What are the dangers of rose thorn injuries. How can gardeners protect themselves from rose thorn infections. What symptoms indicate a serious rose thorn wound. How is rose thorn disease diagnosed and treated. Are all thorny plants potentially hazardous to gardeners.

The Hidden Dangers of Rose Thorns: More Than Just a Prick

Rose gardens, with their vibrant colors and intoxicating fragrances, are a source of joy for many. However, lurking beneath the beauty lies a potential threat that gardeners and flower enthusiasts should be aware of: rose thorn injuries. These seemingly minor pricks can lead to severe complications, ranging from localized infections to systemic illnesses.

Rose thorns harbor various microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, which can be introduced deep into the skin upon injury. One particularly concerning condition is rose thorn disease, also known as sporotrichosis or rose gardener’s disease.

What is Rose Thorn Disease?

Rose thorn disease is caused by the fungus Sporothrix schenckii, which resides on rose thorns, hay, and sphagnum mosses. When introduced into the body through a puncture wound, this fungus can cause a range of symptoms:

• Localized infection at the puncture site
• Redness and swelling
• Formation of open ulcers
• Spread to the lymphatic system
• Potential involvement of joints and bones
• In severe cases, attack on the central nervous system and lungs

Recognizing the Symptoms: When to Seek Medical Attention

Identifying a potential rose thorn infection early is crucial for effective treatment. While not every thorn prick will lead to complications, it’s essential to monitor any wounds carefully.

What signs indicate a serious rose thorn injury?

Be vigilant for the following symptoms:

• Persistent pain or discomfort at the injury site
• Increasing redness, warmth, or swelling around the wound
• Formation of pus or discharge
• Development of open sores or ulcers
• Swollen lymph nodes near the affected area
• Fever or general malaise

If you experience any of these symptoms following a rose thorn injury, seek medical attention promptly. Early intervention can prevent the spread of infection and reduce the risk of complications.

Diagnosis and Treatment: Navigating the Complexities of Rose Thorn Infections

Diagnosing rose thorn disease can be challenging due to its relative rarity and similarity to other infections. Physicians may initially mistake the condition for a staph or strep infection, leading to ineffective antibiotic treatment.

How is rose thorn disease diagnosed?

Accurate diagnosis typically involves:

1. A thorough medical history, including details of recent gardening activities
2. Physical examination of the affected area
3. Culture of the wound to identify the specific pathogen
4. In some cases, a biopsy of the affected tissue for microscopic examination

What treatment options are available for rose thorn infections?

Treatment varies depending on the severity and extent of the infection:

• Antifungal medications for sporothrix infections
• Antibiotics for bacterial infections
• Wound care and debridement if necessary
• In severe cases, surgical intervention may be required
• Prolonged treatment may be necessary for persistent or systemic infections

Prevention: Safeguarding Against Rose Thorn Injuries

While the potential dangers of rose thorns are significant, they shouldn’t deter enthusiasts from enjoying their gardens. By implementing proper safety measures, gardeners can significantly reduce their risk of injury and infection.

How can gardeners protect themselves from rose thorn injuries?

Follow these preventive strategies:

• Wear thick, puncture-resistant gloves when handling roses or other thorny plants
• Don long-sleeved shirts and long pants to protect exposed skin
• Use proper gardening tools to minimize direct contact with thorns
• Be mindful of your surroundings and move carefully around thorny plants
• Immediately clean any puncture wounds with antibacterial soap and water
• Consider pruning roses to reduce the number of thorns, if desired

Beyond Roses: Other Thorny Plants to Watch Out For

While roses are often the focus when discussing thorn-related injuries, they’re not the only plants that pose a risk to gardeners. Many common garden and landscape plants have thorns, spines, or prickles that can cause injury.

Which other plants should gardeners be cautious around?

Be aware of the following potentially hazardous plants:

• Bougainvillea: Known for its vibrant flowers and sharp thorns
• Blackberry and raspberry bushes: Their thorns can easily snag skin and clothing
• Cacti: Various species with spines of different sizes and shapes
• Pyracantha (Firethorn): Attractive berries but very sharp thorns
• Hawthorn: Trees and shrubs with long, sharp thorns
• Holly: Prickly leaves can cause painful scratches
• Barberry: Small shrubs with needle-like thorns

While these plants can add beauty and interest to a garden, they require careful handling and respect for their defensive structures.

