What are the main causes of anemia. How can anemia be diagnosed and treated. What role does nutrition play in preventing anemia. What are the symptoms of anemia to watch out for. How does anemia affect different populations worldwide.

Understanding Anemia: A Global Health Concern

Anemia is a widespread health issue affecting over 1.74 billion people globally as of 2019. This condition occurs when the body lacks sufficient healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen effectively to tissues and organs. Women and individuals with chronic diseases like cancer are at a higher risk of developing anemia.

Red blood cells, shaped like discs, contain hemoglobin, an iron-rich protein that binds to oxygen in the lungs and transports it throughout the body. The amount of hemoglobin in the blood is used to measure anemia severity.

The Lifecycle of Red Blood Cells and Anemia Development

Red blood cells have a lifespan of 100 to 120 days. The bone marrow produces approximately 2 million red blood cells each second, while a similar number are removed from circulation. About 1% of red blood cells are replaced daily. Anemia occurs when this delicate balance is disrupted, either due to decreased production or increased destruction or loss of red blood cells.

Factors Decreasing Red Blood Cell Production

Several acquired and inherited factors can lead to decreased red blood cell production:

• Inadequate dietary intake of essential nutrients (iron, vitamin B12, folate)
• Kidney disease
• Certain cancers (leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma)
• Autoimmune diseases (lupus, rheumatoid arthritis)
• Infections (HIV, tuberculosis)
• Hypothyroidism
• Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease)
• Aplastic anemia
• Certain medications and treatments (chemotherapy, radiation therapy)
• Exposure to toxins (lead)

Inherited conditions affecting red blood cell production include:

• Fanconi anemia
• Schwachman-Diamond syndrome
• Diamond-Blackfan anemia
• Dyskeratosis congenita
• Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia

Factors Increasing Red Blood Cell Destruction or Loss

Acquired factors leading to increased red blood cell destruction or loss include:

• Blood loss (accidents, injuries, surgery, heavy menstrual bleeding, childbirth, endometriosis, gastrointestinal lesions, frequent blood donation)
• Hemolysis (autoimmune activity, infections, medication side effects, toxin exposure)
• Enlarged spleen
• Liver disease (hepatitis, cirrhosis)
• Infections (malaria)

Inherited causes of increased red blood cell destruction include:

• Sickle cell disease
• Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
• Thalassemia
• Pyruvate kinase deficiency
• Hereditary spherocytosis
• Hereditary elliptocytosis

Recognizing the Symptoms of Anemia

Anemia symptoms can vary depending on the cause and severity of the condition. Common signs include:

• Fatigue and weakness
• Shortness of breath
• Dizziness
• Pale or yellowish skin
• Irregular heartbeats
• Cold hands and feet
• Chest pain
• Headaches

What causes these symptoms in anemia? The reduced oxygen supply to organs and tissues due to insufficient healthy red blood cells leads to these manifestations. Fatigue and weakness occur as the body struggles to meet its oxygen demands, while shortness of breath results from the cardiovascular system’s attempt to compensate for the lack of oxygen-carrying capacity.

Diagnosing Anemia: The Importance of Early Detection

Early diagnosis of anemia is crucial for effective management and prevention of complications. How is anemia diagnosed? The primary diagnostic tool is a complete blood count (CBC), which measures:

• Hemoglobin levels
• Hematocrit (percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells)
• Red blood cell count
• Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) – average size of red blood cells

Additional tests may be necessary to determine the underlying cause of anemia, such as:

• Peripheral blood smear
• Iron studies (serum iron, ferritin, total iron-binding capacity)
• Vitamin B12 and folate levels
• Reticulocyte count
• Hemoglobin electrophoresis
• Bone marrow biopsy

Treatment Approaches for Anemia: Addressing the Root Cause

The treatment of anemia depends on its underlying cause and severity. What are the main treatment strategies for anemia?

1. Nutritional supplementation: Iron, vitamin B12, or folate supplements may be prescribed to address deficiencies.
2. Medications: Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) can be used to boost red blood cell production in certain types of anemia.
3. Blood transfusions: In severe cases or acute blood loss, transfusions may be necessary to quickly increase red blood cell count.
4. Treatment of underlying conditions: Managing chronic diseases or infections that contribute to anemia is essential.
5. Surgery: In some cases, such as heavy menstrual bleeding or gastrointestinal lesions, surgical intervention may be required.
6. Bone marrow transplant: For certain inherited or severe acquired anemias, a bone marrow transplant might be considered.

The Role of Nutrition in Preventing and Managing Anemia

Proper nutrition plays a crucial role in preventing and managing anemia, particularly in cases of nutritional deficiencies. What are the key nutrients for maintaining healthy red blood cell production?

• Iron: Essential for hemoglobin production. Found in red meat, poultry, fish, beans, lentils, and fortified cereals.
• Vitamin B12: Necessary for red blood cell maturation. Sources include animal products, fortified plant-based milk, and nutritional yeast.
• Folate: Important for DNA synthesis in red blood cells. Found in leafy greens, legumes, and fortified grains.
• Vitamin C: Enhances iron absorption. Citrus fruits, berries, and bell peppers are excellent sources.
• Copper: Assists in iron absorption and utilization. Present in nuts, seeds, and whole grains.
• Vitamin A: Supports iron mobilization and use. Found in sweet potatoes, carrots, and leafy greens.

