What are the key differences between Legionnaires’ disease and Pontiac fever. How is Legionnaires’ disease diagnosed and treated. What are the main risk factors for developing Legionnaires’ disease. How can Legionnaires’ disease be prevented in buildings and water systems.

Understanding Legionnaires’ Disease and Pontiac Fever

Legionnaires’ disease and Pontiac fever are two distinct illnesses caused by the same bacterium, Legionella pneumophila. While both conditions share a common origin, they differ significantly in severity and impact on the human body.

Legionnaires’ disease is a severe form of pneumonia that can be life-threatening if left untreated. Pontiac fever, on the other hand, is a milder, flu-like illness that typically resolves on its own without the need for medical intervention.

Key Differences Between Legionnaires’ Disease and Pontiac Fever

• Severity: Legionnaires’ disease is more severe and can be fatal, while Pontiac fever is generally mild.
• Symptoms: Legionnaires’ disease primarily affects the lungs, causing pneumonia-like symptoms, whereas Pontiac fever presents with flu-like symptoms.
• Duration: Legionnaires’ disease can last for weeks, while Pontiac fever typically clears within 2-5 days.
• Treatment: Legionnaires’ disease requires antibiotic treatment, while Pontiac fever usually resolves without specific medical intervention.

The Legionella Bacterium: Origin and Transmission

The Legionella bacterium, responsible for both Legionnaires’ disease and Pontiac fever, is found naturally in freshwater environments. However, it becomes a health concern when it proliferates in man-made water systems, particularly those that produce aerosols or mist.

How does Legionella spread? The bacteria are typically transmitted through the inhalation of contaminated water droplets. Common sources of infection include:

• Air conditioning systems and cooling towers
• Hot tubs and whirlpools
• Showers and faucets
• Decorative fountains
• Hot water tanks and heaters
• Large plumbing systems in buildings

Can Legionnaires’ disease be contracted from person to person? No, Legionnaires’ disease is not contagious and cannot be transmitted from person to person. The infection is solely acquired through environmental exposure to the Legionella bacteria.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Legionnaires’ Disease

Identifying Legionnaires’ disease early is crucial for effective treatment. The symptoms typically develop 2-10 days after exposure to the Legionella bacteria and can be similar to other types of pneumonia.

Early Symptoms of Legionnaires’ Disease

• Headache
• Muscle pain
• High fever (104°F/40°C or higher)
• Chills

Progressive Symptoms

• Cough (may be dry or produce mucus)
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain
• Gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, diarrhea, vomiting)
• Confusion or other mental changes

How quickly do symptoms of Legionnaires’ disease progress? The initial flu-like symptoms can rapidly evolve into more severe respiratory issues within 2-3 days. Prompt medical attention is essential if you suspect Legionnaires’ disease, especially for individuals in high-risk groups.

Diagnosing and Treating Legionnaires’ Disease

Accurate diagnosis and timely treatment are critical in managing Legionnaires’ disease effectively. Healthcare providers use various methods to confirm the presence of Legionella bacteria and determine the appropriate course of treatment.

Diagnostic Methods

• Urine tests to detect Legionella antigens
• Blood tests to identify antibodies against Legionella
• Sputum culture to isolate the bacteria
• Chest X-rays to assess lung involvement

How is Legionnaires’ disease treated? The primary treatment for Legionnaires’ disease involves antibiotics. Commonly prescribed antibiotics include:

• Fluoroquinolones (e.g., levofloxacin)
• Macrolides (e.g., azithromycin)
• Tetracyclines (e.g., doxycycline)

In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide supportive care, including oxygen therapy, intravenous fluids, and close monitoring of vital signs.

Risk Factors and Vulnerable Populations

While anyone can contract Legionnaires’ disease, certain factors increase the risk of infection and severe complications. Understanding these risk factors is crucial for prevention and early intervention.

Key Risk Factors

• Age: Individuals over 50 years old are at higher risk
• Smoking: Current or former smokers have increased susceptibility
• Chronic lung diseases: Conditions like COPD or emphysema elevate risk
• Weakened immune system: Due to conditions like HIV/AIDS or medications such as corticosteroids
• Underlying health conditions: Diseases like diabetes, kidney failure, or cancer increase vulnerability

Why are older adults more susceptible to Legionnaires’ disease? Aging is associated with a natural decline in immune function and an increased likelihood of underlying health conditions, making older adults more vulnerable to infections, including Legionnaires’ disease.

