What are the common types of candida fungus skin infections. How can you identify the symptoms of a candida skin infection. What are the most effective treatments for candida fungus on the skin.

Understanding Candida Fungus and Its Impact on Skin Health

Candida is a type of fungus that naturally exists on human skin in small amounts. However, when conditions are favorable, it can multiply rapidly, leading to various skin infections. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that there are over 150 species of Candida, with Candida albicans being the most common culprit behind infections.

Candida fungus can affect different parts of the body, causing infections such as:

• Athlete’s foot
• Oral thrush
• Vaginal yeast infections
• Nail fungus
• Jock itch
• Diaper rash

These infections are particularly prevalent in certain populations. For instance, about 75% of adult women will experience a vaginal yeast infection at some point in their lives. Additionally, 90% of people with AIDS develop oral thrush or candida overgrowth in the mouth, according to AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses.

Identifying Common Candida Skin Infection Sites

Candida skin infections can occur virtually anywhere on the body, but they have a predilection for certain areas. These infections are most commonly found in intertriginous regions – areas where skin touches or rubs against other skin. Such locations include:

• Armpits
• Groin area
• Skin folds
• Between fingers and toes

These areas provide the warm, moist environment that Candida thrives in. While the skin usually acts as an effective barrier against infection, any cuts or breakdowns in the superficial layers can allow the fungus to penetrate and cause an infection.

Risk Factors for Developing Candida Skin Infections

Several factors can increase an individual’s susceptibility to Candida skin infections. These include:

• Hot and humid weather conditions
• Poor personal hygiene
• Wearing restrictive clothing
• Obesity
• Diabetes
• Hypothyroidism
• Inflammatory disorders
• Weakened immune system
• Working in wet conditions
• Pregnancy

Certain medications can also elevate the risk of Candida infections. Topical corticosteroids are particularly problematic, but birth control pills and antibiotics may also contribute to increased susceptibility.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Candida Skin Infections

Identifying a Candida skin infection early is crucial for prompt treatment. Common symptoms include:

• Redness and itching in the affected area
• Burning or stinging sensation
• Rash with small red bumps or pustules
• Cracking or peeling skin
• Soreness or pain in the infected region

In some cases, the infection may spread beyond the initial site, leading to more widespread symptoms. If you notice persistent symptoms or if they worsen despite home care, it’s important to consult a healthcare professional.

Diagnosing Candida Skin Infections: What to Expect

Diagnosing a Candida skin infection typically involves a combination of clinical examination and laboratory tests. Here’s what you can expect during the diagnostic process:

1. Physical examination: A healthcare provider will examine the affected area, looking for characteristic signs of a fungal infection.
2. Medical history review: Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, recent activities, and any underlying health conditions that might increase your risk.
3. Skin scraping or swab: A small sample of the affected skin or discharge may be collected for microscopic examination or culture.
4. KOH test: This simple test involves applying potassium hydroxide (KOH) to a skin sample to detect the presence of fungal elements.
5. Culture: In some cases, a culture may be performed to identify the specific type of Candida causing the infection.

Accurate diagnosis is crucial for determining the most effective treatment approach.

Treatment Options for Candida Skin Infections

The treatment of Candida skin infections typically involves antifungal medications. The choice of treatment depends on the severity and location of the infection. Common treatment options include:

• Topical antifungal creams or ointments (e.g., clotrimazole, miconazole)
• Oral antifungal medications for more severe or widespread infections (e.g., fluconazole)
• Antifungal powders for infections in moist areas
• Medicated shampoos for scalp infections

In addition to medication, lifestyle modifications and proper skin care are essential for effective treatment and prevention of recurrence.

Are natural remedies effective for treating Candida skin infections?

While some natural remedies may offer relief from symptoms, their effectiveness in treating Candida infections is not well-established. Some popular natural approaches include:

• Tea tree oil
• Coconut oil
• Apple cider vinegar
• Garlic
• Probiotics

It’s important to note that these remedies should not replace conventional medical treatment. Always consult with a healthcare provider before using any alternative treatments.

Preventing Candida Skin Infections: Practical Tips

Prevention is key when it comes to Candida skin infections. Here are some practical tips to reduce your risk:

• Maintain good personal hygiene
• Keep skin clean and dry, especially in prone areas
• Wear loose-fitting, breathable clothing
• Change out of wet or sweaty clothes promptly
• Use antifungal powders in areas prone to moisture
• Avoid sharing personal items like towels or razors
• Manage underlying health conditions, such as diabetes
• Eat a balanced diet and maintain a healthy weight
• Limit antibiotic use when possible

By incorporating these habits into your daily routine, you can significantly reduce your risk of developing Candida skin infections.

Complications of Untreated Candida Skin Infections

While Candida skin infections are generally not serious in healthy individuals, they can lead to complications if left untreated. Potential complications include:

• Spread of infection to other parts of the body
• Secondary bacterial infections
• Cellulitis (a potentially serious bacterial skin infection)
• Systemic candidiasis in individuals with weakened immune systems

In rare cases, Candida can enter the bloodstream, leading to a condition called invasive candidiasis. The CDC reports approximately 46,000 cases of invasive candidiasis in the United States each year, which can be life-threatening if not promptly treated.

When should you seek medical attention for a suspected Candida skin infection?

