What are the main causes of edema. How does congestive heart failure lead to fluid retention. What are the key symptoms of heart failure to watch for. How can pitting edema be managed effectively. What lifestyle changes can help prevent heart failure progression.

Understanding Edema: Causes, Types, and Significance

Edema is a medical condition characterized by swelling in various parts of the body due to fluid accumulation in tissues. While it can affect any area, it most commonly occurs in the arms and legs, a condition known as peripheral edema. Understanding the underlying causes and types of edema is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Common Causes of Edema

• Prolonged sitting or standing
• Hormonal changes during menstruation or pregnancy
• Venous insufficiency
• Congestive heart failure
• Kidney disease
• Liver conditions
• Low protein levels in the blood
• Severe lung conditions
• Lymphatic system damage

Is all edema a cause for concern. While some forms of edema are temporary and resolve on their own, others may indicate serious underlying health issues. It’s essential to consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation, especially if the swelling persists or is accompanied by other symptoms.

Congestive Heart Failure: A Major Cause of Edema

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a significant contributor to edema and occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood effectively throughout the body. This inefficiency leads to fluid buildup in various tissues, resulting in swelling and other symptoms.

Types of Congestive Heart Failure

1. Left-sided heart failure
2. Right-sided heart failure
3. Biventricular heart failure

How does congestive heart failure cause edema. In CHF, the weakened heart struggles to pump blood efficiently, leading to blood pooling in various parts of the body. This increased pressure in blood vessels forces fluid into surrounding tissues, causing swelling. The location of edema often depends on which side of the heart is affected.

Recognizing Pitting Edema: A Key Indicator of Fluid Retention

Pitting edema is a specific type of swelling where pressing on the affected area leaves a temporary indentation. This characteristic makes it a valuable diagnostic tool for healthcare professionals in assessing fluid retention and potential underlying conditions.

Assessing Pitting Edema

• Apply gentle pressure to the swollen area for a few seconds
• Observe if an indentation remains after releasing pressure
• Note the depth and duration of the indentation

Can the severity of pitting edema indicate the progression of heart failure. While pitting edema can be a symptom of heart failure, its severity doesn’t always directly correlate with the condition’s progression. However, monitoring changes in edema can help healthcare providers adjust treatment plans and assess overall cardiac health.

Symptoms and Stages of Congestive Heart Failure

Recognizing the symptoms and understanding the stages of congestive heart failure is crucial for early detection and effective management. CHF is typically classified into four stages, each with distinct characteristics and treatment approaches.

Key Symptoms of Congestive Heart Failure

• Shortness of breath, especially during physical activity or when lying down
• Persistent coughing or wheezing
• Swelling in the legs, ankles, and feet
• Rapid or irregular heartbeat
• Fatigue and weakness
• Reduced ability to exercise
• Swelling of the abdomen (ascites)
• Sudden weight gain from fluid retention

Do all patients with heart failure experience the same symptoms. The manifestation of symptoms can vary significantly among individuals with heart failure. Factors such as the type of heart failure, its severity, and individual physiology contribute to the diversity of symptoms experienced.

Stages of Congestive Heart Failure

1. Stage A: High risk for developing heart failure
2. Stage B: Structural heart disease without symptoms
3. Stage C: Structural heart disease with prior or current symptoms
4. Stage D: Advanced heart failure requiring specialized interventions

How does understanding the stages of heart failure impact treatment. Recognizing the stage of heart failure allows healthcare providers to tailor treatment strategies, set appropriate goals, and make informed decisions about interventions. Early-stage management focuses on prevention and risk factor control, while advanced stages may require more aggressive treatments.

Treatment Approaches for Congestive Heart Failure

Managing congestive heart failure involves a multifaceted approach aimed at improving heart function, reducing symptoms, and enhancing quality of life. Treatment strategies often combine medication, lifestyle modifications, and in some cases, surgical interventions.

Pharmacological Interventions

• ACE inhibitors or ARBs to reduce blood pressure and workload on the heart
• Beta-blockers to slow heart rate and reduce cardiac stress
• Diuretics to manage fluid retention and edema
• Aldosterone antagonists to help the body eliminate excess fluid
• Digoxin to strengthen heart contractions and slow heart rate

Are medications alone sufficient to manage heart failure. While medications play a crucial role in heart failure management, they are most effective when combined with lifestyle modifications and regular medical monitoring. A comprehensive approach yields the best outcomes for patients with congestive heart failure.

Non-Pharmacological Management

1. Dietary modifications, including sodium restriction
2. Regular physical activity tailored to individual capabilities
3. Smoking cessation
4. Alcohol limitation or abstinence
5. Stress reduction techniques
6. Regular monitoring of weight and symptoms

How important is lifestyle modification in heart failure management. Lifestyle changes are fundamental in managing heart failure effectively. They can significantly improve symptoms, slow disease progression, and enhance overall quality of life. Patients who actively participate in their care through lifestyle modifications often experience better outcomes.

Prevention Strategies and Risk Factor Management

Preventing heart failure or its progression involves addressing modifiable risk factors and adopting heart-healthy habits. By focusing on prevention, individuals can significantly reduce their risk of developing or exacerbating heart failure.

Key Prevention Strategies

• Maintaining a healthy body weight
• Engaging in regular physical activity
• Managing hypertension and diabetes
• Controlling cholesterol levels
• Avoiding tobacco use
• Limiting alcohol consumption
• Managing stress effectively
• Regular health check-ups and screenings

Can heart failure be prevented entirely through lifestyle changes. While lifestyle modifications significantly reduce the risk of heart failure, some factors, such as genetic predisposition or certain medical conditions, may still contribute to its development. However, adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle remains the most effective way to minimize risk and maintain cardiovascular health.

Survival Rates and Prognosis in Congestive Heart Failure

Understanding survival rates and prognosis in congestive heart failure is crucial for patients and healthcare providers alike. While heart failure is a serious condition, advancements in treatment and management strategies have improved outcomes for many patients.

Factors Influencing Survival Rates

1. Age at diagnosis
2. Stage of heart failure
3. Presence of comorbidities
4. Adherence to treatment plans
5. Overall health and fitness level
6. Access to quality healthcare

How accurate are survival rate predictions for heart failure patients. While statistical data provide general insights, individual prognoses can vary significantly. Factors such as response to treatment, lifestyle changes, and overall health management play crucial roles in determining outcomes. It’s essential to discuss individual prognosis with healthcare providers for a more personalized understanding.

Improving Long-Term Outlook

• Early diagnosis and treatment initiation
• Strict adherence to medication regimens
• Regular follow-ups with healthcare providers
• Participation in cardiac rehabilitation programs
• Adoption of heart-healthy lifestyle habits
• Emotional and psychological support

Can quality of life be maintained with heart failure. Many patients with heart failure can maintain a good quality of life through proper management and lifestyle adjustments. While the condition may require certain limitations, advances in treatment and support strategies enable many individuals to lead fulfilling lives despite their diagnosis.

Emerging Treatments and Future Directions in Heart Failure Management

The field of heart failure management is continually evolving, with researchers and clinicians exploring new treatments and approaches to improve patient outcomes. From innovative medications to cutting-edge technologies, these advancements offer hope for enhanced quality of life and better long-term prognoses.

Promising Therapeutic Approaches

• Gene therapy targeting specific cardiac pathways
• Stem cell treatments to regenerate damaged heart tissue
• Novel pharmacological agents with improved efficacy and fewer side effects
• Advanced implantable devices for monitoring and managing heart function
• Personalized medicine approaches based on genetic profiles

How close are we to a cure for heart failure. While a definitive cure for heart failure remains elusive, significant strides have been made in managing the condition and improving patient outcomes. Ongoing research continues to push the boundaries of treatment possibilities, offering hope for more effective interventions in the future.

The Role of Technology in Heart Failure Management

1. Wearable devices for continuous monitoring of vital signs
2. Telemedicine platforms for remote patient management
3. Artificial intelligence algorithms for early detection and risk prediction
4. Mobile applications for medication adherence and symptom tracking
5. Virtual reality tools for patient education and rehabilitation

How will technological advancements impact the future of heart failure care. The integration of technology in heart failure management promises to revolutionize patient care by enabling more precise monitoring, early intervention, and personalized treatment strategies. These advancements have the potential to improve outcomes, reduce hospitalizations, and enhance overall quality of life for individuals living with heart failure.

As research continues and new treatments emerge, the landscape of heart failure management is poised for significant transformation. Patients and healthcare providers alike can look forward to more effective, less invasive, and highly personalized approaches to managing this complex condition. While challenges remain, the future holds promise for those affected by congestive heart failure, offering hope for improved survival rates, better symptom management, and enhanced quality of life.

Causes and signs of edema – InformedHealth.org

Edema means swelling. The condition called edema arises when part of the body becomes swollen because fluid gathers in the tissue. It most commonly affects the arms and legs. That is called peripheral edema.

Causes and forms

Edema can have various causes. It is important to see a doctor and check what is causing it to make sure it gets treated correctly.

Edema can be:

• a mild and temporary water retention problem that goes away by itself,

• a symptom of a serious disease that needs treatment,

• a condition that could become chronic and severe (like lymphedema after cancer treatment or leg edema in one leg following deep vein thrombosis), or

• an adverse effect of medication or an allergic reaction.

General puffiness or swelling caused by water retention

Signs of this kind of edema include puffiness of the hands, feet and / or face. This kind of edema is temporary and goes away without treatment. It can happen because you have been standing or sitting for too long. Edema is common after a long flight, for example, or in people who have to stand for long periods at work. Many women experience edema during their monthly period (menstruation) or during pregnancy. Edema in pregnancy is usually harmless, although it can be a sign of other problems if blood pressure is also high.

Edema related to circulation (vascular), heart or liver problems

A variety of diseases can cause edema. Most of the time, the edema is not a serious illness, but it may be a sign for one. Here are some examples:

Venous insufficiency can cause edema in the feet and ankles, because the veins are having trouble transporting enough blood all the way to the feet and back to the heart. This means that it gathers in the legs, and fluid is forced out of the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue. Edema can also be caused by varicose veins.

Congestive heart failure can cause both peripheral edema and abdominal edema (ascites). This is because the heart is too weak to pump blood around the body properly, so the blood gathers in front of the heart. Because of this, and due to the increased blood pressure in the veins, fluid seeps out into the surrounding tissue. This may cause swelling in the legs or a build-up of fluid in the abdomen. If the person spends a lot of time lying down, the edema might show up on his or her back (called sacral edema). Congestive heart failure can also cause edema in the lungs (pulmonary edema). This is not common, but the condition is life-threatening. It means the lungs are filling with fluid because the left side of the heart is not strong enough to pump the blood returning from the lungs. The blood gathers in the blood vessels of the lung, and fluid seeps out into the lung tissue. The signs are shortness of breath and rapid, shallow breathing or coughing.

Kidney disease could cause edema in the legs and around the eyes, because when the kidneys do not remove enough sodium and water from the body, the pressure in the blood vessels starts building up, which can lead to edema.

Low protein levels in the blood: If there is a lack of the protein albumin in the blood, fluid can leak out of blood vessels more easily. Low protein in the blood can be caused by extreme malnutrition, as well as kidney and liver diseases which mean that the body loses too much or produces too little protein.

Liver diseases: Scarring of liver tissue (liver cirrhosis) due to, for instance, long-term alcohol abuse or a liver inflammation, can cause edema in the abdomen (called ascites). This is because cirrhosis causes a lack of proteins and congestion in the liver, which can lead to increased pressure in the blood vessels. As a result, fluid seeps out into the abdomen.

Severe lung conditions like emphysema can also cause edema in the legs and feet if the pressure in the lungs and heart gets very high.

Lymphedema

This is caused by damage to the lymphatic system. It usually affects only one part of the body, like an arm. The most common cause of lymphedema in countries like Germany is cancer treatment in which lymph nodes have been removed or destroyed. It could be temporary after cancer surgery, but it can also develop into a chronic condition that can become severe.

Left- or Right- Side Congestive Heart Failure

The heart is a large muscle that acts as a pump to circulate blood throughout the body. Blood carries oxygen to all of the organs, including the brain, muscles, and skin. After your body takes the oxygen out of the blood, the blood returns to the heart. The right side of the heart collects the blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs. In the lungs, it gets fresh oxygen and gives up carbon dioxide. The oxygen-rich blood from the lungs then returns to the left side of the heart, where it is pumped back out to the rest of your body, starting the process all over.

Congestive heart failure (CHF) occurs when the heart muscle does not function normally, leading to fluid retention or reduces blood flow. This can be caused by heart muscle weakness or stiffness, or a heart valve problem. Heart failure can affect the right side of the heart or the left side. But heart failure may affect not only the right side of the heart or only the left side. Although it may have started on one side, it can and often eventually does affect both sides.

Right-side heart failure

When the right side of the heart is failing, it can’t handle the blood it is getting from the rest of the body. This blood returns to the heart through veins. When too much pressure builds up in the veins, fluid leaks out into the tissues. Gravity then causes that fluid to move to those parts of the body that are the lowest. So one of the first symptoms of right-side CHF can include swelling in the feet and ankles. If the condition gets worse, the swelling can even go up past the knees. Sometimes it gets so severe, the liver and intestines can get congested as well.

Left-side heart failure

When the left side of the heart is failing, it can’t handle the blood it gets from the lungs. Pressure then builds up in the veins of the lungs, causing fluid to leak into the lung tissues. This may cause CHF and pulmonary edema. This causes you to feel short of breath, weak, or dizzy. These symptoms are often worse with exertion, such as when climbing stairs or walking up hills. Lying with your head flat is uncomfortable and can make your breathing worse. This may make sleeping difficult. You may need to use extra pillows to elevate your upper body to sleep well. The same is true when just resting during the daytime. You may also feel weak or tired and have less energy during exertion.

There are many causes of heart failure including:

Heart failure is usually a chronic condition. The purpose of medical treatment is to improve the pumping action of the heart and to remove excess water from the body. A number of medicines can help reach this goal, improve symptoms, and prevent the heart from becoming weaker. Sometimes, heart failure can become so severe that a device is placed in the heart to help with pumping. Another major goal is to better treat the causes of heart failure, such as diabetes and high blood pressure, by making changes in your lifestyle and maximizing medical control when needed.

Home care

Follow these guidelines when caring for yourself at home:

• Check your weight every day. This is very important because a sudden increase in weight gain could mean worsening heart failure. Keep these things in mind:

  • Use the same scale every day.

  • Weigh yourself at the same time every day.

  • Make sure the scale is on a hard floor surface, not on a rug or carpet.

  • Keep a record of your weight every day so your healthcare provider can see it. If you are not given a log sheet for this, keep a separate journal for this purpose. 

• Cut back on the amount of salt (sodium) you eat. Follow your healthcare provider’s recommendation on how much salt or sodium you should have each day.

  • Limit high-salt foods. These include olives, pickles, smoked meats, salted potato chips, and most prepared foods.

  • Don’t add salt to your food at the table. Use only small amounts of salt when cooking.