How can dietary choices impact anemia prevention and management? Consuming a balanced diet rich in these nutrients can help maintain healthy red blood cell production and prevent nutritional anemias. For individuals with iron-deficiency anemia, combining iron-rich foods with vitamin C sources can enhance iron absorption.

Anemia in Special Populations: Risks and Considerations

Certain populations are at higher risk of developing anemia and may require special attention:

Women of Childbearing Age

Why are women more susceptible to anemia? Regular menstrual blood loss and increased iron demands during pregnancy put women at higher risk. Pregnant women require nearly twice the amount of iron as non-pregnant women to support fetal development and increased blood volume.

Children and Adolescents

Rapid growth during childhood and adolescence increases the demand for iron and other nutrients essential for red blood cell production. Adequate nutrition during these stages is crucial for preventing anemia and supporting overall development.

Older Adults

Chronic diseases, medication use, and decreased nutrient absorption can contribute to anemia in older adults. Regular screening and addressing underlying health issues are important for this population.

Athletes

Intense physical activity can lead to increased red blood cell destruction and iron loss through sweat. Athletes, particularly endurance athletes, may need to pay extra attention to their iron intake and overall nutritional status.

Global Impact of Anemia: A Public Health Perspective

Anemia remains a significant public health challenge worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. What are the global implications of anemia?

• Reduced work productivity and economic output
• Impaired cognitive development in children
• Increased maternal and infant mortality
• Higher healthcare costs
• Compromised quality of life for affected individuals

How are countries addressing the anemia burden? Many nations have implemented public health interventions such as:

• Iron fortification of staple foods
• Distribution of iron supplements to high-risk groups
• Improved sanitation to reduce parasitic infections
• Education programs on nutrition and anemia prevention
• Integration of anemia screening and treatment in primary healthcare services

These efforts have shown promise in reducing anemia prevalence, but continued focus and resources are needed to address this global health issue effectively.

Emerging Research and Future Directions in Anemia Management

The field of anemia research continues to evolve, with new insights and potential treatments on the horizon. What are some promising areas of research in anemia management?

• Gene therapy: Potential treatments for inherited anemias like sickle cell disease and thalassemia are in clinical trials.
• Novel iron formulations: Research into more bioavailable and better-tolerated iron supplements is ongoing.
• Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents: Development of new agents with improved efficacy and safety profiles.
• Hepcidin modulators: Drugs targeting hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism, are being investigated for various types of anemia.
• Personalized medicine approaches: Tailoring treatments based on genetic profiles and individual risk factors.

How might these advancements impact anemia treatment in the future? As research progresses, we may see more targeted and effective therapies, potentially reducing the burden of anemia on individuals and healthcare systems worldwide.

In conclusion, anemia is a complex and multifaceted condition with far-reaching impacts on individual health and global public health. Understanding its causes, recognizing symptoms, and implementing appropriate prevention and treatment strategies are crucial steps in addressing this widespread health issue. As research continues to advance, we can look forward to improved diagnostic tools and more effective treatments, offering hope for better outcomes for those affected by anemia.

Causes, Symptoms, Nutritional Requirements & More

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Red blood cells are disc-shaped blood cells that carry oxygen to the organs and tissues of your body. Anemia happens when the number of healthy red blood cells in your body is too low.

Every part of your body needs a sufficient supply of oxygen to function effectively. Many of the symptoms of anemia, such as fatigue and shortness of breath, are caused by decreased oxygen delivery to your body’s vital organs and tissues.

Red blood cells contain an iron-rich protein called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin binds to oxygen in your lungs, allowing red blood cells to carry and deliver it throughout your body. Anemia is measured according to the amount of hemoglobin in your blood.

It’s estimated that anemia affected more than 1.74 billion people around the world in 2019. Women and people with chronic diseases such as cancer have a higher risk of developing anemia.

There are many different types and causes of anemia. Some types of anemia are mild and can be easily treated, while others can cause potentially serious health complications.

This article will take a dive deeper into the different causes, symptoms, and nutritional factors associated with anemia, and will also explain how it’s diagnosed and treated.

Red blood cells are produced in your bone marrow and have an average lifespan of 100 to 120 days. On average, your bone marrow produces 2 million red blood cells each second while approximately the same number are removed from circulation.

About 1 percent of your red blood cells are removed from circulation and replaced each day.

Any process that has a negative effect on this balance between red blood cell production and destruction can cause anemia.

Causes of anemia are generally divided into those that decrease red blood cell production and those that increase red blood cell destruction or loss.

Factors that decrease red blood cell production

When red blood cell production is lower than normal, more red blood cells are leaving your body than entering circulation. This can potentially lead to anemia.

Factors that decrease red blood cells production can be divided into two categories – acquired and inherited.

