What are lymph nodes? Where are they located in the body? How do lymph nodes function in the immune system? Discover the crucial role of lymph nodes in maintaining overall health.

Understanding the Lymphatic System

The lymphatic system is a vital part of the body’s immune defenses, playing a crucial role in filtering and removing waste, toxins, and other unwanted materials from the bloodstream. At the heart of this system are the lymph nodes, small, bean-shaped glands located throughout the body that act as checkpoints, trapping and filtering lymph fluid as it circulates.

Lymph Node Locations and Functions

Lymph nodes can be found in various regions of the body, including the neck, armpits, groin, and abdomen. Their strategic placement allows them to monitor and respond to potential threats, such as infections or disease. When the body detects an invader, the lymph nodes swell as they work to trap and eliminate the threat.

Neck Lymph Nodes

Lymph nodes in the neck, also called cervical lymph nodes, are responsible for draining lymph fluid from the head, face, and neck area. These nodes can become swollen and tender when the body is fighting an infection, such as a sore throat or cold.

Armpit Lymph Nodes

Lymph nodes in the armpits, known as axillary lymph nodes, drain lymph fluid from the upper body, including the arms, chest, and breast. These nodes can be felt as small, movable lumps and may become enlarged during an illness or injury in the upper body.

Groin Lymph Nodes

Lymph nodes in the groin, or inguinal lymph nodes, filter lymph fluid from the lower body, including the legs, genitals, and lower abdomen. Swollen groin lymph nodes can indicate an infection or illness in the lower body.

Abdominal Lymph Nodes

Deep within the abdomen, there are clusters of lymph nodes that monitor and filter lymph fluid from the internal organs. These nodes, known as mesenteric lymph nodes, can become enlarged in response to abdominal infections or diseases.

Lymph Node Involvement in Disease

Lymph nodes play a crucial role in the body’s immune response, but they can also be affected by various medical conditions. Swollen or enlarged lymph nodes, known as lymphadenopathy, can be a sign of infection, inflammation, or even cancer.

Lymph Node Enlargement

Enlarged lymph nodes can occur due to a variety of reasons, including bacterial or viral infections, autoimmune disorders, and certain types of cancer. While swollen lymph nodes are often a benign and temporary response to an illness, it is important to monitor any persistent or unexplained enlargement and consult a healthcare provider.

Lymphoma and Lymph Nodes

Lymphoma is a type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system, specifically in the lymph nodes. In this condition, cancerous cells proliferate within the lymph nodes, causing them to swell and potentially spread to other parts of the body. Early detection and treatment of lymphoma are crucial for successful outcomes.

Maintaining Lymph Node Health

Keeping the lymphatic system and lymph nodes functioning optimally is essential for overall health and immune system function. While some factors that affect lymph node health, such as genetics or certain medical conditions, are out of our control, there are several lifestyle habits that can support lymph node health.

Lymphatic Drainage and Exercise

Regular physical activity, such as walking, swimming, or lymphatic drainage exercises, can help promote the flow of lymph fluid and support the proper functioning of the lymphatic system. Engaging in these activities can help prevent the buildup of waste and toxins in the lymph nodes.

Nutrition and Lymph Node Health

A balanced, nutrient-rich diet can also contribute to maintaining healthy lymph nodes. Foods rich in antioxidants, such as berries, leafy greens, and citrus fruits, can help support the immune system and reduce inflammation. Additionally, staying hydrated by drinking plenty of water can facilitate the efficient flow of lymph fluid.

Conclusion

Lymph nodes are an essential component of the body’s immune system, playing a critical role in filtering and responding to potential threats. By understanding the locations and functions of lymph nodes, as well as the factors that can affect their health, individuals can take proactive steps to support their overall well-being and immune system function.

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Anatomy, Head and Neck, Lymph Nodes – StatPearls

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StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-.

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Antony Koroulakis; Zohaib Jamal; Manuj Agarwal.

Author Information and Affiliations

Last Update: December 11, 2022.

Introduction

The head and neck, as a general anatomic region, is characterized by a large number of critical structures situated in a relatively small geographic area. It is inclusive of osseous, nervous, arterial, venous, muscular, and lymphatic structures. Lymphadenopathy is a significant clinical finding associated with acute infection, granulomatous disease, autoimmune disease, and malignancy. The involvement of specific nodal groups is an indicator of pathologically-affected organs and tissues, especially in the context of malignancy. As such, intimate knowledge of the anatomic relationships of the lymphatic nodal levels and the structures they drain is critical in the delivery of appropriate therapy in many patients with cancers of the head and neck. This knowledge is especially crucial in guiding the approach to proper locoregional therapy, whether by surgery or irradiation. A detailed understanding of the principle lymphatic nodal levels of the neck is required, including their anatomical configuration and boundaries, patterns of drainage, and risk of metastatic involvement in the context of malignancy.

