What are the common symptoms of candidiasis. How is a yeast infection diagnosed. What treatments are available for candidiasis. Can yeast infections be prevented. Who is at higher risk of developing candidiasis. How does candidiasis affect different parts of the body. What complications can arise from untreated yeast infections.

Understanding Candidiasis: The Basics of Yeast Infections

Candidiasis, commonly known as a yeast infection, is a fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of Candida yeast. This microorganism naturally resides on the skin and in various body cavities, including the mouth, digestive tract, and vagina. Under normal circumstances, Candida coexists harmlessly with other microorganisms in the body. However, certain conditions can disrupt this balance, leading to an overgrowth of Candida and subsequent infection.

Yeast infections can occur in various parts of the body, with symptoms varying depending on the location. Common areas affected include moist skin surfaces, mucous membranes, and areas where skin surfaces meet, such as the groin, armpits, and under the breasts.

Types of Candidiasis

• Cutaneous candidiasis (skin infections)
• Oral thrush (mouth infections)
• Vaginal candidiasis (vulvovaginitis)
• Invasive candidiasis (systemic infections)

Recognizing the Symptoms of Candidiasis

The symptoms of candidiasis can vary widely depending on the affected area. Recognizing these signs early can lead to prompt treatment and prevent complications.

Skin Candidiasis Symptoms

• Bright red rash, often in skin folds
• Itching or burning sensation
• Small pustules, especially at the edges of the rash
• Breakdown of skin in severe cases

Oral Thrush Symptoms

• White patches on the tongue, inner cheeks, or throat
• Redness or soreness in the affected areas
• Difficulty swallowing in severe cases

Vaginal Candidiasis Symptoms

• White or yellow, cheese-like discharge
• Intense itching and burning in the vaginal area
• Redness and swelling of the vulva
• Pain or discomfort during sexual intercourse

Do all yeast infections present with the same symptoms? No, the symptoms can vary greatly depending on the location of the infection. While some general signs like redness, itching, and discomfort are common across different types of candidiasis, each form of the infection has its unique characteristics.

Factors Contributing to Yeast Infections

Several factors can contribute to the development of candidiasis by creating an environment conducive to Candida overgrowth or by weakening the body’s natural defenses against fungal infections.

Environmental Factors

• Hot and humid weather
• Tight, synthetic underclothing
• Poor hygiene
• Infrequent diaper or undergarment changes

Medical Conditions and Treatments

• Weakened immune system (e.g., due to HIV/AIDS, diabetes)
• Use of antibiotics
• Corticosteroid therapy
• Pregnancy
• Obesity

Other Contributing Factors

• Other skin disorders (e.g., intertrigo, psoriasis)
• Use of oral contraceptives
• High-sugar diets

Can certain medications increase the risk of developing a yeast infection? Yes, certain medications, particularly antibiotics and corticosteroids, can increase the risk of candidiasis. Antibiotics can disrupt the normal balance of microorganisms in the body, allowing Candida to flourish, while corticosteroids can suppress the immune system, making it easier for yeast to overgrow.

Diagnosing Candidiasis: From Symptoms to Confirmation

Accurate diagnosis of candidiasis is crucial for effective treatment. While the symptoms can be indicative, healthcare professionals employ various methods to confirm the presence of a yeast infection.

Diagnostic Approaches

1. Physical examination: A healthcare provider will examine the affected area for characteristic signs of candidiasis.
2. Microscopic examination: A sample from the affected area is examined under a microscope to identify Candida yeast cells.
3. Culture: A sample is cultured to grow and identify the specific Candida species causing the infection.
4. KOH test: A potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation can help identify fungal elements in skin scrapings or discharge.

Is a laboratory test always necessary to diagnose a yeast infection? While many cases of candidiasis can be diagnosed based on symptoms and physical examination alone, laboratory tests are often used to confirm the diagnosis, especially in cases of recurrent or severe infections. These tests can also help identify the specific Candida species involved, which can guide treatment decisions.

Treatment Options for Candidiasis

The treatment of candidiasis aims to eliminate the overgrowth of Candida and alleviate symptoms. The choice of treatment depends on the location and severity of the infection.

Topical Antifungal Treatments

• Creams (e.g., clotrimazole, miconazole)
• Ointments
• Lotions
• Powders

Oral Antifungal Medications

• Fluconazole
• Itraconazole
• Ketoconazole

Other Treatment Approaches

• Probiotics to restore microbial balance
• Dietary modifications to reduce sugar intake
• Addressing underlying conditions (e.g., managing diabetes)

How long does it typically take for a yeast infection to clear up with treatment? The duration of treatment and time to symptom resolution can vary depending on the severity of the infection and the treatment method used. Many topical treatments for mild to moderate infections can provide relief within a few days, with complete resolution often occurring within 1-2 weeks. Oral medications may take slightly longer, with improvements typically seen within 1-2 weeks. However, it’s important to complete the full course of treatment as prescribed to prevent recurrence.

