What are the symptoms of hyperglycemia. How is high blood sugar diagnosed. What causes elevated glucose levels. How can hyperglycemia be treated and prevented. What are the potential complications of untreated high blood sugar.

Understanding Hyperglycemia: The Basics of High Blood Sugar

Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, occurs when glucose levels in the bloodstream become elevated above normal ranges. This condition is primarily associated with diabetes, but can also occur in individuals without a diabetes diagnosis. Recognizing the signs and understanding the causes of hyperglycemia is crucial for proper management and prevention of potentially serious complications.

Diagnostic thresholds for hyperglycemia can vary, but generally, a fasting blood glucose level above 125 mg/dL or a post-meal level exceeding 180 mg/dL is considered high. The American Diabetes Association’s 2022 guidelines suggest defining hyperglycemia based on the percentage of time an individual’s blood sugar remains above 180 mg/dL.

Key Facts About Hyperglycemia:

• It occurs when the body doesn’t produce or use insulin effectively
• Symptoms may not appear immediately or at all, even with elevated glucose levels
• Regular blood sugar monitoring is essential for early detection and management
• Untreated hyperglycemia can lead to serious complications, including diabetic ketoacidosis

Recognizing the Symptoms of High Blood Sugar

Hyperglycemia can manifest through various symptoms, although they may not always be immediately apparent. Recognizing these signs is crucial for timely intervention and management of high blood sugar levels.

Do you know the common symptoms of hyperglycemia. They include:

• Frequent urination
• Excessive thirst
• Intense hunger
• Headaches
• Blurred vision
• Unexplained weight loss
• Fatigue
• Irritability

It’s important to note that the onset and severity of symptoms can vary depending on individual factors such as underlying health conditions and typical blood sugar levels. In some cases, a person may experience hyperglycemia without noticeable symptoms for extended periods, emphasizing the importance of regular blood sugar monitoring for those at risk.

Causes and Risk Factors for Elevated Blood Sugar

Understanding the underlying causes of hyperglycemia is essential for effective management and prevention. While diabetes is the primary condition associated with high blood sugar, several other factors can contribute to elevated glucose levels.

Common Causes of Hyperglycemia in People with Diabetes:

• Overeating or consuming more carbohydrates than the body can process
• Insufficient physical activity
• Stress from various life events, which can trigger hormonal changes affecting glucose levels
• Illness or infection, such as the flu
• Missed doses of diabetes medication or insulin

Are there causes of hyperglycemia in people without diabetes. Yes, nondiabetic hyperglycemia can occur due to:

• Critical illness or injury, leading to stress-induced hormonal changes
• Certain pancreatic and hormonal disorders
• Side effects of specific medications

The Dawn Phenomenon

A unique cause of hyperglycemia in people with diabetes is the dawn phenomenon. This condition occurs in the early morning hours when certain hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and cortisol, trigger the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream. Understanding and managing the dawn phenomenon is crucial for maintaining stable blood sugar levels throughout the day.

Diagnosis and Monitoring of High Blood Sugar

Accurate diagnosis and consistent monitoring of blood glucose levels are fundamental to managing hyperglycemia effectively. For individuals with diabetes, self-monitoring is a crucial aspect of their daily routine.

Diagnostic Methods for Hyperglycemia:

1. Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Test: Measures blood sugar after an 8-hour fast
2. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): Evaluates how the body processes glucose over a 2-hour period
3. Glycated Hemoglobin (A1C) Test: Provides an average of blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months
4. Random Plasma Glucose Test: Measures blood sugar at any time, regardless of when the person last ate

How often should blood sugar be monitored. The frequency of blood glucose monitoring depends on various factors, including the type of diabetes, medication regimen, and overall health status. Generally, people with type 1 diabetes may need to check their blood sugar 4-10 times a day, while those with type 2 diabetes might test less frequently.

Regular monitoring helps individuals:

• Detect hyperglycemia before it becomes severe
• Adjust medication dosages as needed
• Make informed decisions about diet and exercise
• Recognize patterns and trends in blood sugar levels

Treatment Strategies for Managing High Blood Sugar

Effective management of hyperglycemia involves a multifaceted approach, combining lifestyle modifications, medication adjustments, and consistent monitoring. The goal is to maintain blood glucose levels within a target range to prevent complications and improve overall health.

Key Treatment Strategies:

1. Blood Sugar Monitoring: Regular testing helps catch glucose spikes early and guides treatment decisions.
2. Exercise: Physical activity helps lower blood sugar by increasing insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization. However, exercise should be avoided if ketones are present in the urine, as it may exacerbate ketoacidosis.
3. Diet Modifications: Controlling portion sizes, reducing snacking, and monitoring carbohydrate intake can help manage blood sugar levels effectively.
4. Medication Adjustments: A healthcare provider may recommend changes to medication types, dosages, or timing to better control blood glucose levels.
5. Stress Management: High stress levels can impact hormones and blood sugar. Implementing stress-reduction techniques like meditation, deep breathing, or yoga can be beneficial.
6. Insulin Therapy: For individuals with type 1 diabetes and some with type 2 diabetes, insulin administration is crucial for blood sugar control.

What role does hydration play in managing hyperglycemia. Proper hydration is essential, as it helps the body flush out excess glucose through urine. However, it’s important to choose water or other sugar-free beverages to avoid further increasing blood sugar levels.