Acquired factors that can decrease RBC production include:

• inadequate dietary intake of nutrients important for red blood cells production, such as iron, vitamin B12, or folate
• kidney disease
• some types of cancer, such as leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma
• autoimmune diseases like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis
• certain kinds of infections, such as HIV and tuberculosis
• hypothyroidism
• inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) like ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease
• aplastic anemia
• certain types of medications or treatments, particularly chemotherapy and radiation therapy for cancer
• exposure to toxins, such as lead

Some types of genetic (inherited) conditions are also associated with a decrease in production of healthy red blood cells. These include:

• Fanconi anemia
• Schwachman-Diamond syndrome
• Diamond-Blackfan anemia
• dyskeratosis congenita
• amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia

Factors that increase red blood cell destruction or loss

On the other hand, anything that causes destruction or loss of red blood cells at a rate faster than they’re made can also cause anemia.

Factors that increase the destruction of red blood cells can also be either acquired or inherited.

Some acquired factors that may lead to increased red blood cell destruction or loss are:

• blood loss, which can happen due to:
  • accidents or injuries
  • surgery
  • heavy menstrual bleeding
  • childbirth
  • endometriosis
  • gastrointestinal lesions, such as ulcers or those due to IBD or cancer
  • heavy nosebleeds
  • frequent blood donation
• hemolysis, which is when red blood cells break down too soon due to things like:
  • autoimmune activity
  • certain infections
  • medication side effects
  • exposure to toxins
• enlarged spleen
• liver disease, such as hepatitis or cirrhosis
• infections like malaria

Some inherited causes of increased red blood cell destruction can include:

• sickle cell disease
• glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
• thalassemia
• pyruvate kinase deficiency
• hereditary spherocytosis
• hereditary elliptocytosis

There are certain factors that may increase your risk of developing anemia. These include:

• eating a diet that doesn’t include sufficient iron, folate, or vitamin B-12
• having menstrual periods
• pregnancy
• being over 65 years of age
• certain gastrointestinal disorders, such as Crohn’s disease or celiac disease
• certain chronic health conditions, such as cancer, kidney disease, liver disease, or an autoimmune disease
• a family history of genetic conditions that can cause anemia
• certain types of medications or undergoing chemotherapy or radiation therapy to treat cancer
• other factors such as heavy consumption of alcohol and frequent exposure to toxic chemicals

Many of the symptoms of anemia are associated with a lack of oxygen being supplied to the body’s organs and tissues. If you have anemia, you may experience symptoms like:

• fatigue
• weakness
• lightheadedness or dizziness, especially when active or standing up
• headache
• shortness of breath
• pale skin, gums, or nails
• cold hands and feet
• a heartbeat that’s very quick or irregular
• chest pains
• fainting

Other symptoms that may happen with some types of anemia include:

• brittle nails
• inflammation of the tongue
• cracks at the sides of the mouth
• jaundice
• a heart murmur
• enlarged lymph nodes
• an enlarged spleen or liver
• trouble concentrating
• unusual cravings, such as wanting to eat ice, clay, or dirt

If you have signs or symptoms of anemia, it’s important to get medical attention, especially if you experience fainting or chest pain.

Iron-deficiency anemia

Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia and happens when you’re not getting enough iron. It’s estimated that 50 percent of all anemias are due to a deficiency in iron.

A variety of factors can contribute to lower levels of iron in your body, including:

• blood loss
• getting less than the recommended daily amount of iron in your diet
• having a health condition that can make absorption of iron more difficult, such as having IBD or a previous gastric bypass surgery

Many people with mild or moderate iron-deficiency anemia have no symptoms. In these individuals, anemia is often detected during routine blood tests.

Severe iron-deficiency anemia can cause symptoms that can include, but are not limited to:

• fatigue
• shortness of breath
• chest pain

When left untreated, this type of anemia can cause potentially serious complications.

Vitamin-deficiency anemia

Vitamin-deficiency anemia is caused by having lower than normal levels of folate or vitamin B12. This type of anemia is typically due to low dietary intake of these nutrients.

In addition to some of the general symptoms of anemia, some signs that anemia may be caused by low folate levels can include:

• soreness of your mouth and tongue
• color changes in your skin, hair, or nails

Pernicious anemia is a specific type of anemia that’s caused by low levels of vitamin B12. Individuals with pernicious anemia often lack a protein that’s made in the stomach called intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor helps your body absorb vitamin B12 from your diet. In some instances, the small intestine also has trouble absorbing vitamin B12.