Preventing Yeast Infections: Strategies for Reducing Risk

While it’s not always possible to prevent yeast infections entirely, several strategies can help reduce the risk of developing candidiasis.

Hygiene and Lifestyle Practices

• Maintain good personal hygiene
• Wear breathable, cotton underwear
• Avoid tight-fitting clothes in hot, humid weather
• Change out of wet swimwear or workout clothes promptly
• Practice good diaper hygiene for infants

Dietary Considerations

• Limit sugar and refined carbohydrate intake
• Incorporate probiotic-rich foods into your diet
• Stay hydrated to support overall health

Medical Management

• Use antibiotics only when necessary and as prescribed
• Manage underlying health conditions effectively
• Consider preventive antifungal treatments if prone to recurrent infections

Can dietary changes help prevent yeast infections? While diet alone may not prevent all yeast infections, certain dietary modifications can support overall health and potentially reduce the risk of candidiasis. Limiting sugar and refined carbohydrates, which can feed yeast growth, and incorporating probiotic-rich foods to support a healthy microbial balance may be beneficial. However, these dietary changes should be part of a comprehensive approach to prevention and not a substitute for medical advice or treatment when needed.

Complications and When to Seek Medical Attention

While many cases of candidiasis are easily treatable, some situations require prompt medical attention to prevent complications or address more serious underlying conditions.

Potential Complications

• Chronic or recurrent infections
• Spread of infection to other parts of the body
• Invasive candidiasis in immunocompromised individuals
• Secondary bacterial infections

When to Consult a Healthcare Provider

1. Symptoms persist despite over-the-counter treatment
2. Recurrent infections (more than 4 episodes in a year)
3. Severe symptoms or signs of spreading infection
4. Pregnancy or underlying health conditions
5. Uncertainty about the diagnosis

How can you differentiate between a simple yeast infection and a more serious condition? While many symptoms of candidiasis are characteristic, some can mimic those of other conditions, including sexually transmitted infections or bacterial vaginosis. If you’re unsure about your symptoms, experiencing severe discomfort, or have a history of recurrent infections, it’s best to consult a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis. Additionally, if you have underlying health conditions or are pregnant, professional medical advice is crucial to ensure appropriate treatment and prevent complications.

Special Considerations for Different Populations

Certain groups may be more susceptible to yeast infections or require special considerations in their management and prevention.

Pregnant Women

• Higher risk of vaginal candidiasis
• Need for safe, pregnancy-appropriate treatments
• Importance of prompt treatment to prevent complications

Individuals with Diabetes

• Increased susceptibility due to elevated blood sugar levels
• Importance of blood sugar control in prevention and management
• Potential for more frequent or severe infections

Immunocompromised Patients

• Higher risk of severe or systemic candidiasis
• Need for more aggressive prevention and treatment strategies
• Importance of close medical monitoring

Infants and Young Children

• Susceptibility to diaper rash caused by yeast
• Need for gentle, age-appropriate treatments
• Importance of proper diaper hygiene and care

Why are some populations more prone to yeast infections? Certain groups, such as pregnant women, individuals with diabetes, and those with compromised immune systems, are more susceptible to yeast infections due to hormonal changes, altered immune function, or metabolic factors that create an environment favorable for Candida overgrowth. In these populations, the body’s natural defenses against fungal overgrowth may be impaired, making it easier for Candida to proliferate and cause infections. Additionally, some of these groups may require special considerations in treatment due to potential risks or interactions with other medical conditions.

Emerging Research and Future Directions in Candidiasis Management

The field of candidiasis research is continuously evolving, with new insights into prevention, diagnosis, and treatment emerging regularly. Understanding these developments can provide hope for improved management strategies in the future.

Advances in Diagnostic Techniques

• Development of rapid diagnostic tests
• Improved methods for identifying specific Candida species
• Potential for personalized treatment based on strain identification

Novel Treatment Approaches

• Investigation of new antifungal compounds
• Exploration of probiotic therapies
• Research into immunotherapy for recurrent infections

Prevention Strategies

• Studies on protective factors against Candida overgrowth
• Development of targeted preventive measures for high-risk groups
• Research into the role of the microbiome in preventing candidiasis

What promising developments are on the horizon for candidiasis treatment? Several exciting areas of research hold promise for improving candidiasis management. One area of focus is the development of more targeted antifungal treatments that can effectively combat resistant Candida strains while minimizing side effects. Another promising avenue is the exploration of probiotic therapies, which aim to restore and maintain a healthy microbial balance to prevent Candida overgrowth. Additionally, researchers are investigating the potential of immunotherapy to boost the body’s natural defenses against fungal infections, particularly for individuals prone to recurrent candidiasis. These developments, along with advances in rapid diagnostic techniques, may lead to more personalized and effective approaches to preventing and treating yeast infections in the future.