Individualized Treatment Plans

Treatment strategies should be tailored to each individual’s specific needs, considering factors such as:

• Type and severity of diabetes
• Overall health status
• Lifestyle and daily routine
• Presence of other medical conditions
• Personal preferences and goals

Regular consultations with healthcare providers are crucial for adjusting treatment plans and ensuring optimal blood sugar control.

Preventing Hyperglycemia and Its Complications

Prevention is a key aspect of managing hyperglycemia, particularly for individuals with diabetes or those at risk of developing the condition. By implementing proactive strategies, it’s possible to minimize the occurrence of high blood sugar episodes and reduce the risk of associated complications.

Effective Prevention Strategies:

• Adherence to Medication: Taking prescribed medications, including insulin, as directed by a healthcare provider is crucial for maintaining stable blood sugar levels.
• Consistent Monitoring: Regular blood glucose checks help identify trends and allow for timely interventions.
• Balanced Diet: Following a meal plan that emphasizes portion control and balanced nutrient intake can help prevent sudden spikes in blood sugar.
• Regular Exercise: Engaging in physical activity as recommended by a healthcare provider can improve insulin sensitivity and help regulate blood glucose levels.
• Stress Management: Implementing stress-reduction techniques can help mitigate the impact of stress hormones on blood sugar levels.
• Education and Self-Care: Staying informed about diabetes management and actively participating in self-care routines is essential for long-term success.

How can meal planning contribute to hyperglycemia prevention. Thoughtful meal planning that considers the glycemic index of foods, incorporates a variety of nutrients, and maintains consistent carbohydrate intake can help stabilize blood sugar levels throughout the day.

The Importance of Preventive Care

Regular check-ups and screenings are vital for preventing and managing hyperglycemia. These appointments allow healthcare providers to:

• Monitor overall health and diabetes management progress
• Adjust treatment plans as needed
• Identify and address potential complications early
• Provide education and support for ongoing self-management

By prioritizing preventive care and adopting a proactive approach to blood sugar management, individuals can significantly reduce their risk of developing severe hyperglycemia and its associated complications.

Complications of Untreated Hyperglycemia

When left untreated or poorly managed, hyperglycemia can lead to a range of serious health complications. Understanding these potential risks underscores the importance of diligent blood sugar control and prompt treatment of high glucose levels.

Short-term Complications:

• Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA): A potentially life-threatening condition where the body breaks down fat for energy, producing ketones that can acidify the blood.
• Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS): A severe complication characterized by extremely high blood sugar levels, dehydration, and altered mental status.
• Increased Risk of Infections: High blood sugar can impair immune function, making individuals more susceptible to various infections.

Long-term Complications:

• Cardiovascular Disease: Increased risk of heart attacks, strokes, and other cardiovascular problems.
• Nephropathy: Kidney damage that can lead to chronic kidney disease or kidney failure.
• Neuropathy: Nerve damage that can cause pain, numbness, or weakness in the extremities.
• Retinopathy: Damage to the blood vessels in the retina, potentially leading to vision loss or blindness.
• Foot Problems: Combination of poor circulation and nerve damage can increase the risk of foot ulcers and infections.

What is the connection between hyperglycemia and cognitive function. Chronic high blood sugar has been associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia, emphasizing the importance of blood glucose control for overall brain health.

Preventing Complications

To minimize the risk of these complications, individuals with diabetes or those prone to hyperglycemia should:

• Maintain tight blood sugar control through medication, diet, and lifestyle modifications
• Attend regular check-ups and screenings as recommended by healthcare providers
• Seek prompt medical attention for persistent high blood sugar or signs of complications
• Engage in comprehensive diabetes self-management education and support programs

By prioritizing blood sugar management and working closely with healthcare providers, individuals can significantly reduce their risk of developing these serious complications and improve their overall quality of life.

Living with Hyperglycemia: Lifestyle Adjustments and Coping Strategies

Managing hyperglycemia is an ongoing process that often requires significant lifestyle adjustments. While these changes can be challenging, adopting effective coping strategies and making informed choices can lead to better blood sugar control and improved overall well-being.

Key Lifestyle Adjustments:

1. Dietary Changes: Adopting a balanced, diabetes-friendly diet that focuses on portion control, consistent carbohydrate intake, and nutrient-dense foods.
2. Regular Physical Activity: Incorporating exercise into daily routines to help lower blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity.
3. Stress Management: Implementing stress-reduction techniques such as meditation, yoga, or deep breathing exercises to mitigate the impact of stress on blood sugar levels.
4. Sleep Hygiene: Prioritizing adequate, quality sleep to help regulate hormones that affect blood sugar control.
5. Alcohol Moderation: Limiting alcohol consumption and being aware of its effects on blood sugar levels.

How can technology assist in managing hyperglycemia. Modern diabetes management tools, such as continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) and insulin pumps, can provide real-time data and automate certain aspects of blood sugar control, making it easier for individuals to manage their condition effectively.

Coping Strategies and Support Systems

Living with hyperglycemia can be emotionally and mentally challenging. Implementing effective coping strategies and building a strong support system are crucial for long-term success:

• Education: Continuously learning about diabetes management and staying informed about new treatments and technologies.
• Support Groups: Joining diabetes support groups or online communities to share experiences and coping strategies with others facing similar challenges.
• Mental Health Support: Seeking professional help if experiencing diabetes-related stress, anxiety, or depression.
• Family Involvement: Educating family members about hyperglycemia and involving them in the management process for better support and understanding.
• Setting Realistic Goals: Establishing achievable blood sugar targets and celebrating small victories in diabetes management.
• Self-Compassion: Practicing self-compassion and understanding that perfect blood sugar control is not always possible.

