The Best Vitamins and Supplements to Boost Your Fertility

When trying to conceive, doctors may suggest a variety of things to help optimize one’s health and taking vitamins and supplements is typically on the list. The importance of good nutrition is well established during pregnancy, influencing embryonic and fetal development, and thus, pregnancy outcomes. There is growing evidence that certain supplements and micronutrients may help in many ways for those trying to conceive, including boosting the overall quality of a woman’s eggs and a male’s sperm, as well as the overall health of a woman’s pregnancy. 

Below, is a list of a few important vitamins and supplements to consider taking when you’re trying to conceive. It’s important to note that you should be receiving many of your daily vitamins and minerals from food sources. But if you have trouble getting all of the recommended daily amounts through food, supplements are a great addition to your diet.   

Also, women should start taking multivitamins or prenatal vitamins before getting pregnant. In a large scale randomized controlled study, women taking prenatal vitamins at least 1 month before conception were noted to have higher number of confirmed pregnancies and shorter time to conception compared to women only taking trace elements like vitamin C and Zinc.  In a large population based observational study, women taking multivitamins or prenatal vitamins had lower incidence of ovulatory infertility.  The effect was most prominent with folic acid above 400 ucg at least 3 times a week. 

If your prenatal vitamin doesn’t include some of these standalone vitamins and supplements, you might want to consider adding a few to your daily intake after consulting a primary care doctor or your fertility doctor to see if these vitamins and supplements are right for you. 

1. Folic acid (B9): Most people associate folic acid as a prenatal vitamin, but it can also be a really great supplement for those who are trying to conceive. Folic acid is associated with greater chances of getting pregnant naturally and improves success for those undergoing fertility treatments. Medical professionals also recommend that men take folic acid when trying to conceive, as it can improve the quality of their sperm. 
   Suggested amount: 400-1,000 micrograms for women, 400 micrograms for men. Best form of folic acid is thought to be the methylated folate (quatrefolic).

2. Vitamin B6 and B12: Both are essential nutrients needed for our cells to grow, develop and survive and are important in both men and women. B6 supplementation has been associated with improvement in hormonal balance in women leading to improved PMS symptoms and better ovulatory cycles, which in turn, improved the odds of becoming pregnant. A study in the medical journal Reproductive Toxicology found that those who took supplemental folate and vitamins B6 and B12 lowered their homocysteine levels, which improved the odds of successful conception in women with recurrent pregnancy loss.  A separate study conducted in 2017 called “Vitamin B12 and Semen Quality” also found that increased B12 intake in men resulted in improved semen quality. 
   Suggested amount: For B12, 1,000 micrograms once per week for men and women. For B6, 1.4 milligrams for men and 1.2 milligrams for women daily. 

3. Myoinositol (B8) and D-chiro-inositol: This is naturally occurring in almost every tissue that is involved in insulin and gonadotropin signaling, affecting follicle maturation. In women with PCOS, myoinositol is associated with improvement in insulin resistance and ovulation. During pregnancy, it may also help prevent gestational diabetes. 
   Suggested amount: 2000 mg two times a day of combination of myoinositol and D-chiroinositol.

4. Vitamin C: Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant and can promote healthy reproductive systems in both men and women.  For women, vitamin C can reduce the negative impact of free radicals, in turn reducing cellular damage, which may then counter aspects of ovarian aging. Research shows vitamin C supplementation is associated with shorter time to pregnancy. As for vitamin C’s impact on male fertility, The Nutrition and Food Security Research Center found that taking vitamin C with vitamin E improved the number, motility, and sometimes DNA quality of sperm. 
   Suggested amount: 90 milligrams minimum daily for men and 75 milligrams minimum daily for women.  Liposomal form at 500 mg to 1000 mg or higher doses up to 2000 mg a day is thought to be safe for most adults. 

5. Vitamin D: Vitamin D is important for the development of healthy hormones and is thought to play an important role in many chronic diseases from diabetes, autoimmunity, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Those trying to get pregnant can test for vitamin D level to see if they are deficient and start taking supplemental vitamin D if necessary. Sufficient vitamin D level has been associated with improved pregnancy rates. Additionally, this vitamin is thought to improve semen quality in men.
   Suggested amount: 2,000 to 4,000 international units (IU) daily for men and women. 