As research progresses, our understanding of candidiasis continues to deepen, offering hope for improved management strategies and potentially new ways to prevent these common yet troublesome infections. While current treatments are generally effective for most cases of candidiasis, ongoing research aims to address challenges such as recurrent infections, drug resistance, and the needs of special populations. By staying informed about these developments, individuals and healthcare providers can work together to implement the most up-to-date and effective approaches to managing yeast infections.

Candidiasis (Yeast Infection) – Skin Disorders

By

Denise M. Aaron

, MD, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine

Reviewed/Revised Sep 2021 | Modified Sep 2022

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Topic Resources

Candidiasis is infection with the yeast Candida.

• Candidiasis tends to occur in moist areas of the skin.

• Candidiasis may cause rashes, scaling, itching, and swelling.

• Doctors examine the affected areas and view skin samples under a microscope or in a culture.

• Antifungal creams or antifungal drugs given by mouth usually cure candidiasis.

(See also Overview of Fungal Skin Infections Overview of Fungal Skin Infections Fungi usually make their homes in moist areas of the body where skin surfaces meet: between the toes, in the genital area, and under the breasts. Common fungal skin infections are caused by… read more .)

Candida is a yeast that normally resides on the skin and in the mouth, digestive tract, and vagina and usually causes no harm. Under certain conditions, however, Candida can overgrow on mucous membranes and moist areas of the skin. Typical areas affected are the lining of the mouth, the groin, the armpits, the spaces between fingers and toes, on an uncircumcised penis, the skinfold under the breasts, the nails, and the skinfolds of the stomach. Yeast is a type of fungus.

Conditions that enable Candida to infect the skin include the following:

• Hot, humid weather

• Tight, synthetic underclothing

• Poor hygiene

• Infrequent diaper or undergarment changes, particularly in children and older people

• A weakened immune system resulting from diabetes, HIV infection/AIDS, or use of corticosteroids and other drugs that suppress the immune system

• Pregnancy, obesity, or use of antibiotics

• Other skin disorders such as intertrigo Intertrigo Intertrigo is irritation and breakdown of skin (maceration) in areas where two skin surfaces rub together. Sometimes bacterial or yeast infections develop. The diagnosis is based on the location… read more and psoriasis Psoriasis Psoriasis is a chronic, recurring disease that causes one or more raised, red patches that have silvery scales and a distinct border between the patch and normal skin. A problem with the immune… read more

People taking antibiotics may develop candidiasis because the antibiotics kill the bacteria that normally reside on the body, allowing Candida to grow unchecked. Corticosteroids or immunosuppressive therapy after organ transplantation can also lower the body’s defenses against candidiasis. Inhaled corticosteroids, often used by people with asthma, sometimes cause candidiasis of the mouth. Pregnant women, people receiving cancer therapy drugs, obese people, and people with diabetes also are more likely to be infected by Candida.

In some people (usually people with a weakened immune system), Candida may invade deeper tissues as well as the blood, causing life-threatening systemic candidiasis Candidiasis Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by several species of the yeast Candida, especially Candida albicans. The most common type of candidiasis is a superficial infection of… read more .

Symptoms of candidiasis vary, depending on the location of the infection.

Infections in skinfolds (intertriginous infections) or in the navel usually cause a bright red rash, sometimes with breakdown of skin. Small pustules may appear, especially at the edges of the rash, and the rash may itch intensely or burn. A candidal rash around the anus may be raw, white or red, and itchy. Infants may develop a candidal diaper rash Diaper rash (diaper dermatitis) A rash is an abnormal change in the texture or color of the skin. Known causes of rashes include irritation, allergies, drugs, and bacterial, fungal, or viral infections. Rashes include redness… read more in the diaper area.

Vaginal candidiasis (vulvovaginitis, yeast infection— see Overview of Vaginitis (Vaginal Infection or Inflammation) Overview of Vaginitis (Vaginal Infection or Inflammation) Vaginal infections are one of the most common reasons women see their doctor, accounting for millions of visits each year. Vaginal infections are caused by infectious organisms (such as bacteria… read more ) is common, especially among women who are pregnant, have diabetes, or are taking antibiotics. Symptoms of these infections include a white or yellow cheeselike discharge from the vagina and burning, itching, and redness along the walls and external area of the vagina.

Penile candidiasis most often affects men with diabetes, uncircumcised men, or men whose female sex partners have vaginal candidiasis. Sometimes the rash may not cause any symptoms, but usually the infection causes a red, raw, itching, burning, or sometimes painful rash on the head of the penis.