The Role of Climate: Are Tropical Gardens More Dangerous?

Gardeners in tropical and subtropical climates often wonder if their environment poses additional risks when it comes to plant-related injuries and infections. While the basic dangers of thorny plants exist in all climates, certain factors in warmer regions can increase the risk of complications.

Do tropical climates increase the risk of thorn-related infections?

Several factors contribute to potentially higher risks in tropical environments:

• Higher humidity levels can promote fungal growth on plants
• Warmer temperatures may accelerate bacterial reproduction
• A greater diversity of plant species may introduce unfamiliar risks
• Year-round growing seasons increase exposure to garden hazards
• Insects and other wildlife may introduce additional pathogens to plants

While these factors don’t necessarily make tropical gardens inherently more dangerous, they do emphasize the importance of proper safety precautions and wound care in all climates.

When Beauty Becomes a Barrier: The Use of Thorny Plants for Security

Interestingly, the very characteristics that make thorny plants potentially dangerous to gardeners also make them attractive for security purposes. Some property owners intentionally incorporate thorny species into their landscaping as a natural deterrent against intruders.

How effective are thorny plants as a security measure?

While not a substitute for traditional security systems, thorny plants can offer several benefits:

• Create a physical barrier that’s difficult to penetrate
• Act as a visual deterrent to potential trespassers
• Provide a natural and aesthetically pleasing alternative to fences
• Offer privacy screening in addition to security benefits
• Require little maintenance once established

Popular choices for security plantings include:

1. Berberis (Barberry) species
2. Pyracantha (Firethorn)
3. Rosa rugosa (Rugosa Rose)
4. Ilex aquifolium (Holly)
5. Crataegus (Hawthorn) species

While these plants can be effective deterrents, it’s important to consider potential liability issues and local regulations before implementing a “living fence” of thorny plants.

The Importance of Proper Wound Care: Minimizing Infection Risk

Despite taking precautions, accidents can happen, and gardeners may still experience thorn injuries. In these cases, proper wound care is crucial to prevent infection and promote healing.

What steps should be taken immediately after a thorn injury?

Follow these guidelines for optimal wound care:

1. Clean the wound thoroughly with soap and water
2. Remove any visible foreign material, such as thorn fragments
3. Apply an antiseptic solution like hydrogen peroxide or iodine
4. Cover the wound with a sterile bandage
5. Monitor the site for signs of infection
6. Seek medical attention if the wound is deep or shows signs of infection

Remember that even small puncture wounds can introduce harmful bacteria or fungi deep into the tissue. Don’t underestimate the potential seriousness of a thorn injury, particularly if you have a compromised immune system or other health concerns.

Are there any natural remedies that can help prevent infection?

While professional medical care is always recommended for serious injuries, some natural remedies may help support wound healing and reduce infection risk:

• Aloe vera gel: Known for its soothing and antibacterial properties
• Tea tree oil: A natural antiseptic (dilute before applying to skin)
• Honey: Particularly Manuka honey, for its antimicrobial effects
• Calendula: Often used in ointments for its healing properties
• Echinacea: May help boost the immune system

Always consult with a healthcare professional before relying solely on natural remedies, especially for deep or potentially serious wounds.

Gardening with Confidence: Balancing Safety and Enjoyment

The potential risks associated with thorny plants shouldn’t deter garden enthusiasts from pursuing their passion. With proper precautions and awareness, gardeners can continue to cultivate beautiful spaces while minimizing the risk of injury and infection.

How can gardeners maintain a safe yet diverse garden?

Consider these strategies for a safer gardening experience:

• Plan your garden layout to keep thorny plants away from high-traffic areas
• Consider thornless varieties of popular plants when available
• Implement proper pruning techniques to manage thorny growth
• Educate family members and visitors about potential hazards
• Keep a well-stocked first aid kit easily accessible
• Stay up-to-date on tetanus vaccinations
• Regularly inspect and maintain gardening tools and protective gear

By striking a balance between caution and enthusiasm, gardeners can continue to enjoy the beauty and satisfaction of their outdoor spaces without undue fear of thorn-related injuries.

Conclusion: Respecting Nature’s Defenses

Rose thorns and other plant defenses serve important ecological functions, protecting plants from herbivores and supporting their survival. As gardeners and plant enthusiasts, it’s our responsibility to respect these natural adaptations while taking appropriate measures to protect ourselves.