While many Candida skin infections can be managed with over-the-counter treatments, there are instances where medical attention is necessary. Seek professional help if:

• Symptoms persist or worsen despite home treatment
• The infection spreads to new areas
• You develop fever or other systemic symptoms
• You have a weakened immune system
• You’re pregnant or breastfeeding
• You have diabetes or other chronic health conditions

Early intervention can prevent the infection from progressing and reduce the risk of complications.

Living with Candida: Managing Recurrent Infections

For some individuals, Candida skin infections can be a recurring problem. Managing recurrent infections involves a combination of treatment and lifestyle modifications:

1. Identify and address underlying risk factors
2. Follow a long-term antifungal treatment plan as prescribed by your doctor
3. Adopt rigorous hygiene practices
4. Consider dietary changes to support overall health and immune function
5. Manage stress levels, as stress can impact immune function
6. Use preventive measures, such as antifungal powders or creams in prone areas

Working closely with a healthcare provider can help develop an effective management plan for recurrent Candida infections.

Can probiotics help prevent Candida skin infections?

Probiotics have gained attention for their potential role in preventing and managing Candida infections. While research is ongoing, some studies suggest that certain probiotic strains may help:

• Restore balance to the skin’s microbiome
• Enhance the skin’s barrier function
• Support the immune system’s ability to fight fungal infections

However, more research is needed to fully understand the efficacy of probiotics in preventing Candida skin infections. If you’re considering probiotic supplementation, consult with a healthcare provider for guidance.

The Future of Candida Treatment: Emerging Research and Therapies

As our understanding of Candida infections evolves, researchers are exploring new treatment approaches and preventive strategies. Some promising areas of research include:

• Novel antifungal compounds with improved efficacy and fewer side effects
• Immunotherapies to enhance the body’s natural defenses against Candida
• Personalized treatment approaches based on genetic factors and microbiome composition
• Advanced diagnostic tools for faster and more accurate identification of Candida species
• Nanotechnology-based treatments for targeted drug delivery

While these advancements are exciting, it’s important to note that many are still in the experimental stages. Current treatment protocols remain the gold standard for managing Candida skin infections.

How does the skin microbiome influence Candida infections?

The skin microbiome, the community of microorganisms living on our skin, plays a crucial role in skin health and disease prevention. Recent research has highlighted its importance in relation to Candida infections:

• A balanced microbiome can help prevent Candida overgrowth
• Disruptions in the microbiome may increase susceptibility to fungal infections
• Certain beneficial bacteria may produce compounds that inhibit Candida growth
• The microbiome can influence the skin’s immune responses to Candida

Understanding these interactions may lead to new strategies for preventing and treating Candida skin infections, such as microbiome-based therapies or personalized skincare approaches.

In conclusion, Candida skin infections are common but manageable conditions. By understanding the causes, recognizing symptoms early, and following appropriate treatment and prevention strategies, most people can effectively manage these infections. As research continues to advance our understanding of Candida and its interactions with the human body, we can look forward to even more effective approaches to prevention and treatment in the future.

Candida Fungus Skin Infection: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis

Candida Fungus Skin Infection: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis

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Medically reviewed by Modern Weng, D. O. — By The Healthline Editorial Team — Updated on June 11, 2019

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Overview

Candida is a strain of fungus that can cause an infection in your skin, among other locations. In normal conditions, your skin may host small amounts of this fungus. Problems arise when it begins to multiply and creates an overgrowth. More than 150 species of candida exist, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). However, the majority of infections are caused by a species called Candida albicans.

Types of candida fungus skin infections include:

• athlete’s foot
• oral thrush
• vaginal yeast infection
• nail fungus
• jock itch
• diaper rash

Seventy-five percent of adult women will have a yeast infection at some point, according to the CDC. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses notes that 90 percent of all people with AIDS will develop oral thrush or candida overgrowth in the mouth. This rarely occurs in adults with healthy immune systems.

Invasive candidiasis occurs when candida enters the bloodstream. According to the CDC, there are about 46,000 cases in the United States each year.

The outlook for candida infection is often very good. Generally, the condition isn’t serious and can be easily treated. However, uncontrolled infections can lead to potentially life-threatening problems — especially in those with weakened immune systems. Quick treatment can help stop the spread of the fungus, while also improving, and potentially saving, your life.

Candida skin infections can occur on almost any area of the body, but they are more commonly found in intertriginous regions. This is where two skin areas touch or rub together. Such areas include the armpits, groin, and skin folds, as well as the area between your fingers and toes. The fungus thrives in warm, moist, and sweaty conditions.

Normally, your skin acts as an effective barrier against infection. However, any cuts or breakdown in the superficial layers of the skin may allow the fungus to cause infection. Candida becomes pathogenic, or capable of causing disease, when conditions are favorable for it to multiply. Hot and humid weather, poor hygiene, or restrictive clothing may produce these conditions.

These aren’t the only risk factors to consider. Candida infections also tend to be more prevalent in:

• infants
• people who are overweight
• people with diabetes
• people with an underactive thyroid gland, or hypothyroidism
• people with inflammatory disorders
• people with a weakened immune system
• people working in wet conditions
• pregnant women

Certain medications may also increase the risk for this type of fungal infection. Topical corticosteroid medications are the most problematic, but birth control pills and antibiotics are other possible causes. If you take these types of medications, you should monitor your skin regularly for signs of candida infection.