By implementing these lifestyle adjustments and coping strategies, individuals with hyperglycemia can improve their quality of life, achieve better blood sugar control, and reduce the risk of complications associated with chronic high blood sugar levels.

Managing hyperglycemia is a lifelong journey that requires dedication, patience, and ongoing support. By staying informed, working closely with healthcare providers, and adopting a proactive approach to blood sugar management, individuals can successfully navigate the challenges of living with high blood sugar and maintain optimal health.

Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar): Symptoms, treatments, and more

Hyperglycemia refers to high levels of sugar, or glucose, in the blood. It occurs when the body does not produce or use enough insulin. The symptoms or effects of hyperglycemia include increased thirst, a frequent urge to urinate, and more.

High blood sugar may indicate diabetes or prediabetes. If a person with diabetes does not manage the sugar levels in their blood, they can develop a severe complication called diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).

If a person does not get treatment for ketoacidosis, they can fall into a diabetic coma, which is a dangerous complication of diabetes.

This article looks at how to recognize hyperglycemia, how to treat it, and possible causes and complications.

There are different diagnostic thresholds for hyperglycemia. Some define hyperglycemia as a blood glucose level of more than 125 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl) when fasting and 180 mg/dl after a meal. Meanwhile, 2022 guidelines from the American Diabetes Association recommend defining hyperglycemia by the percentage of time a person spends above the 180 mg/dl threshold.

Hyperglycemia symptoms may include:

• frequent urge to urinate
• excessive thirst
• intense, unusual hunger
• headaches
• blurred vision
• weight loss
• fatigue
• irritability

Even if a person has a blood glucose level above 180 mg/dl, symptoms may not occur immediately or at all. Underlying health conditions and typical blood sugar levels can all affect the onset and severity of symptoms.

A person may have hyperglycemia but experience no noticeable symptoms for years. Symptoms may also worsen the longer blood sugar levels remain high.

People with diabetes should self-monitor regularly to catch glucose levels before they reach the stage where they cause symptoms.

A person with diabetes can take steps to reduce, prevent, and treat blood glucose spikes. These steps include:

• Blood sugar monitoring: It is essential for a person with diabetes to track their blood sugar levels as recommended by their doctor. Blood glucose tests help catch hyperglycemia before it becomes a problem.
• Exercise: Physical activity uses excess glucose in the blood. However, people should avoid exercise if they have severe hyperglycemia and find ketones in their urine. Exercise breaks down more fats and might speed up ketoacidosis.
• Diet changes: Controlling portions during mealtimes and snacking less — along with monitoring carbohydrate quality and quantity — helps keep the amount of glucose at a level the body can handle.
• Medication alterations: A doctor may recommend changing the timings or types of medication and insulin a person takes if their blood sugar levels remain elevated.
• Stress management: High stress levels can impact hormones and blood sugar levels. It is important for people with diabetes to find ways to manage stress, such as prioritizing sleep and trying relaxation techniques, like meditation.

Managing diabetes is an ongoing and often lifelong endeavor. Typically, a doctor can look at a person’s self-monitored results, identify issues, and help individuals find ways to prevent severe spikes.

Medical ID

A person with diabetes and especially hyperglycemia should consider wearing a necklace or bracelet that provides information about their condition, as it might impact the administration of other treatments.

A medical ID contains essential information, such as whether the individual:

• has diabetes
• has any allergies
• needs to take insulin

The information in a medical ID can be life-saving in situations where an individual cannot speak for themselves, such as after a vehicle accident or during severe DKA.

Hyperglycemia usually occurs in people with prediabetes or diabetes. The causes of hyperglycemia in people with diabetes include:

• eating more than the body requires for its energy needs
• not getting enough physical activity
• experiencing stress in work, life, and relationships, which can release hormones that keep glucose at high levels in the blood
• having an illness, such as the flu, which might lead to stress that causes a spike in blood sugar
• missing a dose of diabetes medication, such as insulin

Hyperglycemia in people who do not have diabetes is known as nondiabetic hyperglycemia. It may occur in people who are critically ill or injured when the body responds to extreme stress with hormonal changes that affect blood sugar levels.

Additionally, hyperglycemia can occur in people with certain health conditions, such as pancreatic and hormonal disorders. It can also be a side effect of certain drugs. This is known as secondary diabetes.

Dawn phenomenon

A common cause of hyperglycemia in people with diabetes is the dawn phenomenon.

This condition occurs in the early morning when certain hormones, such as epinephrine, glucagon, and cortisol, cause the liver to release glucose into the blood.

This phenomenon typically occurs around 8 to 10 hours after an individual with diabetes sleeps.

However, not all cases of high blood sugar levels in the morning result from the dawn phenomenon. Hyperglycemia can also occur as a result of:

• eating sugary or high carbohydrate snacks before bed
• taking an incorrect dose of medication
• not taking enough insulin
• the body correcting low blood sugar during the night, known as the Somogyi effect

Waking up during the night and testing blood sugar can effectively determine whether these peaks result from the dawn phenomenon or other causes.