Anemia due to lack of vitamin B12 also shares many common anemia symptoms. Some symptoms more specific to deficiency in vitamin B12 include:

• numbness and tingling in your hands or feet
• muscle weakness
• a smooth, thick red tongue
• problems with reflexes or movement
• depression
• trouble with memory
• confusion
• digestive symptoms that can include:
  • heartburn
  • nausea or vomiting
  • bloating or gas
  • constipation

Hemolytic anemia

In hemolytic anemia, red blood cells are destroyed faster than your body can replace them. There are many different causes of hemolytic anemia, including:

• autoimmune activity, in which your body produces antibodies that attack and destroy red blood cells
• inherited conditions, such as sickle cell disease and thalassemia
• physical damage to red blood cells, such as through the use of a heart-lung bypass machine or artificial heart valves
• side effects from certain types of medications, such as acetaminophen or penicillin
• infections like malaria
• exposure to toxins

In addition to general anemia symptoms, some additional symptoms that are more specific to hemolytic anemia include:

• jaundice
• enlarged spleen
• chills
• back or upper abdominal pain

Aplastic anemia

Aplastic anemia happens when your bone marrow does not produce enough red blood cells. It’s caused by damage to stem cells in the bone marrow that would normally go on to develop into red blood cells. Because of this damage, fewer red blood cells are made.

Aplastic anemia is most commonly caused by autoimmune activity, during which your immune system attacks stem cells in the bone marrow. Other potential causes include certain medications, exposure to toxins, and inherited genetic changes.

Aplastic anemia also has an impact on the production of white blood cells and platelets. So in addition to a low red blood cell count, people with this type of anemia also have low counts of white blood cells and platelets.

A low white blood cell count can lead to frequent infections, while low levels of platelets can cause easy bruising or bleeding. Other potential symptoms of aplastic anemia include skin rashes and nausea.

Anemia of inflammation or chronic disease

Anemia of inflammation or chronic disease happens because of underlying health conditions that cause inflammation in the body. It’s believed that the effects of this inflammation may change the way your body works. For example, people with this type of anemia may:

• have low levels of iron in the blood, despite having a high amount of stored iron
• produce less erythropoietin, a hormone that’s made in the kidneys and stimulates red blood cell production
• have bone marrow that doesn’t respond well to erythropoietin
• have red blood cells that have a lifespan that’s shorter than normal, meaning they die faster than they’re replaced

Many different health conditions can cause anemia of inflammation or chronic disease. Some examples include, but are not limited to:

• cancer
• autoimmune diseases
• chronic kidney disease
• infections like HIV or tuberculosis
• IBD, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease

Daily requirements for vitamins and iron vary according to sex and age.

Women need more iron and folate than men because of iron loss during menstrual periods and fetal development during pregnancy.

Iron

According to the National Institutes of Health, the recommended daily iron intake for adults ages 19 to 50 are as follows:

People over age 50 require only 8 milligrams (mg) of iron daily. A supplement may be needed if adequate iron levels can’t be acquired through diet alone.

Good sources of dietary iron include:

• chicken and beef liver
• dark turkey meat
• red meats, such as beef
• seafood
• fortified cereals
• oatmeal
• lentils
• beans
• spinach

Folate

Folate is the form of folic acid that occurs naturally in the body.

People over age 14 require 400 micrograms of dietary folate equivalents (mcg/DFE) per day.

If you’re pregnant or breastfeeding, the recommended intake increases to 600 mcg/DFE and 500 mcg/DFE per day, respectively.

Examples of foods rich in folate are:

• beef liver
• lentils
• spinach
• great northern beans
• asparagus
• eggs

You can also add folic acid to your diet with fortified cereals and breads.

Vitamin B12

The daily adult recommendation for vitamin B12 is 2.4 mcg. If you’re pregnant, you need 2.6 mcg per day, and if you’re breastfeeding, you need 2.8 mcg daily, according to the NIH.

Beef liver and clams are two of the best sources of vitamin B12. Other good sources include:

• fish
• meat
• poultry
• eggs
• other dairy products

Vitamin B12 is also available as a supplement for those who don’t get enough from their diet.

Need a supplement?

If you know you have anemia, or aren’t getting enough of the above nutrients, get your boost by shopping for supplements online:

• iron
• folate
• vitamin B12

Before taking any supplements, talk to your healthcare professional to make sure the supplements you want to take are safe for you.

A diagnosis of anemia begins with both your health history and your family health history, along with a physical exam.

A family history of certain types of anemia such as sickle cell disease can be helpful. A history of exposure to toxic agents in the home or workplace might point to an environmental cause.

Laboratory tests are most often used to diagnose anemia. Some examples of tests that your doctor may order include:

• Complete blood count (CBC). The CBC blood test measures your hemoglobin levels and can show the number and size of red blood cells. It can also indicate if levels of other blood cells like white blood cells and platelets are normal.
• Reticulocyte count. A reticulocyte count is a blood test that measures levels of immature red blood cells called reticulocytes. It can help your doctor determine if your bone marrow is producing enough new red blood cells.
• Serum iron levels. A serum iron test is a blood test that measures the total amount of iron in your blood. It can show if iron deficiency is the cause of anemia.
• Ferritin test. A ferritin test is a blood test that analyzes iron stores in your body.
• Vitamin B12 test. The vitamin B12 test is a blood test that measures your vitamin B12 levels and helps your doctor determine if these levels are too low.
• Folic acid test. A folic acid test is a blood test that measures your folate levels and can indicate if this level is too low.
• Coombs test. The Coombs test is a blood test that looks for the presence of autoantibodies that are targeting and destroying your own red blood cells.
• Fecal occult blood test. This test applies a chemical to a stool specimen to see if blood is present. If the test is positive, it means that blood is being lost somewhere in the gastrointestinal tract. Health conditions like stomach ulcers, ulcerative colitis, and colon cancer can cause blood in stool.
• Bone marrow tests. Testing of a bone marrow aspirate or biopsy can help your doctor see if your bone marrow is functioning normally. These types of tests can be very helpful if conditions like leukemia, multiple myeloma, or aplastic anemia are suspected.