6. Vitamin E: Most people will recognize vitamin E from their skincare – tons of products include this one to help “reduce wrinkles,” because vitamin E works to prevent cell membrane damage. That’s also exactly what makes it a great vitamin to boost fertility. A study named “Vitamin E as an Antioxidant in Female Reproductive Health” suggests that vitamin E improves women’s overall reproductive health and improves egg quality. For men, it helps to boost sperm quality, and when taken with vitamin C has been shown to reduce DNA fragmentation. It’s especially important for older (35+ years old) patients trying to get pregnant to take vitamin E.
   Suggested amount: Mixed tocopherol form is ideal and 200-400 IU daily for men and women. 

7. Coenzyme Q10: Coenzyme Q10 (also called Coq10) is another natural antioxidant that counters oxidative stress that increases with age. There is evidence that Co q10 supplementation improved chances of pregnancy – especially in women with diminished ovarian reserve or in women over 40. Similarly, in men, several studies reported improvement in both sperm concentration and motility with Co Q10 supplementation.
   Suggested amount: Suggested amount will vary depending on your specific needs but typically between 100-600 milligrams per day is often recommended for men and women. 

8. Omega-3s: Omega-3s can be helpful for men and women, by countering inflammation throughout the body thereby promoting overall health as well as boosting men’s sperm motility and helping achieve pregnancy in women over the age of 35. Omega-3s may help the overall egg quality in women trying to conceive. You can find Omega-3s in seafoods, or you can try fish oil pills. If you are getting your Omega-3s via a supplement, you will want to look for DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), as that is the most bioavailable (easier for your body to absorb and use).  
   Suggested amount: 500-1,000 milligrams daily for men and women.

9. Iron: Taking an iron supplement may help women prevent iron deficiency anemia. Ovulatory infertility can be associated with an iron deficiency, and a long-term study by the Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology of more than 18,000 women showed that supplementing with iron appeared to decrease the risk of ovulatory infertility. Whether you may benefit from supplementation may also be guided by measuring ferritin levels to determine the degree of iron deficiency. 
   Suggested amount: 27 milligrams daily for men and women.

10. Selenium: Selenium is a trace element essential to generate glutathione that protects cellular membranes. Many view selenium as a “super” vitamin for fertility, because of its antioxidant powers. It’s recommended that pregnant women take about 60 mcg daily when trying to conceive as lower levels in the early stage of pregnancy may lead to complications such as miscarriages and smaller birth weight of the baby. It’s also a great one for men as well. Selenium and its associated proteins together ensure viability of sperm and abnormal levels may affect motility and quality. 
    Suggested amount: 55 micrograms daily for men and women. 

11. Zinc: Zinc is another essential mineral that appears to play an important role in both sperm quality and egg development. Studies have suggested that a zinc deficiency could lead to low sperm production and quality reversed by supplementation. As for zinc and female fertility, a 2019 study from Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, Waite Research Institute, and School of Medical Science found that lower levels of zinc in the blood were associated with longer time trying to conceive, so zinc may help a women’s fertilization and egg development but there is less research on benefits of zinc supplementation in women.
    Suggested amount: 30 milligrams daily for men and women. 

12. N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC): This is an amino acid with anti-oxidant effect by stimulating glutathione production.    Research shows that NAC reduces oxidative stress, possibly reducing chromosomal damage leading to improved egg and embryo quality. NAC may also reduce insulin resistance, which has been shown to improve ovulation rates in women with PCOS. In men, NAC supplementation is associated with improvement in sperm count and quality.
    Suggested amount: In women, pre-conception 900 mg two times a day and after conception 600 mg a day thru first trimester. In men, 600 mg a day 

13. L-arginine: L-arginine is an amino acid that is involved in promotion of blood flow by helping the body produce Nitric Oxide, leading to vasodilation. L-arginine supplementation in men may help with erectile dysfunction and increase sperm production and motility. In women, for those with issues with thin uterine lining, the increase in blood flow may help thicken the endometrial lining. Some studies also reported improved outcomes in those who previously had failed IVF cycles.  
    Suggested amount: 1000mg two times a day for men and women. 
    Contraindications: history of oral or genital herpes as it may trigger an outbreak. 