Thrush is candidiasis inside the mouth Candidiasis Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by several species of the yeast Candida, especially Candida albicans. The most common type of candidiasis is a superficial infection of… read more . The creamy white patches typical of thrush cling to the tongue and sides of the mouth and may be painful. The patches can be scraped off with a finger or blunt object and may bleed when scraped. Thrush in otherwise healthy children is not unusual, but in adults it may signal a weakened immune system, possibly caused by cancer, diabetes, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The use of antibiotics that kill off competing bacteria increases the risk of developing thrush.

Perlèche is candidiasis at the corners of the mouth, which causes cracks and tiny fissures. It may stem from chronic lip licking, thumb sucking, ill-fitting dentures, or other conditions that make the corners of the mouth moist enough that yeast can grow.

Candidal paronychia Chronic Paronychia Chronic paronychia is recurring or persistent inflammation of the nail fold, typically of the fingernails. (See also Acute Paronychia.) Chronic paronychia occurs almost always in people whose… read more is candidiasis in the nail folds or cuticles, which causes painful redness and swelling ( see Onychomycosis Onychomycosis Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nails. (See also Overview of Nail Disorders.) About 10% of people have onychomycosis, which most often affects the toenails rather than the fingernails… read more ) around the nail. In longstanding infection, the area underneath the nail may turn white or yellow, and the nail plate may separate from the nail bed (onycholysis Onycholysis The terms deformities and dystrophies are often used interchangeably, sometimes even by doctors. However, their meanings are slightly different. Deformities: Changes in nail shape… read more ). This disorder typically occurs in people with diabetes or a weakened immune system or in otherwise healthy people whose hands are subjected to frequent wetting or washing.

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, a hereditary immunodeficiency disorder, is persistent or recurring infection with Candida (a fungus) due to malfunction of T cells (a type of white. .. read more causes red, pus-filled, crusted, and thickened areas that resemble psoriasis Psoriasis Psoriasis is a chronic, recurring disease that causes one or more raised, red patches that have silvery scales and a distinct border between the patch and normal skin. A problem with the immune… read more , especially on the nose and forehead. People who have this condition are also prone to thrush.

Usually, doctors can identify candidiasis by observing its distinctive rash or the thick, white, pasty residue it generates.

To confirm the diagnosis of candidiasis, doctors may scrape off some of the skin or residue with a scalpel or tongue depressor. The scraping Scrapings Doctors can identify many skin disorders simply by looking at the skin. A full skin examination includes examination of the scalp, nails, and mucous membranes. Sometimes the doctor uses a hand-held… read more sample is then examined under a microscope or placed in a culture medium Culture Doctors can identify many skin disorders simply by looking at the skin. A full skin examination includes examination of the scalp, nails, and mucous membranes. Sometimes the doctor uses a hand-held… read more (a substance that allows microorganisms to grow) to identify the specific fungus.

Treatment of candidiasis typically depends on the location of the infection. (See also table Some Antifungal Drugs Applied to the Skin (Topical Drugs) Some Antifungal Drugs Applied to the Skin (Topical Drugs) .)

Infections in skinfolds are treated with antifungal creams, powders, solutions, or other products that are applied directly to the skin (topical). Examples include miconazole, clotrimazole, oxiconazole, ketoconazole, econazole, ciclopirox, and nystatin. In healthy people, skinfold infections are usually easily cured. Keeping the skin dry helps clear up the infection and prevents it from returning. Solutions that dry out the skin (such as Burow solution) or topical antiperspirants help keep the surface area dry. Keeping the area dry may also help prevent a recurrence. People who have many infected skinfolds may be given drugs by mouth (such as fluconazole).

Vaginal candidiasis is treated with antifungal drugs that may be applied as a cream to the affected area, inserted into the vagina as a suppository, or taken by mouth (such as fluconazole).

Diaper rash is treated with more frequent changes of diapers, use of super-absorbent or ultra-absorbent disposable diapers, and a cream that contains an antifungal drug (for example, butoconazole, clotrimazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, or miconazole).

Candidal paronychia is treated by protecting the area from wetness. Doctors give antifungal drugs that are taken by mouth or applied to the skin. These infections are often difficult to treat.

Thrush in adults is treated with drugs that go directly in the mouth. An antifungal drug (such as clotrimazole) may be given as a tablet or lozenge that dissolves in the mouth. Doctors may also have people gargle with liquid nystatin for as long as possible and then spit it out or swallow it. Doctors may also give drugs in pill form that are swallowed (such as fluconazole).

Thrush in infants may be treated with liquid nystatin. The liquid can be applied with a finger or cotton swab to the cheek pouches inside the mouth.

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis is treated with fluconazole taken by mouth. This drug is taken for a long time.

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What does a yeast infection look like? Examples and treatments

The appearance of a yeast infection, or candidiasis, depends on its location. It can cause white patches in the mouth, flaking or crusting of the skin, and changes in genital discharge, which may look like cottage cheese.

