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Pneumococcal 23-valent vaccine: pneumococcal polysaccharides vaccine (PPSV), 23-valent

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Your Child’s Immunizations: Pneumococcal Vaccines (PCV, PPSV) (for Parents)

The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) protect against pneumococcal infections.

The bacteria that cause these infections spread through person-to-person contact. They can lead to serious infections like pneumonia, blood infections, and bacterial meningitis.

PCV13 protects against 13 types of pneumococcal bacteria, which cause the most common pneumococcal (new-muh-KOK-uhl) infections in kids. PPSV23 protects against 23 types. These vaccines prevent infections in children who get them, and help stop the infections from spreading to others.

When Are PCV and PPSV Immunizations Given?

Infants get PCV13 immunizations as a series of four injections:

  • the first at 2 months of age
  • then at 4 months, 6 months, and 12–15 months

Some kids older than age 2 also might need a shot of PCV13 if they have missed one or more shots, especially if they have a chronic health condition or a condition that weakens the immune system.

A doctor can decide when and how often a child should get PCV13.

Doctors also recommend PPSV23 immunizations for kids 2–18 years old with some kinds of chronic health conditions. These include:

Why Are the PCV and PPSV Vaccines Recommended?

Children younger than 2 years old, adults over 65, and people with some medical conditions are at high risk for serious pneumococcal infections. These vaccines are very effective at preventing severe disease, hospitalization, and even death.

What Are the Possible Side Effects of PCV and PPSV Vaccines?

Kids may have redness, tenderness, or swelling where the shot was given. A child also might have a fever after getting the shot. There is a very small chance of an allergic reaction with any vaccine.

The pneumococcal vaccines contain only a small piece of the germ and so cannot cause pneumococcal disease.

When to Delay or Avoid PCV and PPSV Immunization

These vaccines are not recommended if your child:

Caring for Your Child After PCV and PPSV Immunization

These vaccines may cause mild fever and soreness or redness in the injection area. Check with your doctor to see if you can give either acetaminophen or ibuprofen for pain or fever and to find out the right dose.

When Should I Call the Doctor?

Call the doctor if:

  • Your child missed a dose in the series.
  • Your child has a serious allergic reaction or high fever after immunization.

Pneumovax 23 (pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more

  • adalimumab

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)adalimumab decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Immunosuppressants also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • alefacept

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)alefacept decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Immunosuppressants also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • anakinra

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)anakinra decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Immunosuppressants also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • antithymocyte globulin equine

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)antithymocyte globulin equine decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Immunosuppressants also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • antithymocyte globulin rabbit

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)antithymocyte globulin rabbit decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Immunosuppressants also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • azathioprine

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)azathioprine decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Immunosuppressants also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • basiliximab

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)basiliximab decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Immunosuppressants also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • belimumab

    Contraindicated (1)belimumab decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by immunosuppressive effects; risk of infection. Contraindicated. Do not administer live vaccines 30 days before or concurrently with belimumab.

  • brodalumab

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)brodalumab, pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent. immunosuppressive effects; risk of infection. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Prior to initiating brodalumab, complete all age appropriate immunizations. No data are available on the ability of live or inactive vaccines to elicit an immune response in patients being treated with brodalumab.

  • budesonide

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)budesonide decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Corticosteroids also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • canakinumab

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)canakinumab decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Immunosuppressants also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • certolizumab pegol

    Monitor Closely (1)certolizumab pegol decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor.

  • chloroquine

    Minor (1)chloroquine decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Minor/Significance Unknown.

  • cortisone

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)cortisone decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Corticosteroids also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • cyclosporine

    Monitor Closely (1)cyclosporine decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. If possible, complete all age-appropriate vaccinations at least 2 weeks before initiating immunosuppressant therapy. Patients vaccinated

  • deflazacort

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)deflazacort decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Corticosteroids also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • dengue vaccine

    Monitor Closely (1)dengue vaccine, pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent. unspecified interaction mechanism. Use Caution/Monitor. Data are not available to establish safety and immunogenicity of coadministration of dengue vaccine with recommended adolescent vaccines.

  • dexamethasone

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)dexamethasone decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Corticosteroids also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • etanercept

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)etanercept decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Immunosuppressants also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • everolimus

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)everolimus decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Immunosuppressants also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • fludrocortisone

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)fludrocortisone decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Corticosteroids also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • glatiramer

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)glatiramer decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Immunosuppressants also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • golimumab

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)golimumab decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Immunosuppressants also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • hydrocortisone

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)hydrocortisone decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Corticosteroids also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • hydroxychloroquine sulfate

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)hydroxychloroquine sulfate decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Immunosuppressants also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • ibrutinib

    Monitor Closely (1)ibrutinib decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by immunosuppressive effects; risk of infection. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Coadministration with immunosuppressant therapy reduced efficacy of the vaccine may occur. If possible, complete all age-appropriate vaccinations at least 2 weeks prior to initiation of immunosuppressant therapy. Patients vaccinated

  • ifosfamide

    Monitor Closely (1)ifosfamide decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by immunosuppressive effects; risk of infection. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Coadministration with immunosuppressant therapy reduced efficacy of the vaccine may occur. If possible, complete all age-appropriate vaccinations at least 2 weeks prior to initiation of immunosuppressant therapy. Patients vaccinated

  • infliximab

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)infliximab decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Immunosuppressants also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • ixekizumab

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)ixekizumab decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by immunosuppressive effects; risk of infection. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Prior to initiating ixekizumab, complete all age appropriate immunizations; non-live vaccinations received during treatment with ixekizumab may not elicit an immune response sufficient to prevent disease.

  • leflunomide

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)leflunomide decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Immunosuppressants also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • lomustine

    Monitor Closely (1)lomustine decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Coadministration with immunosuppressant therapy reduced efficacy of the vaccine may occur. If possible, complete all age-appropriate vaccinations at least 2 weeks prior to initiation of immunosuppressant therapy. Patients vaccinated

  • mechlorethamine

    Monitor Closely (1)mechlorethamine decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by immunosuppressive effects; risk of infection. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Coadministration with immunosuppressant therapy reduced efficacy of the vaccine may occur. If possible, complete all age-appropriate vaccinations at least 2 weeks prior to initiation of immunosuppressant therapy. Patients vaccinated

  • melphalan

    Monitor Closely (1)melphalan decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Coadministration with immunosuppressant therapy reduced efficacy of the vaccine may occur. If possible, complete all age-appropriate vaccinations at least 2 weeks prior to initiation of immunosuppressant therapy. Patients vaccinated

  • mercaptopurine

    Monitor Closely (1)mercaptopurine decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Immunosuppressants also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • methotrexate

    Monitor Closely (1)methotrexate decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Concomitant administration of methotrexate can decrease the immunological response of vaccines.

  • methylprednisolone

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)methylprednisolone decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Corticosteroids also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • muromonab CD3

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)muromonab CD3 decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Immunosuppressants also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • mycophenolate

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)mycophenolate decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Immunosuppressants also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • ofatumumab SC

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)ofatumumab SC decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by immunosuppressive effects; risk of infection. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Administer all immunizations according to immunization guidelines at least 2 weeks before initiating ofatumumab SC for inactivated vaccines, and whenever possible.

  • onasemnogene abeparvovec

    Monitor Closely (1)onasemnogene abeparvovec decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by immunosuppressive effects; risk of infection. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Adjust vaccinations to accommodate concomitant corticosteroid administration prior to and following onasemnogene abeparvovec infusion. When initiating systemic corticosteriod therapy, wait 2 weeks after an inactivated vaccine.

  • oxaliplatin

    Monitor Closely (1)oxaliplatin decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Coadministration with immunosuppressant therapy reduced efficacy of the vaccine may occur. If possible, complete all age-appropriate vaccinations at least 2 weeks prior to initiation of immunosuppressant therapy. Patients vaccinated

  • ozanimod

    Minor (1)ozanimod decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by immunosuppressive effects; risk of infection. Minor/Significance Unknown. No clinical data are available on the efficacy and safety of vaccinations in patients taking ozanimod. Vaccinations may be less effective if coadministered with ozanimod.