  • Read the labels carefully on food packages to learn how much salt or sodium is in each serving in the package. Remember, a can or package of food may contain more than 1 serving. So if you eat all the food in the package, you may be getting more salt than you think.

• Follow your healthcare provider’s recommendations about how much fluid you should have. Be aware that some foods, such as soup, pudding, and juicy fruits like oranges or melons, contain liquid. You’ll need to count the liquid in those foods as part of your daily fluid intake. Your provider can help you with this.

• Stop smoking.

• Cut back on how much alcohol you drink.

• Lose weight if you are overweight. The excess weight adds a lot of stress on the workload of the heart.

• Stay active. Talk with your provider about an exercise program that is safe for your heart.

• Keep your feet elevated to reduce swelling. Ask your provider about support hose as a preventive treatment for daytime leg swelling.

Besides taking your medicine as instructed, an important part of treatment is lifestyle changes. These include diet, physical activity, stopping smoking, and weight control.

Improve your diet by including more fresh foods, cutting back on how much sugar and saturated fat you eat, and eating fewer processed foods and less salt.

Follow-up care

Follow up with your healthcare provider, or as advised.

Make sure to keep any appointments that were made for you. These can help better control your congestive heart failure. You will need to follow up with your provider on a routine basis to make sure your heart failure is well managed.

If an X-ray, electrocardiogram (ECG), or other tests were done, you will be told of any new findings that may affect your care.

Call

911

Call 911 if you:

• Become severely short of breath

• Feel lightheaded, or feel like you might pass out or faint

• Have chest pain or discomfort that is different than usual, the medicines your doctor told you to use for this don’t help, or the pain lasts longer than 10 to 15 minutes

• You suddenly develop a rapid heart rate

When to seek medical advice

The following may be signs that your heart failure is getting worse. Call your healthcare provider right away if any of these happen:

• Sudden weight gain. This means 3 or more pounds in one day, or 5 or more pounds in 1 week

• Trouble breathing not related to being active

• New or increased swelling of your legs or ankles

• Swelling or pain in your abdomen

• Breathing trouble at night. This means waking up short of breath or needing more pillows to breathe.

• Frequent coughing that doesn’t go away

• Feeling much more tired than usual

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Heart Edema – an overview

5.11 Cardiac Edema

Cardiac edema appears in cardiac failure. There are a few special semiological features of cardiac edema. It is very important to know these because we can recognize clinically cardiac edema in a patient with cardiac failure. Semiological features of cardiac edema are as follows:

1.

At first, the edema is intermittent because it is vesperal (occurs in the evening) and disappears in the morning.

It is significant that cardiac edema appears in the evening after the effort during the day and disappears in the morning after the patient rests during the night and in dorsal position, which allows the redistribution of the edema, increases the blood supply of the kidney, and allows nocturnal urination (nocturia). In this way, the edema disappears in the morning. The phenomenon is illustrated in the next schema.

Vesperal and Disappears in the Morning

It is intermittent.

It appears in the evening and disappears in the morning.

This phenomenon appears in the evening, and during the night the lying down position of the body allows the circulation of blood flow in the renal arteries to be ameliorated, and because the outflow of blood inside the renal arteries increases, there appears urination in the night—nocturia—and in this way the interstitial fluid accumulated in the legs (edema) is eliminated and in the morning has disappeared.

This phenomenon is valuable at first, and in the first episodes of cardiac failure, but in time, when the cardiac failure becomes chronic, the phenomenon disappears. Then it is significant that the edema appears in the ankles or calves and appears in the night and does not disappear in the morning; it persists in the morning and becomes permanent.

In chronic cardiac failure, the edema appears in the night and persists in the morning.

2.

Cardiac edema is blue (cyanotic) and cold. The color of the skin is blue and the temperature of the skin is cold because of peripheral cyanosis in the context of cardiac failure.

Cyanotic (blue)

Lower limbs cyanotic and swollen

Cold

The temperature of the skin on the lower limbs is cold

This phenomenon is present in the context of cardiac edema because in cardiac failure there appears peripheral cyanosis, and this type of cyanosis has these important features: blue and cold.

3.

Cardiac edema is soft pitting edema at first (at the first decompensated phases of the heart) and becomes hard nonpitting in old cases of cardiac failure because there appears fibrosis of subcutaneous tissues in the context of hypoxia.

At first, because the cardiac failure is in the initial stages and the subcutaneous tissue is soft without fibrosis, when the physician pushes a few seconds or minutes with the thumb on the anterior area of the lower limb on a hard plane like the tibia, and indentation remains after the physician removes his or her thumb. Thus it is significant that the edema is soft pitting edema. After the physician removes his or her thumb, in a few minutes, the lateral fluid dislocated by the pressure returns to its initial place and the indentation disappears. The phenomenon is illustrated in the next schema.

Initial phases of cardiac failure

Pressure with the thumb on anterior area of the lower limb

Impression of the thumb remains—indentation—suggesting pitting edema or soft edema because the tissue is soft

In older cases of patients with cardiac failure, because fibrosis of the subcutaneous tissues develops in the context of hypoxia, the cardiac edema becomes hard nonpitting. After the physician presses with the thumb on the anterior area of the lower limb the indentation does not remain, because the subcutaneous tissues have become hard in the context of severe fibrosis consequent to hypoxia, and for this reason the edema becomes hard nonpitting. The phenomenon is illustrated in the next schema.

Old cases of cardiac failure

Pressure with the thumb on anterior area of the lower limb

No remaining impression of the thumb—nonindentation—suggesting nonpitting edema—hard edema—because the tissue is hard with fibrosis

This phenomenon occurs in patients during the late phase of cardiac failure after many years of heart failure.

4.

Cardiac edema appears at first at the level of the ankles and after that the accumulation of the fluid increases at a higher level—the calf—and in the end the fluid can appear in the thigh like water inside a glass. The phenomenon is illustrated in the schemes below.

The chart above shows how the edema accumulates in the legs in cardiac edema: it appears at first at the ankles and after that the accumulation of fluid increases at higher levels to the thigh.

The situation that appears after the edema in the lower limbs and also with fluid in serous cavities (pleural cavity—pleural effusion—hydrothorax—more common in the right side—right hydrothorax—and/or in the peritoneal cavity [ascites]) is known as anasarca.

The physiopathologic mechanisms of cardiac edema are as follows.

1

Venous stases develop increased hydrostatic pressure and this determines the appearance of fluid in the interstitial spaces of subcutaneous tissue.

2

Stasis hypoxia develops increased capillary permeability.

3

Water and sodium are retained and hypervolemia develops because of decrease in the renal debit with decrease in glomerular filtration rate.

Increased hydrostatic pressure in the venous system is the most important element that develops cardiac edema. Because venous stasis in right ventricular failure appears in the large circulation, generalized edema becomes evident in the subcutaneous tissue.

Because stasis of the blood in left ventricular failure appears in the capillary pulmonary vessels, acute pulmonary edema develops.

Unilateral pitting edema of the leg as a manifestation of Graves’ disease: a case report | Journal of Medical Case Reports

A 38-year-old Caucasian woman presented to the out-patient clinic with symptoms of hyperthyroidism lasting for around five months. She had lost approximately 3kg and had noticed irritability and mild hand tremor. On examination, signs of thyrotoxicosis were moderate: hand tremor, tachycardia (95 beats per minute), and warm skin were apparent. Her thyroid was smooth, had a slightly increased volume, and was not tender on palpation. There was no eye involvement except mild periorbital edema of her left eye. Remarkably, she had developed painless pitting edema of the left leg four months before. She had no history of trauma. She had gone through a conventional assessment, but the reason for the edema was not revealed. She did not report being on oral contraceptive pills and had had normal findings on Doppler ultrasound of her leg veins and normal D-dimer levels. At presentation to the endocrinology clinic, the skin of both legs was of normal color and the pitting edema on her left leg was of a diffuse nature and spread to two thirds of her leg. The skin surface was smooth and had no elevations or discoloration, whereas her right leg appeared normal. Based on signs and symptoms of thyrotoxicosis and suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone level (less than 0.001mIU/L, local reference of 0.4 to 4), treatment of 10mg of thiamazole three times a day was started and additional blood tests were carried out. Blood tests revealed marked hyperthyroidism with elevated free T4 (75pmol/L, local reference of 10.3 to 24.5) and anti-thyroid receptor antibodies (13.5U/L, local reference of less than one and a half) but normal anti-thyroid peroxisomal antibodies (26IU/L, local reference of less than 35). A week later, the signs and symptoms of thyrotoxicosis were clearly improved; in parallel, the leg edema had markedly reduced. There was no pitting, and the maximal diameter of her left leg was close to that of her right leg (36.5 and 35cm, respectively). Within a month, the free T4 level was normalized (14pmol/L) and the edema had completely cleared. The edema never reappeared during the treatment course of 12 months.

Edema | COR Medical Group

Edema is the medical term for swelling caused by a buildup of fluid in your body’s tissues. It can refer to enlargement of organs, skin, or other body parts due to an abnormal accumulation of fluid. The extra fluid can lead to a rapid increase in body weight over a short period of time (days to weeks). Sometimes people can retain fluid with several pounds of weight gain prior to any swelling being obvious.

The most common type of edema is peripheral edema, when one’s feet, ankles and/or legs are swollen. The causes can be due to several different medical conditions, some very serious and due to systemic diseases (including heart failure), others not serious at all or due to local conditions in the legs but still bothersome to the person. Sometimes, edema is multifactorial and due to several different factors. Since it can be due to heart or vascular problems, patients with edema are often evaluated by a cardiologist.

Leg edema can be due to the veins in the legs not draining blood adequately such as can be due to varicose veins or venous insufficiency. Edema in the legs can be due to abnormal removal of fluid in the tissues of the legs by the lymphatic system (lymphedema) and in rare instances can be due to a pelvic or upper leg tumor blocking a blood vessel or lymph flow. Edema due to leg vein or lymphatic problems tends to occur more if people stand or sit for long periods of time (dependent edema) due to the simple effects of gravity promoting fluid build up down below in the legs. Things such as hot weather, pregnancy or long plane trips can lead to some degree of edema, especially in those prone to it with venous or lymphatic drainage issues. Mild leg edema is common during pregnancy due to a physiological increase in blood volume and pressure from the growing womb.

When swelling occurs in just one leg, it might be due to a blood clot in the veins of the leg (deep venous thrombosis or DVT), especially if it is accompanied by pain, redness and/or warmth. These blood clots can be life threatening if they break off and travel through the heart to the lungs (pulmonary embolism) and have to be treated with blood thinners.

Arthritis in the knee or ankles can cause edema as can traumatic injuries to the legs. Low protein levels in the blood, whether from malnutrition, liver failure or loss or protein due to kidney dysfunction (proteinuria), can lead to edema.

If one’s thyroid is significantly underactive (severe hypothyroidism), a different type of edema known as myxedema can develop which is actually due to deposition of components of connective tissue under the skin rather than fluid.

Some medications can cause edema in the legs (although usually do not) such as blood pressure medications known as calcium channel blockers, especially in the dihydropyridine subclass such as Norvasc (amlodipine) or Procardia (nifedipine) although this is usually a localized phenomenon and not necessarily dangerous. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID’s including ibuprofen and naproxen) can cause fluid retention due to potential effects on blood pressure, the heart and / or kidneys, leading to edema. Diabetic medications such as Actos (pioglitazone) can cause edema or heart failure and steroids can lead to edema.

Increased sodium (salt) intake can lead to general fluid retention, even in otherwise healthy people, causing edema of the legs although those with congestive heart failure or kidney dysfunction (renal insufficiency or renal failure) are particularly susceptible.

Heart failure, liver or kidney disease (which can also lead to fluid retention and edema of the legs), arguably, are the most serious conditions that have to be considered when a patient has edema in the legs. Severe kidney and liver disease can sometimes lead to whole-body edema (anasarca).

Edema (Swelling) | Waco Cardiology Associates

Edema is the medical term for swelling caused by a buildup of fluid in your body’s tissues. It can refer to enlargement of organs, skin, or other body parts due to an accumulation of fluid. The extra fluid can lead to a rapid increase in body weight over a short period of time. Sometimes people can retain fluid and gain several pounds before any swelling is obvious.

The most common type of edema is peripheral edema, when one’s feet, ankles, and/or legs are swollen. The causes can be due to several different medical conditions, some very serious and due to systemic diseases, others due to local conditions in the legs but still bothersome to the person. Sometimes, edema is due to several different factors. Since it can be due to heart or vascular problems, patients with edema are often evaluated by a cardiologist.

Leg edema can be due to the veins in the legs not draining blood adequately, or varicose veins or venous insufficiency. Edema in the legs can be due to abnormal removal of fluid in the tissues of the legs by the lymphatic system (lymphedema) and in rare instances can be due to a pelvic or upper leg tumor blocking a blood vessel or lymph flow. Edema due to leg vein or lymphatic problems tends to occur more if people stand or sit for long periods of time due gravity promoting fluid buildup down below in the legs. Things such as hot weather, pregnancy or long plane trips can lead to some degree of edema, especially in those prone to it with venous or lymphatic drainage issues. Mild leg edema is common during pregnancy due to a physiological increase in blood volume and pressure from the growing womb. Prednisone online

When swelling occurs in just one leg, it could be due to a blood clot in the veins of the leg (deep venous thrombosis or DVT), especially if it is accompanied by pain, redness and/or warmth. These blood clots can be life threatening if they break off and travel through the heart to the lungs (pulmonary embolism) and should be treated with blood thinners. Doxycycline online

Arthritis in the knee or ankles, or traumatic injuries to the legs can cause edema. Low protein levels in the blood, whether from malnutrition, liver failure or loss or protein due to kidney dysfunction, can lead to edema.

If someone has an underactive thyroid, a different type of edema known as myxedema can develop which is actually due to deposition of components of connective tissue under the skin rather than fluid.

Some medications can cause edema in the legs such as blood pressure medications known as calcium channel blockers. These can cause fluid retention due to potential effects on blood pressure, the heart and/or kidneys, leading to edema. Diabetic medications such as can cause edema or heart failure, and steroids can lead to edema.

Increased sodium (salt) intake can lead to fluid retention, even in otherwise healthy people, causing edema of the legs although those with congestive heart failure or kidney dysfunction are particularly at risk.

Edema due to Heart Failure

When the left side of the heart is not working properly, backward pressure can build up into the lungs causing shortness of breath. The backup of pressure congests the lungs which is why heart failure is often referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF). When the back up of pressure is significant, fluid can spill into the air pockets of the lungs, a condition known as cardiogenic pulmonary edema and can lead to respiratory failure.

In heart failure, the pressure transmits through the lungs and into the right side of the heart over time. This can lead to a build-up of fluid in the body that leads to peripheral edema or swollen legs. Edema due to heart failure or kidney failure or even fluid retention usually causes pitting edema where after pressure is applied to a small area in the swollen part of the leg, the indentation persists for a while after the release of the pressure.