Hyperglycemia is high blood glucose levels, while hypoglycemia is low blood glucose levels. In people with diabetes, low blood sugar levels requiring treatment are usually less than 70 mg/dl. This recommendation can vary from person to person.

Very low blood glucose levels can be harmful and require immediate treatment. Some symptoms of excessively low blood glucose include:

• fast heart rate
• pale skin
• shakiness
• anxiety
• sweating
• hunger
• irritability

If blood glucose levels become severely low, the brain can stop functioning properly. This can cause symptoms such as:

• confusion
• blurred vision
• slurred speech
• seizures
• loss of consciousness or coma
• in rare cases, death

A person can only know if they have hypoglycemia by testing their blood sugar levels. If that is not possible, the American Diabetes Association suggests that a person take steps to treat hypoglycemia as recommended by their doctor or seek medical attention if symptoms are severe.

Many people experience an increase in blood sugar levels after eating an unusually large meal that is high in carbohydrates. People who experience consistent hyperglycemia may have problems with low or inefficiently used insulin caused by diabetes.

Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas that allows cells to use glucose for generating energy and functioning normally. When insulin is low or inefficient, diabetes may develop.

There are two types of diabetes: Type I diabetes occurs when the body does not produce insulin. Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body does not use insulin effectively. As a result, glucose remains in the blood and circulates in the body.

Over time the body may also stop producing adequate levels of insulin in people with type 2 diabetes. However, this does not happen in all cases of type 2 diabetes.

People who are overweight or have obesity and do not get enough physical activity may have continuously high amounts of sugar in the blood. This makes the body resistant to insulin, meaning glucose cannot enter the cells and builds up in the blood. Eventually, this can lead to type 2 diabetes.

The complications of diabetes are often the effects of prolonged hyperglycemia.

When blood sugar levels are consistently high because of diabetes, a range of health problems might develop, including the following:

Skin complications

People with prolonged hyperglycemia might be more prone to bacterial and fungal infections, such as boils, jock itch, athlete’s foot, and ringworm.

Other diabetic skin conditions can cause spots and lesions to develop, which may cause pain and itching. These include:

• diabetic dermopathy, which can lead to oval or circular, scaly, light brown patches on the legs
• acanthosis nigricans, which causes raised brown areas on the neck, groin, and armpits
• necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, which is a rare complication that causes a sometimes painful, scar-like lesion with a violet edge
• diabetic blisters, which most often develop on the extremities and are painless
• eruptive xanthomatosis, a condition that causes yellow, pea-sized lumps on the skin that have a red ring around the base
• digital sclerosis, which causes thick skin with a waxy texture to develop on the back of the hand
• disseminated granuloma annulare, which causes raised, ring-shaped or arc-shaped patches on the skin

Read more about diabetic skin conditions.

Nerve damage

Consistently high blood sugar can damage the nerves in several ways:

• Peripheral neuropathy: This is nerve damage in the feet and hands, leading to numbness, tingling, or weakness. People may not be aware of when they injure their feet and should check them daily to avoid infected wounds.
• Autonomic neuropathy: This affects automatic processes in the body, such as bladder control, sexual function, and digestion.
• Other types of neuropathy: Persistently raised blood sugar may lead to hand, head, torso, thigh, hips, buttocks, or leg neuropathy.

Read more about the types of neuropathy.

Eye complications

People with diabetes with consistently high blood sugar levels might experience diabetic retinopathy. This causes damage to blood vessels in the back of the eye, leading to vision loss and possible blindness.

Having diabetes significantly increases the risk of both glaucoma and cataracts.

Diabetic ketoacidosis

DKA is a life threatening condition that occurs if a person does not treat severe hyperglycemia. It is most common in people with type 1 diabetes.

If a person with diabetes does not take steps to control their blood sugar levels, cells become less sensitive to insulin. When there is insufficient insulin in the body or the cells do not respond, and glucose cannot access the cells, the body uses fats for energy instead. The body produces ketones by breaking down fats.

The body cannot handle a high level of ketones. While it can get rid of some in the urine, ketones may eventually build up, causing the blood to become too acidic. This can lead to complications, such as DKA.

DKA increases levels of acid in the body. Without treatment, it might lead to a diabetic coma. Some symptoms of DKA include:

• breathlessness
• fruity-smelling breath
• vomiting and nausea
• parched mouth
• weight loss

Anyone with diabetes who suspects DKA should speak with their doctor about their symptoms and when to seek emergency care.

Learn more about diabetic ketoacidosis.

Hyperglycemia is high blood glucose that can occur in people with diabetes due to several conditions, including insufficient or ineffective insulin, diabetes medications, or diet and lifestyle changes. People without diabetes may also experience hyperglycemia.

Hormone spikes due to stress and the dawn phenomenon can also lead to periods of hyperglycemia.

Symptoms include frequent urination, intense thirst, and high blood sugar readings during self-monitoring. If a person does not address high blood glucose, they might develop ketoacidosis, a dangerous buildup of waste products that can lead to diabetic coma.

Treatment may include adjustments in diabetes medication, exercise, and eating less during meals. Wearing a medical ID is essential for people with diabetes, as this can impact other treatments.

Diabetes – long-term effects – Better Health Channel

About diabetes – long-term effects

Diabetes is a condition in which there is too much glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood. Over time, high blood glucose levels can damage the body’s organs. Possible long-term effects include damage to large (macrovascular) and small (microvascular) blood vessels, which can lead to heart attack, stroke, and problems with the kidneys, eyes, gums, feet and nerves.