14. Acetyl L-carnitine: Acetyl L-carnitine (ALC) is a form of an amino acid that is involved in mitochondrial oxidation of long chain fatty acids. It has been primarily shown to improve sperm motility. Limited study suggests improvement in symptoms associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome, which in turn may improve fertility. 
    Suggested amount: 500-2500 milligrams daily for both men and women. Best taken first thing in the morning.
    Contraindication: hypothyroidism and history of seizures.

Taking these vitamins and supplements can be beneficial for your overall health as well as before conception. It’s important to talk to your doctor about what supplements might be right for you, and how they can increase the chance of conception and a successful pregnancy. Not all supplements should be continued once pregnant, and you should consult your physician. Maintaining a healthy balance of these vitamins can be beneficial in your fertility journey, but in your overall health as well.

Article reviewed by: Dr. Salli Tazuke

Dr. Salli Tazuke is the Co-founder and Co-Medical Director of CCRM San Francisco and is a board certified in both Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility.  

After receiving her medical degree from University of California San Diego, she completed her residency at Yale University School of Medicine and her fellowship in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility at Stanford University School of Medicine. During her fellowship, she received the notable recognition of Outstanding Laparoendoscopic Resident Surgeon by the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons. 

She has been a reviewer for Fertility and Sterility and American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Dr. Tazuke has also been named a Castle Connolly Top Doctor since 2018. Dr. Tazuke speaks multiple languages, including Spanish, Mandarin and Japanese. 

6 Supplements All Women Trying to Get Pregnant Should Take

You should take a prenatal vitamin before you become pregnant, not just when you find out that you are having a baby. Along with prenatal vitamins, there are additional supplements that may improve your fertility health and help with conception. But it is best to start taking supplements a few months or more before conception, since it may take a few months to get their full benefits. There are so many supplements available. But to keep things simple, here are six that have the best chance of giving your fertility a boost and increase your chance of having a baby.

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Co Enzyme Q 10 (also called Coq10):

Coq10 is a natural antioxidant. It is the source of fuel for mitochondria and is needed for the basic functioning of cells. Our recommendation: If you are up to 37 years old take 200-400 mg and if you are over 37 years old take 400-600 mg.

Vitamin D3

Studies have shown that despite taking a prenatal vitamin, women were still low in Vitamin D. There is typically not enough Vitamin D added to a prenatal pill so it is important to check.  Low Vitamin D levels in early life is linked to schizophrenia, diabetes and skeletal disease. Appropriate levels of Vitamin D intake can prevent or reduce depression, dementia, diabetes, and autoimmune disorders. Our recommendation: Take 2,000-3,000 IU daily.

Folic Acid:

Protects the baby’s neural tube development. One study showed that women who got at least seven hundred micrograms (mcg) a day of folic acid from their diet were forty to fifty percent less likely to have ovulatory infertility then women taking less than three hundred micrograms[1]. Our recommendation: Take a minimum of 400 mcg daily.

Selenium:

Selenium is an antioxidant and protects cells from damage. Preliminary studies have shown that when taken by women this supplement may help prevent miscarriage. For men it is recommended to ensure viability of sperm. Our recommendation: Take 200 mg daily.

Vitamin E:

Helps to boost fertility and is a natural antioxidant. Vitamin E can help the fertilized egg stay attached to the uterine wall. Our recommendation: Take 500- 800 IU.

Herbs:

If you are interested in taking herbal support: Vitex (chasteberry) or Ashwagandha are herbs and aptogens that can be used to boost fertility. Do your research before supplementing with herbs. For example, ashwagandha carries potential side effects that range from headaches to digestive issues. Our recommendation is to speak with your doctor or nutritionist before supplementing with herbs.

Looking for more supplements to boost your fertility?

Those listed above were our top six supplements for boosting fertility. But you should also consider the benefits of:

• Vitamins B6 and B12
• Vitamin C
• Zinc
• Omega-3s
• Iron
• N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC)
• L-arginine
• Acetyl L-carnitine

A naturopathic doctor can help you manage dietary and lifestyle changes to optimize your health and your fertility.