In this article, we describe how a yeast infection visibly affects the body. We also look at other symptoms, treatments, and more.

A yeast infection occurs when fungi grow excessively in the body. This is particularly common in moist areas with less exposure, such as the mouth, vagina, or feet.

Often, yeast infections are caused by fungi from the Candida species — and according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Candida albicans is the type most likely to overgrow and cause an infection.

A vaginal yeast infection, or thrush, typically causes white discharge that is the texture of cottage cheese.

Other symptoms of a vaginal yeast infection include:

• painful urination
• soreness around the vagina
• inflammation and itchiness of the vagina and vulva
• pain during sex

These infections are common, with up to 75% of females having at least one diagnosed in their lifetimes.

Yeast infections can affect the penis, but this is less common. The symptoms tend to develop on the underside of the penis and include:

• scaling
• inflamed patches of skin
• a painful rash

A yeast infection can also cause inflammation near the head of the penis. This issue is called balanitis.

A person with balanitis may experience burning or itching and yellow or white discharge. In some people, the inflammation spreads to the shaft and the area under the foreskin.

Yeast infections are not considered sexually transmitted infections (STIs). However, it is possible for a person to develop a yeast infection after having oral, anal, or vaginal sex with someone who has the condition, especially if they are especially susceptible.

Around 15% of males who have unprotected sex with females experiencing yeast infections develop the infection themselves.

Oral thrush occurs when yeast grows excessively in the mouth or throat. Typically, a person develops white patches on the tongue, cheeks, back of the throat, or roof of the mouth.

Other symptoms of oral thrush include:

• soreness
• pain while eating or drinking
• a cotton-like feeling in the mouth
• cracked skin at the corners of the mouth
• a loss of taste

Most healthy adults do not develop oral thrush, but yeast infections in the mouth or esophagus are common in people with weakened immune systems.

Wearing dentures, smoking, and having dry mouth also elevate the risk of developing oral thrush.

The appearance of a yeast infection on the skin depends on the location, but this type of infection often causes patches of inflammation. These can vary in shape and size.

Sometimes, these patches itch, flake, or develop crusts, and pustules may appear around the edges.

A yeast infection can occur anywhere on the skin, but is most likely to develop in folds, such as:

• under the breasts
• under the arms
• in the groin
• under or in the buttocks
• in the navel
• on the scalp
• between the fingers and toes

If a yeast infection occurs on the scalp, it can cause crusty lesions that can lead to hair loss. Yeast infections can also cause diaper rash in babies.

Yeast infections can develop beneath the nails. An infected nail may turn white or yellow and start to separate from the nail bed.

When a yeast infection occurs under the nails, a person may experience:

• painful swelling
• pus
• nail loss

In small amounts, Candida fungi are not harmful. Many people have yeast on their skin and in their body. Other types of microbe, such as bacteria, help keep Candida from growing excessively.

However, certain factors can disrupt the body’s ability to keep Candida under control, such as:

• Antibiotics: Because antibiotics kill bacteria, the result may be that Candida fungi grow unchecked.
• Hormonal contraceptives: People who take hormonal birth control that contains estrogen are more likely to develop yeast infections.
• Pregnancy: Similarly, the hormonal changes during pregnancy increase the chances of developing yeast infections.
• A weak immune system: Young babies and people with immune disorders or conditions such as HIV may be more susceptible to yeast infections.
• Medications: Some medications and treatments, including steroids, immunosuppressants, and chemotherapy also weaken the immune system.
• Diabetes: Sugar helps yeast grow, so if a person frequently has high blood sugar levels, they are more likely to develop candidiasis.

Vaginal douches and sprays may also increase the risk of developing a vaginal yeast infection.

The treatment for a yeast infection varies, depending on the infection’s location and severity.

For mild, occasional infections, a person can try over-the-counter options, such as topical creams, nail treatments, or vaginal suppositories.

However, it is important to speak with a pharmacist or doctor first, because the symptoms of a vaginal yeast infection are similar to those of bacterial vaginosis and some STIs.

These issues do not respond to yeast infection treatments. They require different approaches and can cause serious health complications if a person does not receive the necessary care.

Also, frequently using antifungal medicine unnecessarily may reduce how effective it is in the future.

For more severe or reoccurring infections, a person may need prescription antifungal medication.

Pregnant women should not take the antifungal medicine fluconazole (Diflucan), as it may cause birth defects, the Office on Women’s Health report.

Some home care strategies may help reduce yeast infection symptoms or prevent the issue from coming back.

Probiotic yogurt may help reduce the amount of yeast in the body. A 2013 pilot study involving 24 women showed that eating 8 ounces of probiotic yogurt per day reduced the presence of Candida in some cases.