Blood Supply and Lymphatics

The head and neck contains a rich and elaborate lymphatic network of more than 300 nodes and their intermediate channels. Aponeuroses bind them together with the muscles, nerves, and vessels of the head and neck. These lymphatic chains are strongly lateralized and typically do not directly communicate between left and right in the absence of a pathologic process. This lymphatic drainage originates at the base of the skull, then proceeds to the jugular chain adjacent to the internal jugular vein. From there it moves into the spinal accessory chain adjacent to the spinal accessory nerve, or cranial nerve XI, and then meets the supraclavicular chain. The lymphatics then drain on both sides. On the left side, they drain either directly into the vasculature via the jugulo-subclavian venous confluence or directly into the thoracic duct. On the right side, they flow directly into the lymphatic duct. Conversely, most structures drain ipsilaterally, except in the case of structures situated at the anatomic midlines. These include the nasopharynx, pharyngeal wall, base of the tongue, soft palate, and larynx. The lymph nodes of the neck are further classified by level. These levels are Ia, Ib, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X. [1][2][3][4][5]

Level Ia: Submental Group

• Anatomy

  • Level I nodes are those bounded by the mandible superiorly and laterally and by the hyoid bone inferiorly. Level Ia contains the submental nodal group, bounded superiorly by the symphysis menti and inferiorly by the hyoid bone. It is bounded anteriorly by the platysma muscle, posteriorly by the mylohyoid muscles, laterally by the anterior belly of the digastric muscle, and medially by the virtual anatomic midline. These boundaries form a triangular region also termed the submental triangle.

• Drainage

  • This group drains the skin of the mental region, or chin, the mid-lower lip, the anterior portion of the oral tongue, and the floor of the mouth.

• Associated primary malignancies

  • These nodes most often contain metastatic deposits from malignancies of the floor of the mouth, anterior oral tongue, mandibular alveolar ridge, and lower lip.

Level Ib: Submandibular Group

• Anatomy

  • Level Ib contains the submandibular nodal group, bounded superiorly by the mylohyoid muscle and inferiorly by the hyoid bone. It is bounded anteriorly by the symphysis menti, posteriorly by the posterior edge of the submandibular gland, laterally by the inner surface of the mandible, and medially by the digastric muscle. These boundaries form a triangular region also termed the submandibular triangle.

• Drainage

  • They drain the efferent lymphatics from level Ia, the lower nasal cavity, both the hard and soft palates, and both maxillary and mandibular alveolar ridges. They also drain them from the skin and mucosa of the cheek, both upper and lower lips, the floor of the mouth, and the anterior oral tongue.

• Associated primary malignancies

  • These nodes most often contain metastatic deposits from malignancies of the oral cavity, anterior nasal cavity, soft-tissues of the mid-face, and submandibular gland.

Level II: Upper Jugular Group

• Anatomy

  • Level II represents the beginning of the jugular chain. It contains the upper jugular nodal group, adjacent to the top third of the internal jugular vein (IJV) and upper spinal accessory nerve. It is bounded superiorly by the insertion of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle into the mastoid process, and inferiorly by the caudal border of the hyoid bone or alternatively, as a surgical landmark, the carotid bifurcation. It is bounded anteriorly by the posterior edge of the submandibular gland, posteriorly by the posterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM), laterally by the medial surface of the SCM, and medially by the internal carotid artery and scalenus muscle.

• Drainage

  • This group drains the efferent lymphatics of the face, parotid gland, level Ia, level Ib, and retropharyngeal nodes. It receives direct drainage from the nasal cavity, the entire pharyngeal axis, larynx, external auditory canal, middle ear, and the sublingual and submandibular glands.

• Associated primary malignancies

  • These nodes most often contain metastatic deposits from malignancies of the nasal and oral cavities, nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, and major salivary glands. It is the most commonly involved nodal level. [6][7][8][9][10]

Level III: Middle Jugular Group

• Anatomy

  • Level III contains the middle jugular nodal group, adjacent to the middle third of the IJV. It is bounded superiorly by the caudal border of the hyoid bone, and inferiorly by the caudal edge of the cricoid cartilage or alternatively, as a surgical landmark, the plan where the omohyoid muscle crosses the IJV. It is also bounded anteriorly by the anterior edge of the SCM, or the posterior third of the thyrohyoid muscle, and posteriorly by the posterior border of the SCM. Finally, it is bordered laterally by the medial surface of the SCM, and medially by the internal carotid artery and scalenus muscle.

• Drainage

  • This group drains the efferent lymphatics from level II and level V, and partially from the retropharyngeal, pretracheal, and recurrent laryngeal nodes. It receives direct drainage from the base of the tongue, tonsils, larynx, hypopharynx, and thyroid gland.

• Associated primary malignancies

  • These nodes most often contain metastatic deposits from malignancies of the oral cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx.  [11][12][13][14][15]

Level IVa: Lower Jugular Group

• Anatomy

  • Level IVa contains the lower jugular nodal group adjacent to the inferior third of the IJV. It is bounded superiorly by the caudal border of the cricoid cartilage, and inferiorly by a virtual level two centimeters superior to the sternoclavicular joint, based off surgical conventions of level IVa dissection. It is bounded anteriorly by the anterior edge of the SCM (more superiorly) and the body of the SCM (more inferiorly), and posteriorly by the posterior edge of the SCM (more superiorly) and the SM(more inferiorly. This group is also laterally bound by the medial edge of the SCM (more superiorly) and the lateral edge of the SCM (more inferiorly). Finally, it is medially bordered by the medial edge of the common carotid artery, the medial edge of the thyroid gland and scalenus muscle (more superiorly), and the medial edge of the SCM (more inferiorly).