  • prednisolone

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)prednisolone decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Corticosteroids also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • prednisone

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)prednisone decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Corticosteroids also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • procarbazine

    Monitor Closely (1)procarbazine decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by immunosuppressive effects; risk of infection. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Coadministration with immunosuppressant therapy reduced efficacy of the vaccine may occur. If possible, complete all age-appropriate vaccinations at least 2 weeks prior to initiation of immunosuppressant therapy. Patients vaccinated

  • rilonacept

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)rilonacept decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Immunosuppressants also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • secukinumab

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)secukinumab decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by immunosuppressive effects; risk of infection. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Prior to initiating secukinumab, complete all age appropriate immunizations; non-live vaccinations received during treatment with secukinumab may not elicit an immune response sufficient to prevent disease.

  • siponimod

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)siponimod decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by immunosuppressive effects; risk of infection. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Pause vaccinations beginning 1 week before initiating siponimod and for 4 weeks after stopping treatment. Coadministration with live attenuated vaccines may increase infection risk.

  • sirolimus

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)sirolimus decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Immunosuppressants also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • tacrolimus

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)tacrolimus decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Immunosuppressants also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • temsirolimus

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)temsirolimus decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Immunosuppressants also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension

    Serious – Use Alternative (1)triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Contraindicated. Corticosteroids also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines.

  • ustekinumab

    Monitor Closely (1)ustekinumab decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Inactivated vaccinations administered during ustekinumab treatment may not elicit an immune response sufficient to prevent disease.

  • voclosporin

    Monitor Closely (1)voclosporin decreases effects of pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent by immunosuppressive effects; risk of infection. Modify Therapy/Monitor Closely. Inactivated vaccines noted to be safe for administration may not be sufficiently immunogenic during treatment.

  • zoster vaccine live

    Contraindicated (1)pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent decreases effects of zoster vaccine live by Other (see comment). Contraindicated.
    Comment: Reduced immune response to zoster vaccine live as measured by gpELISA when coadministered with pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent compared with those who received the vaccines 4 weeks apart.

  • zoster vaccine recombinant

    Monitor Closely (1)pneumococcal vaccine polyvalent decreases effects of zoster vaccine recombinant by pharmacodynamic antagonism. Use Caution/Monitor. Immunosuppressive therapies may reduce the effectiveness of zoster vaccine recombinant.

  • Efficacy and effectiveness of a 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine against invasive and noninvasive pneumococcal disease and related outcomes: a review of available evidence

    . 2021 Mar;20(3):243-256.

    doi: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1880328.

    Epub 2021 Feb 20.

    Affiliations

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    Affiliations

    • 1 Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
    • 2 Merck & Co. , Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA.
    • 3 Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Medicine, Mucosal Immunology Research Group, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.

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    Michael S Niederman et al.

    Expert Rev Vaccines.

    2021 Mar.

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    AbstractPubMedPMID

    . 2021 Mar;20(3):243-256.

    doi: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1880328.

    Epub 2021 Feb 20.

    Affiliations

    • 1 Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
    • 2 Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA.
    • 3 Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Medicine, Mucosal Immunology Research Group, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.

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    AbstractPubMedPMID

    Abstract

    Introduction: Routine pneumococcal vaccination for adults aged ≥60 or ≥65 years and those with underlying at-risk and high-risk conditions is recommended in many countries. However, studies estimating the effectiveness of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) have revealed mixed results, partly due to variability in study design and endpoints used to assess outcomes.Areas covered: The authors conducted a literature review of independently randomized trials and real-world studies published from 2010 to 2020 that assessed the effectiveness and efficacy of PPSV23 against vaccine-type or any-serotype invasive and noninvasive pneumococcal disease in adults aged ≥60 years. The authors also evaluated differences in study design that may contribute to the heterogeneity of available evidence.Expert opinion: Policy decisions regarding the inclusion of vaccines into national immunization plans should consider study quality and limitations. This review shows that PPSV23 is effective against vaccine-type invasive pneumococcal disease and vaccine-type pneumococcal pneumonia and can lower the burden of vaccine-type pneumococcal pneumonia. PPSV23-conferred protection may be lower in adults aged ≥75 years, those with certain underlying conditions, and individuals who were vaccinated >5 years before disease onset. This is an important finding that supports the benefit of PPSV23 vaccination for older adults.


    Keywords:

    23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine; at-risk; high-risk; invasive pneumococcal disease; older adults; pneumococcal pneumonia; review.

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    U.S. FDA Approves PREVNAR 20™, Pfizer’s Pneumococcal 20-valent Conjugate Vaccine for Adults Ages 18 Years or Older

    • First approval of a conjugate vaccine that helps protect against 20 serotypes responsible for the majority of invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumonia,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 including seven responsible for 40% of pneumococcal disease cases and deaths in the U.S.
    • Helps protect against more serotypes of pneumococcal disease than any other conjugate vaccine
    • Builds on Pfizer’s more than 20-year legacy and innovation in developing pneumococcal conjugate vaccines

    NEW YORK–(BUSINESS WIRE)–
    Pfizer Inc. (NYSE:PFE) announced today that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved PREVNAR 20 (Pneumococcal 20-valent Conjugate Vaccine) for the prevention of invasive disease and pneumonia caused by the 20 Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) serotypes in the vaccine in adults ages 18 years and older. Following today’s FDA approval, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) is expected to meet in October to discuss and update recommendations on the safe and appropriate use of pneumococcal vaccines in adults.

    PREVNAR 20 includes capsular polysaccharide conjugates for the 13 serotypes (1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F and 23F) already included in Prevnar 13® (Pneumococcal 13-valent Conjugate Vaccine [Diphtheria CRM197 Protein]). The vaccine also contains capsular polysaccharide conjugates for seven additional serotypes (8, 10A, 11A, 12F, 15B, 22F and 33F) that cause invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD),8,9,10,11,12 and have been associated with high case-fatality rates,13,14,15,16 antibiotic resistance,4,17,18 and/or meningitis.19,20

    “Today’s approval of PREVNAR 20 marks a significant step forward in our ongoing fight to help address the burden of pneumococcal disease, including pneumonia in adults, and broadens global protection against more disease-causing serotypes than any other pneumococcal conjugate vaccines,” said Kathrin U. Jansen, Ph.D., Senior Vice President and Head of Vaccine Research & Development, Pfizer. “With a single injection, PREVNAR 20 provides adults with strong and meaningful protection against serotypes responsible for the majority of circulating pneumococcal disease around the world.”

    In the United States, more than half of all cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) – which include bacteremia and meningitis – in adults ages 65 or older are due to the 20 serotypes in PREVNAR 20.21 In the United States, these 20 serotypes are estimated to cause up to 250,000 cases of IPD (including bacteremia and meningitis) and community-acquired pneumonia and more than 10,000 deaths in adults ages 18 or older.22 Overall, the seven additional serotypes in PREVNAR 20 account for approximately 40 percent of all pneumococcal disease cases and deaths in the U.S.23

    “Adult vaccinations play a pivotal role in helping protect our health and wellness, especially as we age and our immune systems begin to naturally weaken,” said Jane Barratt, Ph.D., Secretary General, International Federation on Ageing (IFA). “We are delighted with today’s approval as it addresses a critical need to continually expand coverage to meet the changing burden of disease. We encourage all adults to speak with their healthcare professionals about vaccinations.”

    The FDA’s decision is based on evidence from Pfizer’s clinical program in adults, including Phase 1 and 2 trials, and three Phase 3 trials (NCT03760146, NCT03828617, and NCT03835975) describing the safety and evaluating the immunogenicity of the vaccine. More than 6,000 adult subjects 18 years and older participated in the three Phase 3 trials, including adults 65 years of age and older, vaccine-naïve adults, and adults with prior pneumococcal vaccination.23,24

    “PREVNAR 20 builds on Pfizer’s legacy of more than two decades of experience in developing and supplying innovative pneumococcal conjugate vaccines that have had a tangible impact on global disease burden,” said Nanette Cocero, Ph.D., Global President of Pfizer Vaccines. “We are thrilled with this approval as it furthers our mission to expand protection against disease-causing bacteria serotypes to help prevent potentially serious respiratory infections like pneumococcal pneumonia throughout the year.”