However, this was a small study with mixed results. Also, the women had HIV, so their health responses may not reflect those of the general population.

Addressing the cause of the infection is important, especially if the infection keeps coming back. A person may benefit from:

• using a condom during sex
• avoiding the overuse of antibiotics
• switching to a different method of birth control
• better managing underlying conditions, such as diabetes

A person should talk to a doctor if they notice symptoms of a yeast infection.

It is important to receive the right treatment for any infection, and correctly identifying the type of infection is the first step.

Yeast infections often cause changes to genital discharge and patches to form in the mouth or in skin folds.

A doctor can confirm the infection and recommend the best treatment, depending on the severity and the part of the body involved.

How does thrush occur in women. Causes, symptoms and treatment

Vaginal candidiasis or thrush is a fungal infection of the vaginal mucosa. The disease usually occurs in young and sexually active women. But the appearance of symptoms of thrush and in postmenopause is possible. Candida is the causative agent of thrush. They belong to the conditionally pathogenic flora, which is characteristic of the female vagina. Under the influence of various adverse factors, fungi begin to actively multiply, causing signs of thrush in women.

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Causes of thrush

It is believed that candidiasis is not sexually transmitted. But after intimate contact with a woman who has acute symptoms of thrush, a man may experience short-term signs of inflammation of the head of the penis. They are manifested by redness, the appearance of white particles on the skin of the penis, resembling discharge from thrush. Usually, such manifestations disappear on their own after a few days, since Candida fungi cannot live on a man’s genitals for a long time.

Predisposing factors for the development of the disease are:

• hyperhidrosis;
• damage to the epithelial barrier of the vagina;
• diabetes mellitus;
• endocrine disorders;
• long-term use of broad-spectrum antibiotics;
• conditions of reduced immunity;
• cancers;
• venereal infections;
• genital surgery, abortion, diagnostic curettage of the uterus;
• General and topical use of corticosteroids.

The development of vaginal candidiasis is promoted by malnutrition, a high content of sweets in a woman’s diet: simple carbohydrates help create a favorable environment for yeast-like fungi. Provoking factors include deficiency of vitamins A, B1, B2 or iron, alcoholism and blood diseases, the use of hormonal contraceptives, lack of healthy hygiene, early onset of sexual activity, frequent change of partners.

Pregnant women are especially prone to fungal infections due to hormonal changes, decreased immunity, and disruption of the natural microflora of the vagina. The fungus multiplies rapidly on the moist, warm, and nutrient-rich vaginal mucosa. Even a slight influence of adverse factors can cause an active build-up of Candida colonies on the mucosa and the appearance of acute symptoms of thrush, which can be quite difficult to get rid of.

Thrush symptoms

Vaginal candidiasis can cause symptoms such as persistent itching, burning, and soreness of the vulva (especially during intercourse or urination) and a foul-smelling vaginal discharge. Some patients have elevated body temperature. But hyperthermia is characteristic of the combined course of a fungal infection with other diseases (cystitis, ureaplasmosis, syphilis, cervicitis). Other characteristic symptoms are redness, swelling, white lumpy mucous deposits and dark red erythema on the mucous membrane of the labia.

Symptoms of thrush can be acute, when a woman notes abundant curdled discharge from the genital tract with a sour smell, combined with severe itching, and chronic – without obvious manifestations. Long-term vaginal candidiasis of the external genitalia is dangerous for women’s health, as it disrupts the internal microflora, increases the risk of progression of a secondary infection, and can cause problems with conception in the future.

Diagnostics

An accurate diagnosis of a woman with external signs of thrush can be made using a microscopic examination of smears. Tank inoculation shows a large number of colonies of yeast-like fungi Candida. They must be differentiated from other pathogens by ELISA, PCR.

If it is necessary to identify concomitant diseases and obtain a complete picture of the condition of the genitourinary organs of the patient, gynecologists prescribe an ultrasound scan of the pelvic organs and the bladder. Hormonal disorders can be detected using laboratory blood tests.

Medical treatment

Therapeutic options in the treatment of thrush in women have increased significantly in recent years. Treatment of vaginal candidiasis is prescribed by a gynecologist. It is necessary to consult a doctor even with minor manifestations of the disease. Against the background of symptoms of thrush, more serious diseases of the genital organs, diseases of the endocrine system can progress. A fungal infection with a long course should be especially alarming. She often speaks of a predisposition to diabetes mellitus or already developing endocrine diseases.

Modern antifungal agents are used for topical treatment. They may be in the form of suppositories, vaginal tablets, ointments or creams. If there is no effect, antifungal treatment of thrush in women with systemic drugs is introduced. Some medicines can be taken once a day. They act immediately and do not require repeated use.

It is useful for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis to use products containing probiotic bacteria that restore balance in the biocenosis of the vaginal microflora.