In more chronic cases of heart failure, edema can occur in the intestines, liver, spleen and can cause build-up of the abdomen in general. Less commonly, leg edema can also occur from right-sided heart valve problems, or severe lung disease. The latter, when severe, can put significant pressure on the right side of the heart leading to edema of the legs.

Treatment

The most effective treatment for edema is treating the underlying cause, especially when it is a systemic disease. Swelling in the feet or ankles may be reduced by having the patient lie down in bed or sit with the feet propped up on cushions to counteract the effects of gravity. Leg compression or support stockings can sometimes help reduce or prevent edema but are challenging for regular use. Often diuretics are required, especially when edema is due to heart or kidney failure. Avoidance of sodium in the diet, NSAID’s, and other triggers is important to keep edema in check.

Chronic heart failure | Publications of the Family Doctor clinic

Chronic heart failure is a serious and even dangerous condition. Heart failure is always a consequence of some kind of disease. Most often, heart failure is the result of ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, exertional angina, hypertension, heart disease, cardiomyopathy, diabetes mellitus.

As a result of damage, the heart muscle, as a rule, weakens and cannot satisfactorily perform its pumping function, as a result of which the supply of oxygen and nutrients to organs and tissues of the body is disrupted.

Heart failure can be different. Allocate systolic and diastolic heart failure.

Systolic heart failure develops when the heart muscle does not have the strength to effectively expel enough blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

Diastolic heart failure develops when the heart muscle has pushed blood out of the heart and cannot fully relax and the ventricles are not filled with enough blood for adequate blood supply to the body.

Symptoms and Diagnostic Techniques

Heart failure manifests itself with the following symptoms: shortness of breath at rest and during exertion, increased fatigue, weakness, swelling of the legs, palpitations.

In order to establish the presence and severity of heart failure, the doctor uses various diagnostic methods:

The sooner you discover the signs (symptoms) of heart failure and see your doctor, the sooner you will be prescribed the necessary treatment.

Prevention and Treatment

Various drugs are used to treat heart failure, the main ones are:

1. ACE inhibitors in patients with heart failure improve the functioning of the heart as a result of vasodilation, both bringing blood to the heart and carrying blood from the heart: in addition, they remove excess fluid and sodium from the body, and restore the structure of the cardiovascular system.

2.Beta-blockers: The use of this group of drugs not only reduces the symptoms of heart failure, but also prolongs the life of patients.

3. Antagonists of receptors for aldosterone: aldosterone (a hormone produced in the body) in high values ​​leads to the progression of heart failure, increases scarring in the area of ​​the damaged myocardium (after myocardial infarction). Therefore, taking drugs of this group is necessary to improve the prognosis.

4.Diuretics (diuretics): prevent fluid retention in the body, increase the excretion of salt and water, which leads to a decrease in shortness of breath and swelling.

5. Cardiac glycosides (digoxin): Reduces heart rate and stimulates the pumping function of the heart. The use of the drug is currently very limited, only in the presence of arrhythmia and in consultation with the doctor.

6. Vasodilators: Used as an adjunct, they relieve heart pain by dilating blood vessels, significantly reducing stress and facilitating the work of the heart.

Also used in the treatment of heart failure are antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, statins.

Your role in helping your body is essential for prevention and treatment:

1. It is necessary to normalize body weight, this will lead to a decrease in the load on the heart.

2. Diet plays a significant role in the treatment process. Fatty, flour and sweet foods should be avoided. Give preference to vegetables, fruits, cereals, legumes, use unhulled rice, coarse bread.Reduce the amount of salt consumed.

3. Limit alcohol consumption.

4. Give up smoking.

5. Maintain an active lifestyle. With mild heart failure, regular dosed exercise is useful. Regular and proper sleep 7-8 hours a day is important.

Information prepared for you by:

Astrakhantseva Polina Valerievna – cardiologist, functional diagnostics doctor.Conducts a reception in the building of the clinic on Usacheva.

Heart Failure: An Overview and More – Health

Heart failure is a condition in which the heart cannot do the work it needs to meet the body’s needs. The most common symptoms include shortness of breath and fatigue. X

Content

Heart failure is a condition in which the heart cannot do the work necessary to meet the body’s needs.The most common symptoms include shortness of breath and fatigue.

Although heart failure can be treated with medication and, in some cases, surgery or other procedures, heart failure is a serious condition that carries a risk of death within five to ten years.

Heart failure is the end stage of chronic heart disease such as coronary artery disease and heart rhythm disturbances.

Types of heart failure

There are two common clinical syndromes associated with heart failure:

Chronic heart failure : This is often what people mean when they talk about heart failure.In this type, poor heart function leads to stagnation of blood flow in the lungs and throughout the body. The first leads to shortness of breath, the second leads to swelling of the legs and, possibly, arms.

Low-output heart failure: Sometimes people with heart failure may have little or no congestion. In such situations, the main problem is usually that the heart muscle has become so weak that the heart can no longer pump enough blood to the organs of the body.

People with heart failure associated with low-output heart failure are more prone to low blood pressure, dizziness, and fainting. Low-output heart failure is usually a sign of very severe heart failure and is associated with a very poor prognosis.

Symptoms of Heart Failure

Early heart failure can cause a variety of symptoms. If you develop heart failure, even at an early stage, there is a good chance that you have been diagnosed or undiagnosed with heart disease for many years.Heart failure usually affects adults, but it can occur in children because of a congenital (from birth) heart defect.

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Symptoms and complications of heart failure

The most common symptoms of heart disease are:

• Shortness of breath: Shortness of breath, especially on exertion
• Edema: Swelling, usually in the legs and ankles. Edema can be punctate edema characterized by a dent in the swollen area after pressure, which usually lasts a few minutes.
• Weakness and fatigue, especially on exertion.
• Frequent urination
• Sleep problems due to shortness of breath
• Low blood pressure
• Lightheadedness

For most people with heart failure, shortness of breath and swelling are the most prominent symptoms. Dyspnea may be characteristic of certain positions, and you may experience some or all of them:

• Orthopnea (dyspnea that occurs when lying down)
• Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, or PND, that comes on suddenly in the middle of sleep.
• Bendopnea on bending

Symptoms are more severe and persistent in severe heart failure, also called end-stage heart failure. In addition, when heart failure progresses to end-stage heart failure, additional symptoms are expected, including:

Symptoms

Causes

There are several types of heart failure, and they are all characterized by insufficient pumping of the heart muscle, resulting in fluid build-up.The general accumulation of fluid causes shortness of breath and swelling of heart failure. This accumulation of fluid also causes congestion, which is usually most noticeable in the lungs and lower extremities, causing shortness of breath and low energy levels.

The most common causes of heart failure are:

• Dilated cardiomyopathy: Dilated cardiomyopathy is the end result of a large number of heart diseases such as coronary artery disease and valvular heart disease.This happens when an underlying heart condition ultimately results in a significant weakening of the heart muscle itself.
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is usually a genetic disorder and is often passed on in the family. It is characterized by a thickening of the heart muscle, causing the ventricles to become stiff.
• Diastolic dysfunction: Diastolic dysfunction is similar to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in that it is caused by a stiffness in the heart muscle that results in impaired filling of the heart.But unlike hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, diastolic heart failure is often not accompanied by thickening of the heart muscle and is not considered a genetic disorder. This usually occurs in older people, often in women and people with high blood pressure. It is characterized by relatively sudden attacks of severe shortness of breath due to congestion in the lungs.

There are a number of other medical problems that can also lead to or contribute to heart failure, including heart attacks, high blood pressure, heart valve disease, smoking, obesity, diabetes, chemotherapy, and stress.

Causes and risk factors for heart failure

Diagnosis

If you have symptoms of heart failure, your doctor will use several methods to determine if heart failure is causing your symptoms. Diagnosis of heart failure includes:

• Physical examination: Often, a doctor can hear a congestion by listening to your lungs and detect signs of heart failure or irregular heart rhythms by listening to your heart.
• Chest X-ray: A chest X-ray may show that you have an enlarged heart or signs of pulmonary congestion.
• Echocardiogram: Expansion and weakening of the left ventricle is usually assessed by measuring the left ventricular ejection fraction. Ejection fraction measures the percentage of blood retained by the left ventricle that is ejected with each heartbeat. Typically, the ejection fraction is 50 percent or more. In dilated cardiomyopathy, this value decreases.
• Blood tests: Blood tests are generally not considered routine in the diagnosis of heart failure. In some cases, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), a blood test that can help doctors decide if heart failure is occurring, may be considered.

How is heart failure diagnosed

Treatment

Fortunately, great strides have been made in the treatment of heart failure. With aggressive therapy, both symptoms and the risk of death can be significantly reduced.Medications, as well as certain procedures, can improve symptoms and increase the survival rate for people with heart failure.

The most common medicines used in the treatment of heart failure are:

• ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme) Inhibitors: ACE Inhibitors block the formation of angiotensin II. This medication lowers blood pressure and reduces sodium retention in people with heart failure.
• Beta-blockers: Beta-blockers block the action of epinephrine on the heart to reduce excessive stress on the heart.These drugs are most commonly used for dilated cardiomyopathy.
• Diuretics: These medicines, often referred to as “water tablets,” stimulate the body to lose water by acting on the kidneys. This effect reduces fluid retention and edema.

Treatments can also be used for heart failure, but not everyone with heart failure is expected to benefit. In addition, some people with heart failure may not be healthy enough to tolerate these procedures.For example, for ESRD, treatment will include palliative care. Use the discussion guide below with your doctor to start talking with your doctor about the most appropriate treatment option for you.

Depending on your heart function, you may want to discuss these procedures with your doctor.

• Pacemaker: A pacemaker is a device that stimulates the heart to work. Usually, pacemakers are implanted to stimulate only one side of the heart.However, when treating heart failure, the pacemaker stimulates the right and left sides of the heart. This is often referred to as CRT (cardiac resynchronization therapy).
• Heart transplant: A heart transplant is the surgical replacement of your heart with a heart that can function normally. This is not an easy procedure for a number of reasons. If you have heart failure, your health may make it difficult to reschedule the physical activity of the procedure. And, considering that you will need a donor heart from a healthy donor, there are not many organs available for transplantation.

How to treat heart failure

Coping

Heart failure causes limitation in your activities, as well as exhaustion. Coping with heart failure requires a change in mindset and practical considerations.

Lifestyle adjustments include abstaining from activities that may worsen your condition, as well as activities that may improve your health.

Some important strategies include:

• Habits: Smoking and drinking are associated with heart disease and can worsen them if you already have them, so it is helpful to stop these activities if you have heart failure.
• Diet / Salt Intake: For heart failure, it is important to eat a healthy diet. Getting enough calories and nutrients is important to maintain energy. You may also need to see a dietitian for advice on specific issues such as weight maintenance, salt restriction, and fluid restriction. A low-salt diet can help reduce fluid retention associated with heart disease.
• Weight Management: The weak heart, which characterizes heart disease, cannot easily bear the stress associated with being overweight.Maintaining an optimal weight can help alleviate some of the overwork that is difficult for a heart condition.
• Exercise: Physical activity can train your heart to become stronger and more efficient. However, if you have heart failure, you should discuss exercise with your doctor and follow medical advice in this area.

How to cope with heart failure

A word from Verywell

If you or your loved one has heart failure, know that you are not alone.This is a very common medical problem, but it must be taken seriously.

In addition to symptoms that cause discomfort such as shortness of breath and dizziness, it is also difficult to adjust to decreased activity levels caused by lack of energy and fatigue. If managed correctly, you can feel an improvement in your symptoms.

When your loved one has heart failure, you may need to choose modified activities that suit your energy level and your loved one’s energy level and tolerance for their activity.

Symptoms and complications of heart failure

90,000 Swelling of the lower extremities – cardiology?

There are many reasons that can cause swelling of the legs: from heart and kidney disease to pregnancy. To accurately determine the cause of leg edema, it is necessary to perform a comprehensive diagnosis of the main body systems – this can be done at the IMPULSE cardiology center. The problem will be dealt with by leading experts using the most modern diagnostic equipment.

Why legs swell – causes (cardiological reasons)

One of the most common and dangerous causes of edema of the lower extremities is cardiological (heart) pathologies. In the presence of cardiovascular diseases, swelling of the legs is more pronounced than with renal failure or other pathologies.

Cardiac edema of the lower extremities has increased density, the skin is cool, and resorption occurs extremely slowly (even when taking a horizontal position of the body).It is also possible the appearance of a specific cyanotic hue. The main cardiological causes of edema of the lower extremities include :

• Amyloidosis of the heart – is formed against the background of the development of rheumatic diseases, Crohn’s disease, lung damage, lymphogranulomatosis and other diseases with a similar etiology. May be hereditary
• Cardiomyopathies – develop against the background of hard-borne or chronic parasitic, viral diseases, disorders of the endocrine system, metabolism, lack of vitamins, etc.etc .;
• Cardiosclerosis – irreversible changes in the structure of the muscle tissue of the heart against the background of myocardial infarction, myocarditis or long-term development of angina pectoris.

In some cases, the cause of the development of cardiac edema of the legs can be arterial hypertension of various etiologies.

Is swelling of the legs a sign of heart failure?

Leg edema and heart failure are the first symptoms associated with this symptom in most people. Indeed, edema of the lower extremities is an important sign that may indicate the development of a progressive violation of the pumping function of the heart, which leads to heart failure with all the ensuing consequences.

The mechanism of formation of leg edema in heart failure is a gradual development. First, fluid accumulates in the pulmonary circulation – this leads to slight swelling. But over time, in the absence of adequate treatment, the pathology progresses, flowing into the systemic circulation, which leads to the formation of pronounced edema of the legs.

Edema of the lower extremities in heart failure occurs in several stages: a decrease in the pumping function of the heart, a decrease in the volume of cardiac output, vasoconstriction, an increase in the permeability of the vascular walls, an increase in the parameters of water reabsorption and a decrease in oncotic pressure.

What is lymphatic edema of the legs?

Lymphatic edema of the legs is a consequence of a chronic malfunction of the human lymphatic system – lymphedema. Pathology is accompanied by a violation of the outflow of lymph, which gradually accumulates in the soft tissues, forming edema of the lower extremities.

The disease often occurs as a complication of previously transferred diseases, including: skin pathologies, gynecological problems and oncology. It can be congenital or acquired, characterized by slow development.It manifests itself in people of various age groups, including children and adolescents. Lymphatic edema is prone to gradual development – trophic disorders appear in places of edema, which lead to the formation of dermatitis, ulcers and eczema.

Leg swelling in the elderly

Edema of the lower extremities in elderly people is a frequent occurrence, which may indicate the development of a particular pathology. Typically, they form in the ankles and feet, in some cases along the entire length of the leg.

In old age, the work of the circulatory system and other organs deteriorates – this may indicate a different etiology of the problem, but the most common reasons include:

• Deterioration of blood circulation – is a consequence of physiological changes in the body of an elderly person;
• Consequence of old injuries – especially bone fractures or crushing of soft tissues;
• Drug effects – in the form of an adverse reaction to the drugs taken.

