How can you naturally treat and prevent urinary tract infections at home. What are the most effective home remedies for UTI relief and prevention. Which natural treatments can help manage UTI symptoms without antibiotics.

Understanding Urinary Tract Infections: Causes, Symptoms, and Risk Factors

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are incredibly common, affecting millions of people worldwide each year. A 2022 analysis revealed that over 404.6 million individuals suffered from UTIs globally in 2019. These infections occur when bacteria, typically from the skin or rectum, enter the urethra and travel up the urinary tract.

While UTIs can affect anyone, people assigned female at birth are more susceptible due to their shorter urethra, which allows bacteria easier access to the bladder. The proximity of the urethra to the vagina and rectum in females also increases the risk of bacterial contamination.

Common UTI Symptoms

• Burning sensation during urination
• Frequent urge to urinate
• Cloudy or dark urine
• Strong-smelling urine
• Feeling of incomplete bladder emptying
• Pelvic pain

Risk Factors for UTIs

1. History of previous UTIs
2. Sexual activity
3. Poor hygiene
4. Age (children and older adults are more prone)
5. Pregnancy
6. Changes in vaginal bacteria (due to spermicides or menopause)
7. Structural problems in the urinary tract
8. Catheter use
9. Certain medical conditions (e.g., diabetes)

Hydration: The First Line of Defense Against UTIs

Proper hydration plays a crucial role in preventing and managing urinary tract infections. Drinking adequate fluids helps flush bacteria from the urinary system, reducing the risk of infection. A 2019 study conducted in nursing homes found that implementing a structured drinking schedule decreased antibiotic-requiring UTIs by an impressive 58%.

Furthermore, a 2020 randomized control trial involving 140 premenopausal women prone to UTIs demonstrated that increased fluid intake led to a significant reduction in UTI frequency over a 12-month period. This research underscores the importance of staying well-hydrated throughout the day, especially for those at higher risk of developing UTIs.

Tips for Increasing Fluid Intake

• Carry a reusable water bottle and refill it regularly
• Set reminders on your phone to drink water
• Consume water-rich foods like cucumbers, watermelon, and zucchini
• Opt for herbal teas or infused water for variety
• Monitor your urine color – pale yellow indicates good hydration

The Power of Vitamin C in Fighting UTIs

Vitamin C has shown promise in the prevention and management of urinary tract infections. This essential nutrient is believed to increase urine acidity, creating an inhospitable environment for bacteria. A small 2020 randomized placebo study involving 19 kidney transplant recipients found that intravenous vitamin C significantly reduced urinary bacterial counts compared to the placebo group.

Additionally, a 2016 study suggested that combining vitamin C with cranberries and the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus could be an effective treatment for recurrent UTIs. While more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms at play, incorporating vitamin C-rich foods into your diet may offer some protection against UTIs.

Vitamin C-Rich Foods to Include in Your Diet

• Citrus fruits (oranges, grapefruits, lemons)
• Red and green bell peppers
• Strawberries
• Kiwi fruit
• Broccoli
• Brussels sprouts
• Potatoes

Cranberry: A Time-Honored Remedy for UTI Prevention

Cranberry products have long been touted as a natural remedy for urinary tract infections. While research results have been mixed, some studies suggest that cranberries may help prevent UTIs, particularly in women with recurrent infections. The potential benefits of cranberries are attributed to compounds called proanthocyanidins, which may prevent bacteria from adhering to the urinary tract walls.

A 2017 meta-analysis published in the Journal of Urology found that cranberry products reduced the risk of UTIs by 32% in certain populations. However, it’s important to note that many commercial cranberry juices are high in sugar and may not contain sufficient active compounds to be effective. Opting for unsweetened cranberry juice or supplements may be a better choice for those seeking potential UTI prevention benefits.

Ways to Incorporate Cranberry into Your Diet

• Drink unsweetened cranberry juice
• Add dried cranberries to salads or oatmeal
• Take cranberry supplements (consult with a healthcare provider first)
• Use cranberry extract in smoothies
• Enjoy fresh cranberries when in season

Probiotics: Balancing the Urinary Microbiome

Probiotics, the beneficial bacteria that support gut health, may also play a role in preventing urinary tract infections. These microorganisms help maintain a healthy balance of bacteria in the urogenital system, potentially reducing the risk of harmful bacteria colonizing the urinary tract. While more research is needed, several studies have shown promising results for probiotic use in UTI prevention.

A 2015 review published in the Canadian Journal of Urology found that certain probiotic strains, particularly Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14, may be effective in preventing recurrent UTIs in women. These probiotics work by competing with harmful bacteria for resources and producing substances that inhibit pathogen growth.

Probiotic Sources for UTI Prevention

• Yogurt with live active cultures
• Kefir
• Fermented foods (sauerkraut, kimchi, kombucha)
• Probiotic supplements (choose those containing Lactobacillus strains)
• Probiotic-fortified foods

Hygiene Practices for UTI Prevention

Maintaining good hygiene is crucial in preventing urinary tract infections. Simple changes in your daily routine can significantly reduce the risk of bacteria entering the urinary system. While these practices are especially important for those prone to UTIs, they are beneficial for everyone in maintaining urinary tract health.

Essential Hygiene Tips for UTI Prevention

1. Wipe from front to back after using the toilet
2. Urinate before and after sexual activity
3. Avoid using irritating feminine products (e.g., douches, powders)
4. Wear breathable, cotton underwear
5. Change out of wet swimsuits or sweaty clothes promptly
6. Clean genital area gently with mild soap and water
7. Avoid holding urine for long periods

By incorporating these hygiene practices into your daily routine, you can create a barrier against the bacteria that cause UTIs. Remember, prevention is always easier than treatment, and these simple steps can go a long way in maintaining urinary tract health.

Natural Supplements for UTI Management

While antibiotics are the primary treatment for urinary tract infections, several natural supplements have shown promise in supporting urinary tract health and potentially preventing or managing UTIs. It’s important to note that these supplements should not replace medical treatment for active infections, and you should always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.

Promising Supplements for UTI Support

• D-Mannose: A type of sugar that may prevent bacteria from adhering to urinary tract walls
• Uva Ursi: An herb with potential antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties
• Garlic: Contains allicin, a compound with antimicrobial effects
• Berberine: A compound found in several plants, known for its antimicrobial properties
• Green tea extract: Rich in polyphenols that may have antibacterial effects

A 2016 study published in the European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences found that a combination of D-mannose, cranberry extract, and other natural compounds was effective in preventing recurrent UTIs in women. However, more research is needed to fully understand the efficacy and safety of these supplements for UTI prevention and management.