In the chronic course of vaginal candidiasis, antifungal drugs are prescribed in courses. Thrush of the vaginal type can be combined with damage to the oral mucosa. This indicates a serious decrease in immunity, the development of hormonal disorders. In this case, specialists prescribe an additional intake of antibiotics and drug therapy for the identified pathologies.

Drug treatment of vaginal candidiasis can be supplemented with topical application of anti-inflammatory compounds and disinfectants. Experts prescribe douching and baths using potassium permanganate, silver nitrate. To increase the protective properties of the vaginal mucosa and maintain the constancy of the internal microflora, drugs with an immunostimulating effect are used. It is possible to prescribe probiotics and prebiotics: thrush often progresses against the background of intestinal dysbacteriosis. Sometimes it is enough to normalize the work of the gastrointestinal tract to get rid of frequent exacerbations of thrush.

Antibiotics for vaginal candidiasis are prescribed only for special indications. The use of antibacterial drugs can increase the symptoms of thrush in a woman. Practice good personal hygiene, including changing your underwear frequently and washing your genitals with warm soapy water. For intimate places, you need to use a separate towel. For regular personal hygiene, products containing lactic acid sticks have proven themselves well.

During the period of exacerbation, it is best to refuse to use sponges, hard towels: additional damage to the irritated mucosa can aggravate the course of candidiasis. The mucosa in the acute period is edematous, easily injured and may begin to bleed. It is recommended to wear cotton underwear. Do not visit the pool or sauna for the period of treatment. During menstruation, it is better to use sanitary pads instead of tampons or vaginal cups.

It is worth following an antifungal diet, which includes the elimination of simple sugars. The high carbohydrate content found in sugary sodas, baked goods, candy, and other sweets maintain conditions favorable for yeast growth.

For sitz baths, infusions of calendula, chamomile, and sage are suitable. In the home treatment of vaginal candidiasis, you can combine the remedies prescribed by the doctor with external use of a decoction or infusions of herbs that have an anti-inflammatory effect on the vaginal mucosa.

Thrush in pregnancy

Against the background of hormonal changes, many women experience symptoms of thrush during pregnancy. Candidiasis can persist throughout the entire period of bearing a child. The high concentration of progesterone, characteristic of pregnant women, the release of substances that prevent rejection of the fetus, contribute to the long course of thrush.

Often, vaginal candidiasis is combined with bacterial vaginosis. Therefore, even minor manifestations of thrush during pregnancy require additional consultation with a gynecologist and a clarifying diagnosis. It is enough to carry out a smear on the flora or a PCR study. If, in addition to yeast-like fungi, potentially dangerous microorganisms enter the vaginal flora, appropriate treatment should be carried out to avoid complications in the future.

Treatment of thrush during pregnancy

Many gynecologists do not carry out serious treatment for thrush, as they consider it useless. Due to certain changes in the hormonal background and local immunity, antifungal drugs will not give a complete recovery. Systemic antimycotics during pregnancy are not recommended due to possible harm to the unborn child.

Local preparations in the form of vaginal suppositories contribute to the disappearance of the symptoms of thrush for a certain period of time. But in most women, vaginal candidiasis persists until the very birth. This refers to the variant of the norm, if, according to the results of smears, a woman does not have microorganisms that are unusual for the normal microflora of the vagina. To prevent infectious complications, including in the fetus, a few weeks before childbirth, specialists prescribe vaginal suppositories for the sanitation of the genital tract.

Additionally, it is recommended to wear comfortable underwear made from natural fabrics throughout pregnancy. Contributes to the development of pregnancy constant moist environment in the genital area due to the use of panty liners. Linen must be breathable. It is better to refuse panty liners, even if the manufacturer claims that they are made from natural fabrics.

Hygiene of the external genital organs is also extremely important during pregnancy. Due to a decrease in local immunity, the risk of infectious diseases and allergic reactions increases. Hygiene products should have the most natural composition. It is better to use gels that contain uric acid. It inhibits the active reproduction of yeast-like fungi, prevents frequent relapses of vaginal candidiasis in women.

If a sexual partner shows signs of balanoposthitis provoked by fungi, it is necessary to conduct a course of treatment with antimycotics and antibiotics. Otherwise, the woman will be re-infected from the man.

You also need to make adjustments to your diet. During pregnancy, it is not recommended to consume a large number of sweets. Sugar should be replaced with honey if there is no allergic reaction. With severe symptoms of vaginal candidiasis during pregnancy, it is recommended to additionally check the level of glucose in the blood. By the appearance of thrush are women prone to the development of diabetes. During pregnancy, it can occur in a latent form.