Recommended reading:

[1] Chavarro, Willett & Skerrett. (2008). The Fertility Diary: The Groundbreaking Research Reveals Natural Ways to Boost Ovulation and Improve Your Chances of Getting Pregnant. McGraw Hill.

Original post August 23, 2021
Updated May 30, 2023

If you would like to learn more about GENESIS Fertility New York or are ready to schedule an appointment, please speak with one of our representatives at 718-GENESIS.

Best Supplements for those trying to get pregnant｜ iHerb Blog

The information in this blog has not been verified by your country’s public health authority and is not intended as a diagnosis, treatment, or medical advice.
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If you’ve decided it’s time to try pregnancy, you’re probably already wondering which supplements are important to boost your fertility and the health of your unborn baby. These questions are quite reasonably asked by many women trying to get pregnant! Even women who already have children and want to get pregnant again ask me questions about this when they come to see me with a child. In this article, I will cover the top nutrients and supplements that are very important to take when you are planning to get pregnant!

Fertility and Nutritional Adjustment

Nutrition is certainly important for conception, and certain foods or food groups contain many of the key nutrients for health and wellness. A recently completed Harvard Medical School study showed that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables reduced the incidence of ovulatory disorders compared to women consuming significant amounts of carbohydrates and animal proteins. Nutritionists recommend eating raw fruits and vegetables, as they contain a lot of glutathione, which affects the quality of eggs.

As it turns out, healthy vegetable fats, when eaten in moderation, also increase overall fertility and even the chances of IVF success. These fats include, for example, nuts, avocados and olive oil. It is useful to flavor the usual dishes with these products. Trans fats, on the other hand, can be harmful and should be avoided.

Perhaps you also want to know what to do with carbohydrates? Dieters often don’t like carbohydrates too much, but it would be a mistake to think that they should be completely eliminated from the diet. In fact, complex or “slow” carbs are actually beneficial and are involved in regulating your body’s metabolism. Certain levels of hormones have been proven to inhibit ovulation, and you can reduce these hormone surges by eating foods high in fiber and complex carbohydrates, such as legumes and whole grains.

Fertility & Healthy Pregnancy Supplements

Folic Acid

Prenatal vitamins are essential during pregnancy and contain plenty of folic acid and iron needed during this period. Before and during pregnancy, take 400 micrograms of folic acid daily to help prevent birth defects in your baby’s brain and spine, sometimes called neural tube defects. Pregnant women are advised to get 600 micrograms of folic acid daily from all sources, including supplements.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Omega-3 Fatty Acids are a type of fat naturally found in many types of fish that may be essential for your child’s healthy brain development. However, certain types of fish are high in mercury, which has also been linked to birth defects. To ensure you are getting enough omega-3 fatty acids while avoiding dangerous levels of mercury, consider taking an omega-3 supplement. Some prenatal vitamins contain DHA and EPA, two essential omega-3 fatty acids, but if your vitamin complex does not have these acids, you can choose a separate supplement. There are also non-animal sources of omega-3s.

Vitamin D

Vitamin D is an essential nutrient as it, together with calcium, contributes to the formation of the bones and teeth of the fetus. Many prenatal vitamins contain approximately 400 international units of vitamin D, while the recommended daily allowance for adults is at least 600 international units. For women trying to conceive, higher blood levels of vitamin D are associated with an increased chance of pregnancy, some studies show. Do you want to know the maximum allowable dosage of vitamin D? Up to 4000 international units. This is the safe upper level of daily vitamin D intake.

Probiotics

Probiotics are not yet well understood, however, some studies show that women who take probiotic supplements during the first trimester of pregnancy are less likely to be diagnosed with gestational diabetes. Probiotics are a great way to normalize bowel function and improve digestion without causing any harm to the developing fetus. If you are already taking a probiotic, it is safe to continue using it when trying to conceive. Probiotics are rated by the National Institutes of Health as posing no risk to pregnant or breastfeeding mothers.

Should my partner take supplements?

Men’s health is also a key factor for conception. To increase the chance of pregnancy, it is recommended to take a quality multivitamin. Increasing the amount of antioxidants in the diet improves sperm quality and, as a result, increases the likelihood of a successful pregnancy. Fruits and vegetables are rich in antioxidants, but men should also consider taking a daily supplement to make sure they get all the nutrients they need.