Considerations When Using Natural Supplements

1. Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement
2. Be aware of potential interactions with medications
3. Choose high-quality supplements from reputable sources
4. Follow recommended dosages carefully
5. Monitor for any adverse reactions or side effects

Lifestyle Modifications to Reduce UTI Risk

In addition to the remedies discussed above, certain lifestyle changes can significantly impact your susceptibility to urinary tract infections. By adopting these habits, you can create an environment that’s less favorable for bacterial growth and enhance your body’s natural defenses against UTIs.

Key Lifestyle Changes for UTI Prevention

• Maintain a healthy weight: Obesity has been linked to an increased risk of UTIs
• Quit smoking: Smoking can weaken the immune system, making you more susceptible to infections
• Manage stress: Chronic stress can negatively impact immune function
• Exercise regularly: Physical activity boosts overall health and immune function
• Practice safe sex: Use condoms and urinate after sexual activity
• Avoid irritating products: Choose gentle, unscented personal care products

A 2018 study published in the International Urogynecology Journal found that women who engaged in regular physical activity had a lower risk of recurrent UTIs compared to those with sedentary lifestyles. This highlights the importance of incorporating exercise into your routine not just for general health, but also for urinary tract health.

Creating a UTI-Prevention Routine

1. Start your day with a glass of water
2. Incorporate UTI-fighting foods into your meals
3. Take any recommended supplements with breakfast
4. Practice good hygiene throughout the day
5. Engage in physical activity for at least 30 minutes
6. End your day with another glass of water
7. Empty your bladder before bed

By integrating these lifestyle modifications with the home remedies discussed earlier, you can create a comprehensive approach to UTI prevention and management. Remember, consistency is key when it comes to maintaining urinary tract health.

When to Seek Medical Attention for UTIs

While home remedies can be effective in preventing and managing mild urinary tract infections, it’s crucial to recognize when professional medical care is necessary. UTIs can sometimes lead to more serious complications if left untreated, so it’s important to be aware of the signs that indicate a need for medical intervention.

Signs You Should See a Healthcare Provider

• Fever or chills
• Back or side pain
• Nausea or vomiting
• Blood in urine
• Symptoms that persist for more than a few days
• Recurring UTIs
• UTI symptoms in men or children
• UTI symptoms during pregnancy

A 2021 study published in the Journal of Clinical Medicine emphasized the importance of prompt treatment for UTIs, particularly in older adults, to prevent complications such as sepsis or kidney damage. If you experience any of the above symptoms or are unsure about the severity of your condition, it’s always better to err on the side of caution and consult a healthcare professional.

What to Expect During a UTI Consultation

1. Discussion of your symptoms and medical history
2. Physical examination
3. Urine sample collection for analysis
4. Possible prescription of antibiotics
5. Discussion of preventive measures
6. Follow-up instructions

Remember, while home remedies can be beneficial, they should not replace proper medical care when needed. Always follow your healthcare provider’s advice and complete any prescribed antibiotic courses to ensure effective treatment of urinary tract infections.

6 Home Remedies for UTIs (Urinary Tract Infections)

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1. More fluids
2. Vitamin C
3. Unsweetened cranberry juice
4. Probiotics
5. Healthy hygiene
6. Supplements

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are very common. A 2022 analysis found that more than 404.6 million people had UTIs worldwide in 2019.

UTIs happen when bacteria, usually from the skin or rectum, enter the urethra. You can get an infection along any part of the urinary tract, but bladder infections are the most common.

Though UTIs can affect anyone, people assigned female at birth are more prone to them. That’s because the female urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the bladder, is shorter than the male urethra.

The shorter distance makes it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder. The proximity of the urethra to the vagina and rectum, which are sources of bacteria, also plays a role.

Other risk factors for UTIs include:

• history of UTIs
• sexual activity
• poor hygiene
• age, with children and older adults more prone to UTIs
• pregnancy
• changes to vaginal bacteria, which spermicides and menopause can cause
• structural problems in the urinary tract, such as an enlarged prostate
• having a catheter in place
• certain medical conditions, such as diabetes

UTI symptoms

Common UTI symptoms include:

• a burning sensation when peeing
• frequent urination
• cloudy or dark urine
• urine with a strong odor
• a feeling of incomplete bladder emptying
• pelvic pain

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Bacteria cause almost 95% of UTIs, but fungi can also cause infection.

Though antibiotics typically treat UTIs, there are several natural ways to help manage infections and reduce the risk of recurrence.

This article reviews six home remedies you can use to treat UTIs.

Language matters

You’ll notice that the language used in this article to share stats and other data points is pretty binary, fluctuating between the use of “male” and “female” or “men” and “women.”

Although we typically avoid language like this, specificity is key when reporting on research participants and clinical findings.

Unfortunately, the studies and surveys referenced in this article didn’t report data on, or include, participants who are transgender, nonbinary, gender nonconforming, genderqueer, agender, or genderless.

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Dehydration is linked to an increased risk of UTIs.

This is because regular urination can help flush bacteria from the urinary tract to prevent infection. When you’re dehydrated, you aren’t urinating as often, which can create a breeding ground for bacteria.

A 2019 study examined nursing home residents and administered a drinking schedule to participants to increase their fluid intake. Following the schedule decreased UTIs requiring antibiotics by 58%.

In a 2020 randomized control trial, 140 premenopausal participants prone to UTIs took part in a 12-month study to test if a higher fluid intake would decrease their risk of recurrent cystitis and, in turn, their risk of developing a UTI. Researchers found that an increase in fluid intake led to a decrease in UTI frequency.

To stay hydrated and meet your fluid needs, it’s best to drink water throughout the day and always when you’re thirsty.

Benefits of drinking more fluids for UTI

Drinking plenty of liquids can decrease your risk of UTIs by making you pee more, which helps remove bacteria from your urinary tract.

Some evidence suggests that increasing your intake of vitamin C could protect against UTIs.

Vitamin C is thought to work by increasing the acidity of urine, killing off the bacteria that cause infection.

A small 2020 randomized placebo study involving 19 people who had undergone kidney transplant found that the amount of bacteria in urine was significantly lower in people who received intravenous vitamin C group compared to the placebo group.

Results from a small 2016 study showed that combining vitamin C with two other popular natural UTI remedies — cranberries and the probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus — could be an effective treatment for recurrent UTIs.

Fruits and vegetables are especially high in vitamin C and are a good way to increase your intake.

Red peppers, oranges, grapefruit, and kiwifruit all contain the full recommended daily amount of vitamin C in just one serving.

Despite these studies, more research is needed to prove vitamin C’s effectiveness in reducing UTI risk. Plus, there are conflicting views on whether vitamin C can really change the acidity of your urine enough to kill off bacteria. However, at the very least, increasing your vitamin C intake will likely offer some extra support for your immune system.

You can try products like vitamin C gummies or supplements to boost your normal daily intake.