If you need help finding a primary care doctor, then check out our FindCare tool here.

If left untreated, anemia can go on to cause potentially serious complications. These can include:

• heart problems, such as:
  • angina
  • arrhythmias
  • enlarged heart
  • heart failure
  • heart attack
• peripheral nerve damage
• restless leg syndrome
• depression
• problems with memory
• confusion
• a weakened immune system, which can lead to more frequent infections
• pregnancy complications like premature birth or low birth weight
• developmental delays in children
• multi-organ failure, which can result in death

To avoid potential complications, it’s important to see your doctor if you develop signs or symptoms of anemia. In many situations, anemia can be easily treated.

Treating anemia depends on what’s causing it.

For example, if your anemia is caused by an underlying health condition, your doctor will work with you to treat that specific condition. Often, this can help improve anemia.

Anemia caused by inadequate intake of dietary iron, vitamin B12, or folate may be treated with nutritional supplements. In some cases, injections of B12 may be needed if it isn’t absorbed properly from the digestive tract.

Your doctor or a nutritionist may work with you to prescribe a diet that contains the appropriate amounts of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients that may be lacking in your current diet.

In some cases, if anemia is severe, doctors may use drugs called erythropoiesis-stimulating agents to increase red blood cell production in the bone marrow. These drugs work in a similar way to the hormone erythropoietin, which your kidneys naturally produce.

If severe bleeding occurs or hemoglobin levels are very low, a blood transfusion may be necessary. During a blood transfusion, you’ll receive blood donated by an individual who has a matching blood type.

The long-term outlook for anemia depends on the cause and the response to treatment. Anemia is often very treatable, but it can cause serious complications if it’s left untreated.

The outlook for anemia due to deficiencies in iron or vitamins is typically good, provided you receive timely replacement of these important nutrients.

Going forward, it’s important to pay attention to your diet to ensure that you’re getting the recommended daily amounts of iron, folate, and vitamin B12. It may also be helpful to consider taking a daily multivitamin.

For anemia due to other causes, the outlook can vary. It’s possible that you’ll need long-term treatment to manage your anemia or the underlying health conditions that cause it.

Talk with your doctor about what to expect in your individual situation, including if you’re considering supplementation and whether it’s right for you.

Anemia is when you have low levels of red blood cells in your body. When this happens, your organs and tissues have a harder time getting oxygen. As a result, you may experience symptoms like fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.

Your body removes millions of red blood cells from circulation each day, replacing them with new ones. When this process is disrupted, it can cause anemia. For example, anemia can happen if the production of red blood cells is reduced or if these blood cells are destroyed or lost earlier than normal.

One of the more common causes of anemia is not getting enough nutrients like iron, folate, or vitamin B12. However, anemia can also be caused by blood loss and a wide variety of underlying health conditions.

Anemia can cause serious complications if it’s left untreated. That’s why it’s important to talk with a healthcare professional if you have symptoms of anemia. They can give you a proper diagnosis, determine the cause, and develop a treatment plan that’s right for you.

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Anemia – articles about health

Anemia is a pathological condition of the body, which is characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin in a blood unit. Anemia is most often a symptom of a disease. This condition affects people of all ages and genders.

Anemia is defined as a decrease in hemoglobin below 110 g / l – in children 6 months – 6 years old, below 120 g / l – in children 6-14 years old, below 120 – in adult women, below 130 – in adult men.

Causes of the disease

Lack of folic acid, iron or vitamin B12 is considered to be one of the most common causes of anemia. Also, anemia develops due to heavy bleeding during menstruation or against the background of certain oncological diseases. Often, anemia is manifested due to the insufficiency of substances that are responsible for the production of hemoglobin, as well as failures in the formation of red blood cells. Hereditary diseases and exposure to toxic substances can also cause anemia.

Depending on the causes of the disease, it is customary to divide all anemias into three types:

• posthemorrhagic,
• hemolytic,
• associated with impaired blood formation (deficient and hypoplastic).

Posthemorrhagic anemia associated with acute or chronic blood loss (bleeding, injury).

Hemolytic – develop due to increased destruction of red blood cells.

Deficiency anemia is caused by a lack of vitamins, iron or other trace elements that are essential for blood formation.

Hypoplastic anemia is the most severe type of anemia and is associated with impaired hematopoiesis in the bone marrow.

Symptoms

Anemia is manifested by dizziness, tinnitus, flies before the eyes, shortness of breath, palpitations. Dry skin, pallor are noted, ulcerations, cracks appear in the corners of the mouth.

Typical manifestations are brittleness and layering of nails, their transverse striation. Nails become flat, sometimes take a concave spoon shape.