Symptoms vary depending on body location, but include the following:

• rashes
• red or purple patches (area with an altered surface)
• white, flaky substance over affected areas
• scaling, or shedding of the skin with flakes
• cracks in the skin
• soreness
• erythema, which results in areas of redness
• maceration, or the appearance of soft white skin
• creamy satellite pustules at margins of affected areas (pimples filled with pus)
• red and white lesions in your mouth, as seen in oral thrush

Diagnosis of candida infection primarily relies on appearance and skin sampling. Your doctor will take skin scrapings, nail clippings, or plucked hair from the affected area and mount them on a slide for examination. Once a candida infection is diagnosed, the first step is to address the underlying cause. This may include changing your lifestyle to be more clean, losing weight if you are overweight, or managing your diabetes.

It is typically recommended that you make an appointment with your doctor the first time that you experience an infection. This allows the doctor to diagnose it properly and to give you the best treatment options. Candida is often recurring. However, visiting a pharmacist and asking a few questions is typically all that’s needed at subsequent visits.

Treatment for candida skin infection is usually simple. You don’t need to be hospitalized unless you have problems with your immune system or the candida has spread to the bloodstream. Your doctor may prescribe drying agents with antifungal creams, ointments, or lotions that are applied to your skin. Suppositories and oral medications are also available.

You will probably be prescribed over-the-counter drugs, such as ketoconazole or clotrimazole, both of which are topical (you apply on top of the skin) and from a class of antifungal drugs known as azoles. They are available in forms like ointments, tablets, and creams. They don’t have the same serious side effects as other antifungal agents such as nystatin or amphotericin B. Amphotericin B is an intravenous medication only used in the hospital setting.

Different kinds of drugs will be used based on the type of infection and the affected body part. For example:

• Vaginal gels or creams, such as miconazole, are often used for vaginal yeast infections.
• Thrush is often treated with antifungals in the form of lozenges, tablets, or liquid mouthwash that you swallow.
• Athlete’s foot is most often treated with sprays, powders, and ointments.
• Severe infections are most often treated with oral or even intravenous medications.

Most medications will be used once or twice a day.

Some medications, such as miconazole and clotrimazole, can be safely used to treat candida infection in any trimester of pregnancy. Ask your doctor or pharmacist what is safe for you to use.

All medications have potential side effects. Side effects for antifungals most often include:

• itching at the site of application
• redness or mild burning at the site of topical application
• headache
• indigestion or upset stomach
• rashes on the skin

Intravenous antifungals are more likely to cause negative side effects, which can include:

• loss of appetite
• feeling sick
• diarrhea
• muscle and joint pain
• rashes

In rare cases, antifungals may cause severe allergic reactions or severe skin reactions, including peeling or blistered skin.

Those with liver damage should not use antifungal medicine without a doctor’s oversight. Antifungals can result in liver damage in healthy patients, but it’s more likely to be severe in those who already have liver damage.

Medications that may interact with antifungals include:

• rifampin (also known as rifampicin), an antibiotic
• benzodiazepines, which are used to induce sleep and reduce anxiety
• estrogens and progestogens, which are found in contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy
• phenytoin, which is used to treat epilepsy

Children can more prone to candida fungus skin infections when compared to adults. Children are most likely to develop sinus infections, skin rashes (including diaper rash), oral thrush, and earaches from candida overgrowth.

Symptoms in babies and toddlers can include:

• persistent and heavy diaper rash
• skin rashes that resemble eczema
• white or yellow patches on the tongue or inside of the mouth or cheeks
• being colicky for longer than three months
• recurrent ear problems
• symptoms that worsen in damp environments or in damp weather

Symptoms in older children include:

• constantly craving sweets
• learning disabilities
• often being irritable or unhappy
• recurrent ear problems
• symptoms that worsen in damp environments or in damp weather

Treatment will depend on the specific type of candida infection. It may be topical medication for skin infections or antifungal medications, which are sometimes oral.

Treatment can take up to two weeks, though recurrence is fairly common.

There are simple steps you may take to reduce your risk of developing candida infections. For example:

Prevention tips

• Wear “dri-fit” clothing that helps wick away moisture from your skin.
• Keep your armpits, groin area, and other areas that are prone to infection clean and dry.
• Always shower and dry yourself thoroughly after activities where you sweat.
• If you are overweight or obese, properly dry your skin folds.
• Wear sandals or other open-toe footwear when it’s warm.
• Change your socks and underwear regularly.

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In healthy adults, candidiasis is often minor and is easily treated. The infection can be more problematic in older adults and young children, as well as other groups that have weaker immune systems. This can cause a spread of the infection to other parts of the body, especially in cases of oral thrush. The areas it can spread to include the:

• esophagus
• heart valves
• intestines
• liver
• lungs

Preventive measures as well as early treatment can go a long way in preventing candida growth. The sooner you seek treatment for suspected candidiasis, the better the outcome. Seek emergency care if your rash is accompanied by abdominal pain or a high fever.

Q:

Are there any natural remedies or home treatments that are effective against candida infections?

Anonymous patient

A:

The best, most effective and proven treatment against candida is an antifungal medication. There are in fact no proven home remedies to cure a fungal infection once it is present. Treatments such as dipping a tampon in yogurt or tea tree oil and placing it in your vagina to treat a yeast infection are not proven and can be dangerous. As mentioned above, there are things that you can do to prevent a fungal infection. Other things you can do for a healthy immune system: get a solid eight hours of sleep nightly, exercise, and have a healthy, balanced diet.

Modern Weng, D.O.Answers represent the opinions of our medical experts. All content is strictly informational and should not be considered medical advice.