If you have been diagnosed with a medical condition or have a child with a birth defect, some supplements may be especially important. When planning to conceive, be sure to visit your doctor and discuss your diet and supplementation so that you are fully equipped and have all the information you need for a successful pregnancy.

Sources:

1. https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Nutrition-During-Pregnancy
2. https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2010-04/probiotics-and- pregnant women
3. https://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-health/probiotics-during-pregnancy/
4. https://americanpregnancy.org/getting-pregnant/mens-preconception-health/

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Best vitamins for pregnancy planning, list and reviews

Publication date: 05/14/2021

THERE ARE CONTRAINDICATIONS SPECIALIST CONSULTATION IS REQUIREDVitamin B vitaminsFor pregnant and lactating womenIronMedicines for hypovitaminosisZinc

Article author

Svetlana Bukharova,

Dietitian, fitness instructor
Work experience 12 years. Diploma of Medical Education: DVS 1724848

All authors

Contents of the article

• When to start preparing for procreation
• Pregnancy planning vitamins for women
• Combined preparations for women
• Pregnancy planning vitamins for men , combined preparations
• Ask an expert on the topic of the article

The couple decided to have a child, but replenishment of the family is a very responsible step and it is necessary to prepare for conception in advance. This will not only preserve the health of the expectant mother, but also help to endure and give birth to full-fledged offspring. For a normal pregnancy, a woman needs a supply of vitamins and minerals. Their deficiency can cause complications: the risk of perinatal pathology, congenital malformations and abnormalities in the physical and mental development of children increases.

Preparing for conception is important not only for women, but also for men. Reproductive function also depends on the lifestyle of future parents. It takes several months to cleanse the body, normalize metabolism and create a balance of vitamins and minerals.

What vitamins are needed for couples planning to continue the family, we will tell in this article.

When to start preparing for procreation

Doctors recommend planning a conception several months in advance. The composition of the male seed is updated every three months, in women, the egg maturation cycle takes place monthly. For a full-fledged conception, a man will need three or more months to put his reproductive health in order. Women need two or more months.

Review your gastronomic preferences. The diet should include fresh vegetables and fruits, fish and meat, nuts, dairy. It is also necessary to avoid stress and forget about smoking and alcohol. And, of course, you need to feed the body with vitamins.

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All products Complivit Calcium D3

16 reviews

All products Folic acid

18 reviews

All products Vitamin E

40 reviews

Pregnancy planning vitamins for women

According to statistics, about 70% of pregnant women are deficient in vitamins and microelements. They need to be stocked up during pregnancy. The female body needs:

• Folic acid will help to avoid anemia.
• Vitamin B9 plays an important role in the laying of the neural tube of the fetus. B9 deficiency can result in the development of malformations in the baby’s brain and spinal cord, a violation of the central nervous system.
• Vitamin D deficiency causes rickets in the child and muscle weakness in the mother. Vitamin D is essential for the absorption of calcium.
• Calcium is important for fetal bone growth and development.
• Magnesium stimulates intrauterine growth of the baby and prevents early miscarriage.
• Vitamin E strengthens cell walls and influences cellular processes after fertilization.
• Vitamin K is involved in the synthesis of proteins important for hemostasis.
• Retinol improves egg quality. But you need to use vitamin A carefully. Its excess provokes malformations of the fetus. Strictly adhere to the dosage prescribed by your doctor!
• Vitamin C strengthens cell membranes.
• B vitamins, especially B 6 and B 12 are essential for reproductive health and female fertility.
• Zinc is an essential mineral that contributes to the normal development and formation of the fetus. Zinc deficiency in a future mother causes fetal malformations: curvature of the spine, hydrocephalus, “hare lip”, etc. In addition, zinc is involved in proper cell division and insulin production. Important! Zinc accumulates in the female body, it must be taken in advance.

• Iron deficiency reduces the chance of pregnancy by 60%, in addition, the quality of eggs suffers. Studies have shown that women who do not get enough iron experience anovulation (lack of ovulation). And if conception occurs, anemia will prevent the cells of the fetus from dividing and growing properly, which can trigger a miscarriage.
• Lack of iodine causes menstrual irregularities, provokes mastopathy and infertility. According to studies, iodine deficiency is observed in eight out of ten women. An imbalance of thyroid hormones at the beginning of pregnancy adversely affects the introduction of the fetal egg into the uterine wall, which leads to intrauterine death and miscarriage.