Swelling of the legs in men and women – features and treatment

Regardless of the sex of the person, leg edema is a functional disorder of the body, which leads to the accumulation of fluid in the lower extremities. But men and women may have different root causes of the development of the problem.

In men, swelling of the legs is almost always associated with the development of certain pathologies, while in women it can be associated with a natural physiological process – pregnancy.According to statistics, swelling of the legs worries women more often than men, especially in older age groups. Treatment should be given only after diagnosis and diagnosis has been made.

Swelling of the legs in pregnant women

Edema of the lower extremities in pregnant women is a common occurrence, affecting every second woman, especially in the third and fourth trimeter. The main reason for the appearance of edema is the increased volume of circulating blood in the body, which significantly increases by 3-4 trimetres.

Some women during pregnancy can put on weight up to 20-30 kilograms, and also feel thirsty. Active drinking helps to increase water in the body, which infiltrates into the soft tissues of the lower extremities. As a rule, such edema is physiological and does not pose a threat to the health of the mother and child.

What to do with swelling of the legs – how to remove the swelling?

First of all, it is necessary to determine the reason for the swelling of the extremities.If the cause of edema is natural physiological processes, for example: prolonged stay in an upright position, pregnancy, long travel, inactivity – it is enough to take a horizontal position, for example, lie on the bed, raising your legs slightly above your head (placing them on a pillow). After a while, the swelling will go away on its own.

If the cause of leg edema is disease or serious circulatory disorders, you should immediately contact a general practitioner who will determine the etiology of the problem, perform a diagnosis and tell you how to remove the edema of the extremities during treatment.

Do I need to take a diuretic for edema of the lower extremities?

Diuretics or diuretics are agents that improve the functioning of the body’s excretory system. Their task is to actively remove fluid and salts, allowing you to quickly reduce or completely eliminate swelling and edema caused by the accumulation of fluid in the lower extremities.

The independent use of diuretics to eliminate leg swelling is categorically contraindicated – this can lead to serious consequences, up to disruption of the work of internal organs and systems.These drugs should be prescribed only by the attending physician, after an accurate diagnosis has been made.

Diagnostics and identification of causes

Diagnostics of the causes of leg edema in patients in Kiev is the most important and mandatory stage of treatment, which provides for an integrated specialist approach using special diagnostic equipment and laboratory tests.

Depending on the results of the history and initial examination, the doctor may prescribe an ECG (electrocardiogram), ultrasound (ultrasound examination) and laboratory diagnostics.If necessary, a cardiologist is involved in the diagnostic process. The diagnosis is always made on the basis of: history data, initial examination, specialized diagnostics (ECG, ultrasound), as well as test results.

Treatment of edema of the lower extremities in Kiev

Treatment of leg edema in the IMPULSE clinic in Kiev is always carried out by highly qualified specialists, using the most modern equipment. The treatment regimen is chosen only by the attending physician, taking into account the data of the examination.After the diagnosis is made, the doctor provides a detailed consultation to the patient, where he talks about the features of the upcoming therapy.

The process of treatment of leg edema can be carried out in the clinic “IMPULSE” or on an outpatient basis.

Do you have problems with swelling of the lower extremities or have other questions? Our experts will be happy to answer your questions!

90,000 what is it, causes, symptoms, treatment, prognosis

Edema warns of the development of many diseases.But anasarka is not a warning, but a complication of these diseases. Anasarca is a large-scale edema of the subcutaneous tissue and soft tissues, which initially covers the lower body – legs, lower back, trunk. Insufficient treatment leads to a rapid deterioration of the condition, the fluid is retained not only in the subcutaneous layers of the whole body, but also in the internal organs. In this case, the moment of resistance of the resulting edema to diuretic therapy may come.

What is anasarka?

Anasarka is a total edema.Edema is defined as a palpable swelling on the body caused by an increase in the volume of intercellular fluid. This accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space occurs when capillary filtration exceeds the amount of fluid being removed by lymphatic drainage. When the edema is massive and generalized, it is called anasarca. Anasarca is caused by a variety of clinical conditions such as heart failure, kidney failure, liver failure, or problems with the lymphatic system.Clinically, edema usually occurs when the volume of the interstitial space exceeds 2.5–3 liters.

Classification

Anasarca is classified based on the etiological factor:

• traumatic – develops against the background of mechanical damage to the skin, in most cases does not require specific treatment, passes on its own, as the integrity of the vessels is restored;
• inflammatory – develops against the background of the development of certain inflammatory processes in the body, can cause the development of serious complications;
• as a result of impaired blood flow or lymphatic system;
• as a result of metabolic disorders in the body.

It is possible to determine the form of this pathological process only by carrying out diagnostic measures. Self-medication is strongly discouraged.

Sign and symptoms

In most cases, swelling affects 1 or 2 areas of the body (for example, one or both lower limbs).

Anasarca affects the entire body and is more severe than normal edema. With anasarka, the entire body of a person – from head to toe – will look very swollen.

Symptoms of anasarca include:

• skin that will appear dimpled after being pressed with a finger for a few seconds;
• high or low blood pressure;
• slow or fast heart rate;
• organ failure, especially liver and kidney failure.

Anasarka can be debilitating. The disorder can render the patient immobile, since the tumor makes it almost impossible to walk or move the limbs. Swelling on the face can also impair vision by making it difficult to open your eyes.

In some cases, anasarca may require urgent help. If you experience the above symptoms, as well as shortness of breath, shortness of breath or chest pain, you should immediately seek emergency help.These may be signs of pulmonary edema, i.e. accumulation of fluid in the lungs. The condition can quickly become life-threatening.

Symptoms of anasarca in heart failure

The symptoms of edema manifestation and the degree of its progression are influenced by the underlying disease. Anasarca in heart failure develops slowly, affecting the distal parts of the lower extremities. This is especially pronounced in the evenings. Why does edema occur in this particular area? Only here it is high because of the distance from the heart.

If severe heart failure occurs, then swelling in significant quantities also begins to cover the lower back, the front of the abdomen, genitals, chest. Swelling in bedridden patients is most strongly formed in the region of the back and sacrum, which is explained by the influence of gravity. If treatment is ineffective, then anasarca provokes ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity) and edema

Causes and risk factors

The most common causes of anasarca observed by a doctor are heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver, renal failure and pregnancy.Other causes of anasarca are venous obstruction, burns, trauma, malignant neoplasms, etc.

Pathophysiology

Edema develops as a reaction to an increase in hydrostatic pressure in capillaries, an increase in capillary permeability, a decrease in plasma oncotic pressure, or a combination of these changes. Edema can also be secondary to lymphatic obstruction, resulting in fluid retention in the intercellular space. Below are the clinical conditions for the various mechanisms described.

• Increase in hydrostatic pressure of capillaries: Heart failure, kidney disease, early liver cirrhosis, pregnancy, medications.
• Venous obstruction or insufficiency conditions such as deep vein thrombosis, venous congestion in the liver.

How ascites develops

The walls of the abdominal cavity are covered with a serous membrane (peritoneum). The membrane on the front inner surface of the abdomen is called the parietal layer of the peritoneum. The same serous membrane lines the free edge of the internal organs, softening their friction during movement (visceral peritoneum). The structure of the serous membrane is complex – it contains connective tissue fibers, blood and lymphatic vessels.

Fluid enters the abdominal cavity from the blood vessels that feed the serous membrane. In fact, it is plasma that has entered the cavity through the vascular walls. It spreads naturally and fulfills its physiological role. Plasma is constantly absorbed back into the bloodstream through the lymphatic vessels.

Ascites occurs when the amount of fluid sweating into the abdominal cavity increases, or when the lymphatic vessels do not absorb excess fluid. In case of serious metabolic disorders, electrolytes and protein compounds enter the abdominal cavity along with plasma.This increases the oncotic pressure and provokes even more active sweating of the plasma to restore the balance of concentrations between blood and fluid in the abdomen.

The accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity serves as an excellent environment for the development of microorganisms, and also interferes with the normal functioning of internal organs.

Diagnosis

History should include timing of edema and changes in position, unilateral or bilateral, and history of medication and assessment of systemic disease.

A physical examination can aid in the diagnosis. The examination should be directed towards determining the nature of the edema — peripheral edema versus pulmonary edema, pinpoint edema versus non-jugular venous edema, and the presence of distended jugular veins. Below are the results of an examination of typical clinical conditions that can cause anasarca.

Patients with pulmonary edema complain primarily of dyspnea on exertion and orthopnea. Physical examination usually reveals wet wheezing, diastolic gallop, and heart murmurs.Diseases of the heart and kidneys are common causes of pulmonary edema. Peripheral edema is usually detected by the presence of pits after pressure is applied to the edematous area for at least 5 seconds. Pitting reflects the movement of excess interstitial fluid in response to pressure. It is commonly seen in dependent areas such as the lower limbs in outpatients and above the sacrum in bedridden patients. Scrotal edema is also common in men. Pitting edema suggests lymphatic obstruction or hypothyroidism.Acute onset of unexplained unilateral leg edema should increase the likelihood of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Patients with cirrhosis may develop ascites followed by swelling of the lower extremities due to increased venous pressure below the affected liver. The presence of other signs of portal hypertension, such as distended abdominal veins and enlarged spleen, also indicate primary liver disease.

The cause of the edema can be determined by observing changes in temperature, color and texture of the skin.Acute DVT and cellulite can cause increased heat in the affected area. Deposition of hemosiderin or chronic venous insufficiency often results in a muscular, reddish tinge of the skin and usually affects the medial malleolus. As venous insufficiency progresses, this can lead to lipodermatosclerosis, which is associated with severe sclerotic and hyperpigmented tissue and is characterized by fibrosis and hemosiderin deposition, which can lead to venous ulcers over the medial malleolus.Ulcers can progress to deep, weeping erosions. Myxedema from hypothyroidism manifests itself as generalized, dry, thick skin with periorbital edema without pits and a yellow to orange discoloration of the skin on the knees, elbows, palms, and soles. Pretibial myxedema occurs in patients with thyroid disease and is characterized by bilateral, asymmetric, pitted, scaly thickening and thickening of the skin. These sores can be purple or slightly pigmented (yellow-brown) and often have an orange peel appearance.The most common localization of the pretibial myxedema is above the shins, especially in the pretibial regions or the dorsum of the foot.

The main symptoms of pathology

The development of peripheral edema is entirely associated with the course of heart failure. The first signs of anasarka can appear even in the early stages of cardiac pathology. Stagnation in the systemic circulation is not yet pronounced, therefore, tissue edema will not be significant and can be easily stopped.

Initially, this pathology appears to the doctor in the form of persistent edema, first local, and then widespread.Heart failure is characterized by the presence of edema in the lower extremities in the evening and at night. With the progression of the disease, edema may invade new areas and not go away without therapeutic intervention.

In addition to appearance, a patient with anasarca is characterized by dyspnea at rest. This is due to the sweating of fluid from the vessels into the lungs and pleura. With severe decompensation, the presence of free fluid is often detected not only in the abdominal and pleural cavities, but also in the heart bag.

The presence of fluid in the region of the heart can cause various complications, ranging from the development of pericarditis to acute cardiac arrest.

Diagnostics is made on the basis of studying the medical history, taking anamnesis, conducting ultrasound and radiography of the heart and lungs. The results of laboratory research are also important.

We recommend that you read the article on fluid in the lungs in heart failure. From it you will learn about the causes of edema, signs, first aid to the patient and treatment.

Treatment

When treating edema, one should be guided by their etiology. Causes usually include chronic venous insufficiency, lymphedema, DVT, and drug-induced edema. Pulmonary edema is the only life-threatening form of generalized edema that requires immediate treatment. For all other edematous conditions, the removal of excess fluid may be slower as it does not pose a serious threat to the patient’s life. In patients with generalized edema caused by heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or primary sodium retention, the edematous fluid may be rapidly mobilized.

Symptoms

The danger of this disease is not only in its clinical and morphological picture, but also in the fact that it progresses slowly, and often leads to a delayed start of treatment.

In general, anasarca symptoms have the following:

• increase in body temperature;
• swelling of the lower extremities, which gradually rises along the trunk;
• feeling of weakness, general malaise, even after a good long rest;
• swelling of the nasal mucosa, resulting in chronic rhinitis;
• lacrimation, increased susceptibility to light stimuli;
• limited movement, decreased performance;
• increase in body weight for no apparent reason;
• spider veins over the body, varicose veins;
• headaches, dizziness;
• for diseases of the genitourinary system – swelling of the scrotum, problems with urination;
• breathing becomes shallow, rapid, apnea attacks may occur at night.

Swelling of the legs

In addition, it should be noted that the specific clinical picture will be supplemented by signs that are characteristic of the underlying factor. If there are chronic diseases in a personal history, then in this case their relapse is possible.

ways to remove fluid from the body for weight loss – Siesta Food delivery

ways to remove fluid from the body for weight loss

Almost everyone has experienced edema and excess fluid in the body.Sometimes this goes away on its own and is episodic, and in some cases it leads to weight gain or signals serious problems. In order to understand why edema occurs and fluid is retained in the body and how to solve this problem, you can read the following information.

The main causes of edema and fluid retention in the body

If you notice that these problems occur regularly, then consult with your physician and, if necessary, undergo additional examination.As a rule, the main reasons for the appearance of edema and fluid retention include:

• Excessive consumption of salty foods and salty foods;
• hormonal imbalance;
• inappropriate nutrition;
• bad habits;
• lack of vitamin B ₆ , magnesium, iodine;
• insufficient consumption of pure non-carbonated water;
• lack of physical activity.

7 ways to remove excess fluid from the body

First of all, you should make sure that there are no health problems.If there are no diseases or abnormalities, then there are 7 ways that can help reduce and remove swelling, remove excess fluid from the body and lose weight.

Start moving. In case of physical inactivity, try to walk at least 10,000 steps a day. Go up and down the stairs, not the elevator. If possible, use foot instead of car or public transport. During work, do not sit still for more than one hour (you can set an alarm for control).It is also worth signing up for a fitness center or swimming pool for group or individual lessons.

Do not eat salty foods. Salty food lovers need to moderate their appetite and minimize or stop eating pickles (cucumbers, tomatoes, salads, etc.), dried fish, do not add salt when cooking. When shopping for groceries, check the label for the ingredients and, if possible, choose those that do not contain this ingredient.

Eat a balanced diet. Steam, grill or oven food. You do not need to fry foods, eat smoked meats, excessively fatty and high-carbohydrate foods. Add greens, vegetables, berries, cereals and protein foods to your diet. The last meal should be 2-3 hours before bedtime. Also, do not drink large amounts of water before going to bed.

Visit saunas and baths. If there are no contraindications, then you can go to such places once a week.In the absence of a bathing experience, start your sessions with 5 minutes and then gradually increase the amount of time.

Drink clean non-carbonated water. Indeed, you may have a question: why drink water if there is swelling and fluid retention. The answer is simple: it is necessary for the proper functioning of our body, nutrition of cells and elimination of toxins. Also, pure non-carbonated water has no sugar or calories.