Some patients report a burning sensation of the tongue. Perhaps a perversion of taste in the form of an indomitable desire to eat chalk, toothpaste, ashes, and the like, as well as an addiction to certain smells (acetone, gasoline).

In the early stages, anemia may not have pronounced manifestations, in which case the diagnosis is made after special diagnostic measures.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis requires blood tests, including a count of blood cells. A family history of the disease should also be taken. When there are only slight manifestations of anemia, a radioactive chromium test can be performed, which allows you to determine the life expectancy of blood cells, which is shortened with the disease.

Other special tests may be needed to look for abnormalities in the red blood cell membrane, enzymes, or hemoglobin. Sometimes a bone marrow sample may be taken to look for causes that may cause hemolytic anemia.

Treatment

Mild anemia often does not require medical treatment. It is recommended to eat more foods that contain iron, proteins and other vitamins and minerals, to be outdoors more often.

Drug therapy is prescribed by a doctor only when the type of anemia, cause and severity are clear. Quite often, anemia does not require medical correction, especially when the cause, against which the anemia appeared, is eliminated.

If, nevertheless, the disease requires medical treatment, then the doctor prescribes drugs that will allow the bone marrow to quickly replenish the deficiency of red blood cells and hemoglobin in the blood.

In more severe cases where iron supplementation fails, the hematologist may prescribe glucocorticoid hormones, erythropoietins, anabolic steroids, chemotherapy drugs, and other drugs that are treated in a hospital. Any type of drug therapy should be combined with proper nutrition and lifestyle. The patient should stop smoking and drinking alcohol.

symptoms, causes and treatments

Contents

• 1 Anemia: symptoms, causes and treatments
  • 1.1 Anemia: what is it?
  • 1.2 Causes of anemia
  • 1.3 Anemia – symptoms and treatment
    • 1.3.1 What are the symptoms of anemia?
  • 1.4 How is anemia diagnosed?
  • 1.5 Types of anemia, their symptoms and treatment
    • 1.5.1 Iron deficiency anemia
    • 1.5.2 Megaloblastic anemia
    • 1.5.3 Hemolytic anemia
    • 1.5.4 Aplastic anemia
  • 1.6 Iron deficiency anemia: causes, symptoms and treatment
    • 1.6.1 What is iron deficiency anemia?
    • 1. 6.2 Causes of iron deficiency anemia
    • 1.6.3 Symptoms of iron deficiency anemia
    • 1.6.4 Treatment of iron deficiency anemia
  • anemia?
  • 1.8 Aplastic anemia: what is it?
  • 1.9Treatment of aplastic anemia
  • 1.10 The role of proper nutrition in the prevention of anemia
  • 1.11 Who is at risk of anemia?
  • 1.12 Related videos:
  • 1.13 Q&A:
    • • 1.13.0.1 What are the symptoms of anemia?
      • 1.13.0.2 What types of anemia are there?
      • 1.13.0.3 How is anemia diagnosed?
      • 1.13.0.4 What are the main causes of anemia?
      • 1.13.0.5 How to treat anemia?
      • 1.13.0.6 Can anemia be prevented?

Find out all about the symptoms and treatment of anemia, a common condition caused by a lack of hemoglobin in the blood. Expert advice, causes and methods of treatment – on our website.

Anemia is a blood disorder that occurs when there are not enough red blood cells in the body. This is a very common disease throughout the world. Anemia can be a minor condition, but sometimes it can become a serious life-threatening condition.
The main causes of anemia are iron and vitamin B12 deficiency, blood loss, chronic diseases such as inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and disorders of the hematopoietic system. Symptoms of anemia are usually fatigue, weakness, confusion, shortness of breath, dizziness, increased sensitivity to cold, and pale skin.
With targeted treatment that includes proper nutrition, vitamin supplements, medications, and occasional blood draw, most people who are anemic can return to a normal life and health. Let’s take a closer look at the causes, symptoms, and treatment of anemia.

Anemia: what is it?

Anemia is a condition in which the hemoglobin and red blood cell counts drop below normal. Hemoglobin is a protein that contains iron and is responsible for transporting oxygen to organs and tissues. It is found in red blood cells, which are made in the bone marrow.

Anemia can be caused by various disorders in the body, such as large blood loss, abnormal production of red blood cells, lack of certain vitamins and minerals (eg, iron, vitamin B12), genetic diseases, chronic diseases, and others.

Symptoms of anemia may vary depending on the type of anemia, age and general condition of the body. Some of the common symptoms include lethargy, fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness, pale skin and mucous membranes, and frequent headaches and palpitations.

Treatment for anemia may vary depending on its cause. For some types of anemia, the underlying condition may need to be treated. In cases associated with iron deficiency, a special dietary regimen may be prescribed, as well as additional iron intake in the form of drugs. In case of critical blood loss, a blood transfusion may be required.

Causes of anemia

Anemia is a condition in which the level of hemoglobin in the blood drops below normal. This is manifested by a decrease in endurance, fatigue, pallor of the skin. But what can lead to the development of anemia?

