Why do women experience gastrointestinal issues during their menstrual cycle. How can hormones like progesterone and prostaglandins affect digestive health. What are some effective ways to manage PMS-related stomach problems.

The Link Between Menstrual Cycles and Digestive Discomfort

Many women experience gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms that coincide with different phases of their menstrual cycle. These can range from constipation and bloating to diarrhea and abdominal pain. While not every woman experiences the same digestive issues, there is a clear connection between hormonal fluctuations and gut function.

Research has shown that up to 73% of women may experience diarrhea before or during menstruation. Additionally, many report constipation in the days leading up to their period. These symptoms can be uncomfortable and disruptive, but understanding their underlying causes can help women better manage their digestive health throughout their cycle.

Hormonal Influences on Digestive Function

The menstrual cycle is regulated by a complex interplay of hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone. These hormones not only control reproductive functions but also impact other bodily systems, including the digestive tract.

Progesterone’s Role in Constipation

Progesterone levels rise after ovulation during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. This hormone has been linked to reduced intestinal motility, which can lead to constipation. How does progesterone affect digestion? It slows down the contractions of the intestines (peristalsis), making it more difficult for food to move through the digestive system efficiently.

Prostaglandins and Diarrhea

As progesterone levels drop before menstruation, the body releases prostaglandins. These hormone-like substances cause contractions in both the uterus and intestines. While uterine contractions lead to menstrual cramps, intestinal contractions can result in diarrhea. This explains why many women experience looser stools just before or during their period.

Common Digestive Symptoms Associated with PMS

• Bloating and gas
• Constipation
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal pain or cramping
• Nausea
• Changes in appetite

These symptoms can vary in intensity and duration from person to person. Some women may experience only mild discomfort, while others find their digestive issues significantly impact their daily lives during certain phases of their cycle.

Debunking Myths: Is It Always Hormones?

While hormonal fluctuations play a significant role in menstrual-related digestive issues, it’s important to note that the relationship is not always clear-cut. Some studies have found conflicting evidence regarding the precise timing of symptoms in relation to specific phases of the menstrual cycle.

For example, a study conducted at St Mark’s Hospital in London found that while many women experienced constipation during their menstrual cycle, it wasn’t necessarily linked to the luteal phase as commonly believed. This highlights the complexity of the relationship between menstruation and digestive health, and the need for individualized approaches to managing symptoms.

Effective Strategies for Managing PMS-Related Stomach Issues

Although you can’t change your natural menstrual cycle, there are several ways to alleviate the digestive discomfort associated with PMS:

1. Dietary Modifications

Adjusting your diet can have a significant impact on menstrual-related digestive symptoms. What foods should you focus on? Include plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables in your meals to ensure adequate fiber intake. This can help regulate bowel movements and prevent constipation. Additionally, staying well-hydrated by drinking plenty of water throughout the day can aid digestion and help flush out toxins.

2. Probiotic Foods

Incorporating probiotic-rich foods into your diet can help maintain a healthy balance of gut bacteria. How do probiotics benefit digestion during your period? They can help regulate the digestive process and may reduce symptoms like bloating and diarrhea. Greek yogurt, kefir, and fermented vegetables are excellent sources of probiotics.

3. Regular Exercise

Physical activity can help alleviate many PMS symptoms, including digestive issues. How does exercise help? It can stimulate intestinal contractions, promoting regular bowel movements and reducing constipation. Moreover, exercise releases endorphins, which can help manage pain and improve overall mood.

4. Stress Management

Stress can exacerbate digestive problems, and many women experience increased stress levels during PMS. Implementing stress-reduction techniques such as meditation, deep breathing exercises, or yoga can help alleviate both emotional and physical symptoms.

When to Seek Medical Advice

While some level of digestive discomfort during menstruation is common, severe or persistent symptoms may warrant medical attention. When should you consult a healthcare provider? Consider seeking medical advice if:

• Your symptoms significantly interfere with your daily life
• You experience severe pain that doesn’t respond to over-the-counter pain relievers
• You notice blood in your stool
• Your symptoms persist throughout your entire cycle

A healthcare provider can help determine if your symptoms are related to your menstrual cycle or if there may be an underlying digestive condition that requires treatment.

Tracking Symptoms for Better Management

Keeping a symptom diary can be an invaluable tool for managing PMS-related digestive issues. How can tracking your symptoms help? By recording your symptoms throughout your menstrual cycle, you can identify patterns and potential triggers. This information can help you and your healthcare provider develop a more targeted treatment plan.

Consider noting the following in your symptom diary:

1. The start and end dates of your period
2. Specific digestive symptoms experienced
3. The intensity and duration of symptoms
4. Any dietary changes or potential triggers
5. Medications or remedies used and their effectiveness

Over time, this data can provide valuable insights into your individual symptom patterns and help you anticipate and prepare for potential digestive issues.

Natural Remedies and Supplements

In addition to lifestyle modifications, some women find relief from PMS-related digestive symptoms through natural remedies and supplements. However, it’s important to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.

Herbal Teas

Certain herbal teas may help alleviate digestive discomfort. Which teas are most beneficial? Peppermint tea can help reduce bloating and gas, while ginger tea may help with nausea. Chamomile tea has anti-inflammatory properties and can promote relaxation, potentially easing abdominal cramps.

Magnesium

Magnesium supplements have been shown to help reduce water retention and bloating associated with PMS. How does magnesium work? It helps regulate muscle and nerve function, which can reduce cramping in both the uterus and intestines.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish oil supplements or fatty fish like salmon, may help reduce inflammation and alleviate PMS symptoms, including digestive issues.

The Role of Hormonal Birth Control

For some women with severe PMS symptoms, including digestive issues, hormonal birth control may offer relief. How can birth control help with PMS-related stomach problems? By regulating hormonal fluctuations throughout the menstrual cycle, birth control pills can help stabilize symptoms and reduce their severity.

However, it’s important to note that hormonal birth control can affect individuals differently. Some women may experience improvements in their digestive symptoms, while others may notice no change or even an increase in certain side effects. Discussing the potential benefits and risks with a healthcare provider is crucial before starting any hormonal treatment.

Understanding the Gut-Brain Connection

The relationship between digestive health and mental wellbeing is increasingly recognized in medical research. This connection, known as the gut-brain axis, can play a significant role in PMS-related digestive symptoms.

How does the gut-brain connection affect PMS symptoms? Stress and anxiety, which often increase during PMS, can directly impact digestive function. Conversely, digestive discomfort can contribute to mood changes and increased stress levels. This bidirectional relationship highlights the importance of addressing both physical and emotional aspects of PMS for comprehensive symptom management.

Mindfulness and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Incorporating mindfulness practices or seeking cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can help manage the psychological aspects of PMS, which may in turn alleviate some digestive symptoms. These approaches can help reduce stress, improve coping mechanisms, and promote overall wellbeing during challenging phases of the menstrual cycle.

The Importance of Individualized Approaches

While research provides valuable insights into the general patterns of PMS-related digestive issues, it’s crucial to recognize that every woman’s experience is unique. What works for one person may not be as effective for another. How can you find the best management strategy for your symptoms?

The key lies in a personalized approach that takes into account your specific symptoms, lifestyle factors, and overall health. This may involve experimenting with different dietary changes, stress-reduction techniques, and treatment options under the guidance of a healthcare provider.

By combining scientific understanding with individualized care, women can develop effective strategies to manage PMS-related stomach issues and improve their quality of life throughout their menstrual cycle.

Here’s why periods give you a tummy upset. Plus, four easy ways to beat the bloat-Health News , Firstpost

Most women experience one or more gastrointestinal (GI or gut) symptoms that mark phases in their menstrual cycle.

Do you get bouts of diarrhoea before or during your period? Do gassiness and bloating warn you that you are going be on your period soon? You are not alone. Most women experience one or more gastrointestinal (GI or gut) symptoms that mark phases in their menstrual cycle. Experts say that this is because of the chemicals and hormones that control our menstrual cycle. Yes, you heard that right, our menstrual cycle silently (or so we hope) decides how our gut functions.

Representational image. Image source: Getty Images

Meet the culprits: progesterone and prostaglandins

A woman’s body has various hormones that control her menstrual cycle. Chief among them are estrogen and progesterone. While estrogen prepares the egg for ovulation, progesterone helps thicken the uterus lining to bear the embryo in case fertilisation happens.

However, while doing its main job, progesterone also affects your GI tract on the side. Progesterone levels start to rise right after ovulation (luteal phase) and that’s when you start to feel constipated.

Research published in the peer-reviewed World Journal of Gastroenterology showed that high progesterone levels reduce the squeezing “peristaltic” movement of the intestines that pushes the food forward, thus making you feel clogged up. Though, there are some researchers who say that it is estrogen and not progesterone which is responsible for this condition. 

In the absence of fertilisation, progesterone levels start to decrease to initiate menstruation. When this happens, our bodies release prostaglandins, hormones that cause contractions in the uterus (and the dreaded period cramps) and help shed all the extra lining that progesterone had built up over days. Prostaglandins also cause contractions in your intestines, leading to diarrhoea.

The verdict

It is important to note that not every woman experiences the same tummy issues during these phases of their menstrual cycle, but there have been studies that connect constipation with the luteal phase and diarrhoea with the menstrual phase of the cycle.

On the other hand, there are scientists who say that the link between the phases of the menstrual cycle and specific symptoms is unclear – though these researchers did not completely deny the possibility or the GI disturbances. 

In a 2014 study done at the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Canada, researchers found that of the 156 women under study, 73% experienced diarrhoea right before or during menses.

Similarly, an older study done at the St Mark’s Hospital, London, found that most women got constipation during their menstrual cycle but it was not related to the luteal phase.

Tips to ease the symptoms

You can’t change your normal cycle, but you can get relief from some of the gut problems that come with your period, by making tiny lifestyle changes. Here’s a small selection of things you can try:

• Eat healthy: Include fresh fruits and veggies in your meals, along with a sufficient amount of fibre. This will help keep your gut healthy and things moving along. 
• Don’t forget to drink enough water throughout the day to keep yourself hydrated. Water will also help flush out all the waste from your gut.
• If constipation is the problem, you can take laxatives or stool softners. Talk to your doctor before taking any medicine, though.
• You can also take probiotic foods like curd balance your gut flora, which, in turn, would regulate your digestion process. (Try a greek yoghurt smoothie with strawberries and flaxseeds – it’s yummy, nutritious, loaded with fibre and a probiotic!)

For more information, read our article on Period Myths and Facts.

Health articles in Firstpost are written by myUpchar.com, India’s first and biggest resource for verified medical information. At myUpchar, researchers and journalists work with doctors to bring you information on all things health.

Period problems – NHS

If problems with your periods are affecting your life, there’s help and support available.

Before you see your GP about period problems, it can be useful to keep a diary of your symptoms throughout the menstrual cycle. This can give your doctor a detailed idea of what happens, and when, during your cycle.

Painful periods

Pain during periods is common. It’s usually caused by the womb contracting to push out the blood.

Exercise may help relieve the pain, as well as taking over-the-counter painkillers, such as ibuprofen and aspirin.

However, do not take ibuprofen or aspirin if you have asthma or stomach, kidney or liver problems. Aspirin should not be taken by anyone under 16 years of age.

You could try paracetamol to relieve period pain, but studies have shown that it does not reduce pain as effectively as ibuprofen or aspirin.

Hormonal contraception (such as the contraceptive pill, the intrauterine system (IUS), the contraceptive patch or the contraceptive injection) can reduce period pain.

See your GP if the pain is so severe that it affects your daily life.

Read more about period pain.

Heavy periods

Some women naturally have heavier periods than others, but if your periods are so heavy that they impact your life, there is help available.

Talk to your GP about your bleeding, including how often you have to change your sanitary protection (towels, tampons or menstrual cup).

Your GP can investigate why you’re experiencing heavy bleeding. These investigations may include a physical examination, blood tests or scans.

Treatments for heavy periods can include:

• some types of hormonal contraception, such as the intrauterine system (IUS) or the contraceptive pill
• tranexamic acid tablets
• anti-inflammatory painkillers, such as ibuprofen or mefenamic acid
• progestogen tablets
• surgery (depending on the cause)

Read more about heavy periods, including treatment.

Irregular periods

A period usually lasts 2 to 7 days, with the average period lasting 5 days.

The length of the menstrual cycle varies from woman to woman, but the average is to have periods every 28 days. Regular cycles that are longer or shorter than this, from 21 to 40 days, are normal.

But some women have an irregular menstrual cycle.

This is where there is a wide variation in:

• the time between your periods (they may arrive early or late)
• the amount of blood you lose (periods may be heavy or light)
• the number of days the period lasts

Irregular periods can be common during puberty and just before the menopause. Changing your method of contraception can also disturb your normal menstrual cycle.

Read more about irregular periods, including what causes them and when treatment may be necessary.

Stopped or missed periods

There are many reasons why you may miss your period, or why periods may stop altogether.

Some common reasons are:

• pregnancy
• stress
• sudden weight loss
• being overweight
• overexercising
• reaching the menopause

If your periods stop and you’re concerned, see your GP.

Read more about stopped or missed periods.

PMS (premenstrual syndrome)

PMS is thought to be linked to changing levels of hormones throughout the menstrual cycle.

Not all women get PMS. If you do, the range and severity of symptoms can vary.

Symptoms may include:

• mood swings
• feeling depressed or irritable
• headaches
• tiredness
• bloating
• breast tenderness

Symptoms usually start and can intensify in the 2 weeks before your period, and then ease and disappear after your period starts.

Read more about PMS, including symptoms and treatment.

Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a condition where the tissue that lines the womb (endometrium) grows outside the womb, such as in the ovaries and fallopian tubes.

Not all women have symptoms, but endometriosis can cause:

• painful, heavy or irregular periods
• pelvic pain
• pain during or after sex
• pain or discomfort when going to the toilet
• bleeding from your bottom
• feeling tired all the time

See your GP if you have symptoms of endometriosis, especially if they’re having a big impact on your life.

Read more about endometriosis, including how it’s diagnosed and treated.

Ovulation pain

Some women get a one-sided pain in their lower abdomen when they ovulate.

The pain can be a dull cramp or sharp and sudden. It can last just a few minutes or continue for 1 to 2 days. Some women notice a little vaginal bleeding when it happens.

Painful ovulation can usually be eased by simple remedies like soaking in a hot bath or taking an over-the-counter painkiller, such as paracetamol.

If you’re in a lot of discomfort, see your GP about other treatment options.

Read more about ovulation pain.

Read more about periods.

Page last reviewed: 05 August 2019
Next review due: 05 August 2022

‘Nausea, bloating and mood swings before my period are ruining my life’

I am a 35-year-old mum with two young children. I feel really unwell during the week before my period starts. I feel almost pregnant, with nausea, bloating, tender breasts and mood swings. This all seems to go away as soon as my period starts. I know it’s only for a week each month but these symptoms are ruining my life – what can I do about them?

YOU are suffering from Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS). This is a collection of symptoms that are linked to the menstrual cycle. They are thought to occur to some extent in up to 85pc of women.

Symptoms may be physical and/or emotional. They start in the second half of the menstrual cycle and disappear once menstruation starts.

Some women experience symptoms that are mild and easily managed and don’t impact significantly on their quality of life but for an estimated 2 to 5pc of the population, symptoms are severe enough to cause significant disability.

Over 200 PMS symptoms have been described.

Physical symptoms include bloating, fluid retention, constipation or diarrhoea, headaches, nausea, muscle aches and pains, fatigue, weight gain, breast tenderness, skin changes, and a flare in cold sores or acne.

Emotional symptoms include crying spells, anxiety, depression, poor concentration, mood swings, irritability, disrupted sleep, reduced libido and food cravings.

The exact cause of PMS is unclear but the change in hormones in the second half of the menstrual cycle is thought to play a role. Other possible contributing factors may be altered vitamin or mineral levels and psychological issues, such as stress or depression.

The female hormones oestrogen and progesterone can cause fluid retention, changes in bowel motility and skin or mood changes.

Women who have a family history of PMS, have suffered previously from depression, anxiety or stress or have vitamin and mineral deficiencies are more at risk of problematic PMS.

It is most common in women in their 20s and 30s but can occur at any age.

There is a more severe but rarer form of PMS where severe emotional symptoms are more common.

This is called Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD). These women often suffer from other mental health disorders and so addressing and treating these is also essential.

Unfortunately, there is no known cure for PMS. Thankfully, most women suffer mildly from only a few symptoms.

There are a number of things that can help manage how you are feeling and reduce your discomfort and distress.

A healthy lifestyle is important.

Regular exercise has been shown to help. A diet high in wholegrains, fruit and vegetables is also beneficial.

It is important to avoid caffeine, keep salt to a minimum and avoid excess sugar and alcohol. This will help reduce fluid retention and bloating.

Getting enough sleep (approximately 8 hours) is also important and can help improve symptoms.

Yoga, meditation or relaxation may help reduce stress and ease muscle discomfort. Certain supplements may help but should not be taken above recommended doses. Vitamins E (400 IU), and B6/Thiamine (50-100mg), and supplements of calcium (1,200mg with vitamin D), and or magnesium (400mg) can improve symptoms.

If you suffer from pain, taking some painkillers such as paracetamol, ibuprofen or other anti-inflammatory medication may help.

Water tablets are occasionally prescribed if fluid retention remains a big problem.

The oral contraceptive pill often helps reduce menstrual blood loss and discomfort, and running packs of the pill together for a few months in order to avoid monthly menstruation does help in some people.

Other longer-acting contraceptives such as the implant or intrauterine system may stop menstruation altogether and this can work well to reduce symptoms in some women.

If emotional symptoms predominate, antidepressants are used in some cases.

There are a lot of popular alternative remedies. These include evening primrose oil, chasteberry, ginger, dandelion, and raspberry leaf.

Evening primrose oil may help with breast tenderness but none of these remedies have been proven to be effective for general PMS symptoms. Their production is not regulated and their safety or potency is not proven.

No two cases of PMS are the same but it is important to stress that for PMS to be diagnosed, the symptoms must disappear with menstruation. If physical or emotional changes are present throughout the month then it is important to see your doctor to rule out any other medical issues or underlying mental health disorders.

The important thing is to be aware of what PMS is to you. If you know how and when the symptoms are likely to occur, taking steps to help manage them, or minimise them from the onset may make it easier to cope – and at least you know that the symptoms will go away.

Email: [email protected]

TOTM | 4 Ways to Calm Your Stomach During your Period

Author

Fiona Bassett

Most of us have experienced a change in our bowel movements before and during our periods.

Perhaps you’ve noticed your stomach gurgling during your period but, why is this?

Prostaglandins are believed to be the root of the problem. These are chemicals that release during your period, allowing your uterus to contract. Aka the cause of the dreaded cramps. This increase in prostaglandins causes people to experience diarrhoea. Or, if your body doesn’t produce enough prostaglandins, you can experience increased constipation. Either way, neither are fun and on top of all the other symptoms can make you feel pretty rubbish.

As someone who has dealt with IBS over the years, I’m here to share my top tips to calm your digestive system. My IBS is particularly prominent in the severe pain/cramping area. So, I suppose you could say this is the area I’m particularly full of wisdom and advice in.

So, how do you calm your digestive system during your period? Here are my top tips:

Take it slow

It’s so important to not devour food in two bites or less. Leave yourself time to sit down and eat so your stomach can digest the food properly. Avoid at all costs eating standing up or whilst walking. Slow down, take a seat, eat slowly and avoid drinking anything too hot whilst eating – particularly coffee. Caffeine is renowned for being a gut irritant, so it’s particularly vital to avoid this to calm your system. If this seems impossible, try cutting down to only 1-2 cups a day.

I also want to reiterate the importance of ensuring you take the time to chew your food. Your body cannot digest your food if it is not chewed properly. It’s important that your body can turn the food you consume into energy. This may all sound like very standard advice, but we’re all guilty of quickly eating food or eating on the go during busy work days!

Don’t miss out

I tend to find if I skip meals or eat loads all a sudden it plays havoc on my digestive system. Make sure you’re eating regular meals and not leaving long gaps in between consuming food. If you consume a huge meal on an empty stomach your digestive system gets a bit of a shock. Especially if you’ve only eaten small meals that day and the large meal isn’t nutrient dense. A prime example of this would be eating next to nothing all day and then eating a large takeaway meal to make up for it. Trust me when I say that your stomach won’t thank you.

The medical saviours

I’ve never found regular painkillers to be that effective on digestive issues and pains. Buscopan is my go-to when the stomach pain is severe, so I really recommend it (always read the label). When I take Buscopan within twenty minutes I feel like a completely new woman! It works by completely relaxing the muscles in your digestive system. For diarrhoea, Imodium is also effective. I recommend only taking painkillers when necessary.

Try to use natural methods as much as possible. Heat is a godsend for pain relief – especially the subtle heat pads! If you track your period (read why we think you should here), try adjusting your diet by adding in natural anti-inflammatories like pineapple and tamarind the week before.

Let’s talk fibre

Fibre has a huge role in digestive health. It is particularly essential for those suffering from symptoms of constipation, as It helps keep bowel movements regular. Be careful, as too much fibre can result in excess gas (make sure you’re drinking plenty of water). But, in general, fibre works by regulating bowel movements and water content in the stools. There are two forms of fibre: soluble and insoluble. Soluble fibres are found in foods such as oats, nuts, beans, apples and blueberries. Insoluble fibres are found in foods such as whole-wheat bread, seeds and brown rice. Flaxseeds are also a gentler source of fibre.

If you have constipation, it is best to consume more soluble fibres. I would recommend opting for the softest options such as sweet potato and wild rice. Alternatively, if you are suffering from diarrhoea, it’s best to opt for more insoluble fibres.

Alongside the tips above, it’s also important to remember to drink plenty of water, move more and avoid junk food. I know. You’re probably bored of hearing people tell you those, but they really will help! These four tips are my favourites. I hope that helps you calm your digestive system during your period. I’d also love to hear your tips on how you calm yours down! Tweet me at @totmorganic or leave a reply in the comments below.

Please note: I am not a doctor or medical expertise and do not suggest that I have giving medical advice. The information in the blog is based on my own research and experience. If the pain is unbearable or you are passing blood, it could be something a lot more serious. More severe symptoms can be a sign of Endometriosis. Consult your doctor immediately if you have concerns it could be something serious or if you are generally concerned about your digestive issues.
For more advice on health and wellness, check out some of the other articles in our hub.

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics

What is PMS?

Is a group of symptoms that start about 2 weeks before your period and go away when bleeding starts or shortly after. You should not have symptoms the week after your period is over.

What causes PMS?

The cause for PMS is not clear. It is linked to changing hormones during the menstrual cycle. It is thought that ovulation triggers a change in brain chemistry. Stress and emotional problems do not seem to cause PMS, but they can make the symptoms worse.

What are the symptoms of PMS?

Often there both physical and emotional symptoms:

• Acne
• Breast swelling and tenderness
• Feeling tired
• Sleep disturbances
• Upset stomach, bloating, constipation, or diarrhea
• Headache or backache
• Appetite changes or food cravings
• Joint or muscle pains
• Trouble concentrating or remembering
• Tension, irritability, mood swings, anxiety, or depression

How common is PMS?

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) says at least 85 out of 100 menstruating women have a least 1 symptom of PMS as part of their monthly cycle. Most symptoms are mild and do not need to be treated.

3 to 8 out of 100 women have a severe form of PMS called premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Often, women with severe PMS or PMDD have a family history of depression.

It is a form of PMS that is more severe. Symptoms impact quality of life or the ability to do activities. It happens most months before the menstrual cycle.

It is diagnosed after looking at symptoms and a menstrual diary with your provider. Talk with your provider if you think you have PMDD.

PMDD symptoms are:

• Feelings of sadness or despair, or possible suicidal thoughts
• Feelings of tension or anxiety
• Panic attacks
• Mood swings, crying
• Lasting irritability or anger that affects other people
• Disinterest in daily activities and relationships
• Trouble thinking or focusing
• Tiredness, low energy, or sleepiness
• Food cravings or binge eating
• Sleep disturbances, such as insomnia
• Feeling out of control
• Physical symptoms, such as:
  • Bloating
  • Breast tenderness
  • Headache
  • Joint or muscle pain

How do you treat PMS?

Vitamin supplementation therapy

This may help PMS. Data about effectiveness is limited though.

Vitamins that have been thought to help PMS are:

Vitamin B6

• Can take the edge off irritability and lessen fatigue and depression
• 100 mg/day maximum
• Larger doses sometimes cause serious side effects
• You can also take B-complex which has all the B vitamins. 

Vitamin E

• Can help with breast tenderness
• 400 IU/day maximum

Calcium

• Can help with depression, bloating, and body aches
• 1000 to 1,200 mg/day of elemental calcium
• All forms of calcium should be labeled with amount of elemental calcium. 

Magnesium

• Can help with pain, water retention, and negative mood
• 400 mg/day

Vitamin D

• Helps regulate and absorb calcium and phosphorus in the body
• In adults, having the right levels of vitamin D promote bone health and prevent osteoporosis or the thinning of bones.

Health studies show vitamin D lowers the risks for cancers (such as colorectal and breast), cardiovascular (heart) disease, glucose intolerance, high blood pressure, asthma, some infectious diseases, multiple sclerosis, and type II diabetes.

Vitamin D levels in the blood lower than 10 to 15 mg/ml suggest a vitamin D deficiency. Adults are at high risk for deficiency if they have dark-skin, are obese, are elderly, or do not get sun exposure.

Women aged 51 to 70 should get 400 IU/daily. Women over 70 years of age should get 600 IU/daily. New studies show some people may benefit from 1000 to 15000 units daily. You can get vitamin D by:

• Taking 400 IU of vitamin D in a supplement or in a daily multivitamin. 
• Spending at least 15 minutes in the sun each day without sunscreen. 
• Eating foods rich in vitamin D, such as:
  • Fortified milk
  • Liver
  • Tuna
  • Salmon
  • Fortified cereal

Relaxation techniques

Our minds and bodies are not separate. They clearly affect each other.

Stress is part of everyone’s life. It is normal and helpful in motivating us to get things done. Severe stress is not healthy. It often has unpleasant physical symptoms, such as a hard time sleeping, upset stomach, and diarrhea.

For women with PMS, stress may make the symptoms worse. Many women with PMS find stress reduction techniques helpful. Spend 10 to 15 minutes a day relaxing. You may or may not want to do this with family. Remember, you probably need it most when you find you have the least amount of time.

Progressive relaxation

Wear loose clothing. Get into a comfortable position. Start at your head or your feet. Think about each muscle group, and consciously relax the muscles. Think of the muscle as being soft and limp. Think about the tension and stress floating away from you.

Do this for 15 minutes. Then take a few minutes to just relax, keeping your mind as blank as possible.

Deep breathing

Do this at any point in the day when you have a few minutes to yourself. Take 5 or more deep breaths. Let the air slowly fill your lungs, expanding your chest then abdomen. Think about blowing away the stresses of the day as you breathe out.

Relaxation tapes

These can be sounds of nature or a voice that guides you through a relaxation exercise.

Massage

• Get a full body massage from a massage therapist. Techniques and fees differ.
• Find someone you feel comfortable with to massage your back, shoulders, and legs.

Diet and exercise

• Exercise often.
• Eat healthy foods.
  • Foods high in salt and fat can worsen bloating.
• Do not eat sugary foods, caffeine, and/or alcohol. These can make PMS symptoms worse.

Stop smoking

Smoking can make PMS worse. It is best to stop smoking.

Talk with friends

Write in a journal

Keep a symptoms calendar

Chart them each day. This will help to diagnosis PMS or PMDD. Bring this with you to your doctor appointments in the PMS Clinic. Period tracking apps are can also be used.

Antidepressants

Antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) change serotonin levels in the brain. They have also been shown to help some women with PMS and PMDD. 

The FDA has approved 3 medicines for the treatment of PMDD:

• Sertraline (Zoloft®)
• Fluoxetine (Serafem®)
• Paroxetine HCI (Paxil CR®)

Ovulation suppressants

Birth control pills (BCP), the patch, and the ring can help suppress ovulation and lessen symptoms of PMS. Many women find they have further benefit when they take BCP so they do not have periods (continuous use) instead of the traditional way.

Other medicines, such as oral progesterone, Depo Provera, or Lupron Depot may also help PMS.

Counseling

Individual, group, and stress management counseling may also help.

Why Am I Nauseous Before My Period?

Before you blame your lunch for your upset stomach, take a quick glance at the calendar or your menstrual cycle tracking app. That nausea could be a sign your period is on the way.

As Taraneh Shirazian, MD, a gynecologist at NYU Langone Health, explained, hormonal shifts occurring in the body around the time of your period, like during PMS, are responsible for that queasiness and even changes in your bowels, like diarrhea. Specifically, Dr. Shirazian explained that PMS symptoms are side effects from the surge of a hormone called LH and the decline of a hormone called progesterone.

Nausea is no doubt uncomfortable, but according to Alyssa Dweck, MS, MD, FACOG, a board-certified ob-gyn and sexual and reproductive health expert for Intimina, a company that makes intimate health products, it’s not usually cause for concern unless it’s severe, persistent, worsening, or continues after the onset of your flow.

“Don’t forget, nausea is a common sign of early pregnancy so if you are late for your period, check a test,” Dr. Dweck added.

PMS symptoms usually disappear once your period begins, but there are things you can do to help soothe some of the discomfort in the interim. Dr. Dweck said that mint and ginger might be helpful, as well as avoiding foods that are triggering to you.

As a rule, if your PMS symptoms are interfering with your lifestyle and limiting what you’re able to do on a daily basis, you should contact your doctor for advice and guidance.

“I think if you’re very symptomatic around PMS and your period, you definitely should talk to your physician about possibly using something hormonal [birth control] to level the hormones so that your body doesn’t notice the natural flux of the LH surge and the progesterone withdrawal,” Dr. Shirazian said.

Image Source: Pexels / Sora Shimazaki

Here’s Why Your Poop Can Be So Freaking Weird on Your Period

Most people are pretty open about the “joys” that come with having a period, like cramps, bloating, and sore boobs. But there’s one period side effect people really need to discuss more often, because maybe sharing the burden can at least make the load a little lighter: period poop.

Everyone’s situation is different, but it’s not uncommon for your regular poop habits to take a temporary vacation when you’re on your period, or be suddenly replaced with a whole lot of diarrhea, or both. “Many women do get bowel changes just before or during their period,” Kyle Staller, M.D., a gastroenterologist at Massachusetts General Hospital, tells SELF.

You’ve probably noticed this and dismissed it as just one of those body things, but there’s an actual biological cause you should know about.

“The reason that this happens is largely due to hormones,” says Dr. Staller. Pre-period constipation could be a result of an increase in the hormone progesterone, which starts to increase in the time between ovulation and when you get your period. Progesterone can cause food to move more slowly through your intestines, backing you up in the process.

So what about that diarrhea, though? Hormone-like substances called prostaglandins could be to blame for that. The cells that make up the lining of your uterus (known as endometrial cells), produce these prostaglandins, which get released as the lining of your uterus breaks down right before and during your period. If your body makes a lot of prostaglandins, they can make their way into the muscle that lines your bowels. There, they can cause your intestines to contract just like your uterus and push out fecal matter quickly, causing diarrhea in the process, Ashkan Farhadi, M.D., a gastroenterologist at MemorialCare Orange Coast Medical Center and director of MemorialCare Medical Group’s Digestive Disease Project in Fountain Valley, California, tells SELF. (Fun fact: These prostaglandins are also responsible for those painful cramps you might get every month.)

Of course, this can all vary in different people. But if you notice you experience constipation or diarrhea right around your period like clockwork, this may be why.

Having certain health conditions can also exacerbate period-related bowel changes.

If you struggle with a health condition like endometriosis, Crohn’s disease, irritable bowel syndrome, or ulcerative colitis, having your period can cause a flare-up of your symptoms. Ultimately, the symptoms you experience depend on your condition, Dr. Farhadi says.

For example, if you struggle with Crohn’s disease, which can often cause diarrhea, or IBS-D (a form of IBS that causes people to have diarrhea), your body’s release of prostaglandins during your period may cause you poop even more than usual. But if you suffer from IBS-C (IBS that causes people to have constipation), you may find yourself struggling even more to have a BM on your period as progesterone further slows your bowels’ activity. Since ulcerative colitis can lead to both diarrhea and constipation, you might experience an uptick in either during your period.

90,000 Differences between PMS and IBS, the main symptoms and help to the intestines in IBS

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Irritable Bowel Syndrome is one of the most common bowel diseases ² . The main symptoms of IBS include cramps, pain and bloating in the abdomen, accompanied by diarrhea, constipation, or alternating between them. At the heart of the development of Irritable Bowel Syndrome are many factors that are associated with lifestyle ² :

• improper nutrition;
• psychological problems, emotional stress and stress;
• transferred intestinal infections.

PMS and IBS: what do they have in common?

Anatomically, the uterus and intestines are located in the abdominal cavity in close proximity to each other, so failures in these organs can be confused. The situation is complicated by a similar localization of pain and abdominal discomfort. It should be noted that both PMS and IBS are very closely interconnected with the psyche of a woman. Two syndromes are manifested by an increase in the level of susceptibility, emotional excitability, a tendency to aggression or depression ² .

PMS and IBS: what are the differences?

Both syndromes are characterized by periodicity of manifestation. At first glance, this might seem to unite PMS and IBS. But the signs of PMS ALWAYS coincide with the dates of your period. IBS is in no way tied to the dates of menstruation and can appear completely suddenly: it cannot be controlled or foreseen. The nature of pain in PMS and IBS can also differ. If sudden cramps, abdominal pains, bowel disruptions have become your constant companions, you should think about helping the intestines.

How to help the intestines with IBS?

Treatment of IBS requires elimination of the factors that provoke it. To do this, it is necessary to revise the diet and the diet itself, learn to cope with stress and maintain emotional balance. It is impossible to learn this quickly, it is a daily painstaking work on yourself. In parallel with this, you can help the body with drugs. Agree that without cramps, pain and discomfort in the abdomen, it will be easier to focus on life goals.

Duspatalin® 135 mg is specially formulated for the treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. With a course of 28 days or more ⁵ , the drug solves the problem in a complex way: not only relieves spasm and pain in the abdomen, but also normalizes bowel function ³ . A one-time dose also helps to relieve spasm and pain, but restoring the work of the intestines requires a course application, otherwise the symptoms will return again and again.

Duspatalin® 135 mg should be taken 1 tablet 3 times a day ³ .

Read more about Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Duspatalin® 135 mg in the dedicated section.

90,000 Expert opinion: 6 facts about menstruation from a gynecologist

Menstrual pain has already been identified as a separate disease and even has a medical name – dysmenorrhea. This is a cyclical pathological process in which menstruation, especially in the early days, is too painful and is sometimes accompanied by nausea, dizziness, high fever, weakness, high blood pressure, fainting and other autonomic disorders.According to statistics, about 30-40% of women of childbearing age suffer from dysmenorrhea, and 10% completely lose their ability to work in the first days of menstruation.

Sex during menstruation

It is best to refuse to have sex during this period, since there is a risk of developing endometriosis (proliferation of endometrial cells, the inner lining of the uterus, outside of it) or infection in the body. Therefore, if you cannot wait three to four days, then you should have sex during your period only with a condom.

Absence of menstruation

There is no proven harm in the absence of menstruation. It depends solely on the woman’s psychological perception of this issue. In general, 150 years ago, the female body was designed for an average of 60–70 menstruation – the rest of the time she was either pregnant or breastfeeding. And the percentage of gynecological diseases and anemia was much lower than now, when a modern woman goes through about 500 menstruation in her life, and each time an ovary ruptures.

Physical activity

If the general condition allows, then you do not need to give up physical activity, except to reduce its intensity. You should not go in for sports on critical days if you have severe cramps, aggravated by movement, profuse bleeding and severe symptoms of dysmenorrhea. In other cases, playing sports can help cope with discomfort and relieve spasms. You should refrain from lifting weights, abdominal exercises, intense aerobic exercise.The rest of the activities are quite acceptable – as far as the body will allow.

Ciprofloxacin (Systemic) | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

This document, provided by Lexicomp ^® , contains all the information you need to know about the drug, including the indications, route of administration, side effects and when you should contact your healthcare provider.

Trade names: USA

Cipro; Cipro in D5W [DSC]

Trade names: Canada

ACT Ciprofloxacin; AG-Ciprofloxacin; APO-Ciproflox; Auro-Ciprofloxacin; BIO-Ciprofloxacin; Cipro; Cipro XL; DOM-Ciprofloxacin; GEN-Ciprofloxacin; GMD-Ciprofloxacin; JAMP-Ciprofloxacin; Mar-Ciprofloxacin; MINT-Ciproflox; MINT-Ciprofloxacin [DSC]; MYLAN-Ciprofloxacin [DSC]; NRA-Ciprofloxacin; NU-Ciprofloxacin [DSC]; PMS-Ciprofloxacin; PMS-Ciprofloxacin XL; Priva-Ciprofloxacin; PRO-Ciprofloxacin; RATIO-Ciprofloxacin; RIVA-Ciprofloxacin; SANDOZ Ciprofloxacin; Septa-Ciprofloxacin; TARO-Ciproflox; TARO-Ciprofloxacin; TEVA-Ciprofloxacin [DSC]; VAN-Ciprofloxacin [DSC]

Warning

• This drug may cause severe side effects such as tendon inflammation or rupture; neurological disorders in the arms, hands, legs, or feet; disorders of the nervous system.They can occur individually or simultaneously. They can occur hours to weeks after you start taking this drug. Some of the listed effects may be irreversible and lead to disability or death.
• The risk of irritation and tendon rupture is higher in people over 60 years of age, in patients with heart, kidney or lung transplants, or in people taking steroid medications. Tendon disorders can occur for several months after treatment.Call your doctor right away if you have pain, bruising, or swelling in the back of the ankle, shoulder, hand, or other joints. See your doctor immediately if you are unable to move or bear stress on the joint, or if you hear or feel a crunching or clicking sound.
• Call your doctor immediately if you develop signs of neurological damage. These may include an intolerance to heat or cold, a change in tactile sensitivity, a burning sensation, numbness, tingling sensation, pain or weakness in the arms, hands, legs, or feet.
• If you have any signs of nervous system disturbance, call a physician immediately. These may include anxiety, nightmares, sleep disturbances, visual disturbances, dizziness, confusion, nervousness or agitation, anxiety, hallucinations (a person sees or hears something that is not in reality), the appearance or aggravation of behavioral or emotional disorders, such as depression or suicidal thoughts, seizures, or a very severe headache.
• Do not take this medicine if you have severe myasthenia gravis. Very bad and sometimes deadly breathing problems have happened in people with severe myasthenia gravis who have taken this drug.
• For some health problems, this drug is only prescribed when other drugs are not possible or effective. Check with your doctor to ensure that the benefits of using this drug outweigh the risks.

What is this drug used for?

• Used for the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections.

What do I need to tell my doctor BEFORE taking this drug?

• If you are allergic to this drug, any of its ingredients, other drugs, foods or substances. Tell your doctor about your allergy and how it manifested itself.
• If you have any of the following health problems: a prolonged ECG QTc interval or other heart rhythm disturbances, bradycardia, or low levels of potassium or magnesium.
• If you have heart failure (weakened heart).
• If you have recently had a myocardial infarction.
• If you have ever had any of the following health problems: neurological or tendon disorders.
• If you have had irritation or damage to a tendon in the past while taking this or a similar medicine.
• If you have an aortic aneurysm (swelling or bulging of the aorta, the main blood vessel leaving the heart) or are at risk of developing this condition.This includes other disorders of the blood vessels, high blood pressure, or certain conditions such as Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.
• If you are taking any medications that can cause certain types of heart rhythm disturbances (prolonged QT interval). There are many medications that can cause these problems. If you are unsure, check with your doctor or pharmacist.
• If you are taking any of the following medicines: duloxetine, theophylline, tizanidine, or zolpidem.
• if you are breastfeeding. You should stop breastfeeding while on this drug and for at least 2 days after your last dose.

This list of drugs and diseases that can be adversely combined with the use of this drug is not exhaustive.

Tell your doctor and pharmacist about all the medicines you take (prescription and over-the-counter, natural products and vitamins) and your health problems.You need to make sure that this drug is safe for your medical condition and in combination with other drugs you are already taking. Do not start or stop taking any drug or change the dosage without your doctor’s approval.

What do I need to know or do while taking this drug?

• Tell all healthcare providers that you are taking this drug.These are doctors, nurses, pharmacists and dentists.
• Avoid driving or other activities that require increased attention until you see how this drug affects you.
• With long-term use of the drug, it is necessary to conduct a blood test. Talk to a healthcare professional.
• The use of drugs like this one has been associated with an increase or decrease in blood sugar. In most cases, a decrease in blood sugar levels was observed in patients with diabetes mellitus who were treated with anti-hypoglycemic drugs such as insulin.The marked decrease in blood sugar levels led to coma and, in some cases, death. Control your blood sugar as directed by your doctor.
• Consult your doctor if you have signs of high or low blood sugar, such as fruity breath, dizziness, rapid breathing, tachycardia, confusion, drowsiness, feeling weak, flushing, headache, increased thirst or hunger , frequent urination, shivering, or sweating.
• Do not use for longer than the prescribed time. A secondary infection is possible.
• If you are taking a medicinal product containing caffeine, or if you eat or drink products containing caffeine, such as tea, coffee, cola or chocolate, consult your doctor.
• You can burn quickly. Avoid direct sunlight, sun lamps and tanning beds. Use sun umbrellas, long clothing, and sunglasses.
• Drink plenty of decaffeinated fluids, unless your doctor tells you to drink less fluids.
• In rare cases, very bad and sometimes deadly effects have happened with this drug. These include diseases of the muscles, joints, kidneys, liver, blood, and other health problems. If you have any questions, please consult your doctor.
• Some type of heart rhythm disorder (prolonged QT interval) may happen with this drug. See your doctor right away if you have tachycardia, irregular heartbeat, or fainting.
• If you have signs of liver problems such as dark urine, tiredness, lack of appetite, nausea or abdominal pain, light colored stools, vomiting, yellow skin or eyes, call your doctor right away.
• If you are over 60 years of age, take this medicine with caution. You may have more side effects.
• If the patient is a child, use this medication with caution. Children may be at increased risk of joint disorders.
• Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant. The benefits and risks of taking this drug during pregnancy will need to be discussed.

What side effects should I report to my doctor immediately?

WARNING. In rare cases, some people with this drug can cause serious and sometimes deadly side effects. Call your doctor right away or get medical help if you have any of the following signs or symptoms, which may be associated with serious side effects:

All forms of issue:

• Signs of an allergic reaction such as rash, hives, itching, reddened and swollen skin with blisters or scaling, possibly associated with fever, wheezing or wheezing, tightness in the chest or throat, difficulty breathing, swallowing or speaking, unusual hoarseness, swelling in the mouth, face, lips, tongue, or throat.In rare cases, certain allergic reactions have resulted in death.
• Signs of kidney problems, including lack of urination, change in urine volume, blood in the urine, or rapid weight gain.
• Pain or pressure in the chest.
• Shortness of breath.
• Shiver.
• Difficulty walking.
• Vaginal itching or discharge.
• White spots in the mouth.
• Sunburn.
• Fever, chills, sore throat; the appearance of bruising and bleeding for unexplained reasons; a pronounced feeling of tiredness or weakness.
• Muscle pain or weakness.
• Absent-mindedness.
• Violation or loss of memory.
• Possible severe skin reaction (Stevens-Johnson syndrome / toxic epidermal necrolysis). This can lead to serious and permanent health problems and sometimes death. Get immediate medical attention if you experience symptoms such as redness, skin swelling with blistering or scaling (with or without a high fever), eye redness or irritation, or ulceration in the mouth, throat, nose, or eyes.
• Diarrhea is common with antibiotics. In rare cases, severe diarrhea caused by the bacteria Clostridium difficile (C. diff.) [CDAD] can occur. This sometimes leads to gut problems that end in death. CDAD can occur during or several months after taking antibiotics. If you have pain, abdominal cramps, or very loose, watery or bloody stools, see your doctor right away. Check with your doctor before treating diarrhea.
• A rare but severe pathology of the main blood vessel that leaves the heart (aorta) has occurred within 2 months after taking similar drugs, especially in elderly patients. This can include damage or rupture of the aorta. This can lead to severe bleeding and even death. The reason for this effect is unknown. Call your doctor right away if you suddenly have severe, persistent pain in your abdomen, chest, or back.

Injection:

• Injection site irritation.

What are some other side effects of this drug?

Any medicine can have side effects. However, many people have little or no side effects. Call your doctor or get medical help if these or any other side effects bother you or do not go away:

• Diarrhea, indigestion or vomiting.
• Headache.

This list of potential side effects is not exhaustive.If you have any questions about side effects, please contact your doctor. Talk to your doctor about side effects.

You can report side effects to the National Health Office.

You can report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-332-1088. You can also report side effects at https://www.fda.gov/medwatch.

What is the best way to take this drug?

Use this drug as directed by your healthcare practitioner.Read all the information provided to you. Follow all instructions strictly.

All oral preparations:

• Take this drug at about the same time of the day.
• Take this drug with or without food.
• Take this drug with a full glass of water.
• This drug should not be taken with dairy products such as milk or yogurt, or juices fortified with calcium.This drug can be taken with these foods if they are part of a complete meal.
• Take this drug 2 hours before or 6 hours after using antacids, didanosine, lanthanum, sucralfate, quinapril, bismuth, sevelamer, multivitamins, or other drugs that contain magnesium, calcium, aluminum, iron, or zinc.
• Continue using this drug as directed by your doctor or other healthcare professional, even if you feel well.

Liquid (suspension):

• Shake the bottle well for at least 15 seconds before each use.
• Measure liquid doses carefully. Use the measuring container that came with the medicine.
• The mixture should not be chewed.
• The lid must be tightly closed.
• Do not pour liquid suspension into the feeding tube.
• After using the measuring spoon, wash it with soap and water and make sure it is completely dry before using it again.

All preparations in tablet form:

• Swallow whole. Do not chew, break, or crush.

Injection:

• This drug is administered by intravenous infusion continuously over a period of time.

What should I do if a dose of a drug is missed?

Tablets and liquid form (suspension):

• Take the missed dose as soon as you can.
• If there are less than 6 hours before your next dose, do not take the missed dose and go back to your usual schedule.
• Do not take 2 doses at the same time or an additional dose.

Extended release tablets:

• Take the missed dose as soon as you can.
• If it’s time to take your next dose, do not take the missed dose and then return to your normal drug schedule.
• Do not exceed 1 dose of this drug in one day.

Injection:

• Call your doctor for further instructions.

How do I store and / or discard this drug?

All preparations in tablet form:

• Store at room temperature in a dry place. Do not store in the bathroom.

Liquid (suspension):

• Store liquid (suspension) at room temperature or refrigerated.Do not freeze. Throw away any unused portion after 2 weeks.

Injection:

• If you need to store this drug at home, ask your doctor, nurse, or pharmacist for information about how it is stored.

All forms of issue:

• Store all medicines in a safe place. Keep all medicines out of the reach of children and pets.
• Dispose of unused or expired drugs.Do not empty into toilet or drain unless directed to do so. If you have any questions about the disposal of your medicinal products, consult your pharmacist. There may be drug recycling programs in your area.

General information on medicinal products

• If your health does not improve or even worsens, see your doctor.
• Do not give your medicine to anyone or take other people’s medicines.
• Some medicines may come with other patient information leaflets. If you have questions about this drug, talk with your doctor, nurse, pharmacist, or other healthcare professional.
• A separate patient instruction sheet is attached to the product. Please read this information carefully. Reread it every time you replenish your supply. If you have questions about this drug, talk with your doctor, pharmacist, or other healthcare professional.
• If you think an overdose has occurred, call a Poison Control Center immediately or seek medical attention. Be prepared to tell or show which drug you took, how much and when it happened.

Use of information by consumer and limitation of liability

This summary information includes a summary of the diagnosis, treatment, and / or drug. It is not a comprehensive data source and should be used as a tool to help the user understand and / or evaluate potential diagnostic and treatment options.It does NOT include all information about conditions, treatments, medications, side effects or risks that may apply to a particular patient. It should not be considered medical advice or a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment provided by a physician based on a medical examination and assessment of the patient’s specific and unique circumstances. Patients should consult a physician for complete information about their health, medical issues and treatment options, including any risks or benefits in relation to the use of the medication.This information does not guarantee that a treatment or drug is safe, effective, or approved for specific patients. UpToDate, Inc. and its subsidiaries disclaim any warranties or obligations related to this information or its use. Use of this information is governed by the Terms of Use found at https://www.wolterskluwer.com/en/solutions/lexicomp/about/eula.

Copyright

© UpToDate, Inc.and its affiliates and / or licensors, 2021. All rights reserved.

90,000 Upset stomach and headache during menstruation – Gynecology – 12/18/2011

Hello!
Judging by your story, you are dealing with premenstrual syndrome (PMS). It is associated with the menstrual cycle (MC) and appears a week or two before the onset of menstruation. PMS can end before menstruation, or it can stretch over the entire menstrual period. He can influence any woman and each one manifests itself in its own way.The period before your period is sometimes like a roller coaster.
PMS can include over 100 symptoms. The most common are the following.
Physical symptoms:
– engorgement of the mammary glands;
– bloating;
– spasms;
– headache;
– edema;
– pain in joints and muscles;
– skin disorders such as acne;
– tiredness or fatigue;
– sleep problems;
– a change in appetite or taste preferences;
– back pain.
Emotional symptoms:
– mood swings;
– anger or outbursts of anger;
– lethargy;
– irritability;
– tension and anxiety;
– a feeling of loss of control over oneself;
Difficulty concentrating or remembering
– sadness and depression;
– loss of interest in ordinary activities;
– a feeling of hopelessness;
– a feeling of inferiority and guilt.The likelihood of PMS does not depend on the stability of the nervous system.
Medical research is still underway to determine the exact cause of PMS. However, it is known that PMS is caused by an imbalance in the levels of female sex hormones (progesterone, estrogens, prolactin, aldosterone and mineralocorticoids) and changes in the activity of monoamine oxidase during MC.
Lifestyle changes, prescription and over-the-counter medications, and alternative treatments can help relieve PMS symptoms.Make a number of lifestyle changes:
– Drink less caffeinated coffee and tea and you will feel less stressed and irritated.
– Try to get at least 8 hours of sleep at night.
– Eat healthy foods with carbohydrates and fiber.
– Limit alcohol consumption, as drinking it before your period can lead to feelings of depression.
– Exercise regularly. Exercise for 30 minutes 4-6 times a week can help you lose weight, reduce water retention, and improve your well-being.- Taking a yoga or tai chi course will help release tension and relax.
– Pamper yourself, try a relaxing bath or massage.
It is wise to visit a gynecologist you trust. Get a hormonal test. It will not be superfluous to consult a neurologist and gastroenterologist. Concomitant diseases can aggravate the course of PMS.
If necessary, take diuretics, normalize the level of progesterone and estrogen in the luteal phase by ingesting the missing hormones.Contraceptive drugs are used for treatment (in the form of tablets, vaginal rings, or a transdermal patch). However, a trusted obstetrician-gynecologist will help you to find the contraceptive medication you need.
Take action! All the best!

Nutritionist told when nuts can be harmful – Rossiyskaya Gazeta

The benefits of nuts have been known for a long time. It is believed that people who regularly eat only a few grams of nuts are not prone to depression.But is everything so rosy with this product? Nutritionist Viktoria Gusarova tells about the important rules for the consumption of nuts.

“This is a very nutritious product, which contains many vitamins and trace elements. Even a handful of nuts can fill a person with energy. Despite the fact that a nut is a source of healthy fats (including omega-3), the share of harmful elements in it is all “Yes, there is. But there is no cholesterol. Nuts are rich in plant sterol, protein and fibers,” the expert said in an interview with Vechernaya Moskva.

According to the doctor, all the pros and cons should be taken into account when it comes to the consumption of nuts. First, nuts can cause severe allergies (eg peanuts). And children from nuts can develop psoriasis or eczema. Secondly, walnuts, if overeat, can cause disturbances in the functioning of the brain. Nuts can even be poisoned: for example, almonds in large quantities negatively affect the kidneys, but hazelnuts – on the blood vessels of the brain. The latter, by the way, is better not to eat at all for those with diabetes or diathesis.It is also better to give up raw cashews – they can burn themselves, since there is a harmful substance under the nut shell.

Nevertheless, if you know all the pros and cons and consciously consume nuts, you can saturate the body with useful substances. So, peanuts contain a lot of protein and vitamin B. This nut improves memory, hearing, potency, strengthens the nervous system. Walnut , according to Gusarova, contains magnesium, potassium and vitamins of groups A, B, C, PP, is known as an anti-inflammatory agent, lowers cholesterol, improves the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract.It is also considered the best nut for women.

Almond with honey is good for problems with potency and pain in PMS, it also cleanses the blood, removes bile, improves hair structure and strengthens teeth. Pistachios not only raise the tone, contain many vitamins and minerals, but also have an extremely positive effect on the liver and heart. In turn, hazelnuts lowers cholesterol, increases hemoglobin, cleanses the blood, removes toxins and improves immunity.It is useful for those who suffer from hypertension. Hazelnut strengthens blood vessels, is useful in the treatment of varicose veins and thrombophlebitis. But cashew is good for anemia, dystrophy and even ordinary toothache. Pine nuts are very useful for thyroid problems as they contain iodine. They also relieve fatigue and successfully overcome insomnia.

When consuming nuts, it is important to remember that they are very high in calories. What is the optimal serving of nuts? “Small no more than 80, medium – no more than 20 nuts, and large – no more than five nuts per day.Those who are losing weight need to eat up to 20 grams of nuts, children no more than 10 pieces. In general, one must be careful with nuts, introduce them into the diet carefully and carefully, “the doctor concluded.

Omsk | Novosibirsk physician told about new symptoms of COVID-19

Photo: Om1.ru. Coronavirus

New strains of coronavirus are causing gastrointestinal upset and complicating the course of PMS.

Novosibirsk doctor, head of the 1 + 1 clinic Tatyana Ovsyannikova spoke about the symptoms of coronavirus that appear after the mutation of the infection.

As the physician told the journalists of the NHS, the Indian strain “Delta” is accompanied by a runny nose, so it is difficult to distinguish it from ARVI. The virus can only be detected in laboratory conditions.

According to the physician, each strain has its own symptoms. The main signs of the disease are considered to be dry cough, shortness of breath, nasal congestion and high fever.Smell and taste disappear in 57% of cases.

Also, the consequences of the postponed coronavirus can last up to a year. Often, strain “ Delta ” causes gastrointestinal upset in 38% of patients, and hair falls out in 30% of people. In addition, PMS is more difficult for women who have menstrual problems.

However, according to Tatyana Ovsyannikova, headaches and skin rashes occur quite rarely.

Formerly journalists of the Om1 portal.ru published a list of contraindications for which you should not be vaccinated.

Read us “ VKontakte “!

Related news from neighboring regions:

The doctor named new symptoms of coronavirus

The delta strain of coronavirus causes gastrointestinal disorders in 38% of cases.Photo: pexels

Patients diagnosed with coronavirus began to complain more often about new symptoms of the disease,
19:12 13.10.2021 Gazeta.SPb – St. Petersburg

New signs of COVID-19: what scientists say

Doctors have named new symptoms characteristic of the mutated coronavirus.
21:10 11.10.2021 Moika78.Ru – Saint Petersburg

90,000 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Symptoms, How to Relieve

What is PMS?

PMS is an abbreviation for Premenstrual Syndrome . Most of the ladies on Earth at times experience a little discomfort associated with the upcoming menstruation. But, many of us are familiar with not just discomfort before “these” days, but very nasty and painful feelings, which doctors call “premenstrual syndrome” or, in short, PMS.

PMS symptoms

Usually, all nasty symptoms appear a certain number of days before menstruation, from time to time earlier – a week or even two before it. The main symptoms of PMS include:

• Tummy distension;
• pulling pains in the lower abdomen;
• painful feelings in the mammary glands;
• mood swings;
• edema;
• the occurrence of acne and acne;
• migraines and other sensory and physical configurations.

According to statistics, 85% of women in the world are exposed to PMS to a greater or lesser extent.

From time to time it happens that the symptoms of PMS are so severe and pronounced that they disrupt the ordinary way of life and interfere with fully living and working. Doctors refer to this condition as “premenstrual dysphoric disorder” (PDD). In fact, PDD is a languid form of PMS, which is much harder to bear both physically and morally and can even lead to suicidal moods.

Why PMS appears

Premenstrual syndrome accompanies a lady throughout her adult life, it appears often (every month) and does not allow to forget about for itself. PMS is accompanied by both the symptoms listed above and some other, more annoying factors, for example, an annoying desire to eat something. With all this, we may not even always realize what exactly needs to be eaten in order to satisfy the feeling of hunger.

In order to realize how to behave at this time and how to make it easier for your beloved to exist, you must first realize why such nasty changes occur in the body.

Preconditions for ICP

Disgusting manifestations of premenstrual syndrome are associated with the fact that specifically before menstruation in the body, the amount of female sex hormones significantly increases. This causes not only physical ailment, but also such mental tasks as increased irritability, outbursts of anger, apathy and forgetfulness.

Usually, PMS symptoms reach full strength by the age of 25-26, and in particular they begin to express themselves clearly in the period from 30 to 40 years.

The body’s response to premenstrual syndrome

Each of the ladies manifests PMS in different ways, but there are still common points that virtually any lady faces before critical days.

Increased appetite

Difficulty with appetite during PMS worries most of the women. It is especially a shame that on such days there is absolutely no desire to eat healthy cabbage or carrots, but a desire for sweets or starchy foods. In addition, it is often not clear at all what the desire is and this is even more annoying.

But there are those who, during PMS, on the contrary, do not feel like eating at all, they lose their appetite and may even have an upset stomach.

Painful feelings

As one of the main symptoms of PMS, pain in most cases appears a few days before menstruation. In the main, these are painful feelings in the lower abdomen and in the mammary glands, as well as pain in the head and pulling pains in the lumbar region.

Onset of acne

It’s as if the age has not been girlish for a long time, and acne before menstruation still occurs with frightening regularity.The fact is that they are also one of the main symptoms of PMS associated with hormonal changes, which in turn provoke an increase in the sebaceous glands, due to which the pores of the skin become clogged and inflamed, forming acne.

Mood swings

Intolerance and exaggerated irritability accompanies the PMS period. Although here again, manifestations can be both insignificant (slightly overestimated irritability, feeling of depression), and pronounced (crying attacks, extreme anxiety, anger, etc.). Some ladies even experience obstacles with concentration and memory.

How to find PMS

If you are in doubt whether you are experiencing PMS symptoms, observe your feelings for 5-7 days before your period. If you have noticed the above symptoms before at least 3 menstrual cycles, then you can safely include yourself among the women suffering from PMS.

But in principle not to confuse PMS with any other disease, because the symptoms of PMS can be identical with the signs of some other conditions, for example, thyroid diseases, premenopause, acquired lethargy syndrome or neuroses.

It is possible to distinguish PMS from other painful conditions by the fact that the symptoms of PMS, as abruptly arise, also disappear without any traces, in order to return exactly in a month. Signs of other diseases are more pronounced, they are long-lasting and persistent.

How to relieve or relieve PMS symptoms

It is difficult to say what is more important for a lady physical ailments or sensual discomfort. But any of us knows that it is even easier to cope with pain when the soul is simple and relaxed.Therefore, during this difficult period for the body, do not deprive yourself of the pleasure of soaking up in bed or eating something tasty. Remove some restrictions, because the body is already hard, and it certainly will not get easier if you become annoyed because of the excessive demands on yourself. Just don’t treat these days as a period of permissiveness and suck in incredible quantities of cakes and pastries, this approach will even more depress you when your waist is overgrown with excess pounds or an upset stomach occurs.

How to relieve pain and emotional stress with PMS

Often, painful feelings in PMS disappear if you take a warm bath, which is useful to supplement with a decoction of chamomile or mint. But the sauna and hot bath should be abandoned. During PMS, do not massage the tummy and thighs.

A good prophylactic remedy is a real 8-hour sleep and constant rest. In principle, it is more to be in the fresh air and sleep in a ventilated room.

You can relieve irritability with tea with chamomile, lemon balm or mint.When traditional medicine does not help, you can try valerian or motherwort tincture. But strong coffee and tea during this period are best excluded from the diet, as well as drinks with caffeine (for example, cola).

You should also not eat spicy and salty foods in large quantities, which will only increase the feeling of thirst and force you to drink much more water than the body asks for, provoking puffiness. Cranberry juice will be helpful during this period to relieve bloating and reduce swelling.

Healthy food in the premenstrual period includes cereals, rice, bread, pasta, potatoes, seafood, as well as vegetables and fruits in accordance with the season. Be careful with milk and meat products and limit their consumption.

Should I go to the doctor with PMS symptoms

A specialist should be contacted in this case if the symptoms of PMS knock you out of the usual rhythm of life and disrupt your ability to work. A doctor should be consulted when you experience severe physical discomfort or a long-term mood disorder.