Prevention Strategies for Legionnaires’ Disease

Preventing Legionnaires’ disease primarily involves controlling the growth and spread of Legionella bacteria in water systems. Effective prevention strategies are crucial, especially in large buildings and healthcare facilities where vulnerable populations may be present.

Key Prevention Measures

• Regular maintenance and cleaning of water systems
• Proper temperature control in hot and cold water systems
• Use of biocides or other disinfection methods in cooling towers
• Implementation of water safety plans in buildings
• Regular testing for Legionella bacteria in high-risk settings

How often should water systems be tested for Legionella? The frequency of testing depends on the type of facility and the risk level. High-risk facilities like hospitals may require quarterly testing, while lower-risk buildings may test annually or bi-annually.

Legionnaires’ Disease Outbreaks: Case Studies and Lessons Learned

Examining past outbreaks of Legionnaires’ disease provides valuable insights into the disease’s behavior, risk factors, and effective prevention strategies. These case studies highlight the importance of vigilant water management and rapid response to suspected cases.

Notable Legionnaires’ Disease Outbreaks

• 1976 Philadelphia Convention: The first identified outbreak, which gave the disease its name
• 2014-2015 Flint, Michigan: Associated with changes in water source and treatment
• 2015 New York City: Linked to cooling towers in the South Bronx
• 2019 Atlanta, Georgia: Traced to a hotel’s water system

What lessons have been learned from major Legionnaires’ disease outbreaks? Key takeaways include the importance of:

• Rapid identification and reporting of cases
• Comprehensive environmental assessments
• Effective communication with the public
• Implementation of stricter regulations for water system management
• Ongoing surveillance and monitoring of high-risk facilities

The Global Impact of Legionnaires’ Disease

Legionnaires’ disease is a worldwide health concern, with cases reported in numerous countries across various continents. Understanding its global impact is crucial for developing effective international prevention and control strategies.

Worldwide Prevalence and Trends

The incidence of Legionnaires’ disease varies significantly between countries, partly due to differences in surveillance systems and reporting practices. However, several global trends have been observed:

• Increasing incidence in many developed countries
• Higher reported rates in countries with more robust surveillance systems
• Seasonal patterns, with more cases typically occurring in summer and early fall
• Growing concerns about travel-associated Legionnaires’ disease

Why is there an apparent increase in Legionnaires’ disease cases globally? Several factors contribute to this trend:

• Improved diagnostic methods and surveillance
• Aging populations in many countries
• Increased use of complex water systems in buildings
• Climate change potentially affecting bacterial growth conditions
• Greater awareness among healthcare providers leading to more frequent testing

International Collaboration and Research

The global nature of Legionnaires’ disease has spurred international cooperation in research, surveillance, and prevention efforts. Key initiatives include:

• The European Legionnaires’ Disease Surveillance Network (ELDSNet)
• World Health Organization guidelines for water safety planning
• International research collaborations studying Legionella ecology and genetics
• Global efforts to standardize testing and reporting procedures

Emerging Technologies in Legionella Detection and Control

Advancements in technology are revolutionizing the way we detect, monitor, and control Legionella bacteria in water systems. These innovations promise more efficient and effective prevention of Legionnaires’ disease.

Cutting-Edge Detection Methods

• Rapid PCR testing for faster Legionella detection
• Next-generation sequencing for strain identification
• Biosensors for real-time monitoring of water quality
• Artificial intelligence for predictive modeling of Legionella growth

How do these new technologies improve Legionella control? Advanced detection methods allow for:

• Earlier identification of potential outbreaks
• More targeted and efficient disinfection efforts
• Better understanding of Legionella ecology in building water systems
• Improved risk assessment and prevention strategies

Innovative Control Strategies

Beyond detection, new approaches to controlling Legionella growth are being developed and implemented:

• Advanced filtration systems
• UV light disinfection techniques
• Copper-silver ionization systems
• Smart building management systems for water temperature control
• Nanotechnology-based antimicrobial surfaces

The Economic Burden of Legionnaires’ Disease

Legionnaires’ disease imposes a significant economic burden on healthcare systems, businesses, and society as a whole. Understanding these costs is crucial for justifying investments in prevention and control measures.