• Drainage

  • This group drains the efferent lymphatics from levels III and V, and partially from the retropharyngeal, pretracheal, and recurrent laryngeal nodes. It receives direct drainage from the larynx, hypopharynx, and thyroid gland.

• Associated primary malignancies

  • These nodes most often contain metastatic deposits from malignancies of the hypopharynx, larynx, thyroid, cervical esophagus, and rarely, the anterior oral cavity. Deposits from the anterior oral cavity can manifest without proximal nodal involvement.

Level IVb: Medial Supraclavicular Group

• Anatomy

  • This nodal group is a continuation of level IVa to the superior edge of the sternal manubrium. It is bounded anteriorly by the deep surface of the SCM. Posteriorly, it is bound by the anterior edge of the scalenus muscle (more superiorly) and the lung apex, brachiocephalic vein, and artery on the right, as well as the common carotid and subclavian arteries on the left (more inferiorly). It is bounded laterally by the lateral edge of the scalenus muscle, and medially by the medial border of the common carotid artery which is also adjacent to level VI.

• Drainage

  • This group drains the efferent lymphatics from levels IVa and Vc, and partially from the pretracheal and recurrent laryngeal nodes. It receives direct drainage from the larynx, trachea, hypopharynx, esophagus, and thyroid gland.

• Associated primary malignancies

  • These nodes most often contain metastatic deposits from malignancies of the hypopharynx, subglottic larynx, trachea, thyroid, and cervical esophagus.

Level Va and Vb: Posterior Triangle Group

• Anatomy

  • These nodal groups are contained with the posterior triangle. They are situated posteriorly to the SCM, and adjacent to the inferior portion of the spinal accessory nerve and transverse cervical vessels. It is bounded superiorly by the superior edge of the hyoid bone and inferiorly by a virtual plane crossing the transverse vessels. It is bound anteriorly by the posterior margin of the SCM, and posteriorly by the anterior border of the trapezius muscle. It is also bound by the platysma muscle and skin laterally, and by the levator scapulae (more superiorly) and scalenus muscle (more inferiorly) medially. A virtual plane at the inferior edge of the cricoid cartilage divides this group into upper, or Va, and lower, or Vb, posterior triangles.

• Drainage

  • These nodal groups drain the efferent lymphatics from the occipital, retro-auricular, occipital, and parietal scalp nodes. It receives direct drainage from the skin of the lateral and posterior neck and shoulder, the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and thyroid gland.

• Associated primary malignancies

  • These nodes most often contain metastatic deposits from malignancies of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and thyroid.

Level Vc: Lateral Supraclavicular Group

• Anatomy

  • This nodal group is a continuation of levels Va and Vb; it contains the lateral supraclavicular group. It is bounded superiorly by a virtual plan crossing the transverse vessels, and inferiorly by a virtual plan 2 cm superior to the sternoclavicular join. It is also bounded anteriorly by the skin and posteriorly by the anterior border of the trapezius muscles (more superiorly) and the serratus anterior (more inferiorly). Laterally, it is bounded by the trapezius muscle (more superiorly) and the clavicle (more inferiorly). Medially, it is bordered by the scalenus muscle and lateral edge of the SCM, and is directly adjacent to the lateral edge of level IVa.

• Drainage

• Associated primary malignancies

Level VI: Anterior Compartment Group

The anterior compartment contains this nodal group, which is symmetric about the anatomic midline. It is also further subdivided into the superficially-located anterior jugular nodes, or level VIa, and the deeper pre-laryngeal, pre-tracheal, and para-tracheal (recurrent laryngeal) nodes, or level VIb. Level VIa

Level VIb

• Anatomy

  • Level VIb is bounded superiorly by the superior edge of the thyroid cartilage and inferiorly by the superior border of the sternal manubrium. It is also bounded anteriorly by the posterior margin of the infrahyoid muscles, and posteriorly by the anterior larynx, thyroid gland, and trachea at the midline, the pre-vertebral muscles on the right, and the esophagus on the left. This group is bordered laterally by the common carotid artery and medially by the lateral aspects of the trachea and esophagus.

• Drainage

  • Level VIb drains the efferent lymphatics from the anterior floor of the mouth, tip of the oral tongue, lower lip, thyroid gland, glottic and supraglottic larynx, hypopharynx, and cervical esophagus.

• Associated primary malignancies

  • These nodes most often contain metastatic deposits from malignancies of the lower lip, oral cavity (floor of the mouth and anterior oral tongue), thyroid, glottic and subglottic larynx, the apex of the piriform sinus, and the cervical esophagus.  [16][17]

Level VII: Prevertebral Compartment Group, including Levels VIIa and VIIbLevel VIIa: Retropharyngeal Nodes

• Anatomy

  • These nodes are contained in the retropharyngeal space. They are divided into medial and lateral subgroups. The lateral groups are bounded superiorly by the superior edge of the C1 vertebral body, or the hard palate, and inferiorly by the superior edge of the body of the hyoid bone. Anteriorly, they are bounded by the posterior edge of the superior/middle pharyngeal constrictor muscles. They are bordered posteriorly by the longus capitis and longus colli muscles, laterally by the medial edge of the internal carotid artery, and medially by a virtual line parallel to the lateral edge of the longus capitis muscle. The medial groups are approximated at the midline and not well-defined.