Use Cell-u-Loss from Herbalife Nutrition. The dietary supplement contains ingredients such as parsley, potassium and magnesium, which can contribute to the delicate excretion of fluid from the body, control over intracellular water balance and the content of salts, acids and alkalis. The product can help remove excess fluid in conjunction with proper nutrition, avoiding salt, exercise and drinking enough clean water. It is not a drug.

Give up bad habits. Alcoholic drinks often trap fluid in the body and cause swelling, so you need to stop drinking them. In addition, laziness can be a bad habit. Try to treat the recommendations as positive advice: go in for sports, eat healthy food and drink water for pleasure, love it – and then laziness will go away by itself.

Persistent edema can be a symptom of certain diseases or a signal that certain vitamins are not enough in the body.Yes, there are methods that can help remove fluid from the body. But do not postpone a visit to a specialist, do not self-medicate. Take care of yourself.

Excess fluid in the body: signs and methods of withdrawal.

Water imbalance is not always manifested by a lack of fluid. Sometimes excess water is the cause of excess weight and digestive problems. As a result of such processes, edema appears, which indicates a violation of water and salt metabolism in the tissues.

Natural diuretics

Natural ways of excreting fluids from the body are urination and sweating. Some of the water is lost during breathing and during bowel movements. Some people take handfuls of diuretics to relieve swelling. This can lead to constipation, kidney disease, and gout.

Therefore, it is better to use natural diuretics. These include celery, watermelon, cucumber.Vegetables and fruits contain fiber, potassium, and sodium. These substances prevent gout from occurring. As a result, it will be possible to get rid of the liquid without harming your health.

Essential Botanics, a herbal complex Bear Ears and Lingonberry, which has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effect on the body, prevents fluid retention in the body. Recommended on an ongoing basis, especially during cold weather.

The drip synergetic Siberian Wellness EPAM 96 (urological) will also help to support the work of the urinary system.The components included in its composition have a moderate diuretic, as well as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, provide general strengthening support to the body.

Physical activity

The lymphatic system is responsible for the elimination of various toxins through fluid. If a person moves a little, then the lymph stagnates, which leads to edema. The best way to get rid of them is by walking long distances every day. Physical activity stimulates the normal flow of lymph.

Eat pineapples regularly

These fruits are rich in enzymes that normalize digestion. Digestive problems can cause bloating and fluid retention. Regular consumption of pineapple helps to normalize food digestion, followed by natural excretion.

Increase the amount of protein in the diet

If you consume more protein and less starchy substances, the amount of fluid accumulated by the body in the tissues will be significantly reduced. It is starch and various sweets that provoke the accumulation of water.

Attention! In order not to harm the kidneys, it is not recommended to eat a lot of protein at one time, but its use should be regular.

Drink a lot

Often it is the lack of fluid intake that causes the body to accumulate it. Regular fluid intake leads to normal urination and excretion of toxins.This successfully normalizes the water balance.

Attention! To combat this problem, water with lemon juice or even pure juice, which can be added to tea or smoothies, is perfect. This drink helps to remove toxins from the intestines. Plus, lemon contains the least amount of sugar compared to other fruits.

Some more tips

To eliminate excess fluid and thereby lose weight, you need to eat more fiber. It does not dissolve, successfully removes all excess moisture from the intestines along with toxins and harmful substances.

Turbo Tea – Yoo Go will help cleanse the body of toxins and remove excess fluid. Senna gives comfort, and ginger and Kuril tea help to normalize metabolism. Tea helps to stay toned throughout the day and not think about the heaviness in the stomach.

A source of natural fiber for every day is a refreshing drink Weight Control (raspberry-pomegranate) – Yoo Go with natural fruit juice.It contains citrus dietary fiber, apple pectin, psyllium seed shells and guar gum. The drink helps to adjust the diet and control its calorie content.

Some traditional methods help, for example, a decoction of chamomile or lingonberries. Another proven diuretic is birch leaves. It is necessary to brew them in boiling water and take a decoction of 1 spoon three times a day, regardless of food. You can take as diuretic strawberry leaves, burdock roots, juniper fruits.It should be borne in mind that all herbal diuretics should not be taken for acute glomerulonephritis. In acute renal failure, lingonberry and bearberry are contraindicated, and birch leaves should not be taken in chronic renal failure.

There are also many plants for which the diuretic effect is not primary, but complementary to other effects. These are dill, parsley, caraway seeds, nettle leaves, rose hips, columns with corn stigmas, linden flowers, violet herb, oregano herb.A number of other plants require caution for urolithiasis and nephritis: Knotweed grass, horsetail grass, rhizomes and roots of madder.

Attention! First of all, it is necessary to exclude from the diet all foods containing salt and preservatives. They contribute to significant water retention in the human body. Immediately you need to give up all types of processed meat, canned meat and fish, sushi.

You cannot take large quantities of diuretics on your own without consulting a doctor.This can lead to a deterioration in general condition and dehydration of the body. Ready-made sauces for food also work. Their use should be limited. Pregnant women and children should not take herbal or synthetic diuretics.

What causes excess water to accumulate in the body, and how to remove it?

Excess fluid in the body can lead to the formation of
90,062 edema if the kidneys are not working well. Water accumulates in the intercellular space.
By overloading the lymphatic system and blocking cells, it slows down

metabolic processes taking place in them. As a result, efficiency drops sharply.
90,062 diets.

What causes excess water to accumulate in the body, and how to remove it?

It is possible to remove fluid from the body and prevent its re-accumulation by adjusting the diet, diet and lifestyle. But first you need to find out the reason for the violation of water exchange.

Causes of fluid accumulation in the body

Fluid retention in the body may indicate the development of internal diseases, therefore, before making any attempts to withdraw it, you should consult your doctor.The causes of the pathological condition that you can fight on your own include:

• lack of physical activity;
• unbalanced nutrition;
• excessive salt intake;
• not drinking often enough during the day;
• bad habits;
• drink plenty of fluids before bedtime.

Diet for the restoration of water exchange

To remove excess fluid from the body, you need to make changes to the diet.Limit the consumption of salty foods, fats, carbohydrates, alcohol, canned food, smoked meats, mayonnaise – such food retains water in the body.

Attention! Enrich the menu with foods that are rich in B vitamins and magnesium: beef liver, pistachios, beef, beans, pearl barley – this will help prevent impaired water metabolism due to nutrient deficiencies.

Eat foods that accelerate water-salt metabolism.These include:

90 099 90 100 rice;

Drinking regimen and herbs with a diuretic effect

Do not drink water less than 2 hours before bedtime. At night, the activity of the kidneys decreases, and the fluid stagnates – edema appears. If you have a strong thirst, quench it with 200 ml of kefir, fermented baked milk or katyk.

Attention! Drink plenty of water: 1.5–2 liters per day. With a lack of fluid, the body will begin to store it for a rainy day in the cells, which leads to tissue swelling and a decrease in the effectiveness of diets.

Essential Botanics, a herbal complex Bear Ears and Lingonberry, which has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effect on the body, prevents fluid retention in the body. Recommended on an ongoing basis, especially during cold weather.

The drip synergetic Siberian Wellness EPAM 96 (urological) also helps to support the work of the urinary system. The components included in its composition have a moderate diuretic, as well as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, provide general strengthening support to the body.

Medicinal herbs with a diuretic effect help to normalize water metabolism. Brew 1 tsp. dill seeds, 3 tsp.bearberry, 2 tsp birch leaves in 200 ml of boiling water. Let the broth steep for 3 hours and take it 3 times a day.

Exercise and water treatments

You can get rid of water accumulated in the body with the help of intense physical activity that increases sweating: jogging, cycling, exercising in the gym. Take 15-minute breaks at work: walk around the office, go for coffee, warm up – the contraction of muscle tissue promotes the removal of water from the intercellular space.

Another effective way to get rid of excess fluid is to take a warm bath with soda and salt solution. The procedure should be carried out on an empty stomach. Pour a few tablespoons of baking soda and salt into the water, dissolve thoroughly and soak in the healing solution for 15 minutes, sipping hot green tea. Then, warm yourself under the covers for 40 minutes and take a refreshing shower.

Herbal tea from wild herbs No. 1 (Purification and drainage) from the Baikal Tea Collection series of herbal teas will help speed up metabolic processes in the body and help remove toxins.Herbal collection with hay, buckthorn, Kuril tea and clover helps to find lightness and more efficient use of energy.

Pharmacy diuretics

Pharmacy diuretics stimulate kidney function and promote the removal of excess fluid from tissues. But they cannot be taken without the consent of a doctor, since potassium and sodium, electrolytes, without which the full functioning of the cardiovascular system is impossible, can be washed out of the body together with water.In addition, a directed diuretic effect can cause dehydration, transferring the state of water exchange from one extreme to another.

Say goodbye to edema! 6 ways to remove excess fluid from the body | News | HEALTH

Doctors, nutritionists – everyone advises to drink water, and as much as possible. But at the same time, we must not forget that fluids need to be excreted from the body. Due to its excessive amount, a person swells greatly: this makes it visually thicker, and also adds health problems. Nutritionist Elena Ralikova spoke about the methods of removing water.

Fasting days

There are a lot of menu options for such days. The main thing is that these are dietary products that cleanse the body of unnecessary “trash”. Surprisingly, on such days you need to drink a lot – at least two liters of water. But the portions of food should be small. The break between meals is 2-3 hours. If you follow these rules, your goal can be achieved in just a day.

A fasting day on oatmeal is especially useful.To do this, pour oatmeal for 2 hours with hot water, but not boiling water. You can eat a maximum of 400 grams of dry cereals per day.
Good and kefir-curd unloading. The nutritionist advises to eat and drink a little sour milk products of low fat content during 24 hours. 400 grams of cottage cheese and 1.5 liters of kefir are allowed per day.

Herbs and infusions

In the fight against edema, medicinal herbs will also be good helpers. Their decoctions help not only to remove fluid from the body, but also to strengthen the immune system.The main thing is to make sure that you are not allergic to the components of the decoction. Elena Ralikova gives an example of a useful infusion. A large spoonful of dill seeds should be poured with a glass of hot water and kept for half an hour. Take in the morning and at lunchtime 20 minutes before meals. The nutritionist drinks infusion on chamomile flowers instead of tea. To do this, pour 20 grams of chamomile with a glass of boiling water and wait 15 minutes. A rosehip drink can be drunk throughout the day.

Food to help

It’s no secret that a person’s appearance directly depends on the diet.“Junk food provokes the appearance of edema. While useful helps to lose weight, get rid of excess water and speed up metabolism, “- said the expert. Coffee and green tea perfectly remove fluid from the body. Rice copes with this task no worse. It contains a lot of potassium, which makes muscles more prominent. Kefir is also on the list of useful products, which not only cleanses the body of toxins, but also stimulates the withdrawal of fluid. To do this, it is better to drink low-fat kefir.Fruits, vegetables, buckwheat, oatmeal, rose hips, bran, onion, cabbage and celery also help to cope with edema.

Massage drain

Lymphatic drainage massage is popular among those who are losing weight. It is needed to speed up blood circulation. Due to interruptions in blood circulation, water is retained in the body. A special massage improves the metabolic process in cells, removing toxins and toxins. The result will be weight loss and cellulite reduction, ”the expert emphasized.

Go to the bathhouse!

The leather steamed in the sauna provides an outlet for harmful substances and excess water through sweat.If this is combined with wraps, the effect will be noticeable from the first time. If there are contraindications to visiting the bath, you can stimulate active sweating with the help of a hot bath. Adding sea salt, soda, mustard, essential oils to the water will make the procedure more useful and pleasant.

Gym & Run

Intense cardiovascular exercise, such as jumping rope, running, or cycling, is best at removing excess water from the body.“Not everyone knows that exercise only works if a person warms up the muscles well before each workout. After it, stretching is mandatory, ”says the nutritionist.
If there are a lot of extra pounds, it is better to start with simple circular arm swings, leg lifts.

See also:

How to lose weight by eliminating fluid retention in the body?

Excess fluid in the body can cause discomfort, bloating or swelling, especially in the abdomen, legs and arms.In addition, this is also reflected in the numbers on the scales.

Water usually makes up 50-60% of the total body weight of an adult. Fluctuations in the water level in the body can lead to changes in body weight in the range of 1–2 kg during the day.

Anyone can experience fluid retention, but certain factors increase this likelihood. These include:

90 099 90 100 pregnancy;

90,100 malnutrition;

Severe fluid retention may indicate heart or kidney disease. That said, mild cases of fluid retention are usually temporary and go away on their own or with some simple lifestyle changes.

The main causes of fluid retention include:

Food selection. Diets high in sodium and carbohydrates can lead to water retention. Lack of potassium and magnesium can also cause this.

Menstrual cycle. In women, natural hormonal changes can cause water retention in the body a week before menstruation. Cravings for salty foods and sweets can make this worse.

Physical inactivity. Prolonged sitting disrupts the circulation of fluid in the body. This causes water to build up around body tissues, leading to swelling in the limbs.

Diseases of the heart or kidneys. They can disrupt normal blood flow, resulting in fluid buildup and edema.

Medicines . Fluid retention is a side effect of many medications. These include anti-inflammatories and some oral contraceptives.

In order to get rid of excess fluid in the body, there are many ways. Let’s consider the most effective ones.

Reduce sodium (salt) intake. An easy first step in eliminating fluid retention in the body is to replace sodium-rich foods with low-sodium counterparts.The point is that the body needs to maintain a balanced ratio of sodium to water in order to function properly, so it will retain water when consuming large amounts of salt.

Normally, an adult is recommended to consume no more than 2300 mg of sodium per day. It is important to remember that 75% of sodium does not come from the consumption of salt directly, but foods rich in this microelement – cheese, cooked meat, bread, frozen meals, snacks, instant food, fast food.In contrast, vegetables, nuts, and seeds contain small amounts of sodium. Certain foods are generally able to lower levels in the body, such as bananas, avocados, and leafy vegetables.

Drink more water. Dehydration can cause the body to retain additional water. Water also improves kidney function by allowing excess sodium to be flushed out of the body. Adults should drink about 2 liters of water per day. Replacing sugary drinks with clean water is a great way to manage dehydration while losing weight.

Reduce carbohydrate intake. Carbohydrates make the body retain water. When we eat carbohydrates, energy that is not immediately used is stored as glycogen molecules. For every 1 g of glycogen in the body, there are 3 g of water. Reducing your carbohydrate intake is a quick way to utilize your glycogen stores, which means your body’s fluid retention will also decrease. While adults normally need at least 130 grams of carbohydrates every day to function properly, many of us have a much higher carbohydrate diet.Replacing some of your daily carbohydrate sources with high-protein foods, such as lean meats, eggs, and soy foods, can reduce the accumulation of water in the body.

Use supplements. Vitamin B ₆ and magnesium oxide can be effective natural remedies for eliminating fluid retention in the body. They promote the excretion of excess fluid and sodium by the kidneys. Research shows that these 2 compounds are very effective in relieving PMS symptoms, including fluid retention.They can also reduce abdominal bloating and leg swelling.