Prevention

Prevention of the development of thrush in women is to prevent conditions that contribute to the active reproduction of yeast-like fungi. It is necessary to maintain a healthy microflora of the vagina with the help of regular hygiene measures. For the care of the external genital organs, it is recommended to use products without fragrances and dyes and aggressive chemical components. They irritate the mucous membrane, contributing to the appearance of local inflammation and acute symptoms of thrush in women.

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Thrush in the mouth in adults: symptoms, treatment – ROOTT

Causes Types Danger Treatment Remedial measures Drugs against thrush

Oral candidiasis (thrush) is an infectious disease of the mucous membranes. It is caused by a fungus of the genus Candida.

Mucous membranes are covered with whitish plaques resembling curd mass. Patients have unpleasant sensations in the mouth, a burning sensation. Eating, sometimes even speaking, becomes painful. Patients complain of dry mouth and bad breath.

Thrush is very common in infants but is easily tolerated and heals quickly. It often occurs in people with dentures, those taking corticosteroids, or undergoing chemotherapy.

Causes of the disease

Yeast fungi are present in the body of any person. Under the influence of certain factors, they begin to multiply uncontrollably.

Thrush in the mouth is caused by:

• Hormonal changes, e.g. during pregnancy
• Taking certain medications
• Weakening of immunity due to illness
• Inadequate oral hygiene
• Mucosal injuries
• High carbohydrate diet
• Taking contraceptives
• Smoking
• Candidiasis is contagious, it can be transmitted through shared utensils, kissing.

Classification

Symptoms of thrush manifest themselves in different ways, depending on the form of the disease. In dentistry, the following forms of candidiasis are distinguished:

1. Acute pseudomembranous
   – Mild form: the only symptom is the presence of plaque. If you scrape it off, a swollen, reddened mucous membrane is visible.
   – Moderate: plaque is difficult to remove, there are unpleasant sensations while eating. The submandibular lymph nodes are enlarged.
   – Severe form: extensive, off-white plaque. Signs of tissue infiltration. Plaques are removed with difficulty, bleeding mucous membrane is visible under them.
2. Acute atrophic
   Mucosa red, painful to touch, smooth. The plaque is dense, covers the cheeks from the inside, tongue, palate. The mouth is dry. There are teeth marks on the tongue. There may be a bitter, sour, metallic taste in the mouth. The acute course can become chronic, usually in patients with removable dentures. Therefore, its second name is prosthetic stomatitis. Under the prosthesis, the mucous membrane is dry, red. There is almost no plaque, but the pain syndrome is pronounced. On the back of the tongue papillae atrophy. This leads to a change in taste sensations.
   Sometimes atrophic candidiasis is called erythematous (“erythema” – redness).
3. Chronic hyperplastic
   It occurs only in adults, mainly in smokers. The coating is dirty gray, located in the corners of the lips, on the tongue. It scrapes off badly, has an unpleasant smell. The plaques merge, covering the mucosa almost completely. Saliva changes: it becomes viscous and foams. The most common such thrush in men.

Why is thrush dangerous? But candida is a yeast-like fungus, and, therefore, is capable of rapid reproduction, like any yeast. From the mucous membranes of the mouth, thrush can spread to the throat. This causes changes in the voice, makes it hoarse. Spreading to the esophagus, it provokes inflammation of the esophageal mucosa (esophagitis), making it painful for food to pass through it.

Untreated hyperplastic candidiasis develops into malignant neoplasms.

Most importantly, the reproduction of the fungus indicates a malfunction in the body’s defenses.

Only a doctor is able to prescribe the necessary examination and, based on its results, prescribe the appropriate treatment for a fungal infection.

How to treat thrush

Successful treatment requires an accurate diagnosis. For this, a number of laboratory tests are prescribed. Bacteriological culture is mandatory. He will not only confirm the thrush, but also determine which type of fungus caused it. This is important when prescribing drugs. After a clinical examination, the dentist may recommend blood glucose or HIV testing.

Recommended consultations with narrow specialists:

• Endocrinologist
  To make sure there are no endocrine disorders.
• Allergist
  To detect sensitivity to dentures.
• Therapist
  To clarify the nature of somatic diseases.

Treatment of thrush in adults and children should be comprehensive and include activities aimed at strengthening general immunity, teaching adequate oral hygiene, and changing the diet.

Algorithm of therapeutic measures

• For the best result, the intervention begins with the sanitation of the oral cavity. Carious teeth are treated by replacing the affected tissues with filling material. Remove hard plaque and tartar from enamel. Plaque is a hotbed of infection, it is necessary to get rid of it.
• Eliminate factors that provoke candidiasis. Replace dentures if they cause an allergic reaction or do not fit well. Stop the exacerbation of common diseases. Take steps to improve your hormone levels. Conduct activities that increase immunity.
• Administer antifungals based on culture results. Prescribed antihistamines, restorative agents, immunomodulators.
• Give recommendations on the normalization of the microflora in the oral cavity.