Reducing the long-term effects of diabetes

The good news is that you can reduce the risk of the long-term effects of diabetes by keeping blood pressure, blood glucose and cholesterol levels within recommended range. Also, being a healthy weight, eating healthily, reducing alcohol intake, and not smoking will help reduce your risk.

Regular check-ups and screening are important to pick up any problems early.

Diabetes and healthy eating

If you have diabetes it’s important to include a wide variety of nutritious and healthy foods in your diet, and to avoid snacking on sugary foods.

Enjoy a variety of foods from each food group – be sure to include foods high in fibre and low in fat and reduce your salt intake. It’s helpful to consult with a dietitian to review your current eating plan and provide a guide about food choices and food quantities.

Alcohol intake and diabetes

Limit alcohol intake. If you drink alcohol, have no more than two standard drinks per day. If you are pregnant or considering pregnancy or are breastfeeding, then zero alcohol intake is recommended.

Diabetes and healthy weight

If you are overweight, even losing a small amount of weight, especially around the abdomen, helps to lower your blood pressure, blood glucose and cholesterol levels.

It can be difficult trying to lose weight, so to get started set yourself a short-term, achievable goal. Try thinking about the food you are eating, whether you really need it, if it’s a healthy choice, and consider the portion size. An accredited practicing dietitian can help you set a realistic meal plan and answer any food related questions you may have.

Diabetes and exercise

Be as active as possible. The Australian physical activity guidelines recommend at least 30 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity a day, and to gradually build up the duration and intensity of exercise. For weight loss, a minimum of 60 minutes a day is recommended.

If you are unable to do physical activity such as walking, swimming or gym work, then consider water aerobics, chair exercises or strength resistance training with light weights.

Check with your doctor if you’re not sure whether the exercise you are planning to do is suitable. If you have a medical condition, it may prevent you from doing certain types of physical activity. An exercise physiologist is a health professional that can help set you up with an exercise plan that will suit your needs and ability.

Smoking and diabetes

Smoking is the greatest single lifestyle risk factor for developing diabetes complications. Smoking can undo all the benefits gained by weight loss, healthy eating, good blood glucose and blood pressure control.

Smoking affects circulation by increasing heart rate and blood pressure, and by making small blood vessels narrower. Smoking also makes blood cells and blood vessel walls sticky and lets dangerous fatty material to build up. This can lead to heart attack, stroke and other blood vessel disease.

People with diabetes who smoke have higher blood glucose levels and less control over their diabetes than non-smokers with diabetes.

Regular diabetes screening checks

You can help pick up problems early by having regular checks of your:

• blood pressure
• blood glucose levels including HbA1c
• cholesterol and triglycerides
• kidney function
• eyes
• feet
• teeth and gums.

Blood pressure checks

Have your blood pressure checked every time you visit your doctor or at least twice a year. It’s recommended that your blood pressure is under 130/80. Blood pressure control is just as important as blood glucose control in reducing the risk of diabetes complications.

Blood glucose checks

Keeping your blood glucose levels within the recommended range can help reduce your risk of long-term diabetes-related health problems. Speak to your doctor or diabetes educator if you are unsure what your recommended blood glucose levels are.

Your doctor or diabetes nurse educator may advise you to check your blood glucose levels at home depending on your individual management plan. Regular measuring of your blood glucose levels gives you information about how medicine, food, exercise, illness and stress affect your diabetes.

HbA1c is a measurement of how much glucose has attached to your red blood cells over a three-month period. It is a direct measurement of your risk of long-term diabetes-related health problems.

It’s recommended that you measure your HbA1c levels at least every year, but they may need to be checked every three to six months. Both HbA1c and blood glucose monitoring are important ways to assess your diabetes management.

The goal for HbA1c for most people with diabetes is no more than 53 mmol/mol or 7%. However, recommended ranges can vary depending on the person, for example, with children, frail elderly people, pregnant women, or the type of diabetes and its management.

Cholesterol and triglyceride tests

Have a cholesterol and triglyceride test at least once a year. Aim for total cholesterol less than 4.0 mmol/L and triglycerides less than 2.0 mmol/L.

There are a number of causes of high cholesterol, including your family history and your diet. Too much saturated fat in your diet can increase the LDL (bad) cholesterol in your blood and result in the build-up of plaque in your blood vessels.

Foods high in saturated fats include full-fat dairy products, fatty meats, pastries, biscuits, cakes, coconut cream or coconut milk, palm oil and fatty take-away foods.

Long-term effects of diabetes

The most common long-term diabetes-related health problems are:

• damage to the large blood vessels of the heart, brain and legs (macrovascular complications)
• damage to the small blood vessels, causing problems in the eyes, kidneys, feet and nerves (microvascular complications).

Other parts of the body can also be affected by diabetes, including the digestive system, the skin, sexual organs, teeth and gums, and the immune system.

Diabetes and cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease includes blood vessel disease, heart attack and stroke. It’s the leading cause of death in Australia.

The risk of cardiovascular disease is greater for people with diabetes, who often have increased cholesterol and blood pressure levels. Smoking, having a family history of cardiovascular disease and being inactive also increase your risk.