Emergen-C 1000mg Vitamin C Powder

• Price: $$
• What it’s good for: for people who may not want to take vitamin C in capsule form

A liquid form of your daily dose of vitamin C, Emergen-C Vitamin C Powder is packed with the support needed for daily immunity. As a drink, it provides immune support and delivers antioxidants such as zinc and manganese, vitamin B, and electrolytes.

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Nature Made Extra Strength Dosage Vitamin C

• Price: $
• What it’s good for: kids who might need an extra boost of vitamin C

These tangerine-flavored gummies are an easy, tasty way to receive immune support from vitamin C. Each daily dosage boasts 500 mg of vitamin C.

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Benefits of vitamin C for UTI

Increasing vitamin C intake may decrease your risk of UTIs by making your urine more acidic, thus killing infection-causing bacteria.

Drinking unsweetened cranberry juice is one of the most well-known natural remedies for UTIs. If drinking unsweetened cranberry juice isn’t your thing, you can also take it in capsule form.

Cranberries work by helping to prevent bacteria from adhering to the urinary tract.

In a 2016 study, participants with recent histories of UTIs drank an 8-ounce (240-mL) serving of cranberry juice every day for 24 weeks. Those who drank cranberry juice had fewer UTI episodes than the control group.

Another study showed that consuming cranberry products may lower the number of UTIs someone experiences in a year in a year, especially for those who have recurrent UTIs.

In a more recent study, participants with a history of recurring uncomplicated UTIs reported a reduction in infections after taking a cranberry supplement for six months prior.

However, some other studies suggest that cranberry juice may not be as effective in the prevention of UTIs.

Because of the inconsistent results of recent studies, researchers published a review of existing studies on the topic in 2021. They initially identified 3,421 studies, and ultimately found 23 trials with sufficient data for inclusion.

The results of the meta-analysis showed that cranberry supplementation significantly reduced the incidence of UTIs. While the researchers suggested that cranberry be used alongside other therapies to treat and prevent UTIs, they also noted that several of the included trials had limitations.

Although the evidence is mixed, cranberry juice may help reduce the risk of UTIs. Whether it actually works as a treatment for an active UTI is less cut and dry.

Keep in mind that any possible benefits of this home remedy only apply to unsweetened cranberry juice, rather than sweetened varieties. Cranberry juice with added sugars won’t help treat an active UTI.

Cranberry concentrate or cranberry juice such as this one could be one way to reduce the risks of a UTI.

Benefits of cranberries for UTI

Some studies suggest that cranberries could help reduce your risk of UTIs by preventing bacteria from adhering to your urinary tract.

Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms that are consumed through food or supplements. They can promote a healthy balance of bacteria in your gut.

Probiotics are available in supplement form or can be found in fermented foods, such as kefir, kimchi, kombucha, and probiotic yogurt.

Consuming probiotics has been linked to many things, from improved digestive health to enhanced immune function.

Some studies have shown that probiotics may reduce the risk of UTIs. These studies have involved the use of oral and vaginally-administered probiotics, as well as different probiotic strains.

Antibiotics, the main line of defense against UTIs, can cause disturbances in levels of gut bacteria. Probiotics may be beneficial in restoring gut bacteria after antibiotic treatment.

Studies have shown that probiotics can increase levels of good gut bacteria and reduce side effects associated with antibiotic use.

Anyone interested in upping their probiotic intake could try these ones by Renew Life:

Renew Life Probiotics for Women

• Price: $$$
• What it’s good for: women’s care and health

Known for preventing bad bacteria from impacting your gut probiotics can also be a good way to look after your vaginal and urinary health. This product has been shown to balance healthy pH and yeast levels and supports general autoimmune health too.

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Benefits of probiotics for UTI

Probiotics could help prevent UTIs and are beneficial for restoring gut bacteria after antibiotic treatment.

Preventing UTIs starts with practicing a few good bathroom and hygiene habits.

First, it’s important not to hold your urine for too long. This can lead to a buildup of bacteria, resulting in infection.

Peeing after sex has long been linked to a reduced risk of UTIs by preventing the spread of bacteria and is recommended by health authorities, including Planned Parenthood.

Additionally, those who are prone to UTIs should avoid using spermicide, as it has been linked to an increase in UTIs.

Finally, when using the toilet — especially if you have a female urethra — make sure you wipe front to back. Wiping from back to front can cause bacteria to spread to the urinary tract and is associated with an increased risk of UTIs.

One way to stop or prevent any bacteria from spreading amongst genitalia is by using Always Feminine Wipes.

Always Feminine Wipes

• Price: $
• What it’s good for: easy and convenient access throughout the day

Easily resealable and compact enough to keep on your person, these wipes are lightly scented to ensure you feel fresh and clean throughout the day.

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Benefits of healthy hygiene for UTI

Urinating frequently and after sexual intercourse can reduce the risk of UTI. Careful wiping when you use the toilet may also help decrease the risk of UTI.

Several natural supplements may decrease the risk of developing a UTI.

Here are a few supplements that have been studied and are all available in capsule form:

Nature’s Bounty Cranberry with Vitamin C

• Price: $$
• What it’s good for: all-in-one supplement to support both urinary and immune health

Made from cranberry concentrate and a dose of vitamin C, these contain the equivalent of 4,200 mg of cranberries. In addition to supporting urinary health, these also contain many antioxidants that can help build up the immune system.

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Nature’s Bounty Garlic Extract

• Price: $$
• What it’s good for: alternative treatment to prevent the growth of bacteria in the body as a whole

While potentially beneficial as a prevention method for UTIs, garlic extract is also known to promote heart and cardiovascular health and helps maintain cholesterol health.

While not many studies have specialized in the effects of garlic in treating UTIs, one older study found that the combination of garlic oil and parsley in pills could have a synergistic effect on bacterial growth and proliferation.

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• D-mannose: D-mannose is a type of sugar that is found in cranberries. Research suggests it’s effective in treating UTIs and preventing recurrence.
• Cranberry extract: Like cranberry juice, cranberry extract works by preventing bacteria from adhering to the urinary tract.
• Garlic extract: Research shows garlic and garlic extract to have antimicrobial properties, so they may be able to block the growth of bacteria to prevent UTIs.

Benefits of natural supplements for UTI

D-mannose, bearberry leaf, and cranberry extract are natural supplements that have been shown to prevent UTIs and decrease recurrence.

UTI supplement options

Read our full review of Uqora, a company that focuses on developing natural supplements for UTI prevention.

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Here are some ways you can manage UTI symptoms that may also help prevent a recurrence:

• Stay well hydrated.
• Avoid or limit foods and drinks that can irritate the bladder, such as coffee, soft drinks, and citrus.
• Avoid holding in your pee for too long.
• Apply a heating pad or hot water bottle to minimize bladder discomfort.
• Ask your doctor about prescription or OTC pain medication.
• Take all your antibiotics as prescribed by your healthcare professional.