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• Aaron, D. M. (2015, November). Candidiasis (Mucocutaneous). Retrieved from http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic_disorders/fungal_skin_infections/candidiasis_mucocutaneous.html
• Antifungal medicines – side effects and interactions with other drugs. (2014, August 18). Retrieved from http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Antifungal-drugs/Pages/Side-effects.aspx
• Candidiasis. (2015, June 12). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/
• Cutaneous candidiasis. (2013, March 11). Retrieved from https://www. swchildrens.org/Pages/health-safety/health-library/library-detail.aspx?docId=%7BB0C5B77A-DCCD-4BA8-9993-C92287CF1C65%7D
• Invasive candidiasis. (2015, June 12). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/invasive/statistics.html
• Mayo Clinic Staff. (2014, August 12). Oral thrush: Definition. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/oral-thrush/basics/definition/con-20022381
• Merenstein, D., Hu, H., Wang, C., Hamilton, P., Blackmon, M., Chen, H., … Li, D. (2013, January). Colonization by Candida Species of the Oral and Vaginal Mucosa in HIV-Infected and Noninfected Women. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 29(1), 30-347. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3537294/
• Steckelberg, J. M. (2015, August 22). Male yeast infection: How can I tell if I have one? Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/male-yeast-infection/expert-answers/faq-20058464

Last medically reviewed on September 1, 2016

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Medically reviewed by Modern Weng, D. O. — By The Healthline Editorial Team — Updated on June 11, 2019

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Treatments, symptoms, pictures, and contagiousness

Oral thrush, also known as oral candidiasis, is a yeast infection that can affect the mouth. Symptoms include a white or yellow buildup on the tongue, an unpleasant taste, and discomfort. Home and medical remedies can treat it.

Oral thrush most commonly occurs due to the fungus Candida albicans. However, the following can also cause the infection:

• Candida glabrata
• Candida tropicalis
• Candida krusei

For the majority of individuals, oral thrush does not cause any serious problems. However, if a person has a weakened immune system, their signs and symptoms may be much more severe.

This article will cover all aspects of oral thrush, including the causes, symptoms, and treatment.

Doctors will usually prescribe anti-fungal medications, such as nystatin or miconazole, in the form of drops, gel, or lozenges.

Alternatively, a doctor may prescribe a topical oral suspension. To take this treatment, a person washes it around their mouth for a few minutes and then swallows or spits out the solution (depending on the formulation).

According to a 2021 article, a healthcare professional will prescribe the following treatment options based on the severity of the condition:

• Mild oral thrush: A doctor may prescribe 10 milligrams (mg) of clotrimazole troche five times a day. A clotrimazole troche is a lozenge that a person dissolves slowly in their mouth. Another option includes 5 milliliters of nystatin oral suspension four times a day.
• Moderate to severe oral thrush: A doctor may prescribe 200mg of fluconazole once followed by 100mg once a day, for 7–14 days. A person will take this medication orally.
• Oral thrush that is not responding to treatment: Options include:
  • 200mg of Itraconzole oral solution once a day for 28 days
  • 400mg posaconzaole suspension twice a day for 3 days, followed by 400 mg once a day for 28 days
  • 200mg voriconazole twice a day for 28 days

For people who also have advanced cancer, a doctor may prescribe 150 mg of fluconazole as a single dose.

Alongside medical treatment, the following can help reduce the risk of worsening the condition:

• rinsing the mouth with salt water
• using a soft toothbrush to avoid scraping the lesions
• using a new toothbrush every day until the infection has gone
• eating unsweetened yogurt to restore healthy bacteria levels
• avoiding using mouthwashes or sprays

The National Health Service notes that the use of steroid inhalers, or corticosteroid inhalers, can increase the chance of developing oral thrush. A person can use a spacer or rinse their mouth after use to help prevent oral thrush from developing

Oral thrush in babies presents as a white coating on the tongue that resembles cottage cheese. A caregiver will not be able to rub the coating off easily. However, they will be able to scrape the coating off, leaving a red area.

Oral thrush in adults generally appears as thick, white, or cream-colored deposits on the mucous membrane of the mouth. The inside of the mouth may appear swollen and slightly red and may feature raised spots.

The white spots may join together to form larger ones, also known as plaques. These plaques may then take on a grayish or yellowish color.

Occasionally, the affected area simply becomes red and sore, with no detectable white spots.

If a person scrapes the cream or white-colored deposits, bleeding may occur.

Other symptoms include:

• cracks at the corners of the mouth
• an unpleasant taste
• pain, such as a sore tongue or gum
• difficulty eating or drinking

Individuals who wear dentures may have areas that are constantly red and swollen under their dentures. Poor oral hygiene or not taking the dentures out before going to sleep may increase the risk of oral thrush.

A 2015 reviewnotes that medical professionals sometimes divide oral thrush into three groups based on appearance, although the condition can sometimes sit between categories. The three groups are:

• Pseudomembranous: A person may develop white to whitish-yellow plaques on the tongue that resemble cottage cheese.
• Erythematous, or atrophic: The condition appears red raw rather than white.
• Hyperplastic: Also known as “plaque-like candidiasis” or “nodular candidiasis” due to the presence of a hard-to-remove, solid, white plaque. This is the least common variant and is most often present in patients with HIV.