Direct and Indirect Costs

The economic impact of Legionnaires’ disease includes:

• Healthcare costs for diagnosis, treatment, and hospitalization
• Lost productivity due to illness and recovery time
• Expenses related to outbreak investigations and control measures
• Legal costs associated with liability claims
• Reputational damage to businesses linked to outbreaks

What is the average cost of a Legionnaires’ disease case? While costs can vary widely depending on severity and location, studies have estimated the average cost per case to be between $20,000 and $80,000 in developed countries. Severe cases requiring intensive care can cost significantly more.

Cost-Effectiveness of Prevention

Investing in prevention strategies can be highly cost-effective when compared to the expenses associated with outbreaks. Key considerations include:

• Regular maintenance and water management plans
• Employee training on Legionella risk factors and prevention
• Implementation of water safety technologies
• Proactive testing and monitoring programs

How do prevention costs compare to outbreak expenses? While prevention measures require ongoing investment, they are generally far less expensive than the costs associated with managing an outbreak, which can run into millions of dollars for large-scale incidents.

Future Directions in Legionnaires’ Disease Research and Prevention

As our understanding of Legionnaires’ disease continues to evolve, researchers and public health officials are focusing on several key areas to improve prevention, detection, and treatment.

Emerging Research Areas

• Genetic factors influencing Legionella virulence and antibiotic resistance
• Environmental conditions promoting Legionella growth in biofilms
• Development of new, more effective antibiotics for treatment
• Exploration of potential vaccine candidates
• Impact of climate change on Legionella ecology and disease incidence

What potential breakthroughs are on the horizon for Legionnaires’ disease prevention? Promising areas of research include:

• Novel disinfection technologies targeting Legionella in complex water systems
• Improved risk prediction models using big data and machine learning
• Development of rapid, on-site testing methods for routine monitoring
• Exploration of probiotic approaches to control Legionella in water ecosystems

Policy and Regulatory Developments

Future efforts to combat Legionnaires’ disease will likely involve enhanced regulatory frameworks and policy initiatives:

• Stricter standards for water system management in buildings
• Mandatory Legionella management plans for high-risk facilities
• Improved surveillance and reporting systems at national and international levels
• Integration of Legionella control into broader water safety and public health policies

As we continue to face the challenges posed by Legionnaires’ disease, ongoing research, technological innovation, and policy development will be crucial in reducing its impact on public health and the global economy. By staying informed about these advancements and implementing best practices in prevention and control, we can work towards minimizing the risk of Legionnaires’ disease outbreaks and protecting vulnerable populations worldwide.

Legionnaires’ disease – Symptoms & causes

Overview

Legionnaires’ disease is a severe form of pneumonia — lung inflammation usually caused by infection. It’s caused by a bacterium known as legionella.

Most people catch Legionnaires’ disease by inhaling the bacteria from water or soil. Older adults, smokers and people with weakened immune systems are particularly susceptible to Legionnaires’ disease.

The legionella bacterium also causes Pontiac fever, a milder illness resembling the flu. Pontiac fever usually clears on its own, but untreated Legionnaires’ disease can be fatal. Although prompt treatment with antibiotics usually cures Legionnaires’ disease, some people continue to have problems after treatment.

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Symptoms

Legionnaires’ disease usually develops two to 10 days after exposure to legionella bacteria. It frequently begins with the following signs and symptoms:

• Headache
• Muscle aches
• Fever that may be 104 F (40 C) or higher

By the second or third day, you’ll develop other signs and symptoms that can include:

• Cough, which might bring up mucus and sometimes blood
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain
• Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea
• Confusion or other mental changes

Although Legionnaires’ disease primarily affects the lungs, it occasionally can cause infections in wounds and in other parts of the body, including the heart.

A mild form of Legionnaires’ disease — known as Pontiac fever — can produce fever, chills, headache and muscle aches. Pontiac fever doesn’t infect your lungs, and symptoms usually clear within two to five days.

When to see a doctor

See your doctor if you think you’ve been exposed to legionella bacteria. Diagnosing and treating Legionnaires’ disease as soon as possible can help shorten the recovery period and prevent serious complications. For people at high risk, such as smokers or older adults, prompt treatment is critical.

Causes

The bacterium Legionella pneumophila is responsible for most cases of Legionnaires’ disease. Outdoors, legionella bacteria survive in soil and water, but rarely cause infections. However, legionella bacteria can multiply in water systems made by humans, such as air conditioners.