• Drainage

  • These nodes drain the efferent lymphatics from the nasopharynx, eustachian tube, and soft palate.

• Associated primary malignancies

  • These nodes most often contain metastatic deposits from malignancies of the nasopharynx, pharyngeal wall, and oropharynx including tonsillar fossa and soft palate.

Level VIIb: Retrostyloid Nodes

• Anatomy

  • These nodes are contained in the fatty space surrounding the large vessels of the neck leading to the jugular foramen. They are the superior continuation of level II. Level VIIb is bounded superiorly by the jugular foramen at the base of skull, and inferiorly by the inferior edge of the lateral process of the C1 vertebral body, the superior boundary of level II. These nodes are bounded anteriorly by the posterior edge of the prestyloid parapharyngeal space, and posteriorly by the C1 vertebral body and base of skull. Finally, they are bordered laterally by the styloid process and deep parotid lobe, and medially by the medial edge of the internal carotid artery.

• Drainage

• Associated primary malignancies

  • These nodes most often contain metastatic deposits from malignancies of the nasopharynx and anywhere in the head and neck resulting in significant infiltration of upper-level II nodes causing via retrograde flow.

Level VIII: Parotid Group

• Anatomy

  • This group includes the subcutaneous pre-auricular, superficial and deep intraparotid, and subparotid nodes. It is bounded superiorly by the zygomatic arch and external auditory canal, and inferiorly by the mandibular angle. This group is bounded anteriorly by the posterior edge of the mandibular ramus, the posterior edge of the masseter muscle (more laterally), and medial pterygoid muscle (medially). It is also bordered posteriorly by the anterior edge of the SCM (more laterally) and posterior belly of the digastric muscle (more medially). These nodes are bordered laterally by superficial muscular aponeurotic system (SMAS) layer within the subcutaneous tissues, and medially by the styloid process and muscle.

• Drainage

  • These nodes drain the efferent lymphatics from the frontal and temporal skin, eyelids, conjunctivae, auricles, external acoustic meatus, tympanum, nasal cavities, the root of the nose, nasopharynx, and the eustachian tube.

• Associated primary malignancies

  • These nodes most often contain metastatic deposits from malignancies of the previously named draining structures, as well as the orbit, external auditory canal, and parotid gland.[18]

Level IX: Buccofacial group

• Anatomy

  • This group contains the malar and the buccofacial nodes. These are superficial nodes surrounding the facial vessels on the external surface of the buccinator muscle. It is bounded superiorly by the inferior edge of the orbit and inferiorly by the inferior border of the mandible. It is also bounded anteriorly by the SMAS layer within the subcutaneous tissue, and posteriorly by the anterior edge of the masseter muscle and the corpus adiposum buccae. The lateral border is the SMAS layer, and the medial border is the buccinator muscle.

• Drainage

  • These nodes drain the efferent vessels of the nose, eyelids, and cheek.

• Associated primary malignancies

  • These nodes most often contain metastatic deposits from malignancies of the facial skin, nose, and buccal mucosa, as well as the maxillary sinus if invading soft tissues of the cheek.

Level X: Posterior Skull Group, including Levels Xa and Xb

Level Xa: Retroauricular and Subauricular Nodes

• Anatomy

  • This group includes superficial nodes on the mastoid process. It is bounded superiorly by the superior edge of the external auditory canal, and inferiorly by the mastoid tip. It is also bounded anteriorly by the anterior edge of the mastoid (inferiorly) and posterior edge of the external auditory canal (superiorly), and posteriorly by the posterior edge of the SCM. This group is bordered laterally by subcutaneous tissue, and medially by the splenius capitis muscles (inferiorly) and the temporal bone (superiorly).

• Drainage

  • These nodes drain the efferent vessels from the posterior auricular surface, external auditory canal, and adjacent scalp.

• Associated primary malignancies

Level Xb: Occipital Nodes

• Anatomy

  • This group is the superior and superficial continuation of level Va. It is bounded superiorly by the external occipital protuberance, and inferiorly by the superior border of level V. It is also bounded anteriorly by the posterior edge of the SCM, which is the posterior border of level Xa, and posteriorly by the anterior/lateral side of the trapezius muscle. Finally, this group is bordered laterally by subcutaneous tissues, and medially by the splenius capitis muscle.

• Drainage

• Associated primary malignancies

Clinical Significance

The lymphatic drainage of the head and neck is unique. Its remarkably well-delineated and characterized anatomic subgroups are closely associated with draining anatomic structure. These, in turn, are related to malignant neoplasms arising from specific anatomic structures. Intimate knowledge of this network allows the surgeon to complete an oncologically-appropriate dissection. It also helps the radiation oncologist appropriately treat elective nodal levels to reduce recurrence, and the primary care physician to guide the path to the necessary work up.

Review Questions

• Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.

• Comment on this article.