It’s important to talk with a doctor if you have symptoms of a UTI. While natural remedies may help, a medical professional can diagnose a UTI and prescribe antibiotics to treat the infection.

Left untreated, UTIs have a risk of severe complications, including spreading to your kidneys. Don’t ignore signs of a severe infection.

Get in touch with a healthcare professional if you experience any of the following:

• a fever over 103°F (39.4°C)
• shaking
• chills
• nausea
• vomiting
• blood in your urine

Why are females at a higher risk for UTIs?

People with female reproductive organs are at a higher risk for UTIs because of their anatomy. The female urethra, the tube which empties urine from your bladder out of your body, is shorter than someone born with male anatomy.

The female urethra is also quite close to female reproductive organs. That means bacteria from sexual intercourse as well as products like spermicide can be in close contact with the urethra and bladder.

Females also experience menopause and pregnancy. These two biological events change the bacteria in your reproductive and digestive tracts and create conditions that make UTIs more likely.

Should UTI treatment vary according to what’s causing the infection?

Your UTI treatment may vary according to what’s causing the infection. Certain UTIs, especially chronic and recurring ones, will need antibiotic treatment as opposed to simple home remedies.

If you’re prescribed antibiotics to treat a UTI, a healthcare professional may choose an antibiotic that’s specific to the type of bacteria that’s triggering your infection.

Will over-the-counter products (OTC) products like AZO get rid of my UTI?

Maybe. OTC products like AZO contain active ingredients that have antibacterial properties. In the case of AZO, the active ingredient is a compound called methenamine.

In combination with an anti-inflammatory compound, these products are meant to help your body kill harmful bacteria.

For powerful bacterial infections, the active ingredients in OTC products just might not be enough. Also, most of these products advertise as a protection against UTIs, not necessarily a treatment for current, active infections.

Can you get rid of a UTI naturally at home, or do you need antibiotics?

Sometimes, you can get rid of a UTI naturally by resting, drinking lots of water, taking dietary supplements, and giving the infection some time to heal. Research from 2017 suggests that somewhere between 25% and 42% of UTIs resolve naturally without the use of antibiotics.

However, there are certain situations where “wait and see” just isn’t an acceptable approach. Untreated UTIs can cause potentially life threatening complications, including sepsis.

When do I need to see a doctor for a UTI?

UTIs do have a risk of severe complications if they’re left untreated. UTIs that affect your kidneys and bladder need to be treated by a professional. Don’t ignore signs of a severe infection.

Signs that it’s time to get in touch with a healthcare professional include:

• a fever over 103°F (39.4°C)
• shaking
• chills
• nausea
• vomiting
• blood in your urine

What happens if a UTI is left untreated?

Left untreated, a UTI can spread higher in the urinary tract to the kidneys or ureters, which are the tubes that connect the bladder to the kidneys.

Upper UTIs can cause severe symptoms, damage the kidneys, and spread to the bloodstream, becoming life threatening.

Can UTIs cause kidney infections?

Yes, UTIs can spread to the kidneys and have the potential to damage the kidneys if not treated promptly.

If you have the following signs of a kidney infection, seek immediate medical treatment:

• fever of 100.4ºF (38ºC) or above
• chills
• pain in your back or sides
• agitation or restlessness
• confusion

What are signs that your UTI is healing?

UTIs typically clear up within 3 to 5 days of starting treatment. You should start to notice a gradual improvement in your pain and other symptoms.

If you don’t notice any improvement within this time frame or your symptoms are getting worse, talk with your doctor.

UTIs are a common and frustrating problem, particularly if they keep recurring.

Home remedies and OTC products can help prevent UTIs, but they can’t always completely eliminate the bacteria causing your infection. If you’re trying home remedies but still have symptoms, talk with a healthcare professional to avoid any complications.

Staying hydrated, practicing health-promoting habits, and supplementing your diet with some UTI-fighting ingredients are good ways to lower your risk of these infections in the future.

Read this article in Spanish.

Can You Treat UTIs Without Antibiotics? 8 Remedies to Try

We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission Here’s our process.

Healthline only shows you brands and products that we stand behind.

Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. To establish that the product manufacturers addressed safety and efficacy standards, we:

• Evaluate ingredients and composition: Do they have the potential to cause harm?
• Fact-check all health claims: Do they align with the current body of scientific evidence?
• Assess the brand: Does it operate with integrity and adhere to industry best practices?

We do the research so you can find trusted products for your health and wellness.

Read more about our vetting process.

Was this helpful?

A urinary tract infection (UTI) can knock you off your feet, causing a range of symptoms. You can use these home remedies to help manage those symptoms.

A urinary tract infection (UTI) can knock you off your feet, causing a range of symptoms like bloody urine and pain in the lower abdomen or pelvic region.

These infections are responsible for roughly 8 million doctor visits each year and are the second most common type of infection to occur in the human body. They occur more often in women but can affect men as well.

Antibiotics are required to treat UTIs and can help speed up recovery, manage symptoms, and prevent complications. If left untreated, UTIs can lead to serious complications and health problems.

In addition to using antibiotics prescribed by a healthcare professional, there are several home remedies that may help ease symptoms and prevent a recurrence.

A note on gender

We use “women” and “men” in this article to reflect the terms that have been historically used to gender people. But your gender identity may not align with how your body responds to this disease.

Your doctor can better help you understand how your specific circumstances will translate into diagnosis, symptoms, and treatment.

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A urinary tract infection is a type of infection that occurs when bacteria enter the urinary tract and multiply. This infection can affect one or more areas within the urinary tract, including the:

• urethra
• bladder
• ureters
• kidneys

Symptoms

UTIs can cause symptoms, such as:

• painful, burning sensation while urinating
• frequent urge to urinate, often producing little urine
• lower abdominal pain
• urine leakage
• cloudy or foul-smelling urine
• bloody urine
• lower back pain

If a UTI spreads to the kidneys, which is a serious infection, you may have symptoms like:

• fever
• upper back pain
• nausea and vomiting

Causes

Though UTIs can affect anyone, they’re more common in women. In fact, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases estimates that 40% to 60% of women will have at least one UTI in their lifetime.

This is because people assigned female at birth have a shorter urethra, so it’s easier for bacteria to enter their bladder.

UTIs in men are often related to an enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hypertrophy) blocking the flow of urine. This allows bacteria to have an easier time occupying the urinary tract.

In almost 90% of cases, the bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the cause of the UTI. E. coli is normally found inside the intestines. When confined to the intestines, it’s harmless. But sometimes, this bacterium gets into the urinary tract and causes an infection.

Sex may trigger a UTI in women. This is because intercourse can move bacteria from the anal area to near the opening of the urethra. Women can lower their risk of infection by urinating after sexual activity.