There are a number of other lesions that can also appear with oral thrush. Sometimes, these lesions might be due to other types of bacteria that are also present in the area. These can include:

• Denture stomatitis: Healthcare professionals may also refer to this as chronic atrophic candidiasis and affects approximately 50–65% of those who wear dentures. The areas where the dentures normally sit may be inflammed. The lesions are usually asymptomatic, although a person may experience a burning sensation.
• Angular cheilitis: This is inflammation and splitting in the corners of the mouth.
• Median rhomboid glossitis: This is a large, red, painless mark in the center of the tongue.
• Linear gingival erythema: This is a band of inflammation running across the gums.
• Canker sores: These are small, shallow ulcers in the mouth.
• Leukoplakia: This is a white patch in the mouth that can appear on the tongue, gums, the inside of the cheeks, and the roof of the mouth. These patches are not painful and are irregular in shape. A person will not be able to remove the patches, unlike the patches that occur due to oral thrush.

Oral thrush is not contagious in adults.

However, thrush can pass between an infant and parent during breastfeeding or chestfeeding.

Some people may find oral thrush painful. The spots can become raised, and a person may experience discomfort and a burning sensation. In other instances, a person may develop no spots but experience a general soreness in the mouth.

If a person scrapes their spots, they may bleed and experience some mild pain.

Tiny quantities of Candida fungus exist in various parts of our body. It is present in the digestive system, skin, and mouth. Generally, these fungi cause no problems to healthy individuals.

However, people on certain medications, with reduced immune systems, or with certain medical conditions are susceptible to oral thrush when C. albicans grows out of control.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), those under 1 month of age have a higher chance of developing oral thrush.

Adult oral thrush is more likely to become a problem for the following groups:

• Dentures: People who wear dentures are at a higher risk of developing oral thrush. Especially if they do not keep them clean, they own dentures that do not fit properly, or if the person does not take them out before going to sleep.
• Antibiotics: People who are on antibiotics have a higher risk of developing oral thrush. Antibiotics may destroy the bacteria that prevent the Candida from growing out of control.
• Steroid medication: Long-term use of steroid medication can increase the risk of oral thrush.
• Weakened immune system: People with weakened immune systems are more likely to develop oral thrush.
• Diabetes: People with diabetes are more likely to have oral thrush, especially if they poorly control their disease.
• Dry mouth: People with less than normal quantities of saliva, or xerostomia are more prone to oral thrush.
• Smoking: Heavy smokers are more at risk of developing oral thrush. The reasons behind this are unclear.

Other risk factors include:

• Use of steroid inhalers: One 2016 study found that those who took inhaled corticosteroid or long-acting beta-2-agonist fixed-dose combination inhalers had a higher chance of developing oral thrush, compared with those who took long-acting bronchodilators alone.
• Malnutrition: A 2015 article states that a deficiency in iron the the most common nutrient linked to the growth of candida. Other nutritional deficiencies related to an increase of oral thrush risk include:
  • vitamin A
  • magnesium
  • selenium
  • zinc
  • folic acid
  • essential fatty acids
• Prolonged hospital stays: This can increase the chance of oral thrush in newborns.
• Cancer treatments: Chemoradiation therapy for head and neck cancer can lead to mucositis, which is when the mouth becomes sore and inflamed. A 2020 study notes that Candida infection is both a result of chemo-radiation mucositis and a risk factor.

The CDC states that the doctor can look into the person’s mouth and ask some questions about symptoms to diagnose oral thrush.

The doctor may scrape some tissue from the inside of the mouth for analysis.

If the doctor believes that medication or some other underlying cause is behind the thrush, then they will attempt to deal with it accordingly. Treatments in such cases depend on the underlying cause.

Oral thrush is a fungal infection that develops on the mucous membranes of the mouth.

Common symptoms of oral thrush include thick, white, or cream-colored spots on the mucous membrane. These spots may be raised and can cause some pain and discomfort,

For most people, oral thrush does not cause serious problems. However, people with weakened immune systems may experience more severe symptoms and a higher chance of the infection spreading into the bloodstream.

Doctors can treat oral thrush with anti-fungal drugs, such as nystatin or miconazole. They may also prescribe a topical oral suspension.

Some circumstances may increase a person’s risk of developing oral thrush. These include smoking, diabetes, the use of dentures, the use of antibiotics, and a weakened immune system.

Candida auris | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

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Time to read:
Approximately 2 min.

This information explains what Candida auris (C. auris) is, including how it spreads and how it can be treated.

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What is C. auris?

C. auris is a fungus (type of microorganism). It is resistant to many drugs commonly used to treat fungal infections. If the microorganism is resistant to the drug, then the drug does not help get rid of it or may not work as effectively as it should.

C. auris can cause other problems including:

• pneumonia;
• blood infections;
• wound infections.

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What is the difference between colonization and infection with C.

auris?

You may be colonized or infected with C. auris. Colonization means having a microorganism in your body without any symptoms. C. auris infection means you have the microorganism in your body and you have symptoms.

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How is C. auris spread?

Most C. auris infections are spread through direct contact with an infected person’s body fluids, such as blood, wound secretions, urine, stool (feces), or sputum (phlegm). They can also be spread through contact with equipment or surfaces that may harbor microorganisms. C. auris is not spread by simple contact, such as touching or hugging.

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Who is at risk for C. auris infection?

Individuals more likely to contract C. auris infection:

• older age;
• with a weakened immune system;
• suffering from chronic diseases such as cancer or diabetes;
• previously treated with antibiotics;
• recently undergone surgery;
• hospitalized many times or for a long time;
• with open wounds or ulcers;
• with installed tubes or drains;
• who recently received medical care outside the United States in a country with multiple cases of C. auris infection.