    About 20-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Regulatory Review

    On September 20, 2018, Pfizer announced the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted Breakthrough Therapy Designation for PREVNAR 20 for the prevention of invasive disease and pneumonia in adults age 18 years or older. Breakthrough Therapy Designation is designed to expedite the development and review of drugs and vaccines that are intended to treat or prevent serious conditions and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug or vaccine may demonstrate substantial improvement over available therapy on a clinically significant endpoint(s).25 Drugs and vaccines that receive Breakthrough Therapy Designation are eligible for all features of the FDA’s Fast Track designation, which may include more frequent communication with the FDA about the drug’s development plan and eligibility for Accelerated Approval and Priority Review, if relevant criteria are met.26

    The FDA previously granted Fast Track designation for PREVNAR 20 in September 2017 for use in adults aged 18 years or older.27 The FDA’s Fast Track approach is a process designed to facilitate the development and expedite the review of new drugs and vaccines intended to treat or prevent serious conditions and address an unmet medical need.25

    On February 26, 2021, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) accepted for review Pfizer’s Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) for the 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine candidate, as submitted for the prevention of invasive disease and pneumonia caused by S. pneumoniae serotypes in the vaccine in adults ages 18 years and older. The formal review process by the EMA’s Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) currently is ongoing.

    INDICATIONS FOR PREVNAR 20

    • PREVNAR 20 is a vaccine indicated for active immunization for the prevention of pneumonia and invasive disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 8, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 18C, 19A, 19F, 22F, 23F, and 33F in adults 18 years of age and older
    • The indication for preventing pneumonia caused by S. pneumoniae serotypes 8, 10A, 11A, 12F, 15B, 22F, and 33F is approved based on immune responses. Continued approval may depend on a supportive study.

    U.S. IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION

    • PREVNAR 20 should not be given to anyone with a history of severe allergic reaction to any component of PREVNAR 20 or to diphtheria toxoid
    • Adults with weakened immune systems may have a lower response to PREVNAR 20. Safety data are not available for these groups. Your healthcare provider can tell you if PREVNAR 20 is right for you
    • In adults 18 years of age and older, the most common side effects were pain at the injection site, muscle pain, fatigue, headache, and joint pain. Additionally, injection site swelling was also common in adults 18 through 59 years of age
    • Ask your healthcare provider about the risks and benefits of PREVNAR 20. Only a healthcare provider can decide if PREVNAR 20 is right for you

    Please see full prescribing information for PREVNAR 20,

    INDICATIONS FOR PREVNAR 13® IN ADULTS

    • Prevnar 13® is a vaccine indicated for active immunization for the prevention of pneumonia and invasive disease caused by S. pneumoniae serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, and 23F in adults 18 years of age and older
    • Prevnar 13® is not 100% effective and will only help protect against the 13 strains included in the vaccine

    U.S. IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION

    • Prevnar 13® should not be given to anyone with a history of severe allergic reaction to any component of Prevnar 13® or any diphtheria toxoid–containing vaccine
    • Adults with weakened immune systems (eg, HIV infection, leukemia) may have a reduced immune response
    • In adults, the most common side effects were pain, redness, and swelling at the injection site, limitation of arm movement, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, joint pain, decreased appetite, vomiting, fever, chills, and rash
    • Ask your healthcare provider about the risks and benefits of Prevnar 13®. Only a healthcare provider can decide if Prevnar 13® is right for you

    Please see full prescribing information for PREVNAR 13®.

    About Pfizer: Breakthroughs That Change Patients’ Lives

    At Pfizer, we apply science and our global resources to bring therapies to people that extend and significantly improve their lives. We strive to set the standard for quality, safety and value in the discovery, development and manufacture of health care products, including innovative medicines and vaccines. Every day, Pfizer colleagues work across developed and emerging markets to advance wellness, prevention, treatments and cures that challenge the most feared diseases of our time. Consistent with our responsibility as one of the world’s premier innovative biopharmaceutical companies, we collaborate with health care providers, governments and local communities to support and expand access to reliable, affordable health care around the world. For more than 170 years, we have worked to make a difference for all who rely on us. We routinely post information that may be important to investors on our website at www.Pfizer.com. In addition, to learn more, please visit us on www.Pfizer.com and follow us on Twitter at @Pfizer and @Pfizer News, LinkedIn, YouTube and like us on Facebook at Facebook.com/Pfizer.

    DISCLOSURE NOTICE:

    The information contained in this release is as of June 8, 2021. Pfizer assumes no obligation to update forward-looking statements contained in this release as the result of new information or future events or developments.

    This release contains forward-looking information about PREVNAR 20™ (Pneumococcal 20-valent Conjugate Vaccine [Diphtheria CRM197 Protein]), including an approval in the U.S. and an MAA filed in the European Union for the prevention of invasive disease and pneumonia caused by the 20 Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) serotypes in the vaccine in adults age 18 years or older, and its potential benefits, that involves substantial risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such statements. Risks and uncertainties include, among other things, uncertainties regarding the commercial success of PREVNAR 20; the uncertainties inherent in research and development, including the ability to meet anticipated clinical endpoints, commencement and/or completion dates for our clinical trials, regulatory submission dates, regulatory approval dates and/or launch dates, as well as the possibility of unfavorable new clinical data and further analyses of existing clinical data; the risk that clinical trial data are subject to differing interpretations and assessments by regulatory authorities; whether regulatory authorities will be satisfied with the design of and results from our clinical studies; whether and when any biologics license applications may be filed in any other jurisdictions for PREVNAR 20 for the prevention of invasive disease and pneumonia in adults age 18 years or older and in any jurisdictions for any other potential indications; whether and when the MAA pending in the EU may be approved and whether and when any such other applications that may be pending or filed may be approved by regulatory authorities, which will depend on myriad factors, including making a determination as to whether the product’s benefits outweigh its known risks and determination of the product’s efficacy and, if approved, whether PREVNAR 20 will be commercially successful; decisions by regulatory authorities impacting labeling, manufacturing processes, safety and/or other matters that could affect the availability or commercial potential of PREVNAR 20; uncertainties regarding the ability to obtain recommendations from vaccine advisory or technical committees and other public health authorities regarding PREVNAR 20 and uncertainties regarding the commercial impact of any such recommendations; the impact of COVID-19 on our business, operations and financial results; and competitive developments.

    A further description of risks and uncertainties can be found in Pfizer’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 and in its subsequent reports on Form 10-Q, including in the sections thereof captioned “Risk Factors” and “Forward-Looking Information and Factors That May Affect Future Results”, as well as in its subsequent reports on Form 8-K, all of which are filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and available at www.sec.gov and www.pfizer.com.


    1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Active Bacterial Core (ABCs) surveillance. National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. Atlanta, GA.

    2 Ladhani, SN, Collins S, Djennad A, et al. Rapid increase in non-vaccine serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease in England and Wales, 2000–17: a prospective national observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(4):441-451.

    3 Menéndez R, España PP, Pérez-Trallero E, et al. The burden of PCV13 serotypes in hospitalized pneumococcal pneumonia in Spain using a novel urinary antigen detection test. CAPA study. Vaccine. 2017;35(39):5264-5270.

    4 Azzari C, Cortimiglia M, Nieddu F, et al. Pneumococcal serotype distribution in adults with invasive disease and in carrier children in Italy: Should we expect herd protection of adults through infants’ vaccination? Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016;12(2):344-350.

    5 Pivlishi T. Impact of PCV13 on invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) burden and the serotype distribution in the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. October 24th, 2018.

    6 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Invasive pneumococcal disease. In: ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2016. Stockholm: ECDC; 2018.

    7 Beall B, Chochua S, Gertz RE Jr, et al. A population-based descriptive atlas of invasive pneumococcal strains recovered within the U.S. during 2015-2016. Front Microbiol. 2018;19(9).

    8 Baisells E, Guillot L, Nair H, et al. Serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive disease in children in the post-PCV era: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PlosOne. 2017;12(5): e0177113.

    9 Hausdorff W & Hanage W. Interim results of an ecological experiment – Conjugate Vaccination against the pneumococcus and serotype replacement. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016;12(2):358-374.

    10 Cohen R, Cohen J, Chalumeau M, et al. Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for children in high- and non-high income countries. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2017;16(6):625-640.

    11 Moore M, Link-Gelles R, Schaffner W, et al. Effect of use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children on invasive pneumococcal disease in children and adults in the USA: analysis of multisite, population-based surveillance. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(3):301-309.