Another cause of anemia can be a lack of vitamin B12. This vitamin is necessary for the formation of blood in the bone marrow, its deficiency can lead to the development of megaloblastic anemia. Vitamin B12 can only be obtained from food, so its deficiency can occur with malnutrition, with the inability of the body to absorb this vitamin.

Some forms of anemia can be caused by genetic disorders that affect the functioning of the bone marrow. Also, some diseases, such as tumors, infections, can lead to a decrease in blood levels and the development of anemia.

Anemia – symptoms and treatment

What are the symptoms of anemia?

Paleness of the skin and mucous membranes – is one of the main signs of anemia. With a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin in the blood, the skin and mucous membranes become pale, as there is not enough oxygen to stain the red blood cells in the blood bright red.

Weakness and fatigue is the second sign of anemia. With a lack of oxygen, the body does not receive enough energy needed to perform routine daily tasks. There is often significant fatigue and an inability to perform tasks that did not previously cause discomfort.

Dizziness and shortness of breath – associated with insufficient supply of oxygen to the blood. Higher physical activity, such as running or climbing stairs, can lead to feeling short of breath and shortness of breath.

The appearance of changes in the tongue and hair – may be associated with a lack of some important vitamins and minerals, including iron. The tongue may be smooth and pale due to a decrease in the number of taste hearts. Hair may look dull, break easily and fall out.

Changes in appetite and gastrointestinal disturbances – Not uncommon in anemic patients. They may have loss of appetite, nausea, and an inability to participate in regular meals.

Type of anemia Additional symptoms

Aplastic anemia	Bleeding, frequent infections, fever
Hemolytic anemia	Jaundice, fatigue, dark urine, abdominal pain
Megaloblastic anemia	Decreased memory function, changes in the skin, the appearance of more fragile and delicate nails

Every patient with anemia should be examined by their doctor to identify the specific type of anemia and prescribe effective treatment.

How is anemia diagnosed?

Anemia is a condition characterized by a lack of hemoglobin in the blood, resulting in a lack of oxygen in the body. When diagnosing it, special studies are carried out that allow you to identify the presence and type of anemia.

In addition, the doctor may issue a referral for blood tests. A blood test for anemia includes determining the level of hemoglobin, the number of red blood cells, their size and shape.

If a specific type of anemia is suspected, additional testing is done. For example, if iron deficiency anemia is suspected, a blood iron and ferritin test may be ordered, and if vitamin anemia is suspected, a blood vitamin test may be ordered.

In some cases, more complex tests, such as a bone marrow biopsy, may be needed to determine the cause of the anemia and its severity.

Types of anemia, their symptoms and treatment

Iron deficiency anemia

Iron deficiency anemia can be identified by an increased level of hemoglobin in the blood and a reduced iron content in the body. The main symptoms of iron deficiency anemia are pale skin, weakness, fatigue, dizziness, and shortness of breath. For treatment to be effective, the cause of the iron deficiency must be determined and iron supplements must be started. An important role is played by proper and iron-rich nutrition.

Megaloblastic anemia

Megaloblastic anemia is characterized by the slow destruction of red blood cells. The main symptoms are pale skin, fatigue, dizziness and shortness of breath. The cause of megaloblastic anemia may be a lack of vitamin B12 and folic acid. If a deficiency of vitamins is established, then the treatment consists in taking appropriate drugs and nutrition.

Hemolytic anemia

Hemolytic anemia is a disorder in the formation of red blood cells that are destroyed at an earlier stage than they should. Symptoms of hemolytic anemia are yellowness of the skin and sclera, swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, and abdominal pain. Treatment depends on the cause of the anemia and may include plasmapheresis, immunoglobulin, or blood transfusion.

Aplastic anemia

Aplastic anemia results from a defect in the formation of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow. The main symptoms are weakness, fatigue, shortness of breath, and a decrease in the level of platelets and leukocytes. Treatment for aplastic anemia may include bone marrow transplantation and immunosuppressive drugs.

Iron deficiency anemia: causes, symptoms and treatment

What is iron deficiency anemia?

Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia and is caused by a lack of iron in the body. Iron is an important element that is necessary for the formation of hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and organs. Iron deficiency leads to a decrease in the level of hemoglobin and oxygen in the blood, which causes anemia.

Causes of iron deficiency anemia

The main cause of iron deficiency anemia is insufficient intake of iron with food, as well as its insufficient absorption by the body. This can occur due to malnutrition, pregnancy, blood loss, and an increase in the body’s need for iron during growth and development.

Symptoms of iron deficiency anemia

The main symptoms of iron deficiency anemia are fatigue, weakness, dizziness, pale skin, rough and brittle nails, loss of appetite, difficulty breathing, palpitations, and cognitive impairment. Children grow and develop at a slower rate than their peers. However, these symptoms can also be other diseases, so a blood test is necessary for an accurate diagnosis.

Treatment of iron deficiency anemia

The treatment of iron deficiency anemia is to increase the intake of iron in the body and eliminate the causes of its deficiency. Iron can be obtained from food or in the form of drugs prescribed by a doctor. Taking iron will help restore hemoglobin levels and increase blood oxygen levels. Dietary modification is also an important element of treatment, especially for vegetarians and vegans who do not get enough iron from animal products. In severe cases of anemia, blood replacement therapy may be required.