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What are the symptoms of C. auris infection?

The most common symptoms of C. auris infection are a temperature of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher and chills that do not improve with treatment. C. auris infection can only be diagnosed with a laboratory test.

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What are the treatments for C. auris infection?

C. auris infections are treated with drugs to which the organism is not resistant. Your doctor will choose the medicine(s) for you based on where the infection originated.

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What isolation measures are taken in the hospital if I am diagnosed with C. auris infection?

Isolation measures are measures we take to prevent the spread of infection among patients.
If you are diagnosed with a C. auris infection while in the hospital:

• You will be placed in a separate room.
• There will be a sign on your door telling all staff and visitors to wash their hands with soap or alcohol-based hand rub before entering your room.
• Also, all staff and visitors must wash their hands with soap and water after leaving your room.
• All staff and visitors must wear yellow gowns and gloves while in your room. They are issued outside your room and must be disposed of in your room.
• If you leave the examination room, you should wear a yellow gown and gloves, or cover yourself with a clean sheet.
• If you leave your room to walk around the ward, you should wear a yellow gown and gloves.
• You are prohibited from entering the following areas of the hospital:
  • food pantry in your department;
  • Charles Hallac Patient Recreation Center in Building M15;
  • children’s recreation area in building M9;
  • cafeteria;
  • main lobby;
  • any other common areas within the hospital.
• You may have art therapy or massage sessions in your room if the isolation measures are followed.

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What precautions should I take at home if I have a C.

auris infection?

Be sure to do the following at home:

• Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after going to the toilet.
• Wash your hands after contact with blood, urine, or wound secretions.
• Use a chlorine-based disinfectant such as Clorox® or Lysol® to wipe surfaces that may have been in contact with fungus, such as a doorknob.

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Where can I get more information about C. auris?

If you have questions, ask your doctor or nurse. Also, for more information, you can visit the website:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
www.cdc.gov/fungal/candida-auris/index.html

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Date last updated

Wednesday, February 9, 2022

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Fungus

Candida is a yeast-like fungus that is normally present in the body of any person.

Author of article

Molchanov Oleg Leonidovich

Gynecologist, reproductive specialist, doctor of medical sciences.

What is Candida? under certain conditions, their number rapidly increases and leads to the development of the disease. Active reproduction of Candida fungi provokes the development of candidiasis (thrush), which is one of the most well-known fungal diseases that occur among women and men of different ages. At the same time, fungi often form biofilms, which are a special form of life for many microorganisms.

In this form, they form a protective “dome”, which reduces the effectiveness of both drugs and their own antimicrobial immune cells.

Fungi of the genus Candida can infect any part of the body, most often localized in the areas of skin folds, interdigital areas, on the genitals and oral mucosa ¹ .

As a rule, yeast-like fungi choose places rich in glycogen, a polysaccharide where glucose accumulates.

So, for example, in women, yeast-like fungi most often actively multiply in the area of ​​​​the external genital organs, since the vaginal mucosa has rich glycogen stores. Worldwide, at least one episode of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) occurs in 75% of women. In fact, every second woman faced him at different periods of her life ² .

How do fungi of the genus Candida (candida) cause candidiasis?

Since Candida fungi normally live in the human body in small quantities, their growth and reproduction can be triggered by such factors as:

• Imbalance of female sex hormones (pregnancy, menopause)
• Use of intrauterine devices
• Diabetes mellitus type 1 or 2, obesity, carbohydrate metabolism disorder, thyroid dysfunction
• Immunosuppression (severe cancer, HIV infection)
• Avitaminosis, which reduces the body’s immunity
• Heavy physical exertion and hypothermia
• Stress
• Malnutrition, abuse of fast carbohydrates
• Wearing thongs, synthetic underwear and tight clothing
• Panty liner use
• Frequent douching ⁴

It must be understood that candidiasis is not a sexually transmitted disease.

Candida

The most common thrush (candidiasis) is caused by Candida albicans. Approximately 75-80% of all manifestations of thrush are caused by this type of Candida fungus.

At the same time, the growth of morbidity caused by the fungus Candida non-albicans increased significantly. This is due to the development of resistance (decrease or lack of sensitivity of fungi) to antifungal therapy ⁵ .

Candida non-ablicans are: C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. paparsilosis, C. crusei, C. lusitaniae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. If this type of fungus is detected in the results of laboratory tests, bacterial culture on special media is required to determine individual sensitivity to antifungal drugs and increase the effectiveness of treatment ⁷ .

Uncomplicated and complicated candidiasis

Mostly women are diagnosed with thrush caused by fungi of the species 9 for the first time0121 Candida ablicans . In most cases, the disease proceeds without complications. However, there are relapses of thrush, the number of which is less than 4 times a year, occur in women with normal immunity, without severe chronic diseases.

Growth of Candida non-ablicans usually causes complicated candidiasis, which includes recurrent thrush, when the number of exacerbations of the disease is more than 4 episodes in 1 year. This form of thrush is quite difficult to diagnose among patients with impaired immunity ⁶ . Often, bubbles (vesicles) with liquid contents form on the affected areas, which later burst and form erosions.

Where do Candida live and how do they manifest?

Signs of the disease and complaints of patients with candidiasis depend on the localization of fungi of the genus Candida. In addition, it is necessary to do laboratory tests, the results of which confirm the presence of yeast-like fungi.