    12 Metcalf B, Gertz RE, Gladstone RA, et al. Strain features and distributions in pneumococci from children with invasive disease before and after 13-valent conjugate vaccine implementation in the USA. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22(1):60. e9-60. e29.

    13 Oligbu G, Collins S, Sheppard CL, et al. Childhood Deaths Attributable to Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in England and Wales, 2006–2014. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65(2):308-314.

    14 van Hoek, Andrews N, Waight PA, et al. Effect of Serotype on Focus and Mortality of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease: Coverage of Different Vaccines and Insight into Non-Vaccine Serotypes. PlosOne. 2012;7(7): e39150.

    15 Stanek R, Norton N, Mufson M. A 32-Years Study of the Impact of Pneumococcal Vaccines on Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae Disease. Am J Med Sci. 2016;352(6):563-573.

    16 Harboe ZB, Thomsen RW, Riis A, et al. Pneumococcal Serotypes and Mortality following Invasive Pneumococcal Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study. PlosOne. 2009;6(5): e 1000081.

    17 Tomczyk S, Lynfield R, Schaffner W, et al. Prevention of Antibiotic-Nonsusceptible Invasive Pneumococcal Disease With the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(9):1119-1125.

    18 Mendes RE, Hollingsworth RC, Costello A, et al. Noninvasive Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes Recovered from Hospitalized Adult Patients in the United States in 2009 to 2012. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(9):5595-5601.

    19 Olarte L, Barson WJ, Lin PL, et al. Impact of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal meningitis in US children. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(5):767-775.

    20 Thigpen MC, Whitney CG, Messonnier NE, et al. Bacterial Meningitis in the United States, 1998–2007. NEJM. 2011;364(21):2016-2025.

    21 Grant L, Slack M, Theilacker C, et. al. Coverage of Next Generational Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines for Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Older Adults of High-Income Countries. Abstract No. ISP20-612. Presented at ISPPD-12, Toronto, June 21-25, 2020.

    22 Perdrizet J, Chilson E, Wasserman M, et. al. Current and future pneumococcal conjugate vaccine serotype-specific burden in the United States adult population. Abstract No. ISP20-287 Presented at ISPPD-12, Toronto, June 21-25, 2020. Available at: https://cslide.ctimeetingtech.com/isppd20/attendee/confcal/presentation/list?q=Perdrizet

    23 Pfizer Inc. NCT03828617 Study Design. Available at www.clinicaltrials.gov under the identifier NCT03828617.

    24 Pfizer Inc. NCT03835975 Study Design. Available at www.clinicaltrials.gov under the identifier NCT03835975.

    25 U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Breakthrough Therapy https://www.fda.gov/forpatients/approvals/fast/ucm405397.htm

    26 U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Fast Track https://www.fda.gov/ForPatients/Approvals/Fast/ucm405399.htm

    27 Data on file. Pfizer Inc., New York, NY

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    Source: Pfizer Inc.

    Pneumococcal Vaccine Polyvalent (Intramuscular Route, Subcutaneous Route) Description and Brand Names

    Description and Brand Names

    Drug information provided by: IBM Micromedex

    US Brand Name

    1. Pneumovax 23
    2. Pnu-Imune 23

    Canadian Brand Name

    1. Prevnar

    Descriptions

    Pneumococcal polyvalent vaccine is an active immunizing agent used to prevent infection by pneumococcal bacteria. It works by causing your body to produce its own protection (antibodies) against the disease.

    The following information applies only to the polyvalent 23 pneumococcal vaccine. Other polyvalent pneumococcal vaccines may be available in countries other than the U.S.

    Pneumococcal infection can cause serious problems, such as pneumonia, which affects the lungs; meningitis, which affects the brain; bacteremia, which is a severe infection in the blood; and possibly death. These problems are more likely to occur in older adults and persons with certain diseases or conditions that make them more susceptible to a pneumococcal infection or more apt to develop serious problems from a pneumococcal infection.

    Unless otherwise contraindicated, immunization (vaccination) against pneumococcal disease is recommended for all adults and children 2 years of age and older, especially:


    • Older adults, especially those 65 years of age and older.

    • Adults and children 2 to 64 years of age with chronic illnesses.

    • Adults and children 2 to 64 years of age with sickle cell disease, those with spleen problems or without spleens, and those who are to have their spleens removed.

    • Adults and children 2 to 64 years of age who are at increased risk for pneumococcal disease because of another illness (e.g., heart disease, lung disease, asthma, diabetes, alcoholism, liver disease, or kidney disease). People who smoke cigarettes should also receive the vaccine.

    • Adults and children 2 to 64 years of age who are living in special environments or social settings (e.g., Alaskan Natives and certain American Indian populations), and residents of nursing homes and other long-term-care facilities.

    • Adults and children 2 to 64 years of age with decreased disease-fighting ability (e.g., those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, organ or bone marrow transplantations, and cancer).

    Immunization (vaccination) against pneumococcal infection is not recommended for infants and children younger than 2 years of age, because these persons cannot produce enough antibodies to the vaccine to protect them against a pneumococcal infection.

    This vaccine is to be administered only by or under the supervision of your doctor or other health care professional.

    This product is available in the following dosage forms:

    Portions of this document last updated: Sept. 01, 2021

    Copyright © 2021 IBM Watson Health. All rights reserved. Information is for End User’s use only and may not be sold, redistributed or otherwise used for commercial purposes.


    .

    Effectiveness of a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for the prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia in the elderly with chronic respiratory diseases: a case–control study of a single center | BMC Pulmonary Medicine

    Study design and population

    This study was a retrospective case–control design. The target population was defined as outpatients aged ≥ 65 years, with chronic respiratory diseases, treated between 2015 and 2017 in the respiratory department of Shizuoka General Hospital. From this sample, the case and control groups consisted of patients with and without pneumococcal pneumonia, respectively. Patients who had been vaccinated with PCV13 were excluded.

    Diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia

    Respiratory physicians diagnosed pneumonia based on clinical findings such as fever, hypothermia, chills, cough, sputum production, pleuritic chest pain, fatigue, tachypnea, white blood cell count > 9300, or < 4000 cells/mm3, and new pulmonary infiltrates on chest radiography [2]. In this study, all patients with pneumonia met these criteria. Pneumococcal pneumonia was diagnosed based on the positive results of urine pneumococcal antigen and sputum culture, but a negative blood culture for pneumococcus.

    Definitions

    The chronic respiratory diseases in this study included lung cancer, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis (NTM), pulmonary tuberculosis, and others. The history of PPSV23 vaccination was obtained from medical records and declarations by patients or their families. Patients were considered vaccinated when they had received the PPSV23 within five years prior to the diagnosis of pneumonia. Patients without medical records or whose families had no knowledge of their vaccination statuses were considered unvaccinated.

    Statistical analysis

    The chi-squared tests for categorical variables and t-tests for continuous variables were used in comparing both groups. To evaluate the effectiveness of the PPSV23, we performed a logistic regression analysis, and then the odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI), and p value (based on Wald test) were calculated. The adjusted OR was estimated by the quantile stratification method of propensity scores. The propensity score was estimated using multivariate logistic regression models with potential confounders as covariates, which included all variables of Table 1. We also made two subsets: those ≥ 70 years, and ≥ 75 years, and compared their adjusted ORs with that in all patients. As a sensitivity analysis, we estimated double-robust adjusted OR in case–control studies under causal inference [9], and we confirmed whether the point estimation of OR, as mentioned above, was overestimating the effect.

    Table 1 Characteristics of patients with and without pneumococcal pneumonia

    To confirm the efficacy of the vaccine for each age group (65 to < 70 years, 70 to < 75 years, and ≥ 75 years), crude ORs, ORs adjusted for risk factors, and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Risk factors for pneumococcal pneumonia were identified as follows. Variables for which the p value of the comparison test between the case and control groups was less than 0.05 were considered as candidate risk factors, and these variables were entered into a multivariate logistic regression model. In this multivariate model, variables with p values less than 0.05 were identified as risk factors. Furthermore, to extract variables containing different categories of pneumococcal pneumonia proportions in different age groups, an interaction term test using a logistic regression model was performed.

    A p value of < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).