By understanding the potential risks, implementing proper safety precautions, and knowing how to respond to injuries, we can continue to cultivate and enjoy beautiful gardens filled with a diverse array of plants, including those with thorns. Remember, the key to safe gardening lies in awareness, preparation, and a healthy respect for the natural world in all its forms – both beautiful and potentially hazardous.

Rose thorns can be dangerous

Peter H. Gott, United Media

DEAR DR. GOTT: Last spring, I contracted rose-thorn disease. Very painful and extreme swelling occurred in just one finger. I was in the hospital for days under sedation and on antifungal meds. I’m still having stiffness and swelling in that finger now and then. When will this go away? I must say, everything is not coming up roses here.

DEAR READER: Rose-thorn (or rose gardener’s) disease has the technical name of sporothrix schenckii. It is a fungus that resides on hay, sphagnum mosses and the tips of rose thorns. It can cause infection, redness, swelling and open ulcers at the puncture site. The fungus can spread to the lymphatic system and move on to the joints and bones, where it ends up attacking the central nervous system and lungs when the thorn or thorns are deeply embedded.

Diagnosis can be complicated because the condition is relatively uncommon. When an ulcer does present, it is often mistaken by a physician as a staph or strep infection and gets treated accordingly. It is only when the antibiotics prescribed fail to eradicate the ulcer that physicians look outside the box.

Many people enjoy the fragrance and beauty of roses in their gardens, and they should continue to do so. It is likely that they’ve had their skin pierced by thorns on numerous occasions. The best way to prevent rose-thorn disease is to wear appropriate gloves when pruning and to wash any minor punctures with an antibacterial soap. Should a thorn embed the skin beyond that of a minor puncture, it is critical to watch carefully for any signs of infection and report them at once to a physician for testing. The best way to determine whether the infection is present is through a culture of the wound. This is often done by taking a biopsy of the area, which is then examined.

You have continued with symptoms for close to a year now, so I can’t guess how long they might last. Perhaps a small portion of the thorn has remained embedded in your finger and is the reason for the prolonged flare-up. Speak with your physician to determine whether further testing or another short course of antifungals is appropriate.

The simplest things in life carry risk. If flowers provide you pleasure, take precautions that will allow you to stop and smell those roses.

Beware of Pricks in the Garden – Bali Advertiser

‘Hi Dr. Kris,
Last month while I was doing some casual weeding in the garden, I got pricked by a rose thorn that turned into a nasty infection after a few days and I ended up on antibiotics and had a precautionary tetanus shot as advised by the doc. I didn’t realise that the common rosebush could be poisonous! Are all thorny plants dangerous? Are there any other common plants that I should be wary of when in the garden, or is this just a tropical climate thing? I love gardening but I don’t want to get any more nasty infections.
Thanks in advance for your advice? ’Alex. ’

Spikes, thorns and pricks all hurt so to that extent I would say that all thorny plants are in fact dangerous. Some people have even been known to plant out their boundaries with an abundance of spiny plants, like some sort of natural barbed wire to deter thieves, and after reading on you’ll see why.

An encounter with a rose thorn can result in anything from a minor annoyance to a serious illness, even death! Your experience reinforces the importance of wearing appropriate clothing whilst gardening. When dealing with spiky plants such as roses, bougainvillea, cactus gloves and a long shirt are a must. In saying that, I too have fallen victim to a nasty rose thorn wound to the thumb when pulling weeds from around the base of a rose bush, because weeds are much easier to pull without gloves on, and we all know that we should wear them but that doesn’t necessarily mean that we do.

Rose thorn wounds are definitely not an innocuous scratch and should be treated seriously, despite what others would have you think. Rose thorns have caused plenty of cases of tetanus, blood poisoning and other types of infections that can lead to death. Sadly, cases where a rose thorn has caused death is more common than you would care to imagine. There are many varieties of bacteria and fungus that will live on rose thorns, and then when you get spiked you are basically injecting it deep under the skin. Deep puncture wounds will also be devoid of oxygen allowing the pathogens to thrive. Wounds are usually on the extremities such as the hands and feet giving the infection a better chance to become established. Some types of infection are so prevalent that the rose bush even has its own disease named after it!