Using spermicides, diaphragms, and condoms may also raise the risk of a UTI. The risk is higher in people with a weakened immune system as well.

UTI fast facts

• UTIs are the second most common type of infection.
• E. coli is the cause of most UTIs, but viruses and other germs can also cause them.
• There are 8 million UTI-related doctor visits per year in the United States.

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Other home remedies to get rid of a UTI without antibiotics

Until there are more advancements in UTI treatment, antibiotics remain the most effective standard treatment.

Along with standard antibiotic therapy prescribed by a healthcare professional, you can try several home remedies to feel better sooner and reduce the likelihood of recurrent infections. Read on to learn about some alternative UTI treatments.

Cranberries may contain an ingredient that stops bacteria from attaching to the walls of the urinary tract.

Though research is inconclusive, some studies suggest that you might be able to reduce your risk of UTIs with cranberry products, including unsweetened cranberry juice, cranberry supplements, or dried cranberries.

But other studies have noted that the use of cranberries to prevent UTIs doesn’t produce consistent results, so more research is needed.

If you’re interested in trying cranberries to support urinary tract health, consider 365 by Whole Foods Market, Organic 100% Pure Cranberry Juice. This organic option contains no added sugar.

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Although urinating can be painful when you have a UTI, it’s important to drink as many fluids as possible — particularly water. Most adults should aim to drink between six and eight 8-ounce glasses of water per day.

The more you drink, the more you’ll urinate, which can help flush harmful bacteria from the urinary tract.

Holding your urine or ignoring the urge to urinate can allow bacteria to multiply in your urinary tract. As a rule of thumb, always use the bathroom when you feel the urge.

It’s also important to make sure you’re fully emptying your bladder when you urinate, and to always urinate after sex, especially if you have a vagina. If you do, it’s also important to wipe front to back after you urinate.

Probiotics promote healthy digestion and immunity. They also may be effective in treating and preventing UTIs when used alongside standard antibiotic therapy.

With a UTI, bad bacteria replace good bacteria in the urogenital system, especially those of one group called Lactobacillus. Probiotics can restore good bacteria and might reduce the recurrence of a UTI.

Though some research suggests that probiotics may be effective in UTI prevention and treatment, more studies are needed.

If you’re interested in trying probiotics for urinary tract health, consider Uqoura Promote Daily Probiotic supplement, a capsule designed to promote vaginal health, which in turn supports the health of the urinary tract.

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UTI supplement options

Read our full review of Uqora, a company that focuses on developing natural supplements for UTI prevention.

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Increasing your intake of vitamin C may help boost your immune system.

But some research has found conflicting evidence for the effectiveness of vitamin C in treating UTIs, noting that not enough studies have been done to support this treatment.

If you don’t love freshly squeezed orange juice, you can add a Nature’s Bounty Vitamin C caplet to your supplement routine. Each caplet contains 1,000 milligrams of vitamin C.

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Wearing cotton-lined and loose-fitting clothing may ease symptoms of an existing UTI infection by helping to keep the area dry and clean.

Tight-fitting clothing and certain types of fabric can trap moisture that allows bacteria to grow in the genital area, which could worsen the infection.

Some older research suggests that certain contraceptives may contribute to the cause of UTIs in some women.

If you use diaphragms, spermicides, or nonlubricated condoms and get frequent UTIs, it may be worth talking with your doctor to consider other methods of birth control.

Prescription birth control can be easily obtained through online birth control services, where you can speak with a doctor to find the right option for you. These services vary in price and offerings and they can be a discreet, convenient way to get the consultation and protection you need.

Healthline’s picks for the best online birth control services

Here are some of our favorite telehealth platforms that offer birth control prescriptions and consultations:

• Nurx
• Lemonaid
• SimpleHealth

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Applying a heating pad to your lower abdomen can help ease some of the discomfort that comes with a UTI and reduce frequent trips to the bathroom that can cause painful burning.

If you’re experiencing severe pain that doesn’t let up even with at-home methods, it’s probably best to see a doctor about your symptoms.

A great heating pad option is the DMI Dry and Moist Heat Electric Heating Pad, which not only has an extra-long cord for convenience, but also features four heat options and automatic shutoff for safety.

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Pricing guide

• $ = under $10
• $$ = $10—$30
• $$$ = over $30

Most UTIs aren’t serious if treated promptly with antibiotics. But if left untreated, the infection can spread up to the kidneys and bloodstream, and become life threatening. Kidney infections can lead to kidney damage and kidney scarring.

Symptoms of a UTI usually improve within 2 to 4 days after starting antibiotic therapy. Many doctors prescribe an antibiotic for at least 3 days.

But some UTIs don’t clear up after antibiotic therapy, which may mean that a different type of antibiotic is required.

The overuse or misuse of antibiotics can also contribute to antibiotic resistance, a growing problem that can make it more challenging to treat issues like recurrent UTIs. Because of this risk, experts have been looking for other ways to treat UTIs alongside antibiotics.

Antibiotic resistance 101

• When certain antibiotics are prescribed repeatedly, the bacteria they target can grow resistant to them.
• At least 2 million people per year in the United States contract antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

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Some research has shown that UTIs may be treated without traditional antibiotics by targeting E. coli’s surface component for adhesion, FimH.

Typically, the urinary tract flushes away bacteria when you urinate. But according to researchers, FimH can cause E. coli to firmly attach to the cells in the urinary tract, which can make it hard for the body to naturally flush the bacteria from the urinary tract.

If researchers can uncover a way to target this protein with other types of therapies, there may someday be other treatment options for UTIs, in addition to antibiotics.

D-mannose

D-mannose is a sugar that sticks to E. coli. Recently, researchers have studied the possibility of using D-mannose and other mannose-containing substances to block the binding of FimH to the lining of the urinary tract.

One 2021 review concluded that D-mannose could help reduce the incidence of recurrent UTIs and improve quality of life. More research is needed, but potentially, a medication that uses a mannose-containing substance that opposes FimH from attaching to the lining of the urinary tract could show promise for the treatment of UTIs caused by E. coli.

Researchers have also tested immune-boosting drugs, which could help urinary tract cells become more resistant to infections.

The American Urological Association (AUA) recommends vaginal estrogen as a nonantibiotic option for perimenopausal or postmenopausal women seeking to prevent recurrent infections.

Some research estimates that 25% to 42% of uncomplicated UTIs can go away on their own. This is usually only common in women with no other health issues.

But there are some serious risks that can come from leaving a UTI untreated, including pyelonephritis and sepsis. Therefore, it’s important to talk with your doctor and seek treatment if you suspect you may have a UTI.

Here are a few tips for keeping UTIs at bay.

Skip baths

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend taking showers instead of baths to help prevent UTIs. If you’re prone to frequent UTIs, you may want to swap your soothing soaks with luxurious showers.

