteria penetrate the skin and spread. When this happens, it can cause pain, swelling, and skin color changes.

Skin infections are different from rashes. A rash is an area of swollen or irritated skin. While rashes can be symptoms of some skin infections, a person with a rash does not necessarily have an infection.

There are four types of skin infection:

• bacterial
• viral
• fungal
• parasitic

Some skin infections require medical treatment. People can manage others with over-the-counter (OTC) solutions or home remedies. Read on to learn more about common skin infections.

This common bacterial skin infection occurs when bacteria infect the deep layers of skin and nearby tissues.

According to the American Academy of Dermatology, doctors diagnose 14.5 million cases of cellulitis in the United States each year.

Cellulitis can lead to serious complications, and receiving early treatment is important.

Symptoms

Before causing complications, cellulitis appears as swelling that is a different color from a person’s usual skin tone. The area is sometimes warm and tender to the touch.

Cellulitis can develop anywhere on the body. In children, it commonly affects the face, and in adults, it often appears on the lower legs.

Treatment

Early treatment is key to a successful outcome. If a person does not receive treatment, cellulitis can lead to blood infections and can damage the immune system.

The most common treatment is oral antibiotics. Some people may need to take this medication intravenously.

A person should also rest, elevate the affected area, and cover the area to aid healing.

What it looks like

Cellulitis causes the affected area to swell and change color. On lighter skin, cellulitis may appear red or pink, while on darker skin tones, it may appear purple, brown, or darker than the surrounding area.

Other skin changes may not be well defined, and it may be difficult to tell where they end. The area will likely be hard and warm to the touch.

Warts are noncancerous skin growths that occur when a virus infects the top layer of skin.

Warts are contagious. A person can contract them by touching a wart directly or by coming into contact with something the wart has touched.

Symptoms

Warts are usually visible as raised areas of skin, but they can also be darker and flat. They are more likely to form in places where skin damage occurs, such as on the fingers, nails, and backs of the hands.

Treatment

A dermatologist can usually remove common warts. Typical techniques include:

• cantharidin, a substance that causes a blister to form under the wart so the dermatologist can clip it off
• electrosurgery, or burning off the wart
• excision, or cutting the wart off
• cryotherapy, or freezing the wart off

The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is responsible for causing a herpes gladiatorum infection on the skin.

In 2016, HSV-1 was present in an estimated 66.6% of the world’s population under 50 years old.

Though a person can treat an outbreak of herpes, the virus always remains, which means symptoms can return at any time. The virus is also highly contagious, and a person can transmit it any time it is active, even if no symptoms are present.

Symptoms

When herpes gladiatorum flares, it can cause:

• swollen lymph nodes
• fever
• a tingling sensation in the affected area
• fluid-filled blisters that last between 4–11 days
• patches of discolored skin

Treatment

Some cases of herpes require no treatment. But a person with an active infection should avoid activities that put them in direct contact with others, such as contact sports and intercourse.

For people with moderate to severe infections, a doctor may prescribe an antiviral medication.

A yeast infection develops when fungus grows out of control. Yeast infections can occur across the body but are more common in skin folds, such as the armpits, or on parts of the body that clothes often cover, such as the feet.

Yeast infections are also common in other areas that trap moisture, such as the vagina and mouth.

Symptoms

The most common symptoms of a yeast infection are the formation of a rash and localized itchiness. Some yeast infections can cause blisters or pustules.

Yeast infections appear differently in different areas of the body. For example, a diaper rash that results from a yeast infection may appear as areas of chafed, differently colored skin and not feature any blisters.

Treatment

A person may be able to treat a yeast infection with OTC creams and ointments. Some yeast infections on the skin may require prescription medication and creams.

Anyone with a yeast infection on the skin should keep the area as clean and dry as possible while the infection resolves.

A range of creams for treating yeast infections is available for purchase online.

Lice are tiny insects that live in hair and cause a parasitic infection of the scalp. They exist worldwide and can affect anyone. Contrary to popular belief, lice can live in any type of hair, regardless of how often a person washes it.

Lice spread easily, especially in crowded conditions such as schools and nursing homes. Though a nuisance, lice do not cause serious health issues.

Symptoms

As with many other types of skin infection, itchiness is the most common symptom of lice. This typically develops around the ears and near the neck.

It can take 4–6 weeks for a person to become sensitive to lice saliva and for the itchiness to start. Even after treatment, several weeks may pass before this feeling goes away.