Exercise regularly. Exercise allows the body to rid itself of excess water and also stimulates circulation, which can reduce fluid build-up, especially in the leg area. Plus, exercise helps burn glycogen stores. It is important not to forget about replenishing the body’s water supply during exercise.

Another way to eliminate edema is to take diuretics. They are prescription drugs and are only taken as directed by your doctor to avoid dehydration.

Based on materials from www.medicalnewstoday.com

How to remove excess water from the body / Fitness club Sokol Fit

Excess water in the body leads to the appearance of edema, bags under the eyes and weight gain.

Excess fluid in the body indicates health problems – perhaps the kidneys are not doing their job or the heart has begun to malfunction. Of course, you should see a doctor. But more often than not, water is delayed corny due to improper nutrition and the use of large amounts of salt.

Reasons:

1. Lack of water. Everyone has heard that during the day you need to drink at least 2 liters of water, but few people fulfill this condition. To meet the daily water requirement, the brain signals the body to store water. Try putting a bottle of water next to you and drinking it during the day. Drink a little, but often. After two weeks, the body will get used to it and stop storing excess water.
2. Diuretic drinks. Alcohol (including beer) has a strong diuretic effect.Tea, coffee, carbonated drinks are also available. In large quantities, they can dehydrate the body. As a result, organism stores such precious water in edema. Try to drink more clean water.
3. Excessive salt. One salt molecule binds 20 water molecules and is deposited in fat cells. They increase in volume – this is how “excess weight” appears. In addition, the body needs extra water to flush the harmful salt out of the tissues. The circle is closed, the swelling does not go anywhere.Eat less salty foods – chips, salted fish, beer nuts. Again, drink plenty of water.
4. Drink at night. Drinking water after 20.00 greatly overloads the kidneys. The face will be swollen in the morning. Try to drink most of the water before 6-7pm.

Products that remove fluid from the body:

• Summer Watermelon. It not only removes water, but also cleans the kidneys well, improves their work. Melons and cucumbers will also help remove excess fluid from the body.Have watermelon or cucumber days once a week, you will notice the effect on the very first day.
• Birch sap in spring – it does not stay in tissues and quickly removes salt and toxins. Drink it three times a day, a glass.
• Green tea and hibiscus are also known to be mild diuretics. Unlike black tea, it can and should be drunk in large quantities.
• Oatmeal and rice porridge are also excellent at removing water. Rice is low in sodium (which retains water) and high in potassium – it removes salt.Professional athletes, before important competitions, arrange for themselves “drying” – they eat only unsalted rice porridge for several days.
• Fresh fruits and vegetables do not contain salt. The more you eat them, the better your salt balance will be. Beetroot and cabbage juice helps against edema.
• Eat foods that remove water from the body – containing potassium: pumpkin, zucchini, cabbage, eggplant, apples, apricots, dried fruits.

A sauna or a bath will help remove excess water from the body.Excess water and salt will come out in sweat. Regular visits to the sauna will help you lose weight.

Exercise speeds up metabolism, helps to remove fluid through the sweat glands. Running, walking, aerobic exercise, cycling work well against leg swelling – the leg muscles contract and the swelling goes away.

And again a day for 1-2 hours it is useful to raise your legs above the level of the heart – for example, when lying on the couch, put a pillow under your feet. The swelling will go away quickly. This is especially useful for older people and those with a sedentary job.

Herbs and infusions for the removal of water from the body.

1. Infusion of birch leaves. Pour crushed dried leaves with 2 tablespoons of boiling water and let it brew for 30 minutes. Strain the infusion and add the baking soda on the tip of a knife. Drink 1 teaspoon three times a day.
2. Rosehip or Lingonberry Tea: Brew dried berries like regular tea and drink half a cup two to three times a day.
3. Dill seeds provide a strong diuretic: pour 1 tablespoon with a glass of boiling water and leave for half an hour.Strain, drink 1 tablespoon three times a day.
4. You can boil compote from dry apple peel and drink half a cup 5 times a day.

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How to remove excess fluid from the body and lose weight? Nutritional Advice

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How to remove excess fluid from the body and lose weight? Nutritional advice

How to remove excess fluid from the body and lose weight? Nutritionist advice – Sport RIA Novosti, 22.07.2020

How to remove excess fluid from the body and lose weight? Nutritional advice

Potassium removes excess water from the body and promotes rapid weight loss, said nutritionist Elena Kalen. Sport RIA Novosti, 22.07.2020

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MOSCOW, July 22 – RIA Novosti. Potassium removes excess water from the body and promotes rapid weight loss, nutritionist Elena Kalen said, stressing that losing extra pounds is possible only if the body has enough vitamins and minerals that are involved in key biochemical processes – burning fat and removing excess water out of the body. According to the nutritionist, potassium plays a very important role in these processes.The specialist noted that potassium leaves the body along with water, so it is necessary to regularly replenish its reserves. With a deficiency of potassium, the water and electrolyte balance can be disturbed and the process of losing weight can slow down, in addition, nervous tics, muscle cramps, arrhythmias and edema are likely.

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health, nutrition

MOSCOW, July 22 – RIA Novosti. Potassium removes excess water from the body and promotes rapid weight loss, said nutritionist Elena Kalen.

She emphasized that it is possible to lose extra pounds only if the body has enough vitamins and minerals that are involved in key biochemical processes – burning fat and removing excess water from the body. According to the nutritionist, potassium plays a very important role in these processes.

“Potassium maintains the normal acid-base balance in the blood, helps to remove water from the body through the urinary system and skin. With an excess of water in the body, a swamp forms: the conduction of nerve impulses along the nerve pathways becomes difficult, we become lethargic and apathetic, and the skin is loose and dull, ”writes Elena Kalen on her Instagram.

July 22, 2020, 00:15 AM The cardiologist named the five main signs of a sick heart

The specialist noted that potassium leaves the body along with water, so it is necessary to regularly replenish its reserves.With a deficiency of potassium, the water and electrolyte balance can be disturbed and the process of losing weight can slow down, in addition, nervous tics, muscle cramps, arrhythmias and edema are likely.

“Potassium is present in almost all plant foods. It is also in animal food: eat milk, turkey, halibut. Most of all potassium is found in beans, almonds, dried apricots, cocoa, seaweed, spinach, herbs, broccoli, potatoes (boiled or baked), ”Elena Kalen said.

Water retention (fluid retention): causes, symptoms and treatment

Water or fluid retention occurs when there is a problem with one or more of the body’s mechanisms to maintain fluid levels.The main symptoms are swelling and discomfort.

The circulatory system, kidneys, lymphatic system, hormonal factors and other body systems all help maintain healthy fluid levels. However, if a problem occurs with one or more of these systems, fluid retention, also known as edema, can occur.

Edema can affect any area of ​​the body. This happens for a variety of reasons.

This article will look at some of the causes and symptoms of water retention and how to treat them.

Share on Pinterest A person with fluid retention may have joint stiffness, discoloration, and swelling.

Symptoms of fluid retention depend on the area affected. Common areas include the shins, arms, abdomen, and chest.

In limbs, feet and hands, symptoms include:

• edema
• skin discoloration
• shiny or swollen skin
• Areas of skin that remain depressed when pressed with a finger, known as punctal edema
• pain and soreness in the limbs
• joint stiffness
• weight gain

Fluid retention can also affect the following areas:

Brain

Also known as hydrocephalus, fluid retention in the brain can cause symptoms including vomiting, blurred vision, headache, and difficulty with balance.This can be life threatening.

Lungs

Excess fluid in the lungs or pulmonary edema may indicate a serious heart or respiratory problem. Symptoms include shortness of breath, coughing, chest pain and weakness, as this can affect the lungs’ ability to supply oxygen to the body.

Many edemas go away without treatment.

If there is an underlying medical condition, the doctor will focus on treating it.

Diuretics are one of the treatment options.They help the kidneys remove fluid from the body. However, these are usually short-term options as they can cause side effects such as dehydration, increased water retention, and kidney damage.

The human body uses a complex system to regulate water levels. Hormonal factors, cardiovascular system, urinary system, liver and kidneys all play a role. If there is a problem with any of these parts, the body will not be able to expel fluid properly.

The sections below discuss potential causes of fluid retention in more detail.

Damage to capillaries

Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that play a key role in the management of fluid balance in the body. Some medicines, such as those for high blood pressure, can damage the capillaries.

Capillaries deliver fluid to the surrounding tissues. This fluid, called intercellular fluid, supplies cells with nutrients and oxygen.After the delivery of nutrients, the fluid returns to the capillaries.

If capillaries are damaged, edema may occur. Possible problems include changes in pressure within the capillaries and excessive leakage of the capillary walls.

If these problems do occur, too much liquid can escape the capillaries and enter the gaps between the cells. If the capillaries are unable to reabsorb the fluid, it will remain in the tissues, causing swelling and water retention.

Some people experience this type of edema due to a rare condition known as systemic leaky capillary syndrome.

Congestive heart failure

The pumping action of the heart helps maintain normal pressure in the blood vessels. If a person’s heart stops working effectively, his blood pressure will change. This can lead to fluid retention.

There may be swelling in the legs, feet and ankles, as well as fluid in the lungs, which can lead to prolonged coughing or difficulty breathing.

Ultimately, congestive heart failure can lead to breathing problems and stress on the heart.Hence, it can be life threatening.

Lymphatic system

The lymphatic system carries lymph throughout the body. Lymph is a fluid containing white blood cells. This helps the immune system to protect the body from infection. Since the lymphatic system delivers and reabsorbs lymphatic fluid, it also helps the body maintain fluid balance.

If a problem interferes with the normal functioning of the lymphatic system, fluid may begin to accumulate around the tissues.It can cause swelling in various parts of the body, including the abdomen, ankles, legs, and feet.

Cancer, infection and blockages can cause problems with this system.

What causes ankle swelling? Find out more here.

Kidneys

The kidneys filter the blood and help maintain fluid levels in the body.

Waste, fluids, and other substances end up in tiny tubules in the kidney that act as a filter. The bloodstream reabsorbs whatever the body can recycle and removes waste in the urine.

If the kidneys are not working properly, they cannot remove waste products, including fluids and sodium. Thus, the fluid will remain in the body.

For example, people with chronic kidney disease may notice swelling in the lower extremities, hands, or face.

Pregnancy

During pregnancy, the body contains more water than normal, and this can lead to swelling of the lower extremities, especially in hot weather or after prolonged standing.

Hormonal changes and excess weight in the abdomen can also contribute.

This is usually not dangerous and is usually resolved after delivery.

However, if the swelling suddenly increases, this may be a sign of preeclampsia. This is a type of high blood pressure that can harm both the mother and the fetus.

Anyone who experiences headache, vomiting, rib pain, or vision problems along with increasing swelling during pregnancy should seek immediate medical attention.

Physical inactivity

People with physical disabilities or sedentary lifestyles may develop edema in the lower extremities.Insufficient use can result in loss of calf pump strength.

This might help:

• keep feet raised
• wear compression stockings
• Perform exercises such as raising and lowering feet or rotating ankles

obesity

Obese people may experience edema due to being overweight. Obesity also increases the risk of high blood pressure, kidney and heart disease, which can lead to swelling.

Obesity also increases the risk of metabolic syndrome, which includes type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and other health problems.

Malnutrition

Albumin is a protein that helps the human body to manage fluids. When a person is severely deficient in protein, it may be more difficult for their body to move the interstitial fluid back into the capillaries.

When a person is severely exhausted, he may develop kwashiorkor.Symptoms include loss of muscle mass and an enlarged abdomen due to fluid retention in body tissues.

What is malnutrition and who is at risk? Find out more here.

Infections and allergies

The role of the immune system is to protect the body from disease and infection. When the immune system detects an unwanted invader, such as bacteria or an allergen, it starts an attack. Inflammation is part of this process.

During inflammation, the body secretes histamine.Histamine causes the spaces between the cells in the capillary walls to widen to allow the infection-fighting white blood cells to reach the site of inflammation.

However, it can also allow fluid to leak from the capillaries into the surrounding tissue. The resulting swelling is usually short-lived.

People with prolonged inflammation may experience water retention.

Medicines

Some medicines can also cause water retention.

These include:

• calcium channel blockers
• non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
• gabapentin
• some hormonal drugs, including some birth control pills
• prednisone, which is a corticosteroid
• certain medicines for diabetes

Anyone who has concerns about swelling while taking medication should talk to their doctor.They may change the dosage or suggest an alternative.

Edema can develop when a person is taking birth control pills. What other side effects can you experience? Find out here.

Hormonal conditions

Hormonal imbalances can lead to fluid retention in the following ways:

Menses : Changes in hormonal balance can lead to fluid buildup before menstruation. As a result, the person may experience bloating and breast tenderness.

Thyroid problems : The thyroid gland produces hormones that play a role in regulating fluid levels. Therefore, people with thyroid disease may experience water retention.

Cushing’s Syndrome : This condition causes the adrenal glands to produce too much steroid hormones, resulting in swelling of the legs.

Dependent edema occurs when fluid accumulates in the lower body. Find out more here.

Fluid retention (edema) – Better Health Channel

Fluid is regularly seeped into the tissues of the body from the blood. The lymphatic system is a network of tubes throughout the body that drain this fluid (called lymph) from the tissues and back into the bloodstream. Fluid retention (edema) occurs when fluid is not removed from the tissues.

Two broad categories of fluid retention include generalized edema, where edema occurs throughout the body, and localized edema, where specific parts of the body are affected.

A wide range of causes include the body’s response to hot weather, high salt intake and hormones associated with the menstrual cycle. However, it is advisable to see a doctor rather than self-medicate, as swelling can be a symptom of serious medical conditions such as heart, kidney, or liver disease.

Symptoms of fluid retention

Symptoms of fluid retention may include:

90 099 90 100 edema of the affected body parts (usually the feet, ankles and hands are affected) 90 103
90 100 pain in the affected parts of the body 90 103

90 100 unexplained weight fluctuations 90 103

Reasons for fluid retention

Some of the many common causes of fluid retention include:

• gravity – standing for a long time allows fluid to “accumulate” in the tissues of the lower leg

90 100 hot weather – the body tends to be less effective at removing fluid from tissues during the summer months 90 103
90,100 burns, including sunburn. Skin retains fluid and swells in response to burn injuries

• Menstrual cycle – some women experience swelling two weeks before their period
• pregnancy – hormones stimulate the body to retain excess fluid
• tablet – oral contraceptives containing estrogen may cause fluid retention
• dietary deficiency – for example, insufficient protein or vitamin B1 (thiamine) in the diet
• Medications – Several medications are known, including medications for high blood pressure (antihypertensives), corticosteroids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) cause fluid retention
• Chronic venous insufficiency – Weakened valves in the veins of the legs cannot effectively return blood to the heart.The accumulation of blood can lead to varicose veins.