How is iron deficiency anemia treated?

Treatment of iron deficiency anemia is aimed at eliminating the lack of iron in the body. For this, iron preparations are prescribed orally or intravenously. When choosing a specific drug, indications for use and characteristics of the patient’s body are taken into account.

An important aspect of the treatment of iron deficiency anemia is the identification and treatment of the cause of iron deficiency. This may be due to malnutrition, bleeding, pregnancy, gastrointestinal diseases and other reasons. Thus, the treatment of iron deficiency anemia should be comprehensive and aimed both at eliminating iron deficiency and at treating the underlying disease or condition leading to the development of anemia.

• Taking iron supplements should be accompanied by an increase in the intake of iron-containing foods (meat, fish, buckwheat, eggs, nuts).
• Tissue iron preparations are less effective than saline preparations due to the low bioavailability of iron in tissue form.
• To improve the absorption of iron, preparations are recommended to be taken on an empty stomach.

In cases where iron therapy has failed or if the cause of anemia is related to other diseases, blood substitutes and blood transfusions may be considered.

Aplastic anemia: what is it?

Aplastic anemia is a rare blood disorder characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells in the body due to a defect in their production in the bone marrow.

Symptoms of aplastic anemia may include weakness, fatigue, pale skin, increased susceptibility to infection due to lack of protective proteins in the blood. Patients may also bleed or bleed frequently due to low platelets.

The diagnosis of aplastic anemia is based on a blood test and a bone marrow biopsy. Treatment may include bone marrow transplantation, blood replacement therapy, or the use of immunosuppressive drugs to stimulate the production of hematopoietic cells.

Treatment of aplastic anemia

Aplastic anemia is a disease of the bone marrow in which blood-forming cells are not produced in sufficient quantities. Treatment for this type of anemia is aimed at restoring bone marrow function.

The main treatment is bone marrow transplantation. This method is used in cases where anemia has reached a critical stage or it is not possible to treat it with other methods.

In addition to bone marrow transplantation, drugs are used to stimulate the production of hematopoietic cells. One such drug is the hormone erythropoietin, which stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.

1. Treatment of aplastic anemia begins with treating its causes.
2. Hormones are used as drugs that stimulate the production of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow.
3. If conservative treatment fails, doctors consider a bone marrow transplant.

The role of proper nutrition in the prevention of anemia

Anemia is a common disease that occurs due to a lack of iron in the blood. It is important to know that proper nutrition can help prevent and treat anemia.

Your daily menu should contain a lot of iron. A good source of iron is meat and seafood such as shrimp and oysters. Nuts, seeds, green peas, and dark leafy vegetables also contain adequate amounts of iron.

• Meat: beef, chicken, pork, rabbit, turkey, beef and lamb.
• Seafood: oysters, mussels, shrimps, beetles, octopus and squid.
• Nuts and seeds: almonds, cashews, sesame seeds and pumpkin seeds.
• Leafy vegetables: spinach, arugula, broccoli, iceberg lettuce and potatoes.

Along with eating foods that increase iron levels in the blood, it is also important to avoid foods that can interfere with iron absorption. For example, tea and coffee can slow down the absorption of iron, so keep this in mind in your daily diet.

It is also important to eat vitamins and minerals that will help the body absorb iron better. For example, vitamin C, found in oranges, lemons, grapefruits, strawberries, mangoes, and pineapples, improves iron absorption. Also important is folic acid, which is found in leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and legumes.

Who is at risk of anemia?

Anemia usually occurs when there is a lack of iron, which is necessary for the production of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen to the tissues and cells of the body. People who do not get enough iron in their diet are at risk of developing anemia. These people include:

• Vegetarians or vegans who do not eat meat products
• People with chronic gastrointestinal conditions that interfere with iron absorption
• Children, adolescents, pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers who require more iron than usual
• People who regularly drink alcohol because it can lower iron levels in the body

In some cases, anemia can be hereditary, so if you have a family history of anemia, you may be at risk for developing it. The overall risk of anemia is also increased in chronic smokers, due to increased levels of carbon monoxide in the blood.

In general, if you suspect that you are anemic, it is recommended that you consult with your doctor and get appropriate tests done. The best way to prevent anemia is by following a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet and taking proper care of your health.

Related videos:

Q&A:

What are the symptoms of anemia?

Symptoms of anemia may include fatigue, weakness, pale skin and mucous membranes, dizziness, loss of strength, palpitations and shortness of breath, poor concentration, and decreased performance. Changes in taste habits and drowsiness may also be observed.

What types of anemia are there?

There are many different types of anemia that can have different causes. Some of these include iron deficiency anemia, nephrotic syndrome, megaloblastic anemia, Perthes disease, spherocytosis, hemoglobinopathies, and others. Each type of anemia requires an individual approach to treatment.

How is anemia diagnosed?

To diagnose anemia, blood tests are performed, which include a complete blood count, hemoglobin levels and other parameters.