Rose thorn disease otherwise known as Rose Sporotrichosis is caused by the infection of the fungus Sporothrix, which is found naturally on rose bushes, hay, sphagnum moss and in the soil, The disease has many complications which can lead to chronic illness and death. It can cause infection, redness, swelling and open ulcers at the puncture site. The fungus can spread to the lymphatic system and move on to the joints and bones, where it ends up attacking the central nervous system and lungs when the thorn or thorns are deeply embedded. In veterinary medicine it is most commonly seen in cats and horses.

In terms of other spiky thorny plants I would simply suggest to just beware of all pricks!

Bougainvillea and Crown of Thorns (Euphorbia milii) are other common garden plant whose spines and thorns can make you sick, mostly due to the method of delivery of the bacteria or fungus, through injection deep under the skin.

Aside from the pricks, all plants with milky sap have to be treated with care and caution. Some examples that are very common in the home garden are frangipani, euphorbia and oleander. Frangipani is related to the oleander and both possess a poisonous, milky sap, which is similar to that of euphorbia. When trimming all of these plants be very careful not to let any of the sap come into contact with your eyes or skin. Many people do not know that the milky sap that comes out of frangipani is toxic to humans and animals. If you propagate from cutting then you should always wear protective eyewear and make sure children or pets are not within the vicinity. Frangipani sap can cause temporary blindness, and is also likely to cause skin irritation, burning, itching, rashes and allergy. It is not always easy to know which plants have toxic sap and which don’t. Personally, I would avoid any plant saps on my skin, eyes or mouth.

Soil in fact could be the biggest danger in your garden. A few years ago I had a tiny scratch turn septic within a matter of hours whilst digging a hole here in Bali. One stinking hot afternoon, whilst digging out a raphis palm to transfer to a new location I grazed my hand on a small rock and the fresh wound came into contact with the wet soil. Within hours the cut had turned septic. Seriously this was a tiny scratch on my index finger to begin with, but later that night I awoke to find that my finger had become painfully swollen so much that I could no longer bend it, and the swelling extended into most of my hand which had puffed up like a small balloon.

The ‘tiny cut’ had seemed to have grown into a mini volcano now oozing puss out of the crater rim. It had progressed from a scratch to septic in a matter of hours. Despite the fact that it was 1am I went to the nearest medical centre because this was obviously serious. I was put on some powerful antibiotics immediately and the infection started to improve by the next day, but in those early moments when I awoke and before I got to the hospital I was in serious fear of losing my finger, I was just lucky that I had it seen to immediately.

The moral of the story – Always wear gloves in the garden, especially when handling soil, or dealing with toxic plants. If pruning overhead wear protective eye wear. Never use your gloves to wipe your eyes. It is helpful if you can identify toxic plants or plants that are likely to cause allergic reactions growing in the garden, so that you can provide a safer environment for all of those who come to visit. Do some further research on your own garden, because plants with toxic properties are many more than I can reasonably cover here.
Dr. Kris
Garden Doctor
Contact: [email protected]
Copyright © 2015 Dr. Kris
You can read all past articles of Garden Doctor at www.BaliAdvertiser.biz

Pain & Swelling From a Rose Bush Thorn Prick

The thorn on a rose stem provides an excellent device for injecting infectious material into your skin. Any of the treatments you use in your garden for the health of your roses can provoke an inflammatory reaction when injected by a scratch or prick. So can various bacteria and simple dirt. One fungus, Sporothrix schenckii, is notorious enough for this mode of infection that it’s recognized as the cause of “rose-picker’s disease. 1”

The Thorn Itself

If a thorn breaks off in your skin, and especially if it has gone straight in and deep, keep an eye on the wound to make sure it stays clean and heals promptly. If pain, redness or swelling develops, or if the thorn remains embedded in your skin, seek medical assistance. Even a small infection can form an abscess that will need to be lanced to release excessive material your body sends to fight the infection.

Sporotrichosis

Turmeric for Fungus

The Sporothrix fungus that lives on rose thorns cannot live on human skin or nails, where other fungi may have little or no effect on the host’s comfort or health. If Sporothrix is injected into the skin by a prick, however, it can transform into a yeast and spread beyond the original wound.