Figure

Lymphatic System, Cervical lymph nodes, Lymphatics of the mammary gland, Cisterna chyli, Lumbar lymph nodes, Pelvic lymph nodes, Lymphatics of the lower limb, Thoracic duct, Thymus, Axillary lymph nodes, Spleen, Lymphatics of the upper limb, Inguinal (more…)

Figure

Lymph nodes of the neck; Posterior view, Afferent vessel to deep cervical glands, Afferent vessels of retropharyngeal glands, Retropharyngeal glands, Glandular nodule, Gland of deep cervical chain, Efferent vessels of retropharyngeal glands. Contributed (more…)

Figure

Lymph nodes of the arm, Deltoid pectoral glands, Axillary glands, Supratrochlear gland. Contributed by Gray’s anatomy Plates

Figure

Mediastinal lymph nodes. Image courtesy S Bhimji MD

Figure

Station for cervical lymph nodes. Contributed by Shekhar Gogna MD

References

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Grégoire V, Ang K, Budach W, Grau C, Hamoir M, Langendijk JA, Lee A, Le QT, Maingon P, Nutting C, O’Sullivan B, Porceddu SV, Lengele B. Delineation of the neck node levels for head and neck tumors: a 2013 update. DAHANCA, EORTC, HKNPCSG, NCIC CTG, NCRI, RTOG, TROG consensus guidelines. Radiother Oncol. 2014 Jan;110(1):172-81. [PubMed: 24183870]

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Biau J, Lapeyre M, Troussier I, Budach W, Giralt J, Grau C, Kazmierska J, Langendijk JA, Ozsahin M, O’Sullivan B, Bourhis J, Grégoire V. Selection of lymph node target volumes for definitive head and neck radiation therapy: a 2019 Update. Radiother Oncol. 2019 May;134:1-9. [PubMed: 31005201]

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Chone CT, Crespo AN, Rezende AS, Carvalho DS, Altemani A. Neck lymph node metastases to the posterior triangle apex: evaluation of clinical and histopathological risk factors. Head Neck. 2000 Sep;22(6):564-71. [PubMed: 10941157]

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Lindberg R. Distribution of cervical lymph node metastases from squamous cell carcinoma of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts. Cancer. 1972 Jun;29(6):1446-9. [PubMed: 5031238]

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Vauterin TJ, Veness MJ, Morgan GJ, Poulsen MG, O’Brien CJ. Patterns of lymph node spread of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Head Neck. 2006 Sep;28(9):785-91. [PubMed: 16783833]

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Ishikawa M, Anzai Y. MR imaging of lymph nodes in the head and neck. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2004 Nov;14(4):679-94. [PubMed: 15489148]

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Ho FC, Tham IW, Earnest A, Lee KM, Lu JJ. Patterns of regional lymph node metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a meta-analysis of clinical evidence. BMC Cancer. 2012 Mar 21;12:98. [PMC free article: PMC3353248] [PubMed: 22433671]

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Candela FC, Kothari K, Shah JP. Patterns of cervical node metastases from squamous carcinoma of the oropharynx and hypopharynx. Head Neck. 1990 May-Jun;12(3):197-203. [PubMed: 2358329]

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Candela FC, Shah J, Jaques DP, Shah JP. Patterns of cervical node metastases from squamous carcinoma of the larynx. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1990 Apr;116(4):432-5. [PubMed: 2317325]

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Hicks WL, Kollmorgen DR, Kuriakose MA, Orner J, Bakamjian VY, Winston J, Loree TR. Patterns of nodal metastasis and surgical management of the neck in supraglottic laryngeal carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1999 Jul;121(1):57-61. [PubMed: 10388879]

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Shah JP, Candela FC, Poddar AK. The patterns of cervical lymph node metastases from squamous carcinoma of the oral cavity. Cancer. 1990 Jul 01;66(1):109-13. [PubMed: 2354399]

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Montero PH, Patel SG. Cancer of the oral cavity. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2015 Jul;24(3):491-508. [PMC free article: PMC5018209] [PubMed: 25979396]

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Farmer RW, McCall L, Civantos FJ, Myers JN, Yarbrough WG, Murphy B, O’Leary M, Zitsch R, Siegel BA. Lymphatic drainage patterns in oral squamous cell carcinoma: findings of the ACOSOG Z0360 (Alliance) study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015 Apr;152(4):673-7. [PMC free article: PMC4399646] [PubMed: 25749001]

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Woolgar JA. Histological distribution of cervical lymph node metastases from intraoral/oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999 Jun;37(3):175-80. [PubMed: 10454023]

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Shah JP. Patterns of cervical lymph node metastasis from squamous carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract. Am J Surg. 1990 Oct;160(4):405-9. [PubMed: 2221244]

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Chung EJ, Kim GW, Cho BK, Park HS, Rho YS. Pattern of lymph node metastasis in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and indications for level VI lymph node dissection. Head Neck. 2016 Apr;38 Suppl 1:E1969-73. [PubMed: 26835610]

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Chung EJ, Lee SH, Baek SH, Park IS, Cho SJ, Rho YS. Pattern of cervical lymph node metastasis in medial wall pyriform sinus carcinoma. Laryngoscope. 2014 Apr;124(4):882-7. [PubMed: 23832757]

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Chisholm EJ, Elmiyeh B, Dwivedi RC, Fisher C, Thway K, Kerawala C, Clarke PM, Rhys-Evans PH. Anatomic distribution of cervical lymph node spread in parotid carcinoma. Head Neck. 2011 Apr;33(4):513-5. [PubMed: 20652975]

Disclosure: Antony Koroulakis declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Zohaib Jamal declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Manuj Agarwal declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

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Lymphatic System Anatomy–Lymphosurgery Center

The lymphatic system is an important part of the human cardiovascular system and complements it.