Candidiasis of the skin and nails

Candidiasis in the digestive system

Candidiasis in the respiratory system

Candidiasis in the genitourinary system

howl bubble , esophagus and stomach, vulva and vagina.

Candidiasis of the oral cavity

Candida infection of the oral cavity is manifested by severe pain when chewing, there is a whitish coating, abundant cheesy accumulations on the inflamed oral mucosa. Sometimes there is dryness of the oral mucosa, which contributes to the appearance of ulcers.

Candidiasis of nails and skin

The spread of Candida fungi on the skin is accompanied by redness and swelling in the area of ​​the cuticle, nail ridge, and a change in its color. The nail plate can exfoliate and crumble. There may be defects or sores, dry skin, accompanied by itching.

Candidiasis of the male genital organs

Active reproduction of Candida fungi on the male genital organs is accompanied by pain, rashes in the area of ​​the glans penis with a whitish coating and plaques, burning and itching appear.

Candidiasis in the urinary canal and bladder

Reproduction of Candida fungi in the urinary system is manifested by severe pain and burning, the appearance of white flakes during urination. There may be redness and reporting in the urethra, itching, rashes on the skin and mucous membranes in the vulva.

Candidiasis of the esophagus, stomach, intestines

Candidiasis in this localization is manifested by dysbacteriosis. There may be discomfort and heaviness, especially after eating, frequent belching, upset stool, nausea, sudden weight loss ³ .

Candidiasis of the vulva and vagina

The vulva and vagina are the most common sites for candidiasis. This area is characterized by:

Itching and burning

Swelling

Redness

Burning and pain during urination and sexual intercourse

Characteristic odor that worsens after intercourse

Itching, usually intense, accompanied by scratching, often leads to insomnia, neuroses. Characterized by increased itching after water procedures, before menstruation.

Diagnosis of diseases caused by Candida

When making a diagnosis, the doctor relies on:

Typical symptoms

Whitish plaque on the mucous membranes, cheesy discharge, burning sensations and discomfort, accompanied by itching. Sometimes vulvovaginal candidiasis (thrush) can be detected during examinations before gynecological procedures or surgical interventions.

Inspection data

During which edema, redness, characteristic discharge, the presence of cracks and erosion are detected.

Smear microscopy

This examination method helps to detect Candida spores and mycelium. A swab is taken from the affected areas.

Culture method

Inoculation of secretions on nutrient media (culture method). This study should be carried out with constantly recurring candidiasis (more than 4 times a year) to determine the type of pathogen (Candida albicans or Candida non-albicans) and the body’s personal sensitivity to antifungal drugs to increase the effectiveness of treatment.

Treatment of diseases caused by Candida

In case of symptoms of candidal lesions, it is necessary to consult a doctor, since self-treatment leads to frequent exacerbations or to a chronic inflammatory process. If symptoms appear, you should consult a doctor. Do not self-medicate, this can lead to Candida drug resistance.

Antimycotic (antifungal) therapy is aimed at relieving complaints and getting rid of the pathogen. Modern antimycotic agents must meet the following requirements: efficiency, good tolerability, safety.

Antifungal treatment may include drugs in the form of tablets and capsules for oral administration, as well as topical antimycotics and antiseptics. Local antifungal drugs can be found in any pharmacy in special forms: vaginal suppositories and tablets, creams, douching solutions. The preparations are very convenient to use and do not cause discomfort.

Symptoms of candidiasis disappear most often within a few days, but it takes about 5-7 days to completely eliminate the activity of Candida fungi. Also, while maintaining the expressed manifestations of the disease, the doctor prescribes longer treatment regimens.

How to properly treat thrush? Watch in a short video with Evgenia Valerievna Shikh, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor.

Types of drugs for the treatment of diseases caused by Candida fungi

The following drugs are currently registered for prescription as antifungal therapy:

• others .)
• Polyene preparations (natamycin, nystatin)
• Triazole series (fluconazole, itraconazole)
• Other (preparations based on iodine, etc.)

Even with a variety of antifungal medications, physicians often encounter Candida drug resistance to prescribed therapy and the development of recurrent candidiasis. In this regard, we can conclude that there is a wide individual resistance to various drugs ⁸ .

Fungi have been shown to be highly sensitive to sertaconazole (an antifungal) in a number of studies compared to other azole antifungals ¹⁵ . One explanation for this is that sertaconazole is a more modern drug from the azole group, which may be associated with fewer cases of resistance or addiction of fungi to this therapy.

Sertaconazole preparations (Zalain®) for the treatment of candidiasis

Sertaconazole (Zalain ^® ) is a unique molecule derived from benzothiophene and imidazole. The antifungal effect of the drug is achieved due to the effect on the cell wall of the fungus ¹⁰ . Due to this, the growth and number of Candida fungi are reduced, and their death occurs. Imidazole prevents the synthesis of one of the components of the fungal cell membrane ( fungistatic action), and benzothiophene provokes rupture of the plasma membrane of the fungal cell, which leads to its death ( fungicidal action ). In addition, the drug helps to block the transition of the fungal cell into the pathogenic form . Thus, sertaconazole has a triple antifungal activity ¹⁴ .

Preparations containing sertaconazole (Zalain ^® ) are active against a large number of yeast-like fungi (C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. neoformans, C. pseudotropicalis, C. parapsilosis), among which there are varieties associated with a more severe course diseases. A wide range of effects of drugs Zalain ^® reduces the likelihood of re-infection.