Invest in a bidet

Wiping from front to back after going to the bathroom can help prevent the spread of bacteria to the urethra, but it can be tough to clean thoroughly with toilet paper alone. You can be clean without having to jump in the shower by installing an inexpensive bidet attachment, like the LUXE Bidet Neo 120.

A bidet isn’t just a great option for cleaning up after going number two. You can use it to freshen up after sex or while having your period.

Wash your genital area properly

Proper washing doesn’t include douching or the use of scented products. In fact, these can cause irritation and exacerbate down-there issues. Instead, choose a gentle cleanser, like Cetaphil, or wash with water alone.

Drink lots of water

The same advice for treating a UTI goes for preventing one. Drinking plenty of water on a regular basis helps flush out nasty bacteria that can lead to infections.

UTIs are painful. But with antibiotic treatment, you can address the infection and stop the pain. Talk with your doctor if you have symptoms of a UTI. With proper treatment, you should begin to feel better in a few days.

Take your antibiotics as instructed — even after your symptoms improve — to prevent complications or a secondary infection.

If the UTI doesn’t resolve after antibiotic treatment or you end up with multiple episodes of a UTI, your doctor will likely do further testing.

This could be in the form of:

• a repeat urine culture
• urinary tract ultrasound
• plain film X-ray
• CT scan
• cystoscopy
• urodynamic testing

You may be referred to a urologist, depending on the severity of your UTI, or if you have chronic infections.

Certain strains of bacteria can cause UTIs. They can range from mild to severe. The degree of severity depends on multiple factors, including:

• your immune system status
• the bacterium causing the UTI
• where in your urinary tract the UTI is happening

Your doctor will be able to provide you with an evaluation tailored to your needs in order to make the right diagnosis and determine the proper therapy.

If you need help finding a primary care doctor, then check out our FindCare tool here.

Can UTIs go away on their own?

Research estimates that 25% to 42% of uncomplicated UTIs in women can go away on their own.

But keep in mind that there are risks associated with leaving UTIs untreated, so it’s important to seek treatment from a healthcare professional if you suspect you have a UTI.

Do you need to see a doctor to get antibiotics for a UTI?

You need to speak with your doctor or a licensed medical professional to be prescribed antibiotics for a UTI. This can usually be done in person, at the doctor, or over the phone.

If this is your first UTI or your symptoms are severe, it may be helpful to get treated in person. You may also want to consider an in-person visit with your healthcare professional to rule out sexually transmitted infections (STIs) if you’re sexually active or have several sexual partners.

How long do UTIs last?

With antibiotic treatment, symptoms of a UTI typically improve within 2 to 4 days.

But this can vary depending on many factors, including how quickly you receive treatment, the severity of your infection, and whether any complications arise.

Keep in mind that the course of antibiotics should be completed for UTI symptoms to completely resolve and prevent recurrent infections.

What’s the fastest way to get rid of a UTI?

Antibiotics are the fastest and most effective method for treating bacterial UTIs.

How long does it take for a UTI to go away without antibiotics?

Sometimes, UTIs clear up on their own. It can take about a week for symptoms to subside.

What’s the most effective home remedy for a UTI?

There’s limited research on the effectiveness of UTI home remedies. If you’re experiencing symptoms of a UTI, especially if they’re severe, it’s important to consult with a doctor.

Do you need an antibiotic to get rid of chronic UTIs?

A short course of antibiotics is typically the first-line treatment for UTIs. But for chronic infections, a doctor might prescribe a long-term, low dose antibiotic.

UTIs can be very common. If you suspect you may have a UTI or are experiencing any symptoms, try these home remedies to alleviate any symptoms you’re experiencing. If they don’t get better or the symptoms seem worse, be sure to speak with your doctor to get a proper diagnosis and be prescribed antibiotics.

Eutiroks: instruction, price, analogues | Acino tablets

• Pharmacological properties
• Indications Euthyrox
• Application of Euthyrox
• Contraindications
• Side effects
• Special instructions
• Interactions
• Overdose
• Storage conditions
• Diagnosis
• Recommended alternatives
• Trade names

pharmacodynamics. Levothyroxine is a synthetic levorotatory isomer of thyroxine, which is contained in the drug Euthyrox, has effects identical to those of a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland. Levothyroxine is converted to T ₃ (triiodothyronine) in peripheral organs as an endogenous hormone and affects T ₃ receptors. There is no difference between the functions of endogenous hormone and exogenous levothyroxine.

Pharmacokinetics. After oral administration, levothyroxine is almost completely absorbed in the upper small intestine. Depending on the galenic form of the drug, up to 80% of the dose taken is absorbed. C _max is reached after about 5-6 hours.

The clinical effect of the drug appears 3-5 days after ingestion. Levothyroxine quickly binds to specific blood transport proteins (up to 99.97%). The bond with proteins is not covalent, thus the bound hormone, which is in the blood plasma, is able to constantly and quickly exchange with fractions of the free hormone.

Due to its high level of protein binding, levothyroxine is not amenable to either hemodialysis or hemoperfusion.

T _½ is 7 days. With thyrotoxicosis, this period is reduced to 3-4 days, and with hypothyroidism it is extended to 9-10 days. The volume of distribution is 10-12 liters. The liver accumulates about ¹ / ₃ of the total amount of injected levothyroxine, quickly interacts with levothyroxine in the blood plasma. Thyroid hormones are metabolized primarily in the liver, kidneys, brain, and muscles. Metabolites are excreted in urine and feces. The total clearance of levothyroxine metabolism is about 1.2 liters of blood plasma per day.

Euthyrox 25–200 mcg

• Treatment of benign euthyroid goiter.
• Prevention of recurrence after surgical treatment of euthyroid goiter, depending on the level of hormones in the postoperative period.
• As replacement therapy for hypothyroidism.
• Suppressive therapy for thyroid cancer.

Euthyrox 25–100 mcg

• As an auxiliary drug in antithyroid therapy for hyperthyroidism.

Euthyrox 100/150/200 mcg

• As a diagnostic tool for the thyroid suppression test.

for the treatment of each patient, depending on his individual needs, Euthyrox is available in the form of tablets containing from 25 to 150 micrograms of levothyroxine sodium. Therefore, patients are usually prescribed only 1 tablet per day.

Dose information is advisory.

The daily dose is determined individually, depending on the laboratory parameters and the clinical picture of the disease.

Since elevated T4 and fT4 concentrations have been observed in some patients treated with levothyroxine, basal plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration is a more reliable indicator for further dose adjustment.

Thyroid hormone therapy should be started at a low dose and gradually increased (every 2 to 4 weeks) to the required therapeutic dose.