Unlike the circulatory system, the lymphatic system does not have its own pump and is open. The lymph circulating in it moves slowly and under little pressure. Lymph is a fluid that is constantly formed by drainage of interstitial fluid into the lymphatic capillaries.

The structure of the lymphatic system includes:

• lymphatic capillaries
• lymphatic vessels
• lymph nodes
• lymphatic trunks and ducts

subclavian trunks; on the right into the right lymphatic duct, right jugular and right subclavian trunks. The ducts and trunks flow into the large veins of the neck, and then into the superior vena cava. In this way, lymph is transferred from the interstitial spaces back into the blood.

Lymphatic vessels pass through the lymph nodes. They are combined into several groups and are located along the vessels. Many afferent vessels carry lymph to the node, and it flows out from there only through one or two efferent vessels. Lymph nodes are small formations of a round, oval, bean-shaped, less often ribbon-shaped form up to 2 cm long. Here, lymph is filtered, foreign matter is separated and destroyed, and lymphocytes are produced here to fight infection. Lymph nodes that perform a barrier and immune role.

Main functions of the lymphatic system:

• Transport function – carrying lymph, metabolic products from tissues to the venous bed.

• Drainage function – the return of proteins, water, salts, toxins and metabolites from tissues to the blood. Removal of fluid, pus, effusion from the wound, cavities. Stability of the “capillary lymphatic pump”

• Lymphocytopoiesis, hematopoietic function – formation, maturation, differentiation of lymphocytes involved in immune reactions.

• Immune, protective functions – formation of the body’s immune defense, neutralization of foreign particles, bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa that enter the body. filtration from impurities, tumor particles and cells.

Any failure or blockage of the lymphatic vessels or nodes entails swelling or swelling of the tissues, lymphadenitis, erysipelas, lymphostasis occur. Experts, not without reason, believe that the lymph could tell about what the blood is “silent about”, because many of the waste products of the cells first enter the lymph, and then into the blood.

If most doctors can help us in the fight against many diseases, then only individual doctors – lymphologists – can diagnose and treat disorders in the lymphatic system.

According to the statistics of doctors themselves, in the CIS there are only a few lymphologists – specialists in the lymphatic system.

Lymphologists say: Your health is the purity of your lymphatic system!

Be healthy and happy!

Inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women: causes and symptoms

Content

• 1 Inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women: causes and treatment
  • 1.1 Article on the topic: “Inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women: causes and symptoms”
    • 1.1.1 Inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin: causes
    • 1.1 .2 Inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin: symptoms
  • 1.2 Causes of lymphadenitis in the groin
  • 1.3 Symptoms of inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women
  • 1.4 Features of the diagnosis of lymphadenitis in the groin in women
  • 1. 5 When should you see a doctor for inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women?
  • 1.6 Tests and investigations for inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women
  • 1.7 What else can cause painful enlargement of the lymph nodes in the groin
  • 1.8 Can inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin be contagious
  • 1.9 Possible complications of lymphadenitis in the groin in women
  • 1.10 Treatment of swollen lymph nodes in the groin in women
  • 1.11 Preventive measures to prevent swollen lymph nodes in the groin in women
  • 1.12 It is important to remember: the basic rules of self-diagnosis and self-treatment
  • 1.13 Question-answer:
    • • 1.13.0.1 What causes inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women?
      • 1.13.0.2 What symptoms can accompany inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women?
      • 1.13.0.3 Can inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women be associated with a urinary tract infection?
      • 1. 13.0.4 How can inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women be treated?
      • 1.13.0.5 Is it possible to prevent inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women?
      • 1.13.0.6 Can inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women be dangerous to health?
  • 1.14 Related videos:

Find out why women can develop swollen lymph nodes in the groin, what factors contribute to their appearance, what symptoms accompany this condition and what can be done to prevent its development.

Inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women is a fairly common occurrence that can have multiple causes. However, the frequency of its occurrence is not the main indicator of the disease.

The lymphatic system plays an important role in protecting the human body by removing bacteria and viruses from tissues. The lymph nodes in the groin are part of this system and are responsible for cleaning the female organs, abdomen, lower body and extremities.

In this article, we will consider the causes of inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women, as well as the main symptoms of this disease, which will help to quickly detect it and begin timely treatment.

Article on the topic: “Inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women: causes and symptoms”

Inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin: causes

Inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women can occur for many reasons. One of the main ones is an infectious disease, such as sexually transmitted diseases (gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis), as well as infections of the genitourinary system (cystitis, pyelonephritis).

In addition, inflammation of the lymph nodes can be caused by the body’s reaction to a tumor or the release of malignant cells into the lymph nodes. It is also possible to react to the use of new hygiene products, preparations or specific clothing.

Yes

35.9%

No

64.1%

Inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin: symptoms

Inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women can have various symptoms. Most often, pain occurs in the groin, which can be very intense. There may also be swelling of the lymph nodes, redness of the skin, the surface of which becomes smoother and shiny.

Additional symptoms may include fever, headache, lethargy, fatigue. If you find these symptoms in yourself, do not delay a visit to the doctor, since it is important to establish the diagnosis of inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin as early as possible.