Recent data indicate that the activity of sertaconazole has a more pronounced antifungal effect compared to some other drugs ¹¹ . The experience of prescribing Zalain ^® in the local therapy of uncomplicated forms of vulvovaginal candidiasis reflects the effectiveness of the drug as monotherapy on the 3rd day of use. And after 7 days of therapy, 95% of women note the complete disappearance of symptoms ¹² .

Zalain ^® Suppositories for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis

For the treatment of vaginal candidiasis, only 1 suppository Zalain ^® is used, which is inserted into the vagina once. The use of 1 vaginal suppository is explained by the fact that sertaconazole has a high lipophilicity – it dissolves well in lipid (fat) cell structures. Due to this, the drug remains in the vaginal mucosa for a long time (7 days) at a therapeutic concentration, having a triple mechanism of action on fungi of the genus Candida ¹⁴ . For women, this prescription of the drug is very convenient.

A high percentage of effectiveness of prescribing Zalain ^® preparations, both in the form of vaginal suppositories and 2% sertaconazole nitrate cream, has been established in the presence of skin mycoses ^10.13 .

The benefits of Zalain ^® antifungals are:0201 and anti-inflammatory ¹⁶ action

Can be used during pregnancy and lactation*

*if the benefit to the mother outweighs the possible risks to the baby

Broad spectrum of activity

Triple antifungal effect

Good drug penetration agent into the skin and mucous membranes due to lipophilic property

Only 1 suppository per course

Where to buy Zalain ^® Suppositories for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis

Instruction

In the case of recurrent candidiasis, a two-stage therapy is recommended: first, treatment is aimed at eliminating the symptoms and suppressing the overgrowth of fungi, and the next stage is aimed at preventing recurrences. According to various sources, the optimal duration of such treatment is 6 months ⁶ . However, preventive therapy does not guarantee the absence of a recurrence of the disease in the future ⁶ .

Prevention of vulvovaginal candidiasis (thrush)

To prevent the onset of the disease, it is recommended to take preventive measures, namely:

Do not use panty liners

Refrain from sexual intercourse during an exacerbation of candidiasis

Seek medical attention promptly at the first symptoms of illness

Practice personal hygiene

Eat a healthy and varied diet

Follow regular hygiene procedures using special intimate hygiene products. For example, Zalagel ^® Intim contains tea tree oil, which has antibacterial, antipruritic, antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects.

Instruction

Zalain® cream for the treatment of skin candidiasis

When candidiasis spreads to the skin of the external genital organs, together with Zalain ^® suppositories, it is possible to use a cream with sertaconazole. Studies have shown that Zalain ^® Cream can show its antifungal effect after 10 minutes.

Has a triple effect: antibacterial, antipruritic, anti-inflammatory

Used 1-2 times a day0010 Where to buy Zalain® cream for the treatment of skin candidiasis

or

Find your nearest pharmacy

Frequently Asked Questions

How can vaginal candidiasis be avoided?

Answer: Most often, thrush is associated with antibiotics, hormonal changes, and stress. Try to eliminate these factors.

I was diagnosed with vaginal candidiasis and treated. Whether it is necessary to pass or take place therapy and to the husband?

Answer: No, you don’t. Thrush is not a sexually transmitted infection.

Can vaginal candidiasis be treated during pregnancy?

Answer: It is possible and necessary! Candidiasis can be a provoking factor in unwanted complications during pregnancy. However, antifungal drugs should be prescribed only by the attending physician.

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2. Prilepskaya V.N. Vulvovaginal candidiasis. Clinic, diagnostics, principles of therapy: a guide. – M., 2008.
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4. Workowski K.A., Bolan G.A. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015;64(RR-03):1-137.
5. Russian Society of Dermatovenerologists and Cosmetologists. Federal clinical guidelines for the management of patients with urogenital candidiasis. – M., 2013.
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7. Infectious diseases. National leadership. /N.D. Yushchuk, Yu.Ya. Vengerov. — M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2018. — 1112 p.
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10. According to official instructions Zalain®
11. Palacín C., Tarragó C., Agut J., Guglietta A. In vitro activity of sertaconazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, fenticonazole, clotrimazole and itraconazole against pathogenic vaginal yeast isolates. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2001;23(2):61-64.
12. Wang P. H., Chao H.T., Chen C.L., Yuan C.C. Single-dose sertaconazole vaginal tablet treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. J Chin Med Assoc. 2006;69(6):259-256. doi: 10.1016/S1726-4901(09)70253-9.
13. Khamaganova I.V. Local therapy of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Obstetrics and gynecology. 2012;(4-2):122-124.
14. Carrillo-Muñoz AJ, Tur-Tur C, Giusiano G, Marcos-Arias C, Eraso E, Jauregizar N, Quindós G. Sertaconazole: an antifungal agent for the topical treatment of superficial candidiasis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2013 Apr;11(4):347-58. doi: 10.1586/eri.13.17. PMID: 23566144.
15. Carrillo-Munoz AJ, Guglietta A, Palacin C, et al. In vitro antifungal activity of sertaconazole compared with nine other drugs against 250 clinical isolates of dermatophytes and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis. Chemotherapy 2004 Dec; 50(6): 308-13
16. Sur R., Babad J.M., Garay M., Liebel F.T., Southall M.D. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Sertaconazole Nitrate Is Mediated via Activation of a p38-COX-2-PGE2 Pathway.