It is inconvenient to take all the described drugs separately, therefore, many complexes have been developed that contain the substances necessary to prepare for a healthy conception. Let’s talk about the most effective.

All products Retinol acetate

5 reviews

All products Retinol palmitate

14 reviews

All products Iodine

20 reviews

Combined preparations for women

• Pregnoton (Russia). Available as a powder, soluble in water. It contains folic acid, zinc, selenium, magnesium and other elements. Pregnoton is used for hormonal failures, because they often become the reason for not getting pregnant.
• Vitrum Prenatal Forte (India). Contains vitamins, minerals and iodine. Favorably affects the production of female sex hormones. It is also indicated during pregnancy and lactation.
• Femibion-1 (Germany). Saturates the body with essential vitamins. The course of admission allows you to strengthen hair and nails, improve facial skin and overall well-being. The drug does not cause allergic reactions, strengthens the body, normalizes the nervous system. Has a prolonged action. Minus the drug in the absence of trace elements.
• Elevit Pronatal (Germany). A multivitamin preparation is used in preparation for conception, during pregnancy and after the birth of a child. Contains the optimal dosage of vitamins and minerals. But at the same time, the complex does not contain iodine.
• Complivit Trimestrum (Russia). The composition is ideal at the stage of pregnancy planning and in its first months. Balanced composition containing B9 and iodine.
• Mom’s health alphabet (Russia). The components meet the needs of the female body when planning and during pregnancy. Reception of dietary supplements causes an energy surge.

All products Femibion ​​

27 reviews

All products Elevit Pronatal

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All products Complivit Trimestrum

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All products Vitrum Prenatal

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Vitamins for pregnancy planning for men, combined preparations

• Alphabet for men ( Russia). In addition to the main vitamins and minerals, the complex contains Siberian ginseng extract, which improves men’s health.
• Viardo Forte (Russia). Dietary supplement, it is recommended to take along with vitamins. Affects the quality of seminal fluid.
• Complivit (Russia). Multivitamin universal preparation. Contains zinc and selenium. Provides the male body with essential vitamins and minerals.
• Spermaktiv (Russia). A dietary supplement that increases libido and improves the quality of germ cells. Most effective for men over 36 years of age.
• Selzinc plus (Russia). Included in the group of antioxidants. The basis of the drug is zinc and selenium. Also contains vitamins E and C.

All goods Ascorbic acid

10 reviews

All products Complivit

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All products Selenium

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Important! Don’t take vitamins on an empty stomach. If side effects occur (itching, rash, eating disorders), stop taking the complex and consult a doctor.

In order not to make a mistake with the choice of vitamins for conception, start planning your pregnancy with a visit to the doctor. A woman needs to go to a gynecologist, a man – to a urologist. Specialists will determine the state of your reproductive health, give individual recommendations and select the necessary vitamins. Remember that the balance of vitamins and minerals is a delicate matter, and an overabundance of vitamins is no less dangerous than their lack. Never purchase complexes for conception based on reviews on the Internet or relying on other people’s advice.

Sources:

• Elibrary.ru Berezovskaya K.E., Fedorova K. Yu., Temirova M.A., Burlachenko Ya.O. A modern view on the need to prepare for pregnancy: a step-by-step instruction for future parents. Rostov State Medical University.
• Mediasphera.ru Chibichyan E. Kh. Peculiarities of periodontal status and changes in osteotropic mediators in oral fluid in pregnant women with vitamin D deficiency. Russian Dentistry. 2018
• Cyberleninka.ru O.V. Vavina, T.K. Puchko, M.A. Umralieva Iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women and its correction. Federal State Budgetary Institution National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology. ak. V.I. Kulakov of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
• Cyberleninka.ru V.M. Kodentsova, M.V. Gmoshinskaya O.A. Vrzhesinskaya Vitamin-mineral complexes for pregnant and lactating women: justification of the composition and doses. FGBNU Research Institute of Nutrition Moscow
• Link.springer.com Miranda, V. I. A., da Silva Dal Pizzol, T., Silveira, M. P. T.