Medical conditions that can cause fluid retention

Fluid retention can be a symptom of serious underlying conditions, including:

• Kidney disease such as nephrotic syndrome and acute glomerulonephritis
• heart failure, if the heart does not pump blood efficiently, the body compensates for it in various ways. it begins to retain fluid and increase blood volume.This leads to blockage of veins, enlargement of the liver, and accumulation of fluid in body cavities such as the abdomen (ascites) and subcutaneous tissues, causing edema (edema) of the legs 90 103
• Chronic lung disease such as severe emphysema, which puts excessive pressure on the right ventricle of the heart, leading to its failure
• Liver disease – such as severe cirrhosis causing liver failure
• malignant lymphatic edema – cancers that block structures of the lymphatic system, such as lymph nodes
• a thyroid disorder such as hypothyroidism
• arthritis – joints affected by some types of arthritis tend to swell with fluid
• allergic reaction – in susceptible individuals, the body tends to swell in response to certain allergens, such as an insect bite.In some cases, the reaction is severe (anaphylaxis) and requires urgent medical attention. this edema is transient and not ongoing
• An autoimmune disease such as lupus.

Liquid Retention Diagnostics

Before starting treatment, it is necessary to establish the root cause of the edema. Diagnostic tests may include:

• physical examination
• case history
• Inquiring about fluid retention, such as when it started, any factors that worsen edema, and whether it is persistent or intermittent
• blood tests
• urine tests
• liver function tests
• kidney function tests
• chest x-ray
• functional tests of the heart, such as an electrocardiogram (EKG).

Treatment of fluid retention

Depending on the cause, treatment may include:

• low-salt diet
• diuretics (water tablets)
• Treatment of the underlying disorder: e.g. hormone replacement therapy (thyroxine) in case of hypothyroidism
• Lifestyle changes in response to an underlying medical condition: for example, avoiding alcohol if the cause is liver disease
• Changes in treatment or dosage if medication is the cause
• Diet adjustment if malnutrition is the cause
• continuous medical supervision
• Aids such as support stockings.

Self-service options for fluid retention

Easy fluid retention can be helped in the following ways:

• Reduce the amount of salt in your diet; for example, do not add salt while cooking, and stop salting food at the table. Avoid foods like potato chips and salted peanuts. Be wary of processed foods, such as meats, which tend to contain “hidden” salt.
• Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is believed to help with moderate fluid retention. Good sources of vitamin B6 are brown rice and red meat.
• Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), calcium and vitamin D help the body eliminate excess fluid. Include fresh fruit and low-fat dairy products in your daily diet.
• Supplements can help with fluid retention caused by the menstrual cycle: for example, calcium, magnesium, manganese, evening primrose and chaste tree oil.
• Herbal diuretics include dandelion leaf, corn silk, and horsetail.
• Be sure to discuss the use of supplements with your doctor or healthcare professional, especially if you are taking any medications.
• Drink plenty of water. This may sound contradictory, but a well-hydrated body is less likely to retain fluid.
• Reduce your intake of dehydrating beverages such as tea, coffee, and alcohol.
• Cranberry juice has a mild diuretic effect.
• If possible, lie down with your feet higher than your head.
• Exercise regularly.
• Wear support stockings.

Where to go for help

Body fluids and fluid compartments

Learning objectives

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

• Explain the importance of water in the body
• Compare the composition of the intracellular fluid with the composition of the extracellular fluid
• Explain the importance of protein channels in the movement of solutes
• Identify the causes and symptoms of edema

The chemical reactions of life take place in aqueous solutions.Dissolved substances in a solution are called solutes. In the human body, solutes differ in different parts of the body, but can include proteins, including those that transport lipids, carbohydrates and, most importantly, electrolytes. Often in medicine, a mineral separated from a salt that carries an electric charge (ion) is called an electrolyte. For example, sodium ions (Na ⁺ ) and chlorine ions (Cl ^– ) are often referred to as electrolytes.

In the body, water moves through the semipermeable membranes of cells and from one part of the body to another through a process called osmosis.Osmosis is basically the diffusion of water from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration along an osmotic gradient across a semipermeable membrane. As a result, water will move into and out of cells and tissues, depending on the relative concentration of water and solutes in them. To ensure proper functioning, it is necessary to maintain an appropriate balance of solutes inside and outside the cells.

Water content in the body

Fig.1. Water content varies in different organs and tissues of the body: from 8 percent in the teeth to 85 percent in the brain.

Human beings are composed primarily of water, from about 75 percent of body weight in infants to about 50-60 percent in adult men and women, and up to 45 percent in old age. The percentage of water in the body changes as it develops, because the proportions of the body passed on to each organ, as well as to muscles, fatty tissues, bones, and other tissues, change from infancy to adulthood.Your brain and kidneys have the most water, which makes up 80–85 percent of their mass. On the contrary, the teeth have the lowest percentage of water – 8-10 percent.

Fluid compartments

Fig. 2. Intracellular fluid (ICF) is the fluid inside cells. Interstitial fluid (IF) is part of the extracellular fluid (ECF) between cells. Blood plasma is the second part of the EKF. Materials move between cells and plasma in capillaries through the IF.

Body fluids can be viewed in terms of their particular fluid compartment , a location that is largely separated from another compartment by some form of physical barrier.Intracellular fluid compartment (ICF) is a system that includes all the fluid contained in cells by their plasma membranes. Extracellular fluid (ECF) surrounds all cells in the body. Extracellular fluid is made up of two main components: the liquid component of blood (called plasma) and interstitial fluid (IF) , which surrounds all cells outside of blood.

Intracellular fluid

ICF is found within cells and is the main component of the cytosol / cytoplasm.The ICF makes up about 60 percent of all water in the human body, and in an average-sized adult male, the ICF contains about 25 liters (seven gallons) of fluid. This volume of fluid tends to be very stable because the amount of water in living cells is highly regulated. If the amount of water inside the cell drops to too low a value, the cytosol becomes too concentrated with solutes to continue normal cellular activity; if too much water gets into the cell, the cell may explode and collapse.

Fig. 3. Most of the water in the body is intracellular fluid. The second largest volume is the interstitial fluid that surrounds non-blood cells.

Extracellular fluid

ECF accounts for one third of the body’s water content. Approximately 20 percent of ECF is found in plasma. Plasma travels through the body through blood vessels and carries a variety of materials, including blood cells, proteins (including blood clotting factors and antibodies), electrolytes, nutrients, gases, and wastes.Gases, nutrients and wastes move between capillaries and cells through the IF. Cells are separated from the IF by a selectively permeable cell membrane that helps regulate the passage of materials between the IF and the interior of the cell.

There are other water-based ECFs in the body. These include the cerebrospinal fluid, which washes the brain and spinal cord, lymph, synovial fluid in the joints, pleural fluid in the pleural cavities, pericardial fluid in the heart sac, peritoneal fluid in the abdominal cavity, and the aqueous humor of the body.Because these fluids are outside the cells, these fluids are also considered components of the ECF compartment.

Composition of body fluids

The composition of the two components of ECF – plasma and IF – is more similar to each other than to ICF. Blood plasma has high concentrations of sodium, chloride, bicarbonate and protein. IF has high concentrations of sodium, chloride and bicarbonate, but relatively lower protein concentration. In contrast, ICF has increased amounts of potassium, phosphate, magnesium, and protein.{2 -} [/ latex]), while both plasma and ECF contain high concentrations of sodium and chloride.

Fig. 4. The graph shows the composition of ICF, IF and plasma. The compositions of plasma and IF are similar to each other, but differ greatly from the composition of ICF.

Practice Question

Watch this video to learn more about body fluids, fluids and electrolytes. When blood volume decreases due to perspiration, where does the blood draw water from?

Show answer

Intercellular fluid (IF).

Most body fluids are neutral in charge. Thus, cations or positively charged ions and anions or negatively charged ions are balanced in liquids. As can be seen in the previous graph, sodium ions (Na ⁺ ) and chlorine ions (Cl ^– ) are concentrated in the ECF of the body, while potassium ions (K ⁺ ) are concentrated inside the cells. Although sodium and potassium can “seep” through “pores” into and out of cells, respectively, high potassium levels and low sodium levels in the ICF are maintained by sodium-potassium pumps in cell membranes.These pumps use the energy supplied by ATP to pump sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.

Fig. 5. The sodium-potassium pump is driven by ATP to transport sodium from the cytoplasm to the ECF. The pump also transfers potassium from the ECF to the cytoplasm. (credit: modification of the work of Mariana Ruiz Villarreal)

The movement of fluid between the compartments

Hydrostatic pressure , the force applied by the fluid to the wall, causes the fluid to move between the compartments.The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is the pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels due to the pumping action of the heart. In the capillaries, the hydrostatic pressure (also known as capillary blood pressure) is higher than the opposite “colloid osmotic pressure” in the blood — the “constant” pressure mainly created by circulating albumin — at the arteriolar end of the capillary. This pressure displaces plasma and nutrients from the capillaries into the surrounding tissue. Fluid and cellular waste in tissues enter the capillaries at the end of the venule, where the hydrostatic pressure is less than the osmotic pressure in the vessel.The filtration pressure pushes fluid from the blood plasma into the IF that surrounds the tissue cells. Excess fluid in the interstitial space, which does not return directly back to the capillaries, is removed from the tissues by the lymphatic system, and then again enters the vascular system through the subclavian veins.

Fig. 6. Net filtration occurs near the arterial end of the capillary because the capillary hydrostatic pressure (HDP) is higher than the colloidal osmotic pressure (BCOP).There is no pure fluid movement near the middle of the capillary, since CHP = BCOP. Net reabsorption occurs near the venous end of the capillary, since BCOP is larger than CHP.

Practice Question

Watch this video to see an explanation of body fluid dynamics. What happens in tissue when capillary blood pressure is below osmotic pressure?

Show answer

The liquid enters the capillaries from the intercellular space.

Hydrostatic pressure is especially important for controlling the movement of water in the nephrons of the kidneys to ensure proper filtration of blood to form urine.As the hydrostatic pressure in the kidneys increases, the amount of water leaving the capillaries also increases and more urine filtrate is produced. If the hydrostatic pressure in the kidneys drops too low, which can happen with dehydration, kidney function is impaired and less nitrogenous waste is excreted from the bloodstream. Severe dehydration can lead to kidney failure.

The fluid also moves between the compartments along an osmotic gradient. Recall that the osmotic gradient is created by the difference in the concentration of all solutes on both sides of the semipermeable membrane.The magnitude of the osmotic gradient is proportional to the difference in the concentration of solutes on one side of the cell membrane and on the other side. The water will move by osmosis from the side where its concentration is high (and the concentration of the solute is low) to the side of the membrane where its concentration is low (and the concentration of the solute is high). In the body, water moves by osmosis from plasma to IF (and vice versa) and from IF to ICF (and vice versa). In the body, water is constantly moving into and out of the fluid compartments as conditions change in different parts of the body.

For example, if you sweat, you lose water through your skin. Sweating depletes your tissues with water and increases the concentration of solutes in those tissues. When this happens, water diffuses from your blood into the sweat glands and surrounding skin tissues, which have become dehydrated due to the osmotic gradient. Also, when water leaves the blood, it is replaced by water in other tissues in your body that are not dehydrated. If this continues, dehydration spreads throughout your body.When a dehydrated person drinks water and recovers, the water is redistributed along the same gradient, but in the opposite direction, replenishing the water reserves in all tissues.

Permeate movement between compartments

The movement of some solutes between compartments is active, which consumes energy and is an active transfer process, while the movement of other solutes is passive, which does not require energy. Active transport allows cells to move a specific substance against a concentration gradient across a membrane protein, which requires energy in the form of ATP.For example, a sodium-potassium pump uses active transport to pump sodium out of cells and potassium into cells, both moving against their concentration gradients.

Fig. 7. Glucose molecules use facilitated diffusion to move down a concentration gradient through channels of a carrier protein in the membrane. (Credit: Modification of the work of Mariana Ruiz Villarreal)

Passive transport of a molecule or ion depends on its ability to pass through the membrane, as well as on the presence of a concentration gradient that allows molecules to diffuse from a region of higher concentration to an area of ​​lower concentration.Some molecules, such as gases, lipids, and water itself (which also uses water channels in the membrane called aquaporins) slip across the cell membrane quite easily; others, including polar molecules such as glucose, amino acids, and ions, do not. Some of these molecules enter and leave cells using facilitated transport, causing the molecules to move down a concentration gradient through specific protein channels in the membrane. This process does not require energy.For example, glucose is transported into cells by glucose transporters that use facilitated transport.

Fluid imbalance: edema

Edema is the accumulation of excess water in the tissues. It is most commonly found in the soft tissues of the extremities. Physiological causes of edema include water leakage from the blood capillaries. Edema is almost always caused by an underlying medical condition, certain therapies, pregnancy, localized injury, or an allergic reaction.In the extremities, symptoms of edema include swelling of the subcutaneous tissue, an increase in the normal size of the limb, and stretching, tightened skin. One quick way to check for subcutaneous edema localized to an extremity is to apply pressure with a finger to the suspicious area. Edema is likely if the depression persists for a few seconds after the finger is removed (called a “fossa”).

Pulmonary edema is an excess of fluid in the air sacs of the lungs, a common symptom of heart and / or kidney failure.People with pulmonary edema are likely to experience shortness of breath and chest pain. Pulmonary edema can be life-threatening because it interferes with gas exchange in the lungs, and anyone with symptoms should seek immediate medical attention.

In pulmonary edema caused by heart failure, excessive water leakage occurs when fluids “accumulate” in the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs when the left ventricle of the heart cannot pump enough blood into the systemic circulation.Since the left side of the heart cannot pump its normal volume of blood, blood in the pulmonary circulation is “replenished” starting from the left atrium, then into the pulmonary veins, and then into the pulmonary capillaries. The resulting increased hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary capillaries, since blood is all still comes from the pulmonary arteries, causes fluid to be pushed out of them into the lung tissue.

Other causes of edema include damage to blood and / or lymph vessels or a decrease in osmotic pressure in chronic and severe liver disease when the liver is unable to produce plasma proteins.A decrease in the normal level of plasma proteins leads to a decrease in the colloid osmotic pressure (which balances the hydrostatic pressure) in the capillaries, a process that causes the loss of water from the blood to the surrounding tissues, leading to edema.

Fig. 8. An allergic reaction can cause excess fluid to leak from the capillaries of the hand, which accumulates in the tissues. (credit: Jane Whitney)

Mild, transient swelling of the feet and legs can be caused by prolonged sitting or standing in the same position, for example, when working as a toll collector or cashier in a supermarket.This is because the deep veins of the lower extremities rely on skeletal muscle contractions, which press on the veins and thus “pump” blood back to the heart. Otherwise, venous blood accumulates in the lower extremities and can leak into the surrounding tissues.

Medications that can cause edema include vasodilators, calcium channel blockers used to treat hypertension, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, estrogen medications, and some diabetes medications.Major medical conditions that can contribute to edema include congestive heart failure, kidney damage and kidney disease, diseases affecting the veins of the legs, and cirrhosis and other liver diseases.