Elderly patients with coronary heart disease, patients with severe or prolonged hypothyroidism, treatment should be started with extreme caution, with low doses (12. 5 mcg / day), the dose should be increased to maintenance at long intervals (12.5 mcg every 2 weeks), regularly monitoring the level of thyroid hormones. It should be taken into account that the appointment at a dose below the optimal one, which provides complete replacement therapy, does not lead to a complete correction of the TSH level.

Experience shows that low doses are sufficient for patients with low body weight and for patients with large nodular goiters.

Readings	Recommended doses (levothyroxine sodium), mcg/day
Treatment of benign thyroid diseases	75–200
Relapse prevention after surgical treatment of euthyroid goiter	75–200
In replacement therapy for hypothyroidism in adults:
starting dose	25–50
maintenance dose	100-200
In replacement therapy for hypothyroidism in children:
starting dose	12. 5–50
maintenance dose	100-150 µg/m 2 body surface
As adjuvant during antithyroid therapy for hyperthyroidism	50–100
Suppressive therapy for thyroid cancer	150–300
As a diagnostic tool for the thyroid suppression test		4 weeks before test	3 weeks before test	2 weeks before test	1 week before test
	Euthyrox 100 mcg			2 tablets per day	2 tablets per day
	Euthyrox 150 mcg	½ tablet per day	½ tablet per day	1 tablet per day	1 tablet per day

The daily dose can be taken as a single dose.

Take the daily dose in the morning on an empty stomach, half an hour before meals, with a small amount of water (half a glass of water).

Euthyrox is used throughout life as a replacement therapy for hypothyroidism, after surgical interventions (strumectomy or thyroidectomy), and also to prevent relapses after removal of a euthyroid goiter. Complex therapy with thyreostatics should be prescribed after reaching the euthyroid state.

In the benign form of euthyroid goiter, the duration of treatment is from 6 months to 2 years. If the condition does not improve after treatment, surgery or radioactive iodine therapy should be prescribed.

Children . For newborns with congenital hypothyroidism, when rapid achievement of a therapeutic effect is very important, the initial recommended dose is 10-15 mcg / kg of body weight per day for the first 3 months. After that, the dose is adjusted individually depending on the clinical parameters and the level of TSH.

For infants, the dose of the drug is administered in 1 dose 30 minutes before the first feeding. The tablet is dissolved in water until a suspension is obtained, which should be prepared immediately before taking the drug and used after additional addition of a small amount of water.

• hypersensitivity to drug components;
• adrenal insufficiency, pituitary insufficiency, thyrotoxicosis, not previously treated;
• acute myocardial infarction, acute myocarditis, acute pancarditis;
• combination therapy with levothyroxine and antithyroid drugs during pregnancy is not prescribed (see SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS).

Clinical symptoms of hyperthyroidism may occur with overdose, exceeding the individual tolerated dose of levothyroxine if the dose is rapidly increased at the start of treatment.

Symptoms:

from the side of the cardiovascular system: arrhythmia (atrial fibrillation, extrasystole), tachycardia, angina pectoris, hot flashes, palpitations;

from the nervous system: headache, insomnia, anxiety, brain pseudotumor, tremor;

from the gastrointestinal tract: vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss;

from the skin and musculoskeletal system: increased sweating, muscle weakness and convulsions;

general disorders: fever, menstrual disorders.

In such cases, the dose of the drug should be reduced or treatment should be interrupted for several days. After the disappearance of adverse reactions, treatment can be continued.

In case of hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, allergic skin reactions (rash, urticaria) and from the respiratory tract, including skin rashes, itching, urticaria, shortness of breath can be observed. There have been reports of cases of angioedema (Quincke’s edema).

Before starting treatment with thyroid hormones or testing for thyroid suppression, diseases such as coronary insufficiency, angina pectoris, atherosclerosis, hypertension, pituitary insufficiency, adrenal insufficiency should be excluded or preliminarily treated. It is also necessary to exclude the functional autonomy of the thyroid gland or pre-treat this disease before starting therapy with thyroid hormones.

In the event of adrenocortical dysfunction, appropriate replacement therapy should be instituted before starting levothyroxine therapy to prevent acute adrenal insufficiency (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).

Levothyroxine therapy in patients at risk of developing psychiatric disorders should be started with low doses of the drug and gradually increased at the beginning of therapy. It is recommended to monitor the patient’s condition. In case of development of mental disorders, the possibility of dose adjustment of levothyroxine should be considered.

The possibility of even minor manifestations of thyrotoxicosis caused by the use of the drug should be avoided in patients with coronary insufficiency, heart failure, tachyarrhythmia. In the treatment of such patients with thyroid hormones, it is necessary to regularly monitor their level.

In the case of secondary thyrotoxicosis, the cause should be identified before the administration of replacement therapy, if necessary, a course of replacement therapy should be carried out to compensate for the insufficiency of the adrenal cortex.

If functional autonomy of the thyroid gland is suspected, the level of TSH should be determined or a thyroscintigraphy should be performed before starting treatment with the drug.

When levothyroxine therapy is initiated in very low birth weight preterm neonates, hemodynamic parameters should be monitored as circulatory disturbance may result from immature adrenal function.

For post-menopausal women with hypothyroidism who are at increased risk of developing osteoporosis, plasma levels of levothyroxine that are too high above physiological levels should be avoided. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully monitor laboratory parameters of thyroid function. Do not prescribe the drug to patients with hyperthyroid conditions when treated with antithyroid drugs for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.

Thyroid hormones should not be used to reduce body weight. Appointment in physiological doses does not lead to a decrease in body weight in patients with a normally functioning thyroid gland (euthyroid state). If the recommended doses are exceeded, serious or even life-threatening adverse reactions may occur. The use of high doses of levothyroxine should not be combined with the use of certain substances intended to reduce body weight (for example, sympathomimetics) (see OVERDOSE).

If there is a need to switch from one drug to another that contains levothyroxine, close monitoring, including clinical and biological monitoring, should be performed during the transition period due to the potential risk of thyroid dysfunction. Some patients may require a dose adjustment.

Co-administration of orlistat and levothyroxine may cause the development and/or worsening of hypothyroidism control (see INTERACTIONS). Patients taking levothyroxine should consult their physician before starting, stopping, or changing their treatment with orlistat, as orlistat and levothyroxine need to be taken at different times, and adjust the dose of levothyroxine. In the future, it is recommended to monitor the level of hormones in the blood plasma of patients.

Use with caution in patients with diabetes who are taking anticoagulants (see INTERACTIONS).

This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per tablet, i.e. practically sodium-free.

Use during pregnancy or lactation. During pregnancy or lactation, treatment with a drug prescribed for hypothyroidism should be continued. During pregnancy, there may be a need to increase the dose of the drug.