• Pain in the groin
• Swelling of the lymph nodes
• Redness of the skin
• Fever 9 0069
• Headache, lethargy, fatigue

Causes of groin lymphadenitis

Infections

Infections are the most common cause of swollen lymph nodes in the groin in women. Such infections include genital infections, herpes simplex viruses, sexually transmitted diseases, and other urinary tract infections.

Injury

Also, an injury to the groin area can lead to inflammation of the lymph nodes in this area. Injuries can be either mechanical or chemical.

Weakened immunity

A weakened immune system can lead to inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin. The immune system can be weakened by stress, overwork, malnutrition, or by taking anti-inflammatory drugs.

Oncological diseases

In rare cases, inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin can be associated with tumors of the lymphatic system or other cancers.

Symptoms of inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women

Soreness and enlargement. Inflamed lymph nodes usually increase in size and become very painful to the touch. It is often difficult or even impossible for women to move, sit or even lie down.

Skin rashes. If swollen lymph nodes are close to the surface of the skin, women may notice redness, swelling or inflammatory skin rashes in the area of ​​the lymph nodes.

Weakness and fatigue. Inflammation of the lymph nodes can make women feel weak, tired and generally nervous. This is because inflammation is the body’s general response to infection or disease.

Pain in the pelvis or abdomen. Women with swollen lymph nodes in the groin may feel pain in the pelvis or abdomen. This may be because inflammation of the lymph nodes can cause irritation and pressure on nearby organs.

Fever and sweating. Inflammation of the lymph nodes can cause fever and excessive sweating in women. This is because the lymphatic system plays an important role in protecting the body from infection and disease.

Features of the diagnosis of lymphadenitis in the groin in women

Diagnosis of lymphadenitis in the groin in women requires an integrated approach and the use of various research methods. The initial stage is a general examination of the patient, including the collection of anamnesis and examination to determine the presence of tumors and enlarged lymph nodes.

To confirm the diagnosis of lymphadenitis, laboratory diagnostics are used, including a complete blood and urine test, bacteriological examination of smears and secretions, as well as a biopsy of the lymph nodes.

Specialists may also prescribe additional diagnostic tests such as ultrasound examination of the lymph nodes in the groin, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

The use of modern diagnostic methods allows determining the degree of inflammation of the lymph nodes, identifying the localization of their enlargement and establishing the nature of the disease – bacterial, viral or fungal.

Diagnostic method Advantages Disadvantages

Early diagnosis and treatment of lymphadenitis help to avoid the development of complications and the need for surgical intervention.

When should you see a doctor for inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women?

Inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women can occur for many reasons, such as infections, allergic reactions, or cancer. When suppuration, discharge or large lymphadenopathy appear, it is imperative to consult an oncologist or specialist in infectious diseases.

If you have persistent pain in the groin, dysfunction of the lymphatic system, pain on palpation or changes in the size of the nodes, you should also immediately consult a specialist, since inflammation can be a symptom of serious illness.

Women should take into account that inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin may be associated with possible infectious diseases caused by intimate relationships. If there is such a risk, then you must first consult a venereologist, and then contact other medical specialists.

Treatment of swollen lymph nodes in the groin in women depends on the underlying cause. Regardless of what led to the inflammation of the lymph nodes, it is necessary to consult a doctor for examination and diagnosis, as well as for the appointment of the necessary treatment to overcome this problem.

Tests and examinations for inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women

When contacting a doctor with complaints of inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women, it is necessary to undergo a series of studies and pass tests. First of all, the doctor will prescribe a general blood test, which will allow you to assess the nature of changes in the state of the body. In addition, an analysis for HIV and syphilis may be prescribed, since these infections can be provoking factors for the development of inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin.

For a more accurate diagnosis, a lymph node biopsy may be performed. This will determine the nature of the inflammation and identify possible malignant tumors. An ultrasound of the pelvic organs may also be prescribed to detect pathological changes in the bladder or uterus.

All prescribed tests and studies will help determine the cause of inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women and make a verdict on the need for further treatment.

What else can cause painful swollen lymph nodes in the groin

In addition to infectious diseases, such as a violation of the microflora of the vagina, gynecological diseases can be a possible cause of enlarged lymph nodes in the groin. For example, a tumor in the uterus, fibromyoma, various neoplasms of the ovaries. It is also possible that the cause of the painful enlargement of the lymph nodes in the groin lies in an oncological disease.

However, do not panic if you find enlarged lymph nodes in the groin. It is better to consult a gynecologist to find out the cause of this phenomenon and prescribe appropriate treatment measures. If you had preventive examinations and consultations with a specialist, then the likelihood that the cause lies in an infectious disease is much higher.

1. Injuries – if you are injured in the thigh area, mechanical impact can lead to lymph nodes in the groin. Lymphadenitis may also occur if the integrity of the skin in the intimate area is violated.
2. Pregnancy and childbirth – swollen lymph nodes in the groin may be due to hormonal changes occurring in the body of a pregnant woman. This phenomenon is more relevant to the third trimester, when the child grows and puts pressure on the vessels and lymph nodes.
3. Allergic reactions – swollen lymph nodes in the groin may be a sign that you have been exposed to allergies or inflammation of the skin around this area.

Can inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin be contagious

Inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women is a fairly common phenomenon, often associated with infectious diseases of the genitourinary system or gynecological pathologies. Many women are interested in the question of whether it is possible to infect someone with inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin.