Therapy for edema is usually aimed at eliminating the cause. Actions that can lessen the effects of the condition include appropriate exercise to maintain blood flow and lymph in the affected areas. Other treatments include raising the affected area to facilitate drainage, massaging and squeezing the areas to drain fluid from the tissues, and reducing salt intake to reduce sodium and water retention.

Chapter overview

Your body is composed primarily of water. Body fluids are aqueous solutions with varying concentrations of substances called solutes. To ensure cellular functions, it is necessary to maintain an appropriate balance of concentration of water and solutes. If the cytosol becomes too concentrated due to water loss, cell function deteriorates. If the cytosol becomes too diluted due to the absorption of water by the cells, the cell membranes may be damaged and the cell may burst.Hydrostatic pressure is the force applied by a fluid to a wall that causes fluid to move between compartments. The fluid can also move between compartments in an osmotic gradient. Active transport processes require ATP to move some solutes against their concentration gradients between compartments. Passive transport of a molecule or ion depends on their ability to easily pass through the membrane, as well as on the presence of a high or low concentration gradient.

Self-test

Answer the questions below to see how well you understand the topics covered in the previous section.

Questions about critical thinking

1. Plasma contains more sodium than chloride, how can this be if the individual ions of sodium and chloride exactly balance each other and the plasma is electrically neutral?
2. How does liquid move from compartment to compartment?

Show replies

1. In addition to chloride, there are also negatively charged molecules in plasma. The extra sodium balances the overall negative charges.
2. Fluid is transported by a combination of osmotic and hydrostatic pressure.Osmotic pressure occurs due to differences in the concentration of solutes on the cell membranes. Hydrostatic pressure occurs due to the pressure of the blood as it enters the capillary system, displacing some of the fluid from the vessel into the surrounding tissue.

Glossary

extracellular fluid (ECF): extracellular fluid; includes interstitial fluid, blood plasma and fluids found in other body reservoirs

fluid compartment: the fluid within all body cells constitutes a system of compartments that is largely separated from other systems

hydrostatic pressure: pressure exerted by the liquid on the wall due to its own weight or pumping force

interstitial fluid (IF): fluid in small spaces between cells, not contained within blood vessels

intracellular fluid (ICF): fluid in the cytosol of cells

Dehydration – Symptoms and Causes

Review

Dehydration occurs when you drink or lose more fluids than you are taking in and your body does not have enough water and other fluids to perform its normal functions.If you don’t replace the lost fluid, you will become dehydrated.

Anyone can get dehydrated, but this condition is especially dangerous for young children and the elderly.

The most common cause of dehydration in young children is severe diarrhea and vomiting. Seniors naturally have less water in their bodies and may have medical conditions or take medications that increase their risk of dehydration.

This means that even minor illnesses, such as infections affecting the lungs or bladder, can lead to dehydration in older people.

Dehydration can also occur in any age group if you don’t drink enough water in hot weather, especially if you exercise a lot.

You can usually reverse mild to moderate dehydration by drinking more fluids, but severe dehydration requires immediate medical attention.

Symptoms

Thirst is not always a reliable early indicator of the body’s need for water. Many people, especially the elderly, do not feel thirsty until they are dehydrated.This is why it is so important to increase your water intake in hot weather or when you are sick.

Signs and symptoms of dehydration can also vary by age.

Infants or young children

• Dry mouth and tongue
• No tears when crying
• Three hours without wet diapers
• Sunken eyes, cheeks
• A sunken soft spot on the top of the skull
• Lethargy or irritability

Adult

• Intense thirst
• Less frequent urination
• Dark urine
• Fatigue
• Dizziness
• Confusion

When to see a doctor

Call your family doctor if you or a loved one:

90 099 90 100 Diarrhea for 24 hours or more 90 103

Reasons

Sometimes dehydration occurs for simple reasons: you don’t drink enough, because you are sick or busy, or because you don’t have access to safe drinking water when traveling, hiking or camping.

Other causes of dehydration include:

• Diarrhea, vomiting. Severe acute diarrhea, that is, diarrhea that occurs suddenly and abruptly, can cause a huge loss of water and electrolytes in a short time. If you vomit and diarrhea, you lose even more fluids and minerals.
• Fever. Generally, the higher the temperature, the greater the dehydration. The problem is aggravated if, in addition to diarrhea and vomiting, you have a fever.
• Excessive sweating. You lose water when you sweat. If you are vigorous and do not replenish fluids in the process, you may become dehydrated. Hot and humid weather increases the amount of perspiration and fluid loss.
• Frequent urination. This may be due to undiagnosed or uncontrolled diabetes. Certain medications, such as diuretics and some blood pressure medications, can also lead to dehydration, usually because they make you urinate more often.

Risk factors

Anyone can get dehydrated, but some people are at greater risk:

• Infants and children. The group of infants and children most susceptible to severe diarrhea and vomiting are particularly vulnerable to dehydration. With a large surface area to area, they also lose a large proportion of fluid due to heat or burns. Young children often cannot tell you they are thirsty and cannot get drunk on their own.
• Elderly people. As you age, your body’s fluid storage decreases, your ability to retain water decreases, and your thirst becomes less acute. These problems are exacerbated by chronic illnesses such as diabetes and dementia and certain medications. Older people can also have mobility problems that limit their ability to obtain water for themselves.
• People with chronic diseases. Uncontrolled or untreated diabetes puts you at high risk of dehydration.Kidney disease also increases your risk, as does drugs that increase urination. Even a cold or sore throat makes you more susceptible to dehydration because you are less likely to eat or drink when you are sick.
• People who work or play sports outdoors. Hot and humid weather increases the risk of dehydration and heat illness. This is because when the air is humid, sweat cannot evaporate and cool you down as quickly as usual, which can lead to a rise in body temperature and the need for more fluids.

Complications

Dehydration can lead to serious complications, including:

• Thermal injury. If you do not drink enough fluids when you exercise vigorously and sweat a lot, you can experience heat injury, which ranges in severity from mild heat cramps to heat exhaustion or potentially life-threatening heatstroke.
• Problems with urination and kidney problems. Prolonged or repeated bouts of dehydration can cause urinary tract infections, kidney stones, and even kidney failure.
• Exemptions. Electrolytes such as potassium and sodium help carry electrical signals from cell to cell. If your electrolytes are out of balance, normal electrical messages can mix, which can lead to involuntary muscle contractions and sometimes unconsciousness.
• Low blood volume shock (hypovolemic shock). This is one of the most serious and sometimes life-threatening complications of dehydration. This happens when a low blood volume causes your blood pressure to drop and the amount of oxygen in your body to decrease.

Prevention

To prevent dehydration, drink plenty of fluids and eat foods high in water, such as fruits and vegetables. Letting thirst be your guide is adequate daily guidance for most healthy people.

People may need to take more fluids if they are in conditions such as:

• Vomiting or diarrhea. If your child has vomiting or diarrhea, start giving extra water or oral rehydration solution at the first sign of illness.Don’t wait for dehydration to occur.
• Vigorous exercise. In general, it is best to start drinking the day before exercise. The production of large amounts of clear, diluted urine is a good indicator that you are well hydrated. Refill your fluid supply regularly as you exercise, and continue drinking water or other fluids after you finish.
• Hot or cold weather. You need to drink more water in hot or humid weather to lower your body temperature and replace losses due to sweating.You may also need extra water in cold weather to combat moisture loss due to dry air, especially at high altitudes.
• Disease. Older people are most likely to become dehydrated during minor illnesses such as influenza, bronchitis, or bladder infections. Remember to drink more fluids when you are not feeling well.

September 19, 2019

Edema: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

Overview

Normal or swollen ankles.

What is edema?

Edema is swelling caused by the accumulation of fluid in the tissues of your body. Most often, swelling occurs in the feet, ankles, and legs, but other parts of the body, such as the face, arms, and abdomen, can also be affected. It can also cover the whole body.

Symptoms and Causes

What causes edema?

Edema has many possible causes:

• Gravity can cause edema, especially from sitting for too long or standing in one place.Water flows naturally into your legs and feet.
• Edema can occur due to weakening of the valves in the veins of the legs (a condition called venous insufficiency). This problem prevents the veins from returning blood to the heart and leads to varicose veins and fluid buildup in the legs.
• Certain medical conditions, such as congestive heart failure and diseases of the lungs, liver, kidneys, and thyroid gland, can cause or worsen edema.
• Certain medicines, such as medicines you take to lower blood pressure or relieve pain, can cause or worsen swelling.
• An allergic reaction, severe inflammation, burns, injury, blood clots, or poor diet can also cause swelling.
• Too much salt in the diet can worsen edema.
• Pregnancy can cause swelling of the legs because the uterus puts pressure on the blood vessels in the lower torso.

What are the symptoms of edema?

Signs that you may have edema include the following:

• The affected area is swollen.
• The skin over the swollen skin may look stretched and shiny.
• Pressing gently on the swollen area with a finger for at least 5 seconds and then removing the finger will leave a dimple in the skin.
• You may have trouble walking if your legs are swollen.
• You may have a cough or shortness of breath if you have pulmonary edema.

Management and treatment

How is edema treated?

Your doctor will ask you questions, perform a complete examination, and possibly order tests to determine why you have swelling.

Edema can be temporary or permanent, depending on the cause. The edema is treated depending on the condition that is causing it. For example:

• If the edema is caused by a lung disorder such as emphysema or chronic bronchitis, it is recommended that you quit smoking if you smoke.
• Patients with chronic heart failure are recommended the following measures: treatment of coronary heart disease; monitoring weight, fluid and salt intake; and cutting back on excess alcohol.
• If the cause is medication, stopping the medication will cause the tumor to disappear. Talk to your doctor before stopping any medication.

In addition to treating underlying medical conditions, there are a few other steps you can take to prevent fluid buildup in your body:

• Place a pillow under your feet when lying or sitting for extended periods. (Keep your feet above your heart.)
• Do not sit or stand motionless for a long time.
• Wear supportive stockings that put pressure on your legs and prevent the buildup of fluid in your legs and ankles. These stockings are available at most drugstores.
• Ask your doctor about limiting salt intake.
• Follow your doctor’s instructions when taking prescription drugs. Your doctor may advise you to take a diuretic (commonly called a “water pill”), which helps your body flush out excess fluid.

Other important tips:

• Protect swollen areas from additional pressure, injury and extreme temperatures. Skin trauma over swollen areas takes longer to heal and is more likely to become infected.
• Call your doctor at once if you have pain, redness, or fever in the swollen area; open wound; or have shortness of breath or swelling in only one limb.

Liquid Retention | healthdirect

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2 minute read

Fluid retention is swelling in one or more parts of the body where fluid becomes trapped.It is most commonly found in the ankles and feet. If you have symptoms of fluid retention, it is recommended that you see your doctor to find out the cause and if any treatment is needed. There are ways to help yourself.

What is fluid retention?

Fluid retention is also called edema or water retention. This happens when parts of the body become swollen due to the accumulation of fluid.

You may have fluid retention if you have:

• swelling or puffiness under the skin
• leather that looks or feels tight or shiny
• leather that is dented when pressed or does not bounce after being pressed for a few seconds
• discolored skin
• Pain in limbs or joints
• weight gain
• noticeable increase in the size of the abdomen

See your doctor if you have any of these symptoms.

If you have shortness of breath, shortness of breath, or chest pain, see your doctor immediately, as this may be a sign of pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs) that must be treated immediately.

Fluid retention is usually a symptom of another problem. It can also cause pain, skin damage, and difficulty walking.

What causes fluid retention?

Some people have fluid retention due to diseases such as:

Some medications cause fluid retention, for example:

A problem in one part of the arm or leg can cause fluid retention in the lower arm or leg if you have:

• Problem with the lymphatic system, which drains fluid from tissues
• Vein disease, e.g. deep vein thrombosis
• Accumulation of fat, usually in the legs
• burn or other injury

You may also have fluid retention if you are pregnant, overweight, or malnourished.

How is fluid retention treated?

Treatment depends on the cause – talk to your doctor.

Many people will find that their fluid problem improves with more exercise, a healthy diet, and less alcohol and salt.

Some people are prescribed medications called diuretics to help the body get rid of excess fluid in the urine. Some people need to change their medications after talking to their doctor.

If the fluid is in only one part of the body, you can get relief from:

• wearing compression garments
• massage the tissues by stroking towards the heart
• Lift the affected part above the heart if you can.
• performs exercises as recommended by a doctor

Talk to your doctor about how much salt you eat, as salt can increase fluid retention.

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Last reviewed April 2020

Edema – fluid accumulation

What is edema?

Edema (pronounced “u-di-ma”) is a swelling caused by fluid accumulation. The legs and ankles are often affected, but any part of the body can be affected. Swelling causes swelling under the skin and can also cause:

• Stretched, shiny or discolored skin
• pain and discomfort
• rigid connections
• leaking fluid from the skin
• feeling of tightness or heaviness.

What are the causes of edema?

Edema can be caused by:

• Illness, including cancer, heart failure and renal failure
• side effects of drugs
• does not move for a long time
• Very low level of protein in the blood (hypoalbuminemia).

How is edema treated?

If you think you have edema, tell your nurse or doctor. They can suggest ways to help.You may be referred to a physiotherapist, occupational therapist, or nurse for advice. They will look for the specific cause of your swelling. If they can identify it, they will treat it directly. If they can’t find the cause, they can help you find ways to get rid of your symptoms.

Treatment options for edema include:

• in compression stockings
• Seated Leg Raise
• Staying active – even light exercise can help
• medicines.

All of these methods stimulate fluid drainage and reduce swelling.

What is lymphedema?

Lymphedema is a tumor in the body caused by a blockage or insufficiency of the lymphatic system (pronounced “lymph mite”). The lymphatic system is made up of lymph nodes (glands) and a network of tiny tubes (lymph vessels). The fluid in your body drains into the lymphatic vessels, so it can be carried back to the heart and into the blood.

If there is a problem with the lymphatic system, fluid does not drain properly and accumulates under the skin.

Lymphedema most commonly affects the arms or legs, but can also occur in other parts of the body.

When lymph fluid builds up in the body, it can cause problems, including:

• swelling
• pain or discomfort
• feeling of tightness or heaviness
• difficulty moving
• leaking fluid from the skin
• skin thickening
• Skin infection – lymphedema means you have a higher risk of infection if you have a cut or scratch on your skin.

Lymphedema may bother some people. It can change the way you think about your body and make you feel depressed or anxious.

What are the causes of lymphedema?

Lymphedema can have a variety of causes. It is often caused by cancer or cancer treatments, including radiation therapy and surgery.

What are the treatments for lymphedema?

If you suspect you have lymphedema, talk to your doctor or nurse about your concerns.If this is a new problem, they may suggest tests to find out what is causing the lymphedema. They can also refer you to an assessment team, if there is one in your area. You can contact Lymphedema Support to inquire about your local lymphedema branch.

Lymphedema cannot be cured, but there are ways to deal with it. There are four main treatments:

• Compression – wearing special clothing or bandages that gently squeeze the affected part of the body and facilitate the outflow of fluid.

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