Since an increase in plasma TSH levels can occur as early as the 4th week of pregnancy, pregnant women taking levothyroxine should have their TSH levels checked during each trimester. Plasma TSH levels in pregnant women should be within the appropriate limits established for each trimester. To correct elevated plasma levels of TSH, the dose of levothyroxine should be increased. Since postnatal TSH levels correspond to pre-fertilization levels, the dose of levothyroxine should be adjusted immediately after delivery to match the pre-pregnancy dose. The required level of TSH in the blood plasma should be established 6–8 weeks after delivery.

Pregnancy . There are no data on teratogenicity and / or fetotoxicity when taking the drug at recommended therapeutic doses. Taking very high doses of levothyroxine during pregnancy can adversely affect the fetus and postnatal development of the child.

Combination therapy with levothyroxine and antithyroid drugs during pregnancy is not indicated for the treatment of hyperthyroidism because this combination of drugs requires higher doses of antithyroid drugs that can cross the placenta and can cause hypothyroidism in the fetus. The thyroid suppression test is not performed during pregnancy because the use of radioactive substances is contraindicated during pregnancy.

Breastfeeding . Levothyroxine is excreted in breast milk, however, when the drug is used at recommended therapeutic doses, the concentration of the drug in breast milk is insufficient to develop hyperthyroidism or inhibit TSH secretion in an infant.

Children. The drug is used in children from birth (see APPLICATION).

The ability to influence the reaction rate when driving vehicles or working with mechanisms. There are no data on the possible effect on the ability to drive vehicles and work with mechanisms. However, since levothyroxine is identical in its action to the natural thyroid hormone, the effect of the drug Euthyrox on the reaction rate when driving vehicles or operating other mechanisms is not expected.

antidiabetic agents: levothyroxine may reduce the effect of antidiabetic drugs. Frequent monitoring of blood glucose levels is recommended at the beginning of treatment with levothyroxine, and if necessary, adjust the dose of the antidiabetic drug.

Coumarin derivatives: levothyroxine enhances the action of anticoagulants, displacing them from their bonds with blood plasma proteins, thereby increasing the risk of hemorrhages, such as hemorrhages in the spinal cord and brain or gastrointestinal bleeding, especially in the elderly. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct laboratory monitoring of coagulation parameters at the beginning and during combination therapy and, if necessary, reduce the dose of anticoagulants.

Protease inhibitors (eg ritonavir, indinavir, lopinavir) may interfere with the action of levothyroxine. Thyroid hormone levels should be carefully monitored. If necessary, the dose of levothyroxine should be adjusted.

Phenytoin can influence the action of levothyroxine, displacing it from its association with blood plasma proteins, resulting in an increase in the level of free thyroxine (fT ₄ ) and free triiodothyronine (fT ₃ ) fractions. On the other hand, phenytoin increases the hepatic metabolism of levothyroxine. Careful monitoring of thyroid hormone levels is recommended.

Colestyramine , colestipol inhibit the absorption of levothyroxine. Therefore, levothyroxine sodium should be taken 4-5 hours before taking such drugs.

Preparations containing aluminum (antacids, sucralfate), iron and calcium carbonate may reduce the effect of levothyroxine. Therefore, drugs containing levothyroxine should be taken at least 2 hours before taking drugs containing aluminum, iron or calcium carbonate.

Salicylates, dicoumarol, high dose furosemide (250 mg), clofibrate and other substances can displace levothyroxine sodium from its bonds with blood plasma proteins, which leads to an increase in the fT ₄ fraction.

Orlistat . The combined use of orlistat and levothyroxine may cause the development and / or worsening of the control of hypothyroidism. This may be due to a decrease in the absorption of iodine salts and / or levothyroxine.

Sevelamer may reduce the absorption of levothyroxine. In this regard, it is recommended to monitor changes in thyroid function at the beginning and at the end of combined treatment. If necessary, the dose of levothyroxine should be adjusted.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (eg imatinib, sunitinib) may reduce the effectiveness of levothyroxine. In this regard, it is recommended to monitor changes in thyroid function at the beginning and at the end of combined treatment. If necessary, the dose of levothyroxine should be adjusted.

Propylthiouracil, corticosteroids, β-sympatholytics, amiodarone and preparations containing iodine suppress peripheral conversion of T ₄ to T ₃ .

Due to the high content of iodine, amiodarone can contribute to the development of both hyper- and hypothyroidism. With extreme caution, the drug should be prescribed to patients with nodular goiter of uncertain etiology.

Sertraline, chloroquine/proguanil reduce the efficacy of levothyroxine and increase plasma TSH laboratory values.

Enzymes induced by drugs (barbiturates, carbamazepine) may increase hepatic clearance of levothyroxine.

Estrogens. Women taking contraceptives containing estrogens, as well as post-menopausal women taking hormone replacement drugs, may require higher doses of levothyroxine.

Preparations containing soy may inhibit intestinal absorption of levothyroxine. In this regard, the dose of Euthyrox should be adjusted, especially at the beginning and end of the period of use of supplements containing soy.

boost T ₃ (triiodothyronine) is a reliable indicator of drug overdose, more than an increase in plasma levels of T ₄ and fT ₄ (free). As a result of an overdose, metabolic rates may increase (see SIDE EFFECTS).

In some cases, when the individual allowable dose has been exceeded, seizures may develop in patients prone to convulsions.

Overdose of levothyroxine may cause symptoms of hyperthyroidism and lead to acute psychosis, especially in patients at risk of developing psychotic disorders.

Several cases of sudden cardiac death have been reported in patients who have abused (over the recommended dose) levothyroxine for many years.

In case of overdose, stop using the drug and conduct laboratory tests. With symptoms such as tachycardia, anxiety, nervous excitability, hyperkinesia, β-adrenergic blockers are prescribed. With a significant excess of the dose, plasmapheresis is recommended.

at temperatures up to 25 °C.

Thyroid atrophy (acquired)	ICD E03.4
Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT)	ICD E06. 3
Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic disorders complicating pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium	ICD O99.2
Congenital hypothyroidism	ICD E03.1
Congenital hypothyroidism with diffuse goiter	ICD E03.0
Hypoplasia of the thyroid gland	ICD E07.8
Hypothyroidism	ICD E03.9
Hypothyroidism following medical procedures	ICD E89.0
Other specified forms of non-toxic goiter	ICD E04.8
Other chronic thyroiditis	ICD E06.5
Cardiomyopathy in metabolic disorders	ICD I43.1
False contractions up to 37 completed weeks of pregnancy	ICD O47. 0
Myxedema (mucous edema)	ICD E03.8
Non-toxic multinodular goiter	ICD E04.2
Panhypopituitarism, Simmonds disease, Shien’s syndrome	ICD E23.0
Postinfectious hypothyroidism	ICD E03.3
Postradiation hypothyroidism	ICD E03.2
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) with other complications	ICD E11.6
Subclinical hypothyroidism	ICD E02

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