    Pneumococcus Vaccine – an overview

    Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine

    Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in which pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide is covalently linked to protein carriers have been developed. A 7-valent conjugate vaccine covalently linked to CRM protein (PCV7; Prevnar; Wyeth Lederle Vaccines, St. David’s, PA) was first licensed for use in infants and young children in 2000. The seven polysaccharide types included in the licensed vaccine accounted for 80% of invasive infections in children younger than 6 years in the United States.196 In a prelicensure efficacy trial in northern California, the efficacy of the conjugate vaccine was 97% against invasive disease caused by serotypes in the vaccine.197 The vaccine was also effective in prevention of pneumonia, with the greatest impact in the first year of life, with a 32% reduction,197 and in prevention of acute otitis media caused by serotypes of pneumococcus included in the vaccine.198 Efficacy against invasive pneumococcal disease has been demonstrated in Native American children, a population at increased risk for disease.198 In February 2010, a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine with polysaccharides linked to CRM was licensed in children, and contains the seven serotypes in PCV7 with six additional serotypes. Among infants receiving the three-dose primary infant series, responses to 10 of the PCV13 serotypes met the prespecified primary end-point criterion (percentage of subjects achieving an IgG seroresponse of ≥0.35 µg/mL 1 month after the third dose). Responses to serotypes 6B and 9V (contained in both vaccines) and new serotype 3 (only contained in PCV13) did not meet this criterion. For serotypes 6B and 9V, however, the differences were small.199

    Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is administered as a four-dose series, with doses at 2, 4, and 6 months of age, followed by a booster dose at 12 to 15 months of age.198 The vaccine is recommended for all children younger than 2 years, as well as children 24 to 59 months of age. Children 24 to 59 months of age who have not been vaccinated or completed the recommended schedule should receive one dose.200 Children 24 to 59 months of age who are not vaccinated should receive two doses if they have high-risk conditions, such as immunosup­pression, renal failure/nephrotic syndrome, functional or anatomic asplenia, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, or cochlear implants. Healthy children who have received a complete series of PCV7 should receive a supplemental dose of PCV13 until the age of 59 months. For children with high-risk conditions, such as chronic cardiac or pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic liver disease, current smoking, sickle cell disease, congenital or acquired asplenia, HIV infection, congenital immunodeficiencies, renal failure and nephrotic syndrome, diseases associated with immunosuppressive therapy or radiation therapy, CSF leaks, or cochlear implants, the supplemental dose should be given through 71 months of age. A subset of these risk conditions are considered extremely high risk for invasive pneumococcal disease; these include sickle cell disease, congenital or acquired asplenia, HIV infection, congenital immunodeficiencies, renal failure and nephrotic syndrome, diseases associated with immunosuppressive therapy or radiation therapy, cerebrospinal fluid leaks, or cochlear implants Children 24 to 71 months of age with any of these conditions should receive two doses of PCV13 vaccine if they have received less than three doses of PCV before 24 months of age. Children in this extremely high-risk group between the ages of 6 years and 18 years should receive a dose of PCV13 vaccine if they have received no prior doses of PCV13.195,196,201

    The primary series of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, administered simultaneously with other recommended childhood vaccines, is associated with an increased incidence of fever 100.4° F or higher within 48 hours of vaccination.196

    Widespread use of the conjugate vaccine has resulted in dramatic decreases in disease incidence among young children for whom the vaccine is recommended. In addition, decreases in disease incidence have also been observed among adults, which may be due to decreased transmission of pneumococci from children to adults.202 Decreases in disease are not restricted to invasive pneumococcal disease but also to pneumonia as well.203 Surveillance of pneumococcal disease to date has revealed some evidence of serotype replacement by serotypes not contained in the vaccine, but in most studies, such replacement has been far outweighed by the reduction in disease caused by serotypes in the vaccine.203-205

    Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was licensed for adults 50 years and older in 2011 and is now recommended for all adults with immunosuppression, renal failure/nephrotic syndrome, functional or anatomic asplenia, CSF leak, or cochlear implants because of their increased risk of disease caused by PCV13 serotypes.206 Adults with these risk factors also are recommended to receive PPSV23. They should receive PCV13 first, followed by a dose of PPSV23 8 weeks later. If an adult has received a dose of PPSV23, administering the dose of PCV13 that follows should be at an interval of 1 year because of concerns of hyporesponsiveness to the dose of PCV13 caused by the previous dose of PPSV23. As of September 2013, PCV13 is not routinely recommended for adults 65 years and older because PPSV23 is recommended. ACIP limited its recommendation to high-risk persons 19 years and older because data were most favorable for effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in immunocompromised persons and because the potential that universal use of the vaccine in children will minimize adult burden from the serotypes in the vaccine through herd protection. There was also expectation that efficacy data should become available soon from an ongoing placebo-controlled trial in the Netherlands. As this information becomes available, there may be changes in the current recommendations.

    90,000 Pneumococcal infection – get vaccinated in Moscow at the Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences

    Pneumococcus (Streptococcus pneumoniae) is one of the common bacterial agents responsible for the development of otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis.

    More than 90 varieties of pneumococci are known, of which 23 serotypes are dangerous to humans, the most invasive of which 13 strains are included in the vaccines used.

    Severe, life-threatening, clinical forms of pneumococcal infection – pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, arthritis, carditis.

    Mild diseases of pneumococcal causes, while often occurring – carriage, tonsillitis, otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis.

    More than 10% of pneumococci are resistant to antibiotics, it is these microbes that cause the development of chronic forms of diseases, cases of disability and death.

    Among those at risk of developing a severe course of pneumococcal infection :

    • Children under 5 years of age, especially infants 2 years of age
    • Premature babies and infants with intrauterine pneumonia
    • Frequently ill children and adults
    • Children and adults with chronic tonsillitis, recurrent sinusitis, otitis media, bronchitis
    • Children and adults suffering from bronchial asthma, cardiovascular diseases, asplenia, immunosuppression
    • After suffering pneumonia, influenza
    • Seniors

    The best protection is vaccination, regardless of age, i.e.to even a postponed pneumococcal infection develops immunity only to 1 serotype of pneumococcus, but will not protect against another.

    Vaccination is one of the main preventive measures .

    Be healthy!

    Prevenar 13 is a conjugate vaccine containing 13 serotypes of the most invasive pneumococcal serotypes. Applies from 2 months. life, according to the scheme depending on the age of initiation of vaccination. Safe, i.e.k does not contain pneumococci themselves, but only their particles. Develops strong long-term immunity.

    Pneumovax 23 is a polysaccharide vaccine containing 23 pneumococcal serotypes. Children from 2 years of age and adults from risk groups are shown ADDITIONALLY, after the administration of the conjugate vaccine, to expand the spectrum of protection against other pneumococcal serotypes, immunity is not stable up to 3-5 years.

    Vaccination against pneumococcal infection | Ministry of Health of the Chuvash Republic

    At 2 months of age, children begin to vaccinate against pneumococcal infection.

    Pneumococcal infections – a group of diseases manifested by purulent-inflammatory changes in the lungs (pneumonia), in the central nervous system (purulent meningitis), in the heart (endocarditis), joints (osteomyelitis, purulent arthritis), etc. Middle ear infections, sinusitis and bronchitis are less severe manifestations of pneumococcal infection, but their frequency is much higher.

    Pneumococcal disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide.According to WHO estimates, the number of deaths due to pneumococcal infection is highest in children under the age of 5 years. The majority of deaths occur in developing countries and are mainly in children under 2 years of age. In Europe and the United States, S. pneumoniae is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in adults. In these regions of the world, the annual incidence of pneumococcal disease ranges from 10 to 100 cases per 100,000 inhabitants.

    The frequency and severity of pneumococcal infection are greatest in the presence of predisposing factors, such as immune deficiency, severe forms of anemia, condition after removal of the spleen, HIV infection, etc.

    The causative agents of infection are pneumococci. The source of infection is always a sick person or a carrier of pneumococcus. Pneumococci are common inhabitants of the human upper respiratory tract, i.e. are conditionally pathogenic microorganisms.

    Vaccination was added to the National Calendar in 2014 also because the resistance of microbes to antibacterial therapy is growing all over the world.

    Vaccination is also indicated for children and adults, often suffering from acute respiratory viral infections, pneumonia, otitis media, persons with bronchial asthma, diabetes mellitus, conscripts.

    Vaccination against pneumococcal infection

    In Russia, two types of pneumococcal vaccines are registered and are mainly used :

    • 13-valent conjugate vaccine Prevenar (Pfizer, USA), protects against the most severe forms of infection in infants;
    • polysaccharide vaccine Pneumo 23 (Sanofi, France) – administered as needed to enhance protection.