A person may also be able to see lice in their hair. Nits, or eggs, are small and found at the base of hairs. As a result, a person may initially confuse nits with dandruff.

When the eggs hatch, the lice are called nymphs. In this stage, a person may notice small, fast-moving mites on their scalp. Adult lice are about the size of sesame seeds, and are light gray or tan.

Treatment

A person can treat lice at home, but should speak with a doctor before doing so.

Treatment typically involves combing the lice and their eggs out of the hair and applying medication that kills the lice and their eggs.

A range of lice combs is available to purchase online.

Scabies is another parasitic skin infection. When a person has scabies, mites burrow into the upper layer of skin to lay their eggs. This causes infection and irritation.

Scabies spreads through prolonged skin-to-skin contact. People living in crowded conditions, such as nursing homes, are most likely to experience outbreaks.

Symptoms

Scabies causes a pimple-like rash that may contain small blisters and areas of scaling. These rashes may appear red or pink on light skin, and brown or black on darker skin.

Additionally, a person with scabies may notice burrows in the skin, and small sores and scales. These skin complaints may cause irritation and feel itchy.

Rashes from scabies can appear nearly anywhere on the body. Some of the most common sites include the:

• elbows
• armpits
• wrists
• penis
• webbing between the fingers
• nipples
• waist or beltline
• buttocks

Treatment

Scabies treatment involves medications called scabicides. These kill adult mites, and some also kill the eggs. Tested and approved scabicides are only available on prescription.

Since scabies can spread quickly within households and other indoor settings, close contacts of a person with scabies may also require medication.

A person should seek medical advice anytime an unexplained, persistent rash appears on their body.

It is especially important to contact a doctor if the rash occurs alongside a fever or symptoms other than itchiness or pain. Many skin infections require prescription medication or other forms of treatment.

Since many skin infections are easy to contract, people should use caution in public areas.

For example, wearing shoes in public bathrooms and showers can help prevent athlete’s foot, which is a common fungal infection. Avoiding physical contact with people who have scabies or an active herpes infection can help prevent exposure.

People with skin infections should take precautions and avoid physical contact until symptoms are gone or their doctor clears them to do so.

Skin infections are a common occurrence worldwide. These infections can spread easily through physical contact and can affect almost anyone.

Most infections present as rashes or small growths and typically cause irritation and itchiness. Affected areas of skin may appear pink or red on people with light skin, or as brown and black on people with darker skin.

If an unexplained rash appears, seek medical attention as soon as possible.

Skin diseases in children | 1DMC

A child should not be taken lightly as a small adult. The child is not just small, it is characterized by anatomical, physiological, immunological and many other age-related features of childhood. These age features are also present in the skin.

The skin is the largest human organ. And also the most vulnerable. Often it is she who takes the first blow, and even more often she becomes a signaling system that says that something is going wrong in the body.

Skin diseases have different causes and course, but they have one thing in common – they often irritate patients more than any other diseases. Some skin conditions are mildly annoying, others cause pain.

Not every symptom is dangerous. But sometimes we ignore those symptoms that require urgent medical attention. Someone is embarrassed by the problem, someone is afraid of doctors, someone prefers to apply plantain.

Children’s dermatologists of the First Children’s Medical Center will tell in this article about the most common skin diseases in children, why they appear and how to deal with them.

The most common skin diseases in children

Herpes simplex. One of the most common viral skin diseases. Antibodies to this virus are found in 90% of people. The main symptom of herpes are fluid-filled blisters that appear in the mucosal area – more often the lips or nose. Lack of treatment can provoke a decrease in immunity and, as a result, an increased risk of acquiring new diseases.

Pyoderma are infectious skin diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria (staphylococci, streptococci, Proteus vulgaris, pneumococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, etc.). Manifested by rashes of pustules and flaccid blisters (pustules and conflicts). The disease often proceeds acutely, sometimes chronically relapsing and rarely chronically.

You can become infected through contact with infected people, animals and contaminated objects.

The main risk factors for the development of pyoderma are microtrauma, burns, softening of the skin during prolonged contact with water, general and local overheating or hypothermia, prolonged friction and pressure on the skin with tools and clothing.

Chronic purulent inflammation occurs when the body’s reaction to pyococci changes. Patients with diabetes mellitus, blood diseases, immunodeficiencies, gastrointestinal diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease are susceptible to it.

Viral warts. A common viral skin disease caused by the entry of papillomavirus into human skin cells. Often the virus is transmitted by household means (when shaking hands, using carrier items). Convex nodules – warts are formed at the site of the introduction of the virus.

Molluscum contagiosum is a viral skin disease that manifests itself as pink hemispherical nodules with an indentation in the center. It got such an interesting name because of the similarity of nodules with a strong increase to a snail or a pearl. The disease has nothing to do with eating seafood or swimming in the sea.

The disease is caused by the molluscum contagiosum virus. In children, rashes usually appear on the trunk, limbs, head and neck. Infection occurs mainly by contact – by contact with the skin of an infected person or an infected object when visiting a swimming pool or sports sections.

Patients with atopic dermatitis are at risk of contracting molluscum contagiosum. Due to itching, multiple skin lesions (scratches and cracks) occur, through which the virus can spread from one part of the body to another. This leads to a relapsing course of the disease.

Microsporia (“ringworm”). It is an infectious skin disease caused by a fungus. At the beginning of its development, ringworm appears on the skin in the form of a red rough spot, and after a while it turns into an itchy red ring with swollen, rough edges.

This disease is transmitted through physical contact with a sick person or animal with hair (cats, dogs, hamsters, guinea pigs, rabbits).

There are also allergic and autoimmune skin diseases – they are not transmitted to other people

Atopic dermatitis – the inability of the skin to resist allergens, external irritants and pathogenic microorganisms. As a rule, a tendency to atopic dermatitis is in children whose close relatives suffer from the same disease.

The main symptom of atopic dermatitis is itching of varying intensity and rashes on the face, scalp, elbows and knees, the outer surface of the legs, forearms, trunk, buttocks, skin folds, dryness.

Due to the decrease in the protective function of the skin, patients with atopic dermatitis often develop secondary infections, bacterial: streptococcal, staphylococcal; viral: herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, which can lead to various complications.

Psoriasis is a systemic chronic skin disease. The development of psoriasis is promoted by hereditary predisposition, disorders of the nervous, endocrine, immune systems, psycho-emotional stress, chronic infections, and taking certain drugs. Psoriasis is a frequent companion of other diseases, such as: diabetes mellitus, diseases of the cardiovascular system, metabolic syndrome.

Psoriasis, like many other chronic skin diseases, is difficult to diagnose. The main signs of psoriasis are yellowish, pink-red rashes, gradually merging and forming scaly plaques of various shapes and sizes. Plaques can be found anywhere: the scalp, elbows, knees, lower back, palms and soles. Patients with psoriasis complain of itching of varying intensity.

Advanced cases of psoriasis can lead to pathological changes in the musculoskeletal system, often cases of nail psoriasis.

Allergic contact dermatitis is an inflammatory skin disease caused by a reaction to an allergen.

Identify several types of contact dermatitis:

• Acute contact dermatitis – occurs after a single contact with a substance that causes skin irritation
• Allergic contact dermatitis is an immune response of the skin to allergic substances.

Acute and allergic contact dermatitis are very similar in their manifestations: itching, burning, skin soreness, redness, swelling, rashes. In acute contact dermatitis, such manifestations are local in nature (exactly at the point of contact with the irritating substance). In allergic contact dermatitis, all of the above symptoms extend beyond exposure to the allergen and can appear anywhere on the skin.

• Chronic contact dermatitis – develops after repeated and prolonged contact with substances that have weak irritant properties, such as: cleaning solutions, acids and alkalis, powders. Chronic contact dermatitis is expressed by foci of soft redness, cracks, weeping, crusts, spots. Even after the elimination of the allergen, without proper treatment, the process can continue for years.

Seborrheic dermatitis is not just dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is a chronic skin disease in the form of peeling and rashes with frequent relapses.

The cause of seborrheic dermatitis may be the presence of the yeast fungus Malassezia spp., intense production of sebum of a modified composition caused by emotional stress, stressful situations, immune, neuroendocrine and hormonal disorders, as well as taking certain medications.

An early sign of seborrheic dermatitis is scalp dandruff. Later, itching, redness, peeling, plaques and crusts appear.

Seborrheic rashes can also appear on the face (in the area of ​​the cheekbones, wings of the nose, forehead, eyebrows), auricles, upper body (in the area of ​​the chest and shoulder blades), in large folds.

Urticaria. In case of urticaria on the skin of the face, shoulders, buttocks, thighs, blisters and swelling, red spots appear, sometimes accompanied by a burning sensation and itching.

Urticaria may be caused by:

• eating foods rich in preservatives and dyes, flavor enhancers, citrus fruits, eggs, chocolate, nuts;
• taking certain medications (antibiotics, painkillers).
• infectious diseases

Acne. Acne, or acne, is an inflammatory skin disease resulting from blockage of the sebaceous glands. More than 80% of the world’s population is prone to acne, most of them are teenagers.

There are several main factors influencing the development of acne: follicular hyperkeratosis, sebaceous hypertrophy, microbial colonization and inflammation.

The triggering factor is a genetically determined increase in the amount of androgens in the body and / or increased sensitivity of sebaceous gland cell receptors to testosterone derivatives. As a result of excessive production of sebum, hyperkeratosis occurs, which contributes to the formation of plugs at the mouth of the follicles. This leads to the accumulation of keratin masses, excess sebum and various bacteria in the lower part of the follicle. Then, successively, the expansion of the upper part of the hair follicle and the formation of a microcomedo occur. Microcomedone containing keratin, sebum and bacteria continues to expand, the wall of the follicle breaks, and the inflammatory process begins. Increased secretion of sebum leads to the growth of microorganisms (Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, fungi of the genus Pityrosporum).

Decrease in the number of lactobacilli in the gastrointestinal tract, leading to an increase in blood lipids, is often cited as the cause of acne.

In addition, it has been noticed that people who eat a lot of foods rich in fats and fast carbohydrates suffer from acne more often.

Treatment of skin diseases in children

Everything is interconnected in our body and unfortunately there is no one universal remedy for the treatment of skin diseases. Therefore, the task of a dermatologist is to analyze the characteristics of the manifestations of the disease, identify the triggering mechanism of the disease (causes): the external environment (temperature changes, contact with an irritating substance), nutrition, lifestyle, stress, chronic diseases and hidden pathologies (diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, endocrine pathology, etc.) and only after that treatment is prescribed, which consists of a complex and individually selected complex of various drugs, regular monitoring and evaluation of the effectiveness of therapy with possible subsequent correction.

Therefore, if you experience any skin rash, you should contact a pediatric dermatologist as soon as possible. This will significantly reduce the duration of treatment, reduce the likelihood of infecting others.

At the First Children’s Medical Center, you can get a consultation from a pediatric dermatologist in Saratov: our doctors aim not only to rid your child of the external symptoms of the disease, but also to find and eliminate the cause that caused it. In the First DMC, you can undergo all the necessary diagnostic procedures, as well as get advice from related specialists.

You can make an appointment with a pediatric dermatologist in Saratov at the First DMC from 8.00 to 20.00 by calling (8452) 244-000. Reception is by appointment.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis – symptoms, treatment and prevention in St. Petersburg

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a group of diseases that manifest as lesions of the mucous membranes, skin and tissues. There are several types of leishmaniasis:

1. Late ulceration. Distributed in cities. In the role of carriers of infection are mosquitoes and sick people. After recovery, a person develops immunity for life.
2. Penda ulcer. Registered in rural areas. The infection is seasonal. Its carriers are mosquitoes and rodents.

Symptoms of the disease

The urban type is characterized by a long incubation period from two months to several years. The disease develops slowly. First, a nodule forms on the skin, sometimes a horn plug can be seen in its center. A crust forms on the surface of the nodule after 3-5 months. If it is removed, an abrasion opens. After a while, it turns into an ulcer. A dark red roller rises above healthy skin. A serous substance with pus is released from the ulcer. It gradually increases, reaching a size of 2 to 5 centimeters. A scar forms at the site of healing.

The rural type has a short incubation period (1-5 weeks) and develops faster. Red-bluish bumps appear on the skin. Gradually, they increase and an irregularly shaped ulcer forms. Skin lesions in the rural type are much more significant than in the urban type. During healing, an ugly scar is formed.

In children, the disease has a more acute course. Often, cutaneous leishmaniasis is complicated by infection.

Other rare forms of the disease also occur:

1. Anthroponotic – resembles lupus. Soft brown bumps form on the scars. In this case, the disease is difficult to treat, and the number of tubercles gradually increases.
2. Mucocutaneous – develops for a very long time and healing takes from one to three years. In the early stages, metastases spread to the mucous membranes. Soft tissue destruction occurs. An infection can enter the body. The process ends with disfigurement.
3. Diffuse leishmaniasis spreads on exposed skin. Rashes merge and form lesions. In this case, the disease does not manifest itself on the mucous membranes.