To reduce your risk and pick up any problems early:

• Have your blood pressure checked at least every six months, or more often if you have high blood pressure or are taking medication to lower your blood pressure.
• Have your HbA1c checked at least every year, or three- to six-monthly if recommended.
• Have your cholesterol checked at least every year. Further pathology tests such as an electrocardiogram (ECG) or exercise stress test may also be recommended by your doctor.

Eyes and diabetes

Diabetes-related eye problems include:

• retinopathy – retinopathy is when blood vessels in the retina become damaged which eventually affects your vision. Retinopathy has various stages. In its early stages, there are usually no symptoms, so having a full diabetes eye check is essential to detect it early. Regular eye checks help detect any changes and allow for early treatment where needed to prevent further damage
• macular oedema – the macula is part of the retina and helps you to see things clearly. Swelling of this area can happen when the blood vessels in the retina are damaged, causing fluid to build up. This can lead to the macula being damaged and vision may become blurry. Treatment is available. Early detection is important
• cataracts – the lens of the eye becomes cloudy and can cause vision to become cloudy, distorted or sensitive to glare. People with diabetes can develop cataracts at an earlier age than usual
• glaucoma – the pressure of the fluid within the eye builds up to a higher level than is healthy. This pressure can damage the eye over time. Glaucoma occurs in people with and without diabetes, but is more common in people with diabetes.

While most people who have damage to the eyes have no symptoms in the earlier stages, there are certain symptoms that may occur and these need urgent review. If you have flashes of light, floaters, blots and dots or part of your vision missing, see your doctor immediately.

Regular eye checks

Everyone with diabetes should have a professional eye examination by an ophthalmologist or optometrist when they are first diagnosed, and then at least every two years after that (children usually start this screening five years after diagnosis or at puberty).

It is important that you inform the person checking your eyes that you have diabetes. If retinopathy or another abnormality is found, eye tests will be required every year, or more frequently if advised by your ophthalmologist.

Kidneys and diabetes

People with diabetes are at risk of kidney disease (nephropathy) due to changes in the small blood vessels of the kidneys. Kidney disease is painless and does not cause symptoms until it is advanced.

Screening is very important. Kidney damage can be diagnosed early by checking for microalbumin (very small amounts of protein) in the urine at least once a year. Your doctor will also check your kidney function, including estimated glomerular filtration rate (e-GFR), with a blood test.

If problems are picked up early, nephropathy can be slowed or prevented with the right treatment. Medicine called ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists help to protect the kidneys from further damage. These tablets can also be used to treat high blood pressure.

Nerves and diabetes

Nerve damage (neuropathy) is usually caused by high blood glucose levels, although similar nerve damage can also result from:

• drinking large amounts of alcohol
• vitamin B12 deficiency – long-term use of the diabetes medication Metformin (over three to five years) can increase the risk of vitamin B12 deficiency. Your doctor may test for this.

Damage can occur to the sensory (feeling) and motor (movement) nerves of the legs and feet, arms, hands, chest and stomach, and to the nerves that control the actions of body organs.

To help prevent nerve damage:

• Keep your blood glucose levels in target range.
• If you drink alcohol, keep within the recommended guidelines.
• Don’t smoke.
• Talk to your doctor about any problems you have with your hands, arms, feet, or legs, your stomach, bowels, or bladder.

Feet and diabetes

The feet of someone with diabetes are at risk of damage when the blood supply in both large and small blood vessels is reduced. Nerve damage (peripheral neuropathy) often results and problems to the structure of the foot can also occur – for example, clawed toes.

Reduced blood supply and nerve function can delay healing, increase the risk of infection, reduce feeling in the feet, and lead to ulcers and structural foot problems.

Look after your feet by:

• seeing a podiatrist at least once a year. They will assess the health of your feet by checking the blood supply and nerve function and looking for changes in the structure of your feet
• checking your feet every day (get someone to help you if you are unable to check them yourself). Look for cuts, blisters, calluses, corns, tinea (especially between the toes) and any changes you notice. If treated early and without delay, you can help prevent complications occurring
• using a moisturiser (such as sorbolene), especially if you have areas of dry, rough or cracked skin on your feet and heels – this can help keep your feet healthy
• protecting your feet by wearing comfortable, supportive shoes that fit well.

Skin and diabetes

People with diabetes may experience very dry skin due to damage to the small blood vessels and nerves. A common problem for people with diabetes is very dry skin on the feet.

There are also other skin conditions related to diabetes. High blood glucose levels over time can affect the health of the skin. The skin acts as a barrier to protect our bodies from infection so it is important to keep the skin as healthy as possible. If the skin becomes dry, it can lead to cracks and possibly infections.

To reduce the risk of skin problems:

• Keep your blood glucose and HbA1c within recommended ranges to reduce the risk of skin infections.
• Wear gloves when you use household cleaners and solvents.
• Avoid very hot baths and showers.
• Do not have your feet too close to heaters, especially if you have peripheral neuropathy, as you may not be able to feel the intensity of the heat.
• Use a cream or lotion on your skin after bathing, preferably one that is not perfumed. Use non-scented soaps or soap alternatives.
• If you notice you have a skin problem, see your doctor.

Oral health and diabetes

People with poorly managed diabetes are at increased risk of tooth decay and gum infections. This is because the small blood vessels that help nourish your teeth and gums can become damaged. (Dental and gum infections can also lead to high blood glucose levels.)