This type of inflammation is not contagious and is adopted only if there is an infection that causes inflammation of the lymph nodes. In this case, the cause of infection is the infection itself, and not the inflamed lymph node itself.

However, in the presence of inflammatory processes in the inguinal region, it is advisable to observe elementary hygiene measures, since the classical passage of lymph occurs from the bottom up. This means that the infection can spread to the upper lymph nodes, which can become inflamed and painful.

In general, the lymph nodes in the groin are the body’s first barrier to fighting infections, and if they become inflamed, a specialist should be consulted to determine the cause of the inflammation and appropriate treatment.

Possible complications of groin lymphadenitis in women

Although groin lymphadenitis in women is not a dangerous disease, its complications can be serious. For example, if treatment is not started quickly, the infection can spread to nearby organs and tissues, causing erosion, abscesses, and gangrene. In addition, complications can cause lymphostasis – difficult lymph flow from a diseased lymph node.

If the disease began to recur regularly, then chronic lymphadenitis may occur, which will lead to impaired blood circulation, and sometimes to the formation of fibrous tissue changes.

It is important to take into account that lymphadenitis in the groin in women can be a sign of another serious pathology of the body, such as tumors of the female genital organs, infections, HIV, etc. treatment, as well as to exclude possible complications in the future.

Treatment of swollen lymph nodes in the groin in women

Inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women can cause significant discomfort and pain. The good news is that it usually goes away on its own in a few days without special treatment. However, in some cases, treatment may be required.

When treating swollen lymph nodes, your doctor may prescribe a course of antibiotics or anti-inflammatory drugs. It is important to take them strictly in accordance with the doctor’s instructions. Some women may also use topical heat or ice packs to reduce pain and swelling.

Massage or self-treatment of swollen lymph nodes is not recommended, as this may aggravate the situation and lead to complications.

It is also important to take care of your health, keep your personal areas clean and avoid contact with infectious agents.

• What symptoms of inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women should I pay attention to?
  • Swelling and pressure in the groin
  • Pain when touched
  • Redness and irritation of the skin
  • Lymph nodes are enlarged and felt with certain movements

Preventive measures to prevent inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women

1. Personal hygiene: Important to watch groin hygiene and shower regularly . Using soap and shower gel will help avoid bacteria and infections that can lead to swollen lymph nodes. It is recommended to choose hypoallergenic products and not to abuse intimate soaps and deodorants.

2. Wearing the right underwear: Clothing and underwear should be made of quality materials and should not rub against the skin. It is especially important to avoid synthetics and shorts with tight elastic or tight tights. It is recommended to wear looser and more comfortable clothing.

3. Immunity maintenance: Avoid stress, eat right and exercise as much as possible. Vitamins and minerals obtained from food also significantly increase the protective functions of the body and help prevent inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin.

• 4. Be attentive to your health:
  • Regularly undergo examinations by a gynecologist, monitor the condition of the mammary glands and do not postpone going to the doctor at the first symptoms of the disease.
  • Do not abuse lighters or shaving or depilatory sprays that can irritate the skin. For shaving, it is better to use a machine and do not forget to change the blade.
  • Avoid sexual contact with casual partners and use condoms to prevent sexually transmitted infections.

5. Pay attention to your feelings: If you have any symptoms associated with inflammation of the lymph nodes (pain, swelling, discharge from the genitals, etc.), immediately contact a specialist for professional advice and treatment.

All of these recommendations will help reduce the risk of developing inflammatory processes in the lymph nodes of the groin. It should be noted that preventive measures are of paramount importance for women’s health and their effectiveness has been proven by many studies.

Important to remember: basic rules for self-diagnosis and self-treatment

At the first sign of inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin, women should consult a doctor to rule out serious diseases and receive appropriate treatment. However, some rules for self-diagnosis and self-treatment will help women quickly determine the cause of inflammation and prevent its development.

• Hygiene: avoid wearing tight and synthetic clothing, use mild shower and intimate hygiene products.
• Check the lymph nodes: regularly feel the lymph nodes in the groin to notice their enlargement. If they are enlarged and painful, see your doctor.
• Pay attention to accompanying symptoms: if you also have abdominal pain, vaginal discharge or fever, do not delay a visit to the doctor.
• Do not overuse drugs: When taking antibiotics or other drugs, follow your doctor’s instructions and do not exceed the dose. Self-medication can lead to complications.

Q&A:

What causes inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women?

Inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women can be caused by various factors, such as infections, including urinary tract infections, genital infections, sexually transmitted diseases, fungal infections, tumors, diseases of the blood and immune system, as well as allergies and injuries.

What symptoms can accompany inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women?

Symptoms of inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women depend on the cause of the inflammation, but may include enlargement of the lymph nodes, soreness, foul smell, redness of the skin, discharge from the genitals, burning and itching in the groin area and temperature. In any case, if you notice an enlarged lymph node, you should contact a gynecologist or therapist for a detailed consultation and examination.

Can inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women be associated with a urinary tract infection?

Yes, inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women can be caused by a urinary tract infection. In this case, symptoms of inflammation may include pain when urinating, frequent urination, burning in the genital area, and fever. It is necessary to see a doctor to treat infection and inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin.

How can inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women be treated?

Treatment of inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin in women depends on the cause of the inflammation.