What are the symptoms of pleurisy? How is pleurisy diagnosed and treated? Discover all the answers and more in this comprehensive guide.

Understanding Pleurisy: An Overview

Pleurisy, also known as pleuritis, is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation of the thin lining surrounding the chest cavity and lungs, called the pleura. This lining normally allows the lungs to glide smoothly during breathing, but when it becomes inflamed, it can lead to a sharp, debilitating chest pain.

Symptoms of Pleurisy: Recognizing the Signs

The primary symptom of pleurisy is a sudden, sharp chest pain that worsens with deep breathing, coughing, or movement. This pain may also radiate to the shoulders, back, or upper abdominal area. Other symptoms can include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and rapid breathing.

Causes and Risk Factors of Pleurisy

Pleurisy can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral or bacterial infections, cancer, exposure to certain substances like asbestos, and autoimmune diseases such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis. Understanding the underlying cause is crucial for effective treatment.

Diagnosing Pleurisy: Uncovering the Root Cause

Diagnosing pleurisy typically begins with a physical examination, where the doctor may detect a distinctive squeaky or rubbing sound using a stethoscope. Additional tests, such as chest X-rays, CT scans, and ultrasounds, may be ordered to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other potential causes of the symptoms.

Treating Pleurisy: Alleviating the Pain and Addressing the Underlying Issue

In many cases, pleurisy can resolve on its own within a few days without the need for medical intervention. However, if the condition is caused by a bacterial infection or a more serious underlying condition, treatment may involve the use of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, or even hospitalization for severe cases.

Pleurisy and Lying Down: Understanding the Relationship

One of the unique characteristics of pleurisy is that the chest pain may worsen when lying down. This is because the position change can increase the friction between the inflamed pleural surfaces, leading to more discomfort. Patients may find relief by adopting different positions, such as lying on the painful side or sitting upright.

Preventing Pleurisy: Reducing the Risk of Recurrence

While some cases of pleurisy may be unavoidable, there are steps individuals can take to reduce their risk of developing the condition, such as avoiding exposure to known irritants, maintaining a healthy immune system, and seeking prompt medical attention for any respiratory infections.

When to Seek Medical Attention for Pleurisy

If you experience sudden, severe chest pain, difficulty breathing, or coughing up blood, it is important to seek immediate medical attention, as these symptoms could indicate a more serious underlying condition. Do not hesitate to call 999 or visit the nearest emergency department if you have concerns about your health.

Managing Pleurisy at Home: Tips for Comfort and Recovery

While pleurisy can be a painful and disruptive condition, there are several steps individuals can take to manage their symptoms at home, such as taking over-the-counter pain relievers, resting in different positions, and practicing breathing exercises to ease the discomfort.

The Importance of Follow-up Care for Pleurisy

Even after the initial symptoms have subsided, it is crucial for individuals with pleurisy to follow up with their healthcare provider to ensure that the underlying cause has been properly addressed and to monitor for any potential complications or recurrence of the condition.

Pleurisy and Comorbidities: Understanding the Connections

In some cases, pleurisy may be associated with or exacerbated by other medical conditions, such as pneumonia, lung cancer, or autoimmune disorders. Addressing these comorbidities is essential for effective management of the pleurisy symptoms.

The Future of Pleurisy Diagnosis and Treatment

As medical research and technology continue to advance, healthcare professionals are constantly exploring new and improved ways to diagnose and treat pleurisy, from the development of more accurate imaging techniques to the identification of novel therapeutic interventions. These advancements hold the promise of better outcomes for patients with this condition.

Pleurisy – NHS

Pleurisy is inflammation around the lungs, which causes sharp chest pain. It’s easy to treat and usually gets better in a few days, but can sometimes be a sign of something more serious, like pneumonia.

Check if it’s pleurisy

The main symptom of pleurisy is sharp chest pain when you breathe in.

The pain may be worse when you cough, sneeze or move around.

It may also spread to your shoulders and back.

Urgent advice: Ask for an urgent GP appointment or get help from NHS 111 if:

• you have sharp chest pain that comes and goes, or only happens when breathing or coughing
• you have sharp chest pain that has not got better after a few days
• you’ve coughed up a few small spots, flecks or streaks of blood, or noticed blood in your phlegm or on a handkerchief
• you’re feeling short of breath regularly

You can call 111 or get help from 111 online.

Immediate action required: Call 999 or go to A&E if:

• you have sudden chest pain that lasts for 15 minutes or more
• you have sudden chest pain that spreads to your arms, back, neck or jaw
• you have difficulty breathing
• you’re coughing up more than just a few spots or streaks of blood
• you’re coughing up blood and finding it hard to breathe, have a very fast heartbeat, or have pain in your chest or upper back

These symptoms could be a sign of a more serious problem, such as a heart attack or a blood clot in the lungs (pulmonary embolism).

What happens at your appointment

If you have symptoms of pleurisy, a GP will examine you and listen to your chest.

The GP may refer you to a specialist if they’re not sure what’s causing your symptoms.

You may need to have tests, such as:

• blood tests
• a chest X-ray
• an ultrasound scan
• a CT scan

Treatment for pleurisy

Pleurisy will usually get better on its own in a few days without treatment from a GP.

If your symptoms are being caused by a bacterial infection, such as pneumonia, you may need antibiotics.

You can ease the chest pain by:

• taking painkillers such as paracetamol or ibuprofen
• resting in different positions until you find a comfortable one – lying on the painful side can help

You may need to have treatment in hospital if your symptoms are severe or being caused by something more serious, such as a pulmonary embolism or tuberculosis.

Page last reviewed: 18 May 2023
Next review due: 18 May 2026

Pleurisy | Cedars-Sinai

ABOUT

DIAGNOSIS

TREATMENT

Overview

Pleurisy, also known as pleuritis, is swelling of the thin lining around the chest cavity and lungs, also known as the pleura. This lining creates a smooth surface so the lungs glide easily in the chest while breathing. When the lining swells, the lungs rub painfully against the chest, causing swelling and chest pain.

In some cases, fluid can collect between the pleura. This is called pleural effusion. When there is no fluid, the condition is called dry pleurisy.

Symptoms

Usually the first sign of pleurisy is a sudden chest pain. The pain may be very mild or very severe. Sometimes the pain is only felt while breathing deeply or coughing. Other times, the pain may be felt all the time and get worse with deep breathing or coughing. Usually the pain is felt in the chest wall over the area that’s inflamed. You might also feel pain in the upper abdominal area, neck, back, and shoulders.

Because inhaling deeply hurts, a person with pleurisy tends to breathe quickly and shallowly. On the side where the pain is, the muscles of the chest move less than those on the other side. If fluid builds up between the layers of the pleura, the chest pain may go away. Large quantities of fluid can make expanding one or both lungs difficult.

Other symptoms may include:

• Fever
• Cough
• Shortness of breath
• Rapid breathing

Causes and Risk Factors

Irritation of the pleura can be caused by:

• Viruses
• Bacterial infections
• Cancer
• Inhaling asbestos or other toxic substances
• The use of certain medications
• Some types of autoimmune diseases, such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of pleurisy usually starts with a physical exam. Because the pain tied to pleurisy is distinct, it is often easy for the physician to diagnose. Using a stethoscope, the doctor may hear a squeaky, rubbing sound.

Chest X-rays and CT scans are often used to see an image of what is going on inside the lungs and chest. These tests help show if fluid is building up in the lungs. They will also show if the lungs are filling up with air as much as possible.

Other imaging tests may be used, such as an ultrasound or electrocardiogram, to rule out heart disease.

If fluid has begun to build up in the chest or lungs, the doctor may take a test sample of it. This will help determine the cause of the pleurisy and rule out the possibility of cancer.

A biopsy of a small sample of tissue may also be done to rule out the possibility of cancer. To do this, a needle will be used to remove a small tissue sample to be examined under a microscope.

A blood test to detect lupus or rheumatoid arthritis may also be performed.

Treatment

Treatment for pleurisy depends on what caused the condition. The experts at Cedars-Sinai’s Advanced Lung Disease Program can help you find the best treatment plan.

Antibiotics may be prescribed for infections caused by bacteria. If a virus causes the pleurisy, no treatment will be given. If the cause is lupus or an autoimmune disease, corticosteroids often quickly cure the pleurisy. These drugs suppress the immune system, which stops the swelling in the lining.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin or ibuprofen, help relieve the chest pain. Codeine and other stronger pain relievers should not be used. These medicines can stop you from coughing. Coughing is important because it stops the lungs from collapsing and helps prevent pneumonia.

Holding a pillow against the part of the chest that hurts while coughing or breathing deeply can be helpful. Wrapping the chest in wide, elastic bandages can help relieve severe pain. Wrapping the chest also makes it harder to breathe and increases the risk of a collapsed lung or pneumonia.

© 2000-2022 The StayWell Company, LLC. All rights reserved. This information is not intended as a substitute for professional medical care. Always follow your healthcare professional’s instructions.

Pleurisy – health articles

Human lungs are located in the chest cavity. Outside they are covered with pleura. The pleura is a serous membrane that lines the inner layer of the chest cavity and envelops both lungs. The pleura is made up of mesothelial cells.

Pleurisy – an inflammatory disease of the pleura, which is characterized by the deposition of fibrin on their surface (fibrinous or dry pleurisy), or the accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity (exudative pleurisy).

This disease is very common. This is the most commonly diagnosed pathology of the lungs. In the general structure of the incidence of the population, pleurisy accounts for 5-15%.

Causes

Pleurisy is a disease that in most cases develops on the basis of some existing pathology. The most common cause of the development of an inflammatory reaction in the pleural cavity are various infections. Often pleurisy occurs against the background of systemic diseases, tumors, injuries.

Some authors refer to pleurisy and cases of pleural effusion without a clear presence of an inflammatory response. This situation is not entirely correct, since pleurisy is an ailment that involves an obligatory inflammatory component.

The following causes of pleurisy are distinguished:

• infection of the pleura;
• tuberculosis;
• allergic inflammatory reaction;
• autoimmune and systemic diseases;
• exposure to chemicals;
• chest injury;
• exposure to ionizing radiation;
• exposure to pancreatic enzymes;
• primary and metastatic tumors of the pleura.

Symptoms

The clinic of dry pleurisy is characterized by stabbing pains in the chest, aggravated by coughing, breathing and movement. The patient is forced to take a position, lying on a sore side, to limit the mobility of the chest. Breathing is superficial, sparing, the affected half of the chest noticeably lags behind during respiratory movements. Body temperature sometimes rises to subfebrile values, the course of pleurisy may be accompanied by chills, night sweats, and weakness.

Diaphragmatic dry pleurisy has a specific clinic: pain in the hypochondrium, chest and abdominal cavity, flatulence, hiccups, tension in the abdominal muscles.

The onset of exudative pleurisy is accompanied by a dull pain in the affected side, reflex arising painful dry cough, lagging of the corresponding half of the chest in breathing, pleural friction noise. As the exudate accumulates, the pain is replaced by a feeling of heaviness in the side, increasing shortness of breath. Exudative pleurisy is characterized by general symptoms: weakness, febrile body temperature, loss of appetite, sweating.

Diagnosis

An external examination performed by a physician is very important for diagnosing pleurisy and determining its nature. During auscultation (listening to the lungs in different phases of breathing with a stethoscope), pleural friction noise can be detected, which is specific for fibrinous pleurisy, with exudative pleurisy during percussion (tapping a certain area to identify characteristic sound phenomena), there is a dullness of percussion sound above the effusion zone. Thus, it is possible to determine the spread of exudate in the pleural cavity.

In the general and biochemical blood tests, nonspecific inflammatory changes are noted: ESR acceleration, increase in the number of leukocytes; the appearance or increase in the concentration of inflammatory proteins.

Instrumental methods (ultrasound, radiography) play a significant role in the diagnosis of pleurisy, as they allow you to see the area of ​​the lesion and determine the nature of the inflammatory process.

Treatment

Treatment is determined by the form of pleurisy. Treatment of an infectious type of inflammation of the pleura involves the use of antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents, diuretics, painkillers. In the case of exudative inflammation, physiotherapy and exercise therapy can be used, but only after the effusion has resolved. If pulmonary tuberculosis is the cause of inflammation of the pleura, anti-tuberculosis drugs are prescribed.

Treatment involves the use of symptomatic remedies. If there are pleural fibrinous overlays (dry pleurisy), the patient should be provided with complete rest. In case of cough, antitussives are prescribed. Treatment often includes the setting of cans, mustard plasters, the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, and breathing exercises.

If a large volume of fluid has accumulated, a pleural puncture may be required.

Nutrition for pleurisy should be complete and meet physiological needs. It is required to include more foods rich in vitamins in the diet. The diet for pleurisy involves limiting the intake of carbohydrates and salt. It is also required to reduce the amount of liquid you drink to 500-600 ml. As for non-infectious pleurisy, its treatment involves the elimination of the underlying disease.