Poor oral care can cause the gums to become inflamed and loosen around your teeth. It’s also strongly linked with an increased risk of heart disease.

To reduce your risk of teeth and gum problems:

• See your dentist regularly (six monthly) for a check-up.
• Brush your teeth at least twice a day (a soft toothbrush is generally recommended) and floss once a day.
• If you have dentures, make sure you brush your dentures and gums with a soft toothbrush.

Mental health and diabetes

Living with and managing either type 1 or type 2 diabetes can lead to stress, anxiety and depression. This can affect your blood glucose levels and how you manage your diabetes in general. Over time, this can affect your health.

It is important to talk to your doctor if you are going through times of stress, depression or anxiety. Your doctor can refer you to a counsellor or psychologist by providing a diabetes mental health plan. This is Medicare rebated.

Other help is available, including:

• LifelineExternal Link Tel. 13 11 14
• Beyond BlueExternal Link Tel. 1300 22 4636
• SANE AustraliaExternal Link Tel. 1800 18 7263
• Diabetes Victoria support services available throughout Australia and onlineExternal Link – NDSS Helpline 1300 136 588
• MensLineExternal Link 1300 78 99 78
• Suicide call back serviceExternal Link 1300 659 467
• Black Dog InstituteExternal Link online resources

Diabetes and infections

Your immune system helps to prevent and fight infection. High blood glucose levels slow down the white blood cells, which help fight infection. This makes it more difficult for the immune system to do its job.

Support your immune system and reduce your risk of infection by:

• keeping your blood glucose levels within the recommended range
• getting enough sleep each night
• washing your hands routinely, as needed
• having a yearly influenza (flu) immunisation
• asking your doctor about the pneumonia vaccine, especially if you are over 65
• seeing your doctor if you think you have an infection or are unwell.

Thyroid and diabetes

People with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes are at increased risk of thyroid disease. This includes both overactive and underactive thyroid. Thyroid disorders can affect general health and may affect blood glucose levels.

Thyroid function is assessed by a blood test. Talk to your doctor to see if you have had your thyroid function checked.

Sexual function and diabetes

Reduced blood supply and nerve damage can affect sexual function. Erectile dysfunction (impotence) in men is the persistent inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance. This is a common problem for men of all ages and is more common in men with diabetes.

Erectile dysfunction is not a disease, but a symptom of some other problem – physical, psychological or a mixture of both. Most cases of erectile dysfunction are physical, such as nerve or blood vessel damage.

In women, sexual dysfunction is also reported, although there is a lack of research in this area. It is difficult to know whether this is directly related to hormonal changes such as menopause, or to diabetes.

It is important to seek help from your doctor, diabetes educator or organisations such as Healthy Male – Andrology AustraliaExternal Link.

Where to get help

Remember, you don’t have to manage your diabetes on your own. There are health professionals available to help you.

• Your doctor
• Diabetes specialist (endocrinologist)
• Dietitians Association of AustraliaExternal Link. Tel. 1800 812 942
• Diabetes nurse educator
• Podiatrist
• Optometrist
• Eye specialist (ophthalmologist)
• Your dentist
• QuitlineExternal Link. Tel. 13 78 48
• Diabetes VictoriaExternal Link. Tel. 1300 437 386
• Baker Heart and Diabetes InstituteExternal Link. Tel. (03) 8532 1111
• Life! Helping you prevent diabetes, heart disease and strokeExternal Link Tel. 13 RISK (13 7475)

Assess your risk of developing diabetes

Assess your risk of developing diabetes

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that develops when the body does not produce enough insulin or cannot use it effectively. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. A common result of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus is hyperglycemia,
or elevated levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Over time this leads
to serious damage to many organs: heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys
and nervous system. The development of type 2 diabetes is usually preceded by changes
in the body, referred to as prediabetes.

Signs of diabetes mellitus

5 myths

about diabetes

1

I don’t like sweets, I can’t have diabetes.

Reality:

The sweet name of the disease was not at all due to excessive addiction to sweets.

Diabetes mellitus is
chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas produces
insufficient amounts of the hormone insulin, or when the body cannot fully utilize
the insulin he produces for his needs.

Precisely insulin
maintains a normal level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Because of
insulin deficiency, blood sugar levels rise, hyperglycemia develops.

2

If you feel well, you may not need to measure your blood glucose.

Reality:

It is necessary to regularly monitor the level of glucose in the blood, regardless of how you feel. The thing is,
that moderate hyperglycemia may not be felt by the patient himself, but contributes to the development of complications
diabetes mellitus. Therefore, only regular measurement of glucose levels will help in a timely manner.
diagnose the disease, select the required dosage of drugs, evaluate their effectiveness and monitor the diet. It is also necessary to evaluate other indicators of blood and urine.

3

Diabetes mellitus is a disease of the elderly. Young people don’t get sick.

Reality:

You can get diabetes at any age,
both in the young and in the more mature. Type 1 diabetes develops due to the destruction of special cells
pancreas (Langerhans cells) that produce insulin. A decrease in insulin leads to an increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood. It is for this type of diabetes mellitus that the onset is characteristic
diseases in childhood and adolescence.

Type 2 diabetes is more common among older adults
age. This form of the disease most often develops when there is enough insulin, but the cells of the body lose their sensitivity to its effects. And also in other conditions, most often
associated with dysfunction of the pancreas and liver.