Although it’s possible to get Legionnaires’ disease from home plumbing, most outbreaks have occurred in large buildings, perhaps because complex systems allow the bacteria to grow and spread more easily. Also, home and car air conditioning units don’t use water for cooling.

How the infection spreads

Most people become infected when they inhale microscopic water droplets containing legionella bacteria. This might be from the spray from a shower, faucet or whirlpool, or water from the ventilation system in a large building. Outbreaks have been linked to:

• Hot tubs and whirlpools
• Cooling towers in air conditioning systems
• Hot water tanks and heaters
• Decorative fountains
• Swimming pools
• Birthing pools
• Drinking water

Besides by breathing in water droplets, the infection can be transmitted in other ways, including:

• Aspiration. This occurs when liquids accidentally enter your lungs, usually because you cough or choke while drinking. If you aspirate water containing legionella bacteria, you can develop Legionnaires’ disease.
• Soil. A few people have contracted Legionnaires’ disease after working in a garden or using contaminated potting soil.

Risk factors

Not everyone exposed to legionella bacteria becomes sick. You’re more likely to develop the infection if you:

• Smoke. Smoking damages the lungs, making you more susceptible to all types of lung infections.
• Have a weakened immune system. This can be a result of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or certain medications, especially corticosteroids and drugs taken to prevent organ rejection after a transplant.
• Have a chronic lung disease or other serious condition. This includes emphysema, diabetes, kidney disease or cancer.
• Are 50 years of age or older.

Legionnaires’ disease can be a problem in hospitals and nursing homes, where germs can spread easily and people are vulnerable to infection.

Complications

Legionnaires’ disease can lead to a number of life-threatening complications, including:

• Respiratory failure. This occurs when the lungs can’t provide the body with enough oxygen or can’t remove enough carbon dioxide from the blood.
• Septic shock. This occurs when a severe, sudden drop in blood pressure reduces blood flow to vital organs, especially to the kidneys and brain. The heart tries to compensate by increasing the volume of blood pumped, but the extra workload eventually weakens the heart and reduces blood flow even further.
• Acute kidney failure. This is the sudden loss of your kidneys’ ability to filter waste from your blood. When your kidneys fail, dangerous levels of fluid and waste accumulate in your body.

When not treated promptly, Legionnaires’ disease can be fatal.

Prevention

Outbreaks of Legionnaires’ disease are preventable, but prevention requires water management systems in buildings that ensure that water is monitored and cleaned regularly.

To lower your personal risk, avoid smoking.

Legionnaires’ Disease and Pontiac Fever

What are Legionnaires’ disease and Pontiac fever?

Legionnaires’ disease is a type of pneumonia. It is caused by bacteria called Legionella pneumophila. The bacteria got its name in 1976, when a group of people attending an American Legion convention became infected. Although it was present before 1976, Legionnaires’ disease is being diagnosed more often now as doctors look for Legionella bacteria in people who have pneumonia. You can get Legionnaire’s disease at any time of the year, but more cases are usually found in the summer and early fall. While Legionnaires’ disease can be very serious, most cases can be treated successfully.

The Legionella pneumophila bacteria can also cause a less severe, flu-like condition known as Pontiac fever.

How are they spread?

People usually get Legionnaires’ disease or Pontiac fever when they breathe in aerosols that contain the bacteria. One example might be from breathing in the mist from air conditioning systems in large buildings that have not been properly cleaned and disinfected. Other sources include decorative fountains and water sources in hotels, cruise ships, nursing homes, and hospitals.

These diseases aren’t contagious. The bacteria are not spread from one person to another person. You can get the diseases again if you are exposed to the bacteria again.

Legionnaires’ disease typically affects people older than 45, especially if they smoke or have a long-term lung disease such as asthma. ^{footnote 1} People with a weak immune system are also more likely to get the condition. Despite its being named after infecting a large group of people, Legionnaires’ disease usually occurs in single cases, not in large groups at one time (an outbreak).

Pontiac fever usually occurs in otherwise healthy people.

What are the symptoms?

The most common symptoms of Legionnaires’ disease produces symptoms similar to pneumonia that may include:

• Cough.
• High fever.
• Chills.

Less common symptoms range from muscle aches and headaches to abdominal (belly) pain, shortness of breath, and chest pain.

Legionnaire’s disease symptoms usually appear 1 day to 19 days after a person is exposed to the bacteria. Symptoms can range from mild to severe.