The Most Common Infection

Most often, when Sporothrix gets into skin, it causes a localized but potentially chronic problem. At the wound site, it can cause ulcers that are not only red, but swollen with pus until they rupture and drain. It can also spread back through the lymphatic system that sends the pus against infection, causing pain and swelling in lymph nodes up the arm from the original wound.

Other Possibilities

DMSO for Nail Fungus

If a thorn happens to inject Sporothrix into the knuckle of your finger or your elbow, it can cause an arthritic infection that is very painful. It can also infect the eye and surrounding delicate tissues. Most rarely from rose-thorn pricks, sporotrichosis can become a systemic, or body-wide, infection, including the central nervous system. The fungus also grows in sphagnum moss, from which it can be inhaled.

• If a thorn happens to inject Sporothrix into the knuckle of your finger or your elbow, it can cause an arthritic infection that is very painful.
• Most rarely from rose-thorn pricks, sporotrichosis can become a systemic, or body-wide, infection, including the central nervous system.

4 Things Adults Should Know About Tetanus

When was your last tetanus shot? Knowing the causes and signs of tetanus, as well as the appropriate cadence for vaccinations, can help you prevent this painful and potentially fatal condition. Dr. John Martinez, urgent care physician with Dignity Health Medical Foundation in Woodland, shares four things adults should know about tetanus.  

1. To start, what is tetanus?
Tetanus is a rare, potentially fatal disease that is caused by a toxin released by the Clostridium tetani bacteria. This bacteria is commonly found in dirt and can be transmitted by stepping on a rusty nail (which is often associated with tetanus) or even from being pricked by a rose thorn.

Once contracted, tetanus can cause really painful muscle spasms and often manifests in the jaw and neck area. This can interfere with your ability to breathe, and in serious cases it can cause death. You may also experience fever, sweating, and difficulty swallowing. 

2. When should an adult get a tetanus shot?
Luckily, tetanus is preventable with the tetanus vaccine that is commonly given along with dipthera and pertussis vaccinations, known as the TDAP vaccine (which stands for tetanus, diphtheria and acellular pertussis). 

Adults should get a tetanus booster every ten years, although in our urgent care we recommend boosters after five years for patients we see that have a dirty or contaminated wound.

3. Are their certain wounds that are more likely to contract tetanus?
When it comes to risk of contracting tetanus, the location of the wound doesn’t matter. A dirty wound in any part of the body should be thoroughly rinsed and cleaned and then if appropriate, a tetanus booster should be given. Again, you want to seek medical attention if your wound has been exposed to any dirt, rust, etc. 

5. Anything else adults need to know about tetanus?
Remember that for puncture wounds or other injuries like as lacerations where you think you may have contracted tetanus, you can visit your local urgent care. If there is a more significant injury, such as a large laceration longer than 4 to 5 inches or more serious injuries, then the emergency department is more appropriate.

Nigel’s Gardening Hints and Tips: Rose Thorn Dangers

ROSE THORN DANGERS

Just recently I read an example of how dangerous gardening could be. A little tidying up and pruning can cause severe health problems, which could lead to amputation of limbs and even death!

An example of this was in some newspapersabout a week ago. A pensioner was gardening when a rose thorn embedded into his finger. Two weeks later, he developed blood poisoning, resulting in his arm being amputated. Sadly, the infection worsened and he died from a massive heart attack. Shocking is it not?

I hope by reading my article it will make you think more about taking the necessary precautions, which I will talk about later on.

Almost everyone has suffered some kind of injury from a thorny plant in the past, but we just dig the thorn out and think nothing of it. Sometimes though, it is not that easy.

I used to spend weeks pruning roses at work and as I was so used to it I never bothered wearing gloves. I had many thorns in my hands and arms which I used to dig out, not thinking anymore about it. Then one day I had a deep thorn in my wrist, which one of the First Aiders at work had to get out for me. I knew I needed a First Aider to help me as I just could not see it clearly enough.

Well, after about half an hour of picking, poking and scraping, she managed to carefully lift it out with a pair of tweezers. I had a plaster put on and thought no more. The next morning I had a red mark going up my arm. The point where the thorn had been was swollen. After a trip to my doctor, I was told it was an infection and was given a course of antibiotics and antihistamine tablets. Fortunately after about a week it cleared up. From then on I always wore gardening gloves which gave a little protection, except for the odd thorn which found its way through.