    The vaccine is injected intramuscularly into the anterolateral surface of the thigh in infants, and for children over 3 years of age and adults – the deltoid muscle.

    Vaccines are low-reactogenic, but with high immunogenicity.

    Prevenar vaccine can be administered to all children from 2 months of age, Pneumo 23 vaccine – only from 2 years of age.

    Age

    First vaccine

    2 months

    Second vaccination

    4.5 months

    Revaccination

    15 months

    There are no contraindications to vaccination.

    Temporary contraindication – acute illness, after which the vaccine can be administered.

    90,000 Pneumococcal vaccination during pregnancy to prevent infection in infants

    There is insufficient evidence to assess whether pneumococcal vaccination during pregnancy can prevent infections in infants.

    Although the incidence of invasive pneumococcal infections varies from country to country, the incidence of serious illness or death is high in children with this infection.Microorganism (bacteria) Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) colonizes the upper respiratory tract and can cause bacteremia (bacteria in the blood), meningitis, pneumonia, and other lower respiratory tract infections, as well as upper respiratory tract infections, including otitis media and sinusitis. Neonatal vaccination regimens that include three primary doses with a booster dose may reduce the sequelae of pneumococcal disease in immunized [vaccinated] children, but these vaccinations [vaccinations] have no protective effect in infants less than three months of age.Immunizing mothers against pneumococcus during pregnancy may be one way to prevent pneumococcal infection in infants during the first months of life. We included seven randomized controlled trials. A total of 919 pregnant women participated in six randomized controlled trials, data from which were included in this review. These trials compared a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine with a control vaccine. All women received a single injection of pneumococcal or control vaccine.On average, the duration of pregnancy in women at the time of immunization / vaccination was between 27 and 38 weeks, where indicated. Only two trials including 241 pregnancies reported infections in neonates. There was not enough information to say whether vaccination against pneumococcal infection during pregnancy leads to a decrease in infections in infants. Two trials involving 146 pregnancies reported nasal [nasal] carriage of pneumococci (pneumococcal colonization), which was insufficient evidence to show a colonization-reducing effect at two to three months of age or at six to seven months of age.The included trials were of acceptable quality. There was no difference between the pneumococcal and control vaccine groups for pain at the injection site. No serious adverse events were reported in these trials.

    Pneumococcus – State Budgetary Healthcare Institution “Svetloyarsk Central District Hospital”

    Pneumococcus: what is it? Vaccination against pneumococcus.

    Each of us is exposed to infections, viruses and bacteria on a daily basis, which pose a serious threat to health.One of these bacteria is called pneumococcus, and it is especially dangerous for young children. Since this microorganism is quite specific and has a high resistance to medicines, in particular to antibiotics, one of the ways to protect yourself from it is vaccination.
    Pneumococcus is the most common cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections, sepsis and meningitis in children!

    What is pneumococcal infection?
    Pneumococcal infection is a term used to combine infections caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae.These infections include pneumonia (pneumonia), purulent meningitis, blood poisoning (sepsis), otitis media, etc.

    How does the infection occur?
    Bacteria spread by coughing, sneezing or close contact between people, as well as by contact with objects that have come into contact with saliva (spoons, cups, toys). The danger of getting sick exists all year round. Children can easily get the bacteria from carriers of adults, whose immunity is easier to cope with pneumococcus, or from other children in the family or children’s team.Pneumococcus enters the child’s nasopharynx and can remain there for a long time without causing harm. This period is called the carrier of the infection. In this case, the child can become a source of infection for family members, especially for the elderly. The level of carriage of pneumococci in children is most often observed at the age of 4-5 years (up to 90% of cases). The maximum level of carriage is observed in organized collectives – children’s homes, orphanages (up to 86%), kindergartens (up to 72%). Under the influence of adverse factors, pneumococcus can suddenly cause inflammation of the lungs, or enter the bloodstream and cause sepsis (blood poisoning) or reach various organs, including the brain (meningitis), heart (endocarditis).

    In case of suspected pneumococcal infection, it is recommended to take care of the protection of the entire family. Vaccination with a 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine is recommended from 2 years of age.

    Clinical forms of pneumococcal infection in children:
    – meningitis (mortality rate up to 20%)
    – arthritis
    – peritonitis
    – sepsis (mortality rate up to 20%)
    – acute otitis media (up to 60% among all cases of acute otitis media)
    – bronchitis
    – pneumonia (up to 76% of all community-acquired pneumonia)

    What are the symptoms of pneumococcal infection in the lungs (pneumonia, pneumonia) ? 90 130 – High temperature 90 130 – Cough 90 130 – Chills 90 130 – Difficulty breathing 90 130 – Chest pain 90 130 – Confusion of consciousness

    What are the symptoms of a pneumococcal infection in the membranes of the brain (meningitis)?
    – Severe headache
    – Stiff neck
    – High temperature
    – Confusion
    – Light sensitivity

    See a doctor immediately if you or your child experiences any of the above symptoms!

    Who is at risk?
    Anyone can get pneumococcal disease, but the risk is especially high in children.The risk group includes: 90 130 – children under 2 years old 90 130 – premature babies 90 130 – artificially fed babies 90 130 – children who have recently had an infectious ear inflammation 90 130 – children who have recently received a course of antibiotics 90 130 – children from families with more than one living child 90 130 – children living in unfavorable social conditions 90 130 – healthy children attending kindergartens, schools, boarding schools, as well as children with one or more diseases: 90 130 – chronic lung diseases, including chronic bronchitis 90 130 – bronchial asthma 90 130 – atopic dermatitis 90 130 – chronic diseases of the heart and blood vessels 90 130 – chronic liver diseases 90 130 – chronic renal failure 90 130 – nephrotic syndrome 90 130 – diabetes mellitus 90 130 – leakage of cerebrospinal fluid 90 130 – immunodeficiencies

    Among adults, the risk group includes persons over 65 years of age, weakened or often hospitalized (patients with diabetes, chronic bronchitis, respiratory and heart failure), persons with chronic diseases of the cardiovascular, respiratory and endocrine systems, persons with alcohol or tobacco dependence, persons with a weakened immune system (those who have undergone splenectomy or those who are planned to undergo splenectomy, suffering from sickle cell anemia, having nephrotic syndrome, undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, HIV-infected, suffering from oncohematological diseases), persons with cerebrospinal fluid leakage, organized teams, sanitary and epidemiological which for pneumonia is assessed as unfavorable, including the military.

    Parents and elderly family members who often come into contact with a child with pneumococci are also at increased risk.

    How to protect yourself from pneumococcal infection?
    All children over 2 years of age from risk groups are recommended to be vaccinated against pneumococcal infection with the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine, which prevents severe pneumococcal pneumonia, sepsis and purulent meningitis. For children from 2 months to 5 years, the pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugated 13-valent adsorbed vaccine is recommended.

    Can adverse reactions occur after vaccination?
    As a rule, vaccination proceeds without adverse reactions. In rare cases, some people may have a brief fever or mild soreness, redness and swelling at the injection site. This is not dangerous at all, is a normal reaction to the vaccine and goes away on its own within 24 hours.

    Can the vaccine cause pneumococcal infection?
    No, that’s impossible. The vaccine does not contain live bacteria and is produced in accordance with strict quality standards (GMP, FDA).Vyktsina also meets the requirements of domestic standards.

    Is the vaccine safe?
    Possessing high safety, the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is recommended:
    – by the Ministry of Health and Social Development
    – by Rospotrebnadzor
    – by the Russian Respiratory Society
    – by the Union of Pediatricians of Russia
    – by the World Health Organization

    Most children over 2 years of age need vaccination against pneumococcal infection only once in a lifetime.

    Is it enough to vaccinate the child alone, or is the vaccination required for the whole family?
    People living in families with young children (especially the elderly) are at increased risk of developing pneumococcal disease. Especially often asymptomatic carriers of pneumococci are preschool children, who become a source of infection for adults living with them.

    In autumn, the vaccination against pneumococcal infection can be done on the same day as the flu vaccine (in different parts of the body).

    At what age can the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine be used?
    The vaccine is indicated from 2 years of age. Further, there are no age restrictions for use.

    Contraindications to the use of Prevenar vaccine:
    • acute infectious and non-infectious diseases, exacerbations of chronic diseases;
    • hypersensitivity to the previous administration of the drug;
    • hypersensitivity to the components of the vaccine.