Pontiac fever symptoms include fever and muscle aches. Symptoms usually appear 1 to 2 days after a person is exposed to the bacteria. They usually go away without treatment in a few days.

How are they diagnosed?

Your doctor can diagnose both Legionnaires’ disease and Pontiac fever by asking about your past health and by doing a physical examination. If your doctor thinks you have Legionnaires’ disease, he or she will ask about your working conditions, if you have been around any possible source like fountains or hot tubs, and if you have travelled within the past 2 weeks. The doctor will also do tests. The tests may include a chest X-ray, blood test, urine test, or looking at mucus from your lungs.

How are Legionnaires’ disease and Pontiac fever treated?

Most cases of Legionnaires’ disease can be treated successfully with antibiotics. Treatment usually lasts at least 5 days.

Fever tends to improve or go away within the first few days. A cough may take longer to disappear. But in general you should start to feel better within the first few days of treatment. Complete recovery can take from 2 to 4 months.

Pontiac fever will go away without treatment. To reduce fever and muscle aches, drink plenty of fluids and consider taking over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen (Tylenol, for example) or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs include ibuprofen (such as Advil and Motrin), naproxen (such as Aleve), and aspirin. Do not give aspirin to anyone younger than 18 because of the risk of Reye syndrome. Be safe with medicines. Read and follow all instructions on the label.

What should you do if you think you were exposed to the

bacteria?

Most people who are exposed to the bacteria don’t become ill. But if you believe you were exposed, talk to your doctor or local health unit. Be sure to tell them where you think you were exposed and if you have travelled in the last 2 weeks. This information will help them correctly diagnose and treat the disease, locate the source of the bacteria, and prevent others from being exposed to it.

Legionella

Latin name: Legionella

Description : a genus of pathogenic microorganisms belonging to the class of bacteria. They are found in water environments, soils and other sources. More than 50 species of legionella have been described so far.

Distribution and effects on the body

This type of bacteria lives mainly in damp and damp places. The most comfortable temperature for education is in the range of 35-45 degrees Celsius. In the same interval, they actively reproduce in the aquatic environment. Among more than 50 types of microorganisms, a part is occupied by relatively safe varieties. However, some of them are strong pathogens that provoke the occurrence of the following diseases:

• Pontiac fever is an illness with severe flu-like symptoms
• Legionellosis is a bacteriological infection that affects the lungs and causes pneumonia.

Due to their development in humid areas, air conditioners become a favorable breeding ground. Therefore, when designing them, it is necessary to lay down ways to reduce the number of microorganisms. In addition, a temperature of 35-45 degrees is often typical for hot water if the service provider does not comply with government requirements regarding water temperature. To avoid this factor, systems must meet two requirements:

• Water temperature should not exceed 25 degrees (for cold) or be below 50 degrees (for hot)
• Centralized systems must be equipped with water disinfection devices that effectively get rid of all pathogenic microorganisms without compromising the organoleptic characteristics of the water.

In addition, when building and planning heating systems, it is necessary to take into account sanitary and building standards so that water constantly circulates in the system and does not create stagnation in which these microorganisms multiply.

Other pathogen sources

In addition to hot and cold centralized systems, legionella can be a problem in cooling towers as well as other sources of moisture. Of particular danger are systems in which the multiplication of microorganisms occurs in water sprayed over a large area, spreading pathogens through the air and surfaces. Listed below are places where Legionella concentrations can significantly exceed the maximum allowable limits.

Drinking fountains. These installations take place in crowded places – parks, hotel complexes and airports. In the course of their work, water is sprayed and sprayed through the air, and microscopic particles can both settle on surfaces and enter the lungs. If the water source is in a warm place, or if the splashed particles do not dry out for a long time, this leads to the rapid reproduction of legionella.

Humidifiers. The principle of operation of most humidifiers is that water from a certain reservoir is sprayed into the air in tiny particles. If there is no evaporation during this process and the water in the tank is warm, the result can be a high concentration of legionella in the water compositions and air from which they enter the body. To avoid this, it is necessary to carefully monitor the composition of the water in the tank and change it to clean water before each use of the unit.

Open waters. In wells and springs, the pathogen is extremely rare. The reason for this is the temperature of groundwater and groundwater, which remains low even in the hot season. With open water, the situation is more complicated – shallow standing waters and swampy areas can warm up to high temperatures, in which Legionella feels very comfortable. When bathing in such reservoirs, the pathogen can enter the body through the lungs and gastrointestinal tract.