I was lucky, as I have heard of cases in the past where people ended up having serious infections and in the worst case scenario they had to have limbs amputated. It just shows that an easy job of pruning roses could end up in disaster.

I apologise if any of this has caused distress, but I just wanted to get the point across that plants can be dangerous. The following points are things which you can do as a precaution when gardening:

• Wear good quality thorn resistant gloves.
• Seek medical help immediately, if a thorn wound turns red and swollen.
• Make sure that you are up-to-date with your
  tetanus jabs.
• Use a sharp pair of secateurs to avoid having to pull any attached stems off by hand.

Apart from roses there are many other plants which can cause you problems. If interested, see an article I wrote in the past called Beware of the Plants From Hell.

Enjoy your garden and do not let any of this put you off. It is general advice to keep you safe and sound!

Nigel’s Gardening Hints and Tips
Archive

Helleborus

29.03.10 Front Page

Back Issue Page

Fungal Diseases of the Respiratory System

Histoplasmosis

Histoplasmosis is a disease caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum.

Learning Objectives

Describe the traits associated with and mode of transmission for Histoplasma capsulatum

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• Histoplasmosis is s a disease caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, which is usually found in soil, and often associated with decaying bat guano or bird droppings.
• Cases of histoplasmosis have declined acutely since the Industrial Revolution as quality of life improved dramatically and humans were no longer living in their own squalor.
• Symptoms of this infection vary greatly, but the disease affects primarily the lungs. Occasionally, other organs are affected, and it can be fatal if left untreated.

Key Terms

• Histoplasmosis: Histoplasmosis is a disease caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. Symptoms of this infection vary greatly, but the disease primarily affects the lungs. Other organs are occassionally affected; this is called disseminated histoplasmosis and can be fatal if left untreated.
• fungus: Any member of the kingdom Fungi; a eukaryotic organism typically having chitin cell walls but no chlorophyll or plastids. Fungi may be unicellular or multicellular.

Histoplasmosis (also known as “Cave disease,” “Darling’s disease,” “Ohio valley disease,” “Reticuloendotheliosis,” “Spelunker’s Lung,” and “Caver’s disease”) is a disease caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. Symptoms of this infection vary greatly, but the disease primarily affects the lungs. Other organs are occasionally affected; this is called disseminated histoplasmosis and can be fatal if left untreated. Histoplasmosis is common among AIDS patients due to their suppressed immune system.

Histoplasmosis: This is a Methenamine silver strain of Histoplasma capsulatum that shows histopathologic changes in the histoplasmosis.

If symptoms of histoplasmosis infection occur, they will start within 3 to 17 days after exposure, with the average being 12 to 14 days. Most affected individuals have clinically silent manifestations and show no apparent ill effects. The acute phase of histoplasmosis is characterized by non-specific respiratory symptoms, often cough or flu-like. Chest X-ray findings are normal in 40 to 70% of cases. Chronic histoplasmosis cases can resemble tuberculosis, and disseminated histoplasmosis affects multiple organ systems and is fatal unless treated.

Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis: This is a chest X-ray of a patient with acute pulmonary histoplasmosis.

Histoplasmosis may be divided into the following types: primary pulmonary histoplasmosis, progressive disseminated histoplasmosis, primary cutaneous histoplasmosis, and African histoplasmosis.

Histoplasma capsulatum is found throughout the world. It is endemic in certain areas of the United States, particularly in states bordering the Ohio River valley and the lower Mississippi River. It is also common in caves in southern and East Africa. Positive histoplasmin skin tests occur in as many as 90% of the people living in areas where Histoplasma capsulatum is common, such as the eastern and central United States.

Histoplasma capsulatum grows in soil and material contaminated with bird or bat droppings (guano). The fungus has been found in poultry house litter, caves, areas harboring bats, and in bird roosts (particularly those of starlings). The fungus is thermally dimorphic: in the environment it grows as a brownish mycelium, and at body temperature (37 °C in humans) it morphs into a yeast. The inoculum is represented principally by microconidia that, once inhaled into the alveolar spaces, germinate and then transform into budding yeast cells. Histoplasmosis is not contagious, but is contracted by inhalation of the spores from disturbed soil or guano.

Histoplasmosis can be diagnosed by samples containing the fungusken from sputum, blood, or infected organs. It can also be diagnosed by detection of antigens in blood or urine samples by ELISA or PCR. It can also be diagnