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Hypopigmented skin lesions, fevers, chills, sweats and diffuse lymphadenopathy A man in his fifties with HIV (current CD4 cell count 57 cells/microliter) presented with several months of generalized malaise, poor appetite, weight loss (13. 6 kg, 30 lb). He had also developed scattered hypopigmented patches on his trunk. Over the month prior to evaluation, he developed fevers, chills, sweats, diffuse lymphadenopathy and abdominal bloating.  Read More » A male in his forties was referred from an East African country for evaluation of recurrent abdominal pain and features of bowel obstruction. » A teenaged female presented with fever, abdominal pain, body aches, and rash over her entire body including the palms and soles. » A woman in her sixties with 5 months of weight loss, poor appetite, and increased abdominal girth referred to gynecology with large right adnexal mass » A male in his seventies presented with nonproductive cough, dyspnea, and fevers » Cases of special interest from our library » Cases of HIV infection from around the world » Cases from the IDWeek / IDSA annual meetings » Infections in children and adolescents » A middle-aged man with HIV infection developed fever, a productive cough and pleuritic chest pain. » A man in his sixties with fever, fatigue and cough with occasional sputum of 3 weeks’ duration. » A woman with a biphasic respiratory illness. » A woman with fever, headache, and a new rash. »

Infectious Disease Images – eMicrobes Digital Library

The goal of this site is to present images of interesting and instructive Infectious Disease cases to healthcare trainees and professionals for educational purposes. The images presented have been contributed by faculty and fellows, and the viewer is advised that some of the images are of a graphic and sensitive nature and are not intended for a general audience. ID Images has been developed with support from the National Library of Medicine (eMicrobes: A Digital Library for Learning Infectious Diseases, G08LM008830s). The site is a result of a collaboration among the Infectious Diseases Divisions of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women’s Hospital and the Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard. Images and cases are provided by the hospitals’ faculty and staff and by other contributing authors, including infectious diseases fellows who submitted cases to the Infectious Diseases Society of America annual meeting. Cases and images within ID images are described using terms from the NLM’s Medical Subject Headings (MeSH, 2010 version). Healthcare professionals are advised to seek other sources of medical information in addition to this site when making individual patient care decisions, as this site is unable to provide information which can fully address the medical issues of all individuals. Basic sign-in information is requested regarding medical affiliation and is required, but this information will not be released or utilized for marketing purposes. If you are interested in contributing a case, please contact Brett MacAulay. Website Staff Rajesh T. Gandhi, M.D. Editor-in-Chief Jacqueline Chu, M.D. Managing Editor Sarah E. Turbett, M.D. Microbiology Editor Christina Chang, M.D. International Editor Robert C. Colgrove, Jr., M.D. Medical School Curriculum Editor Fatima Afridi, M.D. Assistant Medical Student Curriculum Editor Rocio Hurtado, M.D., D.T.M.&H. Contributing Editor Edward T. Ryan, M.D., D.T.M.&H. Contributing Editor Brett MacAulay Webmaster, developer Courtney Tern Assistant Editor Alice M. Cort, M.D. Managing Editor, emerita   Site Development This website has been developed with support from the National Library of Medicine (eMicrobes: A Digital Library for Learning Infectious Diseases, G08LM008830s), with additional funding provided by the Harvard Center for AIDS Research (CFAR). The site is a result of a collaboration among the Infectious Diseases Divisions of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women’s Hospital and the Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard. Images and cases are provided by the hospitals’ faculty and staff and by other contributing authors, including infectious diseases fellows who submitted cases to the Infectious Diseases Society of America annual meeting. The team responsible for the development of the website, supported by the National Library of Medicine grant, includes the following individuals: Paul Bain, Ph.D., M.S., Countway Library of Medicine Alice M. Cort, M.D., Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital Robert Colgrove, M.D., Harvard Medical School and Mt. Auburn Hospital Rajesh Gandhi, M.D., Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital Gary Geisler, Ph.D., Stanford University Antoinette Peters, Ph.D., Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute Rishabh Phukan, Massachusetts General Hospital Brett MacAulay, Massachusetts General Hospital

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How many periods of development of an infectious disease can be identified?

The article tells about the number of periods of development and course of an infectious disease, which are usually distinguished in medicine. You will learn what stages the body goes through in the fight against infection and how this affects the treatment and prognosis of the disease.

Infectious diseases are a group of diseases caused by different types of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi. In the human body, infectious agents cause various reactions, which can manifest themselves in the form of different periods of the development of the disease.
The periods of development of infectious diseases are successive stages, characterized by certain symptoms and signs. Each period has its own characteristics, which makes it possible to diagnose and prescribe appropriate treatment.
In medicine, different periods of infectious diseases are distinguished, but the most common classification includes 4 periods: incubation, manifestations, highest peak and convalescence. Each period has its own characteristics and characteristics, which we will consider below.

Periods and course of an infectious disease

Periods of an infectious disease

An infectious disease goes through several periods: incubation, protective and convalescent. The incubation period begins from the moment the pathogen enters the body and ends with the onset of the first symptoms of the disease. The protective period is the most severe stage of the disease, when the pathogen actively reproduces and symptoms develop. The convalescent period is the period of recovery of the body after the end of the active phase of the disease.

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The course of an infectious disease

The course of an infectious disease may be acute or chronic. The acute course is characterized by the rapid development of symptoms, severe manifestations and short duration of the disease. Chronic course occurs as a result of ineffective treatment or against the background of concomitant diseases and is characterized by the duration of the disease and the persistence of symptoms.

The acute course of an infectious disease is divided into hyperactive and hypoactive. The hyperactive type of flow is a pronounced reaction of the body to the presence of a pathogen, severe symptoms and rapid recovery. The hypoactive type is a weak reaction of the body to an infection, a slight severity of symptoms and a slow recovery.

In the chronic course of an infectious disease, exacerbations and relapses may occur. An exacerbation is characterized by an increase in symptoms against a background of a relatively stable state of the body. Relapses occur after a temporary improvement in the symptoms of the disease and can be unlimited in time.

Comparison of acute and chronic course of infectious disease Severe symptoms Mild symptoms Hyperactive or hypoactive type Possible exacerbations and relapses

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Infectious disease periods

Infectious disease is a disease caused by a virus, bacterium or other pathogen that enters the body. In the process of development of an infectious disease, several periods are distinguished, each of which is characterized by certain symptoms and features.

Prodrome

The prodrome is the first period of an infectious disease that begins after infection and before the onset of specific symptoms of the disease. During this stage, the patient may experience fatigue, insomnia, headache, general weakness, and loss of appetite. The prodromal period can last from several hours to several days, depending on the type of infection.

Period of high infection activity

Period of high infection activity begins with the appearance of specific symptoms of the disease, such as fever, cough, runny nose, sore throat, diarrhea, etc. During this period, the pathogen is most active in the body, based on this, therapeutic measures are prescribed. The duration of the period of high activity depends on the infection and can last from several days to several weeks.

Convalescence period

This period begins with an improvement in the patient’s condition and a decrease in body temperature. This period may take several days or even several months, depending on the infection and the individual patient. During this period, the patient recovers from the infection and gradually returns to normal life.

Infectious disease incubation stage

What happens at this stage?

The incubation period is the first stage in the development of an infectious disease. At this time, the pathogen is already in the body, but it has not yet shown any symptoms. The duration of this stage, depending on the disease, can vary from several hours to several months.

During the incubation period, the pathogenic microorganism actively reproduces, penetrating into various human organs and tissues. In this case, the body strenuously fights the pathogen until its immune system is defeated.

At the stage of incubation of an infectious disease, a person does not feel any symptoms, but at the same time he can already infect other people. Therefore, it is very important to take all the necessary precautions, even if there are no obvious signs of the disease.

It is important to remember that at the incubation stage of an infectious disease, a person may not be aware of his illness, so you need to be extremely careful and monitor your health. If the first symptoms appear, consult a doctor in order to start treatment in a timely manner and avoid additional complications.

Question-answer:

What are the periods of development and course of an infectious disease?

An infectious disease can be divided into several periods: incubation, prological, higher and permissive. The incubation period is the time from the moment of infection to the appearance of the first symptoms of the disease. The length of the incubation period varies depending on the specific disease. The prological period is the period between the onset of the first symptoms and the development of active disease. The highest period is the maximum development of the disease. The recovery period is the time when the symptoms disappear and the body begins to recover.

What symptoms occur during different periods of an infectious disease?

During the incubation period, there are usually no obvious symptoms of the disease. In the prologic period, minor symptoms may occur, often manifesting as headache, rash, and muscle weakness. In the highest period of the disease, symptoms may be more pronounced, for example, fever, cough, runny nose. In the resolving period, the symptoms of the disease gradually disappear, and the patient begins to recover.

How does the length of each period of illness depend on the specific illness?

The duration of each period of infectious disease depends on the type of disease and the degree of infection. For example, in a disease caused by the common cold virus, the infectious period may last only a few days, while the incubation period of the disease may be up to several weeks. Other diseases may have a longer prological period, possibly up to several months.

Can the duration of each period of illness vary depending on the general health of the patient?

Yes, the duration of each period of infectious disease may vary depending on the general health of the patient, as well as their age, sex and the presence of other diseases. For example, an immunocompromised patient may have a more severe and longer disease course than a healthy patient.

What happens to the body in different periods of an infectious disease?

In the incubation period of the disease, the body does not yet show obvious symptoms of the disease. In the prologic period, the body tries to fight off the infection, and the patient may experience the first symptoms of the disease. In the highest period of the disease, the body is in the fight against infection, and doctors can prescribe appropriate treatment measures. In the resolution period, the body begins to recover, and the patient continues treatment for a full recovery.

What happens if you miss the timing of the start of treatment at different periods of an infectious disease?

If you miss the timing of the start of treatment at different periods of the disease, the disease can be more severe and longer, which can lead to the development of complications and the risk of death. Therefore, it is important to consult a doctor at the first sign of illness and follow all recommendations for treatment.

Significance of the prologation period in the development of an infectious disease

The prologation period is one of the phases of an infectious disease and precedes the incubation period. During this period, the amount of the pathogen in the body has not yet reached a critical mass, but the first manifestations of the disease are already occurring. The duration of the prologation period may vary depending on the type of infection and the individual characteristics of the organism.

One of the main values ​​of the prologation period is the ability to timely diagnose the infection and start treatment, which helps to avoid complications and reduce the risk of transmitting the disease to other people. Also, the prologation period makes it possible to understand how the evolution of an infectious disease occurs in the body and what processes occur at this stage, which may make it possible to develop new methods of treatment and prevention.

It is also important to understand that the prologation period can be of different duration depending on various factors and the symptoms of the disease may not always appear at this stage. Therefore, it is important to monitor your health and seek medical attention at the first sign of infection.

How long is it customary to distinguish between periods of development and course of an infectious disease?

When does the clinical period of an infectious disease begin?

The clinical period of an infectious disease is the period when the disease shows symptoms and signs and the patient seeks medical attention. The beginning of the clinical period depends on the type of infectious disease, the presence of previous symptoms, the age and the state of the patient’s immune system.

For some diseases, the onset of the clinical period may coincide with the moment of infection (for example, for influenza), for others, symptoms may appear several days or weeks after infection (for example, for HIV infection).

It is important to understand that the onset of the clinical period does not mean the onset of the disease. The disease may develop over several periods, which may be latent or asymptomatic for the patient. Therefore, it is important to receive regular medical care and undergo preventive examinations, especially for those diseases that can be dangerous if not properly treated.

How many periods of development and course of an infectious disease are usually distinguished?

As soon as the infection enters the body, it begins to develop. For the convenience of classification and treatment of infectious diseases, they are usually divided into several periods. Usually, 5 main periods are distinguished: incubation, transient, pronounced, permissive and convalescence. Each of them is characterized by certain symptoms and features of the course of the disease.

What symptoms may appear during the peak of the disease?

The pronounced period of the disease is the time interval during which the symptoms of the disease are most intense. As a rule, this occurs on the 3-5th day after the onset of the infection. During the highest point of the disease, the work of many organs and systems of the body is disrupted, an acute infectious process occurs, accompanied by fever, headache, weakness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation.

In addition, during the highest point of the disease, there may be a violation of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. The patient may develop cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, cardiac arrhythmia. In some cases, pulmonary edema is possible, which is a very serious complication of an infectious disease.

At the highest point of the disease, the patient may experience a strong weakening of the immune system, which can affect the work of many organs and body systems. There may be pain in the muscles, joints and a general disturbance of well-being. In this period, the observation of qualified specialists, strict adherence to the prescribed course of treatment and compliance with all recommendations are very important in order to prevent possible complications of the disease.

How many stages of reverse development?

Regression is the stage of the infectious process that occurs after the disease reaches its peak and the symptoms gradually decrease. At this stage, the body begins to recover and fight the disease.

At the stage of reverse development, symptoms are mitigated and the number of pathogens in the body decreases. An important role at this stage is the immune system, which begins to work actively, producing antibodies and fighting the remaining infectious agents.

The duration of the regression stage depends on which disease has been transferred and can vary from several days to several weeks. During this stage, it is important to follow the doctor’s recommendations and monitor your health in order to avoid a recurrence of the disease.

It is important to remember that the transition to the stage of reverse development does not mean a complete recovery and it is necessary to continue treatment and monitor your condition. Only a complete cure can guarantee the absence of the possibility of a recurrence of the disease.

Incorrect treatment and its effect on the course of an infectious disease

Incorrect treatment can lead to a worsening of the patient’s condition

Instead of making an infectious disease easier, improper treatment can turn the situation around and lead to even more problems. For example, the wrong choice of antibiotic or the wrong dosage can lead to the development of bacterial resistance and reduce the effectiveness of treatment. In addition, improper treatment can lead to complications and lengthen recovery time.

Improper treatment can reduce the patient’s immunity

In the case of an infectious disease, a strong immune response is especially important to protect the body. But improper treatment can suppress the immune response and weaken the body’s defenses. As a result, the patient becomes more susceptible to other infectious diseases and recovery takes longer.

Improper treatment may spread infection

Failure to properly treat and house infectious patients in isolation may spread infection and infect others. In addition, improper treatment can lead to a stronger and faster spread of the disease.

Conclusion

Incorrect treatment can lead to negative consequences not only for the patient, but also for the people around. Therefore, when getting rid of the infection, it is necessary to follow the instructions of the doctor and take the treatment plan in accordance with the recommendations. Please note that self-medication and the use of folk remedies can aggravate the disease and lead to complications.

What is a relapse of an infectious disease?

A relapse of an infectious disease is the recurrence of a disease in a person who has already had it before. This phenomenon occurs when the response immunity formed after the first disease is not strong enough to completely destroy all pathogens.

Often, relapses occur due to improper treatment of the initial disease or an insufficiently high dosage of the drugs used. The disease can return in a more severe form than the first time, which increases the risk of complications and negatively affects the state of the body.

Relapses can be caused by both viruses and bacterial infections and occur in a variety of medical fields from dentistry to gynecology. In order to prevent the possibility of a recurrence, it is important not only to fully treat the original disease, but also to maintain normal immunity, maintain hygiene, a healthy lifestyle and, if possible, avoid contact with people with infectious diseases.

Long-term consequences after an infectious disease

Complications and re-infection

After an infectious disease, complications can occur, for example, the body may remain weak and vulnerable to a new infection. Re-infection may also lead to a more severe form of the disease and require longer treatment.

Loss of immunity

A past infectious disease may lose immunity, which means that the risk of reinfection may increase. Some infectious diseases can also cause weak or incomplete immunity, leaving the possibility of contracting the disease in the future.

Emotional consequences

Infectious diseases can leave emotional consequences, for example, a person may suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder or feel a strong fear of illness. Prolonged treatment and highly invasive treatment can also have an impact on the psychological well-being of the patient.

Physical effects

Some infectious diseases may leave physical effects that may be temporary or permanent. For example, after hepatitis C, the patient may experience problems with the liver, and after the flu, problems with the lungs and breathing.

Social consequences

An infectious disease can affect the patient’s social relationships. A person may lose their job or temporarily limit contact with friends and family due to the risk of transmission. Illness can also lead to loss of income, which can be a great financial burden for the patient.

Conclusion

A transmitted infectious disease can leave numerous physical, emotional, social and immunological consequences. To avoid these consequences, it is important to receive timely and high-quality treatment, as well as pay attention to the prevention of infectious diseases.

What are the principles of treatment in different stages of an infectious disease?

Treatment of an infectious disease depends on its stage and type of pathogen. In the early stage of the disease, it is customary to prescribe antiviral and antibacterial drugs. They help kill the pathogen and stop its reproduction. It is also important to strengthen the body’s immunity so that it can fight the infection itself. For this, immunomodulators and vitamin complexes are prescribed.

In the middle stage of the disease, the body is sometimes no longer able to show the activity of its immune system. Then the treatment becomes more difficult, since it is necessary not only to kill the pathogen, but also to support the body. In this case, hormonal drugs and drugs are prescribed that improve the functioning of the organs responsible for protecting the body.

In severe cases of infectious disease, specialized treatments such as plasmapheresis and immunotherapy have to be used. These methods help cleanse the blood of pathogenic microorganisms and improve the functioning of the body’s immune system.

An individual approach to the treatment of an infectious disease is very important. That is why, before prescribing therapy, a detailed analysis of the clinical picture, the characteristics of the pathogen and the general condition of the patient’s body is carried out.

• In the early stages of the disease, antiviral and antibacterial drugs are prescribed.
• In the middle stage of the disease, hormonal drugs and drugs are prescribed to improve the functioning of the organs.
• Plasmapheresis and immunotherapy may be required in severe cases of infectious disease.

How to prevent infection with infectious diseases?

1.

Practice good hygiene

One of the main ways to reduce the chance of contracting infectious diseases is to practice good hygiene. Washing your hands regularly with soap and water, using hand sanitizers, and keeping your home and workplace clean can all reduce your risk of infection. You should also try not to touch your face with your hands and avoid close contact with sick people.

2. Maintain social distancing

WHO recommends avoiding crowds and maintaining social distancing of at least 1 meter. This is especially important in public places, such as shops or transport.

3. Wear a mask

Wearing a mask is another great way to reduce the risk of contracting and spreading infectious diseases. It protects the people around you from particles that can be released when you inadvertently cough or sneeze.

4. Stay home if you have symptoms of illness

If you develop symptoms of illness (cough, headache, fever), stay home and seek medical attention. This will not only help you recover faster, but also protect those around you from possible infection.

Understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of endogenous microbiological diseases: analysis of the clinical picture

Contents

• 1 Endogenous diseases: causes, mechanisms of development and symptoms
  • 1.1 Etiology of microbiological diseases
  • 1.2 Concept and classification
  • 1.3 Factors influencing the development of endogenous diseases
  • 1.4 Microorganisms-causes of infections
  • 1.5 Pathogenesis of microbiological diseases 90 228
  • 1.6 Role of the immune system in disease control
  • 1.7 Mechanisms of development infections
    • 1.7.1 1. Infectious agent
    • 1.7.2 2. Mechanisms of infection
    • 1.7.3 3. Features of the immune response
  • 1.8 Autoimmune diseases
    • 1.8.1 Description
    • 1.8.2 Etiology
    • 1.8.3 Pathogenesis
    • 1.8.4 Features of the clinical picture
    • 1. 8.5 Treatment
  • 1.9 Features of the clinical picture of microbiological diseases
  • 1.10 Symptoms of infectious diseases
  • 1.11 Diagnosis and treatment of endogenous diseases associated with microbiological etiology
    • 1.11.1 Diagnosis
    • 1.11.2 Treatment
  • 1.12 Related videos:
  • 1.13 Q&A:
    • • 1.13.0.1 What is etiology?
      • 1.13.0.2 Which microorganisms most often cause endogenous diseases?
      • 1.13.0.3 How do microorganisms get into the blood and other internal organs?
      • 1.13.0.4 What symptoms can endogenous bacteremia cause?
      • 1.13.0.5 Which diagnostic methods can be used for endogenous microbiological diseases?
      • 1.13.0.6 What methods of treatment are used for endogenous diseases of microbiology?

The article will tell about the etiology, pathogenesis and clinical picture of endogenous diseases associated with microbiology. You will learn about approaches to the treatment and prevention of these diseases.

Endogenous diseases of microbiology are a broad group of diseases that result from exposure of the body to viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites and other microorganisms. The etiology of these diseases is very complex and multifaceted, their occurrence is associated with various reasons: impaired functioning of the immune system, hereditary factors, environmental problems, poor living conditions, and many others.

The pathogenesis of these diseases is also heterogeneous and includes many different mechanisms. Most endogenous diseases of microbiology are associated with an inflammatory process that occurs as a result of the entry of microorganisms into the body or in response to tissue damage. The inflammatory process, in turn, can lead to target organ damage and the appearance of clinical symptoms.

One of the main signs of endogenous diseases of microbiology is a decrease in the vital activity of the body, weakening of the immune system, the development of general weakness and astheno-vegetative disorders. Depending on the type of disease, the clinical picture can vary from mild symptoms such as a runny nose and chest thirst to severe illnesses such as pulmonary edema and acute pneumonia.

Etiology of microbiological diseases

Microbiological diseases occur when microorganisms enter the body that cause infection. These microorganisms can be bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. As a rule, microbes enter the body through the skin, mouth, digestive and respiratory tracts.

However, not every contact with microbes leads to infection. Some factors can strengthen or weaken the body’s defenses, such as the state of the immune system, age, health, and the presence of chronic diseases.

Certain types of microbes can cause specific diseases. For example, the bacterium Chlamydia can lead to the development of chlamydia, and the varicella-zoster or herpes viruses can lead to the corresponding infections.

In addition, there are a number of conditions that promote the spread of germs and infection. It can be contact with a sick person, poor hygiene, lack of vitamins and minerals, as well as stress and depression.

It is important to remember that infection prevention involves not only boosting the immune system and maintaining good hygiene, but also considering the characteristics of different types of microbes and how they are transmitted. This will reduce the chance of infection and infection.

Concept and classification

Endogenous diseases are diseases that occur inside the body and are caused by dysfunctions of its organs and systems. They are caused by factors such as metabolic disorders, genetic predisposition, autoimmune reactions, and others.

The etiological classification of endogenous diseases is based on the causes that cause disturbances in body functions, and is supplemented by various clinical signs. Depending on the causes of occurrence, they distinguish: hormonal, hereditary, immunodeficiency, infectious, disorders of water-salt and protein metabolism, neurological, oncological, etc. Each of the groups of diseases has its own characteristics in terms of the mechanism of development and the clinical picture of the disease.

The clinical classification of endogenous diseases is based on the nature of their symptoms. There are acute and chronic forms of endogenous diseases, as well as the localization of the process (pulmonary, articular, hepatic, etc.). Each of the forms and localizations of endogenous diseases has specific clinical manifestations and requires specific treatment.

• Hormonal endogenous diseases are diseases that occur due to disorders of the hormonal system of the body. For example, it can be diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, thyroid disease, etc.
• Immunodeficiency endogenous diseases are diseases associated with a violation of the immune system of the body, such as HIV infection, herpes, fungal infections, etc.
• Neurological endogenous diseases are diseases associated with lesions of the nervous system, for example Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, etc.

Factors influencing the development of endogenous diseases

The first of the main factors influencing the development of endogenous diseases is a violation of the body’s immune system. It can be caused by genetic factors, as well as exposure to certain viruses and bacteria.

The second factor is hormonal imbalance in the body. For example, with endocrine disorders, metabolic disorders can occur and endogenous obesity can develop.

The third factor influencing the development of endogenous diseases is a metabolic disorder, which can occur under the influence of various external factors, such as malnutrition or heredity.

In addition, one of the factors in the development of endogenous diseases may be the presence of chronic stress. The constant impact of stressful situations on the body can lead to a change in the psychological and emotional state, as well as give rise to various diseases.

• Immune deficiency
• Hormonal imbalance
• Metabolism disorder
• Chronic stress

Microorganisms that cause infections

Almost all infectious diseases are the result of the action of microorganisms on the body person. They can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa. Bacteria live in the intestines of humans and animals, as well as on the skin. Viruses are microscopic particles that infect cells and cause various diseases. Fungi often infect human skin and some organs, including the lungs and nervous system. Protozoa, in turn, live in soil, water and food.

Each microorganism is characterized by a specific mechanism of action on the human body. Some microbes, for example, masquerade as immune cells and infect them, others use blades of special proteins to cut the skin and cause infection. Some act on the respiratory system, causing colds, flu and pneumonia. Other microorganisms, such as chlamydia and mycoplasmas, can infect the mucous membranes of the genital organs and cause urinary tract infections.

• Bacteria. Some bacteria can cause inflammatory diseases such as tonsillitis, bronchitis, bladder infection, pyelonephritis, etc. Other bacteria cause skin lesions, such as pyrogenic or purulent infections.
• Viruses. Viruses are the smallest infectious agents. They cause diseases such as whooping cough, measles, smallpox, chicken pox, influenza and many others.
• Mushrooms. Fungi most commonly affect the skin, hair and nails. However, fungal infections can have a negative effect on other organs such as the lungs and nervous system.
• Protozoa. Protozoa are disease-causing causes of diseases such as malaria, sleeping sickness and amoebiasis.

In general, each microorganism causes its own type of infectious disease, characterized by a specific clinical picture and course. Because micro-organisms are important causes of infections, their control and effective treatment remain essential in the fight against infectious diseases.

Pathogenesis of microbiological diseases

Pathogenesis is a mechanism for the development of diseases in the body. Each microbiological disease has its own pathogenesis, which can be analyzed and the main stages of the disease can be distinguished.

For example, in an infectious disease, infection first occurs, then the reproduction of microorganisms and their spread throughout the body. Then the inflammatory process begins, caused by the activity of the immune system, and, finally, the disease is manifested by violations of the functions of organs and systems.

The pathogenesis of microbiological diseases depends on many factors, such as the type and number of microorganisms, the properties and state of the immune system, the presence of concomitant diseases, etc.

So, for example, often microorganisms cause various reactions in the body that will affect the development of the disease. In addition, under different conditions, different cultures of bacteria can cause different symptoms of the disease.

Understanding the pathogenesis of microbiological diseases is very important for their effective diagnosis and treatment. Research in this area allows the development of new methods for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of infectious diseases.

The role of the immune system in the fight against diseases

The immune system performs important functions in the human body, aimed at protecting against various infections, bacteria, viruses and fungi. It is represented by various types of cells and molecules that work together to launch a defense mechanism against external threats.

One of the main tasks of the immune system is to recognize and destroy these threats. This is achieved due to the special ability of the cells of the immune system to distinguish between self and foreign genetic material. If cells of the immune system detect foreign cells or molecules, they instantly trigger the body’s defense mechanisms.

In addition, the immune system is capable of triggering certain reactions aimed at destroying already infected cells and inhibiting the growth of infectious agents. It can also start the process of regeneration of damaged tissues and cells.

One of the main components of the immune system are lymphocytes. They are able to recognize and attack infected cells, as well as produce antibodies that can bind to infectious agents and facilitate their destruction.

Thus, the immune system plays an important role in the process of fighting diseases and protecting the body from external threats, accelerating the healing process and maintaining human health.

Infectious mechanisms

1. Infectious agent

An infectious agent is a microorganism capable of causing an infectious disease. Depending on the type of agent, different mechanisms of infection and infection may be observed.

• Viruses: viruses infect body cells and use intracellular mechanisms to reproduce. Some viruses can enter a latent state and remain inactive for long periods of time.
• Bacteria: bacteria can infect tissues and organs, causing inflammatory reactions and infectious diseases. Many bacteria can produce toxins that can cause specific symptoms or complications.
• Mushrooms: Mushrooms infect the skin, mucous membranes and organs, often causing prolonged and recurrent infections. Mushrooms can cause allergic reactions and weaken the immune system.
• Protozoa: Protozoa commonly infect the blood, liver, intestines and other organs. They can cause acute or chronic diseases depending on the type and mechanisms of infection.

2. Mechanisms of infection

Infectious diseases can be transmitted in various ways:

1. Contact route: the disease is transmitted through contact with infected tissues or fluids (eg blood, saliva, urine).
2. Airborne: the disease is transmitted through droplets exhaled by humans or animals (for example, when coughing or sneezing).
3. Digestive route: the disease is transmitted through food or water that contains an infectious agent.
4. Vector path: the disease is transmitted by the bites of insects that carry the infectious agent (eg mosquitoes or ticks).

3. Features of the immune response

Individual features of the immune response can lead to different clinical manifestations of an infectious disease:

• Inflammatory reaction: lead to common symptoms of inflammation, such as fever, swelling and pain.
• Immunodeficiency: reduced immune function may lead to more severe or prolonged infections and an increased risk of complications.
• Allergic reactions: some people may develop allergic reactions to infectious agents, causing additional symptoms such as hives or angioedema.

Autoimmune diseases

Description

Autoimmune diseases are a group of diseases in which the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues and organs. This is due to the fact that the immune system ceases to distinguish between its tissues and becomes their enemy.

Etiology

The causes of autoimmune diseases are not fully understood. However, scientific studies point to a genetic factor, chemicals, infections, and bad habits such as smoking. These factors can trigger autoimmune disease in certain people.

Pathogenesis

In autoimmune disease, the immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues and organs. This leads to inflammation and tissue damage, which can lead to impaired function.

Features of the clinical picture

Symptoms and signs of autoimmune diseases can be varied and depend on which organs or tissues are affected. Common symptoms are fatigue, weight loss and fever. Some autoimmune diseases can also cause damage to the thyroid, kidneys, skin, and other organs.

Treatment

Treatment of autoimmune diseases is aimed at reducing inflammation and protecting the affected tissues. This may include taking anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant medications, as well as lifestyle changes, including diet and exercise.

Features of the clinical picture of microbiological diseases

Microbiological diseases can manifest themselves with various symptoms that depend on the specific disease and the stage of its development. Often the first sign of illness is fever and general malaise.

For example, respiratory tract infections most often begin with a dry cough, sore throat and runny nose. Urinary tract infections may cause pain when urinating and frequent urination. Infections of the skin and soft tissues can manifest as redness, swelling, and painful lesions on the skin.

In addition, in microbiological diseases, specific symptoms can be observed that are characteristic only for a particular disease. For example, with tuberculosis, hemoptysis may appear, and with cholera, severe diarrhea and vomiting may occur.

For the correct diagnosis of microbiological diseases, it is necessary to consult a doctor and undergo an appropriate examination. If the diagnosis is confirmed, treatment should be carried out under the supervision of a specialist, in accordance with the recommended protocols and recommendations.

Symptoms of infectious diseases

Infectious diseases are manifested by a variety of symptoms, which depend on the type of disease and organs affected.

Frequent manifestations of infections are fever, headache and weakness. However, some people may not have symptoms even if they have a dangerous infection.

Certain illnesses may present with skin rashes, coughing and difficulty breathing, muscle or joint pain, and stomach and intestinal disorders. They also include symptoms associated with dysfunction of certain organs, such as kidney disease, pharyngitis, pneumonia, malaria, typhoid.

The symptoms of infectious diseases can vary greatly depending on the degree of infection and the individual’s immunity. Early contact with a doctor can significantly improve the prognosis of the disease and prevent complications.

• Fever
• Headache and weakness
• Skin eruptions
• Cough and difficulty breathing
• Pain in the muscles or joints
• Stomach and intestinal disorders

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If these symptoms occur, seek medical attention immediately. He will make a diagnosis that allows you to determine the cause of the disease, and prescribe a competent treatment.

Diagnosis and treatment of endogenous diseases associated with microbiological etiology

Diagnosis

The definition of endogenous disease associated with microbiological etiology is a complex task. This is facilitated by the low specificity of clinical manifestations and general signs of the disease.

An accurate diagnosis requires an integrated approach that includes clinical, laboratory and instrumental research methods. Clinicians should be attentive to the characteristic symptoms of the disease, as well as have access to modern laboratory tests to determine the causative agent of the infection and assess the degree of infection of the body.

Some of the diagnostic methods include:

• Microbiological studies (culture of microorganisms, PCR diagnostics).
• Immunoserological tests.
• Methods of general clinical diagnostics (blood, urine, physical examination of the patient).
• Instrumental diagnostics (radiography, ultrasound, CT, MRI).

Treatment

Treatment of endogenous diseases associated with microbiological etiology directly depends on which microbe is behind the disease and how severe the infection is. Treatment may include antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic drugs, as well as drugs aimed at correcting immunity.

In cases where microbes have led to the formation of abscesses, cysts, and other masses, invasive treatments such as surgery may be required. It is also important to prevent re-infection and prevent the development of complications and consequences of the disease.

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Q&A:

What is etiology?

Etiology is the science that studies the causes of disease. In the case of endogenous diseases of microbiology, the etiology allows you to determine the microorganisms that cause the disease and how they spread.

Which microorganisms most often cause endogenous diseases?

The most common causes of endogenous diseases are microbes of the genus Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneunomiae, etc. All these microorganisms are conditionally pathogenic and are found in the normal human microflora.

How do microorganisms get into the blood and other internal organs?

Microorganisms can enter the bloodstream and other internal organs as a result of trauma, surgery, intrauterine infections, as well as in the presence of concomitant diseases (weakened immunity, microcirculation disorders). For example, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, which causes urinary tract infections, often gets there through the urethra.

What symptoms can be caused by endogenous bacteremia?

Symptoms of endogenous bacteremia can be varied and depend on the number of microorganisms entering the blood.