Permissible value

In modern regulations that describe the parameters of drinking and industrial water, open sources, as well as effluents, legionella is not found among microorganisms, the content of which is permissible even in a minimal amount. This suggests that water with such bacteria is dangerous for both drinking and recreation, and measures must be taken to disinfect such compounds.

Cleaning methods

Since Legionella is a bacterium, standard disinfection methods can be applied to it. These include:

• Boil for at least 10 minutes
• Adsorption using activated carbon filters or other substances
• Chlorination – industrial water
• Reverse osmosis

The final choice of method depends on the intended use of the liquid and the presence of other impurities.

ASHRAE Standard 188-2018 minimizes the risk of spreading Legionnaires’ disease

Pittsburgh pneumonia, Pontiac fever, legionella infection, Fort Bragg fever, legionnaires’ disease, legionellosis – behind these names lies an infectious disease that is characterized by severe pneumonia, fever and nephropathy. It is caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophilia, which can spread through water systems inside buildings.

To minimize the risk of its spread, the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) recently updated a voluntary consensus standard ASHRAE 188-2018 “Legionellosis: risk management within building plumbing systems”.

The causative agent of the disease was first identified in the United States in 1976, when the bacterium Legionella pneumophillia (“Legionella pneumophila”) caused an outbreak of pneumonia among people who attended the Philadelphia Convention of the American Legion – hence the name “legionnaires’ disease”. Since then, the number of cases has been on the rise. According to various estimates, tens and even hundreds of thousands of people fall ill with this disease every year.

What is legionnaires’ disease? Legionnaires’ disease is considered a form of pneumonia or pneumonia caused by infection through contact with the bacterium Legionella pneumophilia, to which people can be exposed after inhaling microscopic droplets of water containing microorganisms.

Legionnaires’ disease usually develops after two to ten days after exposure to the bacterium. It is characterized by initial symptoms in the form of headache, muscle pain, chills and fever, during which the patient’s body temperature may exceed 40°C (104°F).

After a few days, people who suffer from Legionnaires’ disease may experience severe coughing, shortness of breath, chest pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, confusion, or other mental changes. The disease can be fatal.

The elderly, heavy smokers, people with weak immune systems, people with other serious illnesses (such as diabetes), including chronic lung disease, are particularly susceptible to legionnaires’ disease. Although it usually affects the lungs, the disease can cause infections in wounds and other parts of the body.

Note that Legionella pneumophilia bacteria can also cause a less severe illness: a type of influenza known as Pontiac fever. This disease was so named because it was first identified in Pontiac, Michigan (USA) in 1968. Later, a link was found between this disease and the bacteria Legionella pneumophilia. Pontiac fever usually went away on its own. Pontiac fever and Legionnaires’ disease are considered two clinical forms of legionellosis.

Legionella pneumophilia enters the human lungs through aspiration or inhalation along with water spray. At the same time, Legionnaires’ disease is practically not transmitted from person to person. Although cases of such infection have previously occurred. The natural habitat for disease-causing bacteria is rivers, lakes, and streams, where they are relatively harmless.

Bacteria can thrive and pose a risk to human health only in certain environments. In fact, the presence of Legionella pneumophilia in building water systems alone is not enough to cause Legionnaires’ disease. Factors required for people to become infected with Legionnaires’ disease include the use of pipelines that carry water with certain parameters, as well as the use of facilities in the building that make it easier for the bacteria to enter the human body.

Often, outbreaks have occurred in hot tub spas and cruise ships, grocery stores with aerosol generators, and data centers with cooling tower air-conditioning systems. A high concentration of bacteria was observed near decorative fountains, swimming pools, in medical centers with physiotherapy equipment. Water systems in hotels, hospitals and nursing homes also became vehicles for their distribution.

Given the severity of Legionnaires’ disease and the potential for it to occur in connection with the operation of water supplies, there is a clear need to identify and eliminate factors that promote the growth and spread of Legionella pneumophilia.

The ANSI/ASHRAE 188-2018 Consensus Voluntary Standard mentioned above is intended to establish minimum requirements for the management of risks associated with legionellosis in the context of indoor water systems.

In particular, this standard provides minimum risk management requirements for the design, operation, maintenance, repair, replacement and expansion of new and existing buildings and their associated potable and non-potable water systems and their components.