    Thus, now in Russia there is an opportunity to protect a child from a very common and serious infection from the first year, so that our children, communicating with their peers, are less sick.
    Be healthy!

    90,000 Pneumococcal infection

    General

    Diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. Pneumoniae or pneumococci) and pneumotropic infections are a major public health problem worldwide.
    According to statistics, up to 70% of all pneumonia, about 25% of otitis media, 5-15% of purulent meningitis, about 3% of endocarditis are caused by S.Pneumoniae. Pneumococcal infection is usually a complication of other infections. Examples are pneumococcal pneumonia, otitis media (otitis media) in children after or against the background of the flu, or measles, or any other respiratory viral infection.
    Pneumococcal infections are spread by airborne droplets, such as by coughing (especially through close contact). The source of infection can be a person without any clinical manifestations. Seasonality data for diseases caused by S.Pneumoniae are quite controversial. However, a number of authors note an increase in morbidity in the autumn – winter period, which is characteristic of a number of other pneumotropic infections.
    Children in the first years of life are the main carriers of pneumococci, infecting adults. With the usual frequency of carriage in adults of 5-7% among adults living with children, it reaches 30%.

    Probability of getting sick

    The highest incidence of severe pneumococcal infections is recorded in children under 5 years of age and among the elderly (over 65).Especially defenseless against pneumococcus are small children under 2 years old, whose body is not able to resist infection. For this age group, the most common cause of severe forms of pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis. Among the elderly, the most vulnerable are those who are constantly in special institutions for the care of the elderly.
    In addition, the risk groups for the incidence of pneumococcal infection include children and adults with chronic diseases of the cardiovascular, respiratory systems, diabetes mellitus, liver cirrhosis, chronic renal failure, Hodgkin’s disease; children and adults with oncohematological diseases; HIV-infected; children and adults with cerebrospinal fluid leakage; children and adults after cochlear implantation; children and adults with sickle cell disease; with anatomical asplenia, or planning or already undergoing spleen removal.This should also include the so-called “organized” contingents (children attending preschool institutions, students living in dormitories, military personnel, residents of disabled homes, prisoners and other adults and children in overcrowded conditions). The presence of bad habits (alcohol, smoking) is also a risk factor.

    Symptoms

    Symptoms of a pneumococcal infection that causes pneumonia include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Symptoms of pneumococcal purulent meningitis are stiff neck, severe headache, fever, confusion and disorientation, photophobia.The initial manifestations of pneumococcal bacteremia (blood poisoning, the most severe form with a mortality rate of up to 50%) may be similar to some of the symptoms of pneumonia and meningitis, and may include joint pain and chills.
    In this regard, doctors again and again warn about the dangers of self-medication! You cannot try to cope with the disease on your own, guided as a methodological guide by commercials of various drugs and their availability in pharmacy chains.

    Complications after a previous illness

    Pneumococcal meningitis is particularly severe, the frequency of which is about 8 per 100 thousand.children under 5 years old. On average, about 83.0% of cases are observed among children under the age of 2 years. Despite the fact that Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumococcus ranks third after Haemophilus influenzae type b (hemophilic infection type b) and Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcal infection) as the infectious agent responsible for the development of this disease, the prognosis for pneumococcal meningitis is much more serious. Complications in the form of mental retardation, impaired motor activity, epilepsy and deafness occur significantly more often than in the outcome of bacterial meningitis of a different etiology.
    Pneumonia caused by S. pneumoniae pneumococcus is more often complicated by empyema of the lungs (accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity, causing a decrease in the respiratory surface of the lung tissue), which is fatal (up to 2/3 of cases for empyema). In Russia, out of 500 thousand cases of pneumonia per year, 76% have pneumococcal etiology in adults and up to 90% in children under the age of 5 years. The frequency of pneumococcal pneumonia among children under 15 years old is 490 cases per 100 thousand, under the age of 4 years – 1060 cases per 100 thousand.
    Pneumococcal bacteremia in most cases (up to 80.0%) proceeds with symptoms of fever without a focus of infection. It is pneumococcal sepsis with the development of severe shock damage to organs that is the most severe and life-threatening form of pneumococcal infection.
    According to world statistics, the proportion of pneumococcal otitis media accounts for 28 to 55% of all reported cases. Pneumococcal otitis media is the most common cause of hearing loss in children.
    According to the WHO, pneumococcal infection is recognized as the most dangerous of all diseases preventable by vaccine prophylaxis and, before the introduction of universal vaccination, annually led to the death of 1.6 million people.people, of which from 0.7 to 1 million are children, which is 40% of the mortality rate of children in the first 5 years of life.

    Treatment

    The growing resistance (resistance) of pneumococcus to antibiotics is a global problem in the world, which means that antibiotic treatment of pneumococcal infection is often ineffective. The main factor in the development of antibiotic resistance of pneumococcus is the irrational use of antibacterial drugs.

    Effectiveness of vaccination

    According to WHO, world experience has shown that mass vaccination reduces the incidence of pneumococcal meningitis and severe pneumonia in children by more than 80.0%, and the incidence of all pneumonia and otitis media by more than a third.The carriage of pneumococci in children is reduced, respectively, and unvaccinated children and adults are less ill. The World Health Organization predicts that the global use of pneumococcal vaccination will prevent 5.4 to 7.7 million child deaths by 2030.
    Vaccination is the only highly effective way to significantly affect morbidity and mortality from pneumococcal infections and to reduce the level of antibiotic resistance of S. pneumoniae.With evidence of the safety and efficacy of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, WHO and UNICEF consider it necessary to include these vaccines for children in all national immunization programs. At the same time, it should be noted that the maximum protective effect is achieved with routine vaccination of all children under 2 years of age, and not only patients at risk.

    Vaccines

    Vaccination has been used to combat pneumococcal infections for over 30 years. Since 1981, the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine has been used.Since 2000, pneumococcal conjugate vaccines have been used in international practice for the immunization of pneumococcal infection in young children.
    To date, the following vaccines have been registered in Russia: two pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (1O-valent and 13-valent – PCV10 and PCV 13) and one polysaccharide 23-valent (PPV23). The latter is used in children over 2 years old and in adults. While conjugate vaccines are recommended for immunizing children from 2 months of age and adults aged 50 and over.
    In 2013, Prevenar13, 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, was awarded the Galen Prize for Best Biotechnology Product of the Year.

    Recent epidemics

    Most diseases are sporadic. Outbreaks of pneumococcal infection are uncommon, but can occur in closed communities such as nursing homes, day care centers, and other such settings. However, large outbreaks of meningitis have been reported in the African meningitis belt.

    Historical information and interesting facts

    Pneumococcus was identified quite a long time ago – in 1881, But vaccines began to be developed only in the second half of the XX century. The difficulty in creating such vaccines was and lies in the huge number of types of pneumococcus.

    90,000 what is, source of infection, pneumococcal vaccine

    The main source of pneumococcal infection is patients with acute infection and bacterial carriers of pneumococcus.According to various scientific data, such among the child contingent are up to 50% of young children, plus 20-25% among adults.

    The main method of infection with pneumococcus is close contact with a sick person, and during epidemic outbreaks, the role of airborne transmission increases. The peak incidence of pneumococcal infection occurs in the autumn-winter period.

    Pneumococcus vaccine: what causes pneumococcus?

    As a rule, clinical diseases caused by pneumococcal infection develop with violations of the body’s immunological resistance, for example, due to hypothermia, as well as against the background of chronic pathology (in children, this mainly means the pathology of ENT organs, adenoiditis, rhinosinusitis, etc.).etc.).

    In human carriers, pneumococcus can inhabit the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, without causing disease. This is due to the fact that under ordinary, “normal” conditions, bacterial reproduction is impeded by local factors of immunity, which include the tonsils of the pharyngeal ring, antimicrobial enzymes of saliva, the presence of secretory antibodies of the IgA class and neutrophils in the nasal and bronchial secretions, and other protective mechanisms.

    With severe hypothermia, depletion of immunity, pneumococci penetrate through the mucous membranes into the tissues, as well as down the respiratory tract, bypassing the weakened protective barriers.Pneumococcal bacteria secrete special aggressive enzymes (hemolysins, streptokinase, hyaluronidase, etc.), which increase the permeability of small vessels and capillaries. The result of this is edema and infiltration of lung tissue with fluid and shaped elements, that is, either a limited inflammatory focus is formed in the lung (focal bronchopneumonia), or the pathological process captures the entire lobe of the lung, then lobar pneumonia develops.

    Among other infectious diseases that pneumococcus causes, acute catarrhal and purulent otitis media are also distinguished, especially often occurring in children under 2 years of age, sinusitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, glomerulonephritis (inflammatory kidney disease), as well as such severe but relatively rare infections , like: meningitis, peritonitis, arthritis, polyarthritis, etc.

    Pneumococcal vaccine: which vaccine to choose?

    Currently, two main vaccines against pneumococcus have been successfully registered in the Russian Federation, and two main vaccines against pneumococcus have been widely used: Prevenar (made in the USA) and the vaccine Synflorix (made in Great Britain).

    Prevenar vaccine consists of seven active substances – polysaccharides of the pneumococcal cell wall, which are conjugated to a carrier protein – diphtheria toxoid, and adsorbed on an adjuvant – aluminum phosphate.

    The Sinflorix vaccine is already a 10-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (protects against 10 pneumococcal antigens), conjugated with the D-protein of Haemophilus influenzae, tetanus and diphtheria toxoids.

    Pneumococcal vaccination schedule

    It is useful to know that since 2015, vaccination against pneumococcus has been included in the mandatory vaccination schedule of the Russian Federation, as a result of which the vaccination against pneumococcus has become mandatory.

    The vaccination schedule against pneumococcus involves three doses of the vaccine with one revaccination in a year at the beginning of vaccination of a child under the age of 6 months. A two-fold vaccination scheme without revaccination is carried out with the introduction of the first dose of the vaccine in the interval from 12 to 23 months, and if the child is vaccinated for the first time at the age of 2 to 5 years, then the primary vaccination is carried out with only one dose of the vaccine without subsequent revaccination.

    Recommended vaccination regimens against prevmococcus

    Child’s age Dose volume Number of vaccinations Vaccination schedule
    2 to 6 months 0.5 ml. 3 + 1 revaccination 3 doses at least 1 month apart. The first dose is usually given at 2 months of age.
    Revaccination (4th dose) is recommended to be administered at the 2nd year of life, optimally at 12-15 months.
    From 7 months up to 11 months. 0.5 ml. 2 + 1 revaccination 2 doses with an interval of at least 1 month, the 3rd dose is recommended to be administered at 2 years of age
    12 to 23 months. 0.5 ml. 2 2 doses with intervals between injections of at least 2 months.
    2 to 5 years old. 0.5 ml. 1 1 dose once

    Attention! Vaccination against pneumococcus is not recommended with the whole-cell pertussis vaccine, that is, DTP.The observations showed that reactogenicity was higher in children who simultaneously received whole-cell pertussis vaccine and pneumococcal vaccines.

    In general, pneumococcal vaccines such as Prevenar and Synflorix have been shown to be well tolerated in a large number of vaccinated young children.

    If the first vaccination against pneumococcus was given with the Synflorix vaccine, then we recommend that the full course of vaccination be carried out with the same vaccine, since it provides protection against the largest number of pneumococcal serotypes at the moment.

    MSD.ru | Vaccines

    MSD HISTORY AND VACCINATION DEVELOPMENT

    *

    1890s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s

    1895

    H.K. Mulford Introduces Diphtheria Toxoid

    1898

    H.K. Mulford introduces smallpox vaccine

    1963

    MSD licenses first measles vaccine in USA

    1967

    MSD introduces the first mumps vaccine

    1969

    MSD introduces the first rubella vaccine

    1971

    MSD introduces measles, mumps and rubella vaccine

    1977

    MSD registers first 14-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine

    1978

    MSD introduces updated measles, mumps and rubella vaccine

    1981

    First plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine licensed

    1983

    MSD introduces 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine

    1986

    Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine licensed

    1990

    Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine licensed

    1995

    Varicella vaccine licensed

    1996

    Licensed inactivated hepatitis A vaccine

    Combination HIB (Haemophilus influenza type b) and hepatitis B vaccine licensed in the same year

    2005

    Licensed measles, mumps, rubella and varicella vaccine

    2006

    Rotavirus vaccine licensed

    In the same year – herpes zoster vaccine is licensed and the quadrivalent recombinant human papillomavirus vaccine is licensed

    2014

    Licensed nine-valent recombinant human papillomavirus vaccine

    – MSD and its predecessor companies have a rich history of vaccine development spanning over 100 years.In 1898, H. K. Mulford released its first smallpox vaccine. In 1929, H. K. Mulford was acquired by Sharp & Dohme (S&D) in Baltimore. In April 1953, Sharp & Dohme merged with MSD & Company, Inc. to become MSD Sharp & Dohme.

    – Vaccine licensing dates given are US relevant

    – The following vaccines are registered in Russia as of October 2020:

    1) Quadrivalent recombinant human papillomavirus vaccine; 2) Varicella vaccine; 3) Vaccine against rotavirus infection; 4) Vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella; 5) Inactivated hepatitis A vaccine; 6) 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine;

    History of the development of vaccination

    1890s

    1895

    H.K. Mulford Introduces Diphtheria Toxoid

    1898

    H.K. Mulford introduces smallpox vaccine

    1960s

    1963

    MSD licenses first measles vaccine in USA

    1967

    MSD introduces the first mumps vaccine

    1969

    MSD introduces the first rubella vaccine

    1970s

    1971

    Measles, mumps and rubella vaccine introduced

    1977

    MSD registers first 14-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine

    1978

    An updated version of the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine introduced

    1980s

    1981

    Licensing of the first hepatitis B vaccine prepared from blood plasma

    1983

    MSD introduces 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine

    1986

    Licensing of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine

    1990s

    1990

    Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine licensed

    1995

    Varicella vaccine licensed

    1996

    Licensed inactivated hepatitis A vaccine

    Combination HIB (Haemophilus influenza type b) and hepatitis B vaccine licensed in the same year

    2000e

    2005

    Licensed measles, mumps, rubella and varicella vaccine

    2006

    Licensing of rotavirus vaccine

    In the same year – licensing of herpes zoster vaccine and licensing of the quadrivalent recombinant human papillomavirus vaccine

    2010e

    2014

    Licensing of a nine-valent recombinant human papillomavirus vaccine

    – MSD and its predecessor companies have a rich history of vaccine development spanning over 100 years.In 1898, H. K. Mulford released its first smallpox vaccine. In 1929, H. K. Mulford was acquired by Sharp & Dohme (S&D) in Baltimore. In April 1953, Sharp & Dohme merged with MSD & Company, Inc. to become MSD Sharp & Dohme.

    – Vaccine licensing dates given are US relevant

    – The following vaccines are registered in Russia as of October 2020:

    1) Quadrivalent recombinant human papillomavirus vaccine; 2) Varicella vaccine; 3) Vaccine against rotavirus infection; 4) Vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella; 5) Inactivated hepatitis A vaccine; 6) 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine;

    History of the development of vaccination

    1890s

    1895

    H.K. Mulford Introduces Diphtheria Toxoid

    1898

    H.K. Mulford introduces smallpox vaccine

    1960s

    1963

    MSD licenses first measles vaccine in USA

    1967

    MSD introduces the first mumps vaccine

    1969

    MSD introduces the first rubella vaccine

    1970s

    1971

    Measles, mumps and rubella vaccine introduced

    1977

    MSD registers first 14-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine

    1978

    An updated version of the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine introduced

    1980s

    1981

    Licensing of the first hepatitis B vaccine prepared from blood plasma

    1983

    MSD introduces 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine

    1986

    Licensing of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine

    1990s

    1990

    Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine licensed

    1995

    Varicella vaccine licensed

    1996

    Licensed inactivated hepatitis A vaccine

    Combination HIB (Haemophilus influenza type b) and hepatitis B vaccine licensed in the same year

    2000e

    2005

    Licensed measles, mumps, rubella and varicella vaccine

    2006

    Licensing of rotavirus vaccine

    In the same year – licensing of herpes zoster vaccine and licensing of the quadrivalent recombinant human papillomavirus vaccine

    2010e

    2014

    Licensing of a nine-valent recombinant human papillomavirus vaccine

    – MSD and its predecessor companies have a rich history of vaccine development spanning over 100 years.