4

I was prescribed a diet and pills. If I don’t need insulin injections, then I have
no diabetes?

Reality:

Not always used to treat diabetes
only insulin injections. For example, in type 2 diabetes mellitus, treatment may be initiated with specific
diets and antidiabetic drugs in the form of tablets. But this does not mean that there is no disease or that
it does not need to be controlled. In any case, it is necessary to visit a doctor, check the level of glucose and other indicators of carbohydrate metabolism. Blood sugar control will help to avoid the development of complications.

5

Diabetes is a sentence.

Reality:

If you have been diagnosed with diabetes, do not despair.
On the contrary, early diagnosis of the disease and timely treatment is an important starting point.
for a prosperous life. Regular administration of insulin or taking hypoglycemic drugs,
timely control of glucose and other blood and urine parameters, adherence to a rational diet with restriction of simple carbohydrates, moderate physical activity and observation by an endocrinologist – all
this will keep glucose levels under control, and therefore prevent and delay the onset
fatal complications.

Risk assessment

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

19

Enter your gender.

• Woman
• Man

2 / 9

How old are you?

• Up to 45
• 45 to 54
• 55 to 64
• Over 65

3 / 9

What is your waist circumference (cm)?

• Up to 94
• 94 to 102
• Over 102

3 / 9

What is your waist circumference (cm)?

• Up to 80
• 80 to 88
• Over 88

4 / 9

Do you regularly exercise for more than 30 minutes a day?

• Yes
• No

5 / 9

How often do you eat vegetables, fruits, or whole grains?

• Every day
• Not every day

6 / 9

Have you ever taken drugs to lower your blood pressure?
pressure?

• Yes
• No

7 / 9

Have you ever had high glucose (sugar)
in blood?

• Yes
• No

8 / 9

Did any of your relatives suffer from diabetes?

• No
• Yes (grandparents, aunts/uncles, cousins)
• Yes (parents, siblings or own children)

9 / 9

Calculation of body mass index.

• Your weight, kg:
• Your height, cm:

Your risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the next 10 years is LOW

You do not need any special prophylaxis. You should continue to watch your diet and lead an active lifestyle. The likelihood of developing diabetes is 1% (only 1 person in 100 can get sick).

5

The risk of developing type 2 diabetes is SLIGHTLY INCREASED

However, if you want to be safe, you should be active, exercise daily, limit your intake of fatty and fried foods, your daily diet must include vegetables , fruits, whole grains. The likelihood of developing diabetes is 4% (4 people out of 100 can get sick).

5

Type 2 diabetes risk
MODERATE

If you fall into this group, then you need to consult a specialist (your doctor or dietitian) for a more thorough assessment of risk factors for developing diabetes, receive recommendations on lifestyle changes, nutrition, etc. The probability of developing diabetes is 17 % (17 people out of 100 may get sick).

5

Type 2 diabetes risk
HIGH

You should seek specialist advice for testing, advice on lifestyle changes, nutrition, risk factors and possibly treatment. The probability of developing diabetes is 33% (every third person can get sick).

5

The risk of developing type 2 diabetes is HIGH

You should seek the advice of a specialist for an examination, advice on lifestyle changes, nutrition, risk factors, and possibly treatment. The probability of developing diabetes is 33% (every third person can get sick).

5

Type 2 diabetes risk is VERY HIGH

You probably have type 2 diabetes. Seek help from a specialist (your doctor, dietitian, or endocrinologist) right away for an examination, advice on lifestyle changes, nutrition, risk factors, and possibly treatment. The probability of developing diabetes is 50% (every second person can get sick).

How to get a free survey

1

Take the Diabetes Risk Assessment to determine which test is right for you.

2

Enter your contact details to receive a promotional code by SMS or email.

3

In the partner’s office of the promotion, name the promotional code when paying for the order at the office administrator.

Conditions of the promotion

Tests for the determination of glucose (Glucose) or glycated hemoglobin (Glycated Hemoglobin) in the blood participate in the promotion.
To participate in the promotion, you must name a unique promotional code. Not cumulative with other discounts and promotions, taking biomaterial for the promotion is free.
You can take the online risk assessment test from November 1, 2021.
A free laboratory study based on the test results is available at the offices of the promotion partners in period
November 13-15, 2021

Where to get tested

Consult a specialist for possible contraindications

High blood sugar level in a child

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Articles

Diagnostics

Danilycheva Lyubov Ivanovna Pediatric endocrinologist, pediatrician

21. 04.2020

What to do? Where to run? Often the accidental “detection” of elevated blood glucose occurs while playing with grandma’s glucometer. Let’s measure the sugar in a child? And there … oh horror! 5.8-6.0 mmol/l.

Another “find”: improper preparation for the study of blood glucose (for example: before the morning examination, the child ate chocolate at night; the test was taken after breakfast; or the child did not eat ANYTHING in the morning, but drank sweet tea).

In overweight children, glycemia figures can be up to 6.7 mmol / l – this is a reason to seek help from a pediatric endocrinologist and conduct a glucose tolerance test in order to exclude insulin resistance.

However, only glucometer readings are not reliable and sufficient for diagnosing diabetes mellitus. The diagnosis is established by the doctor taking into account an objective examination, analysis of complaints (thirst, polyuria, fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss, capriciousness, skin disorders), interpretation of laboratory data – primarily the level of glucose in venous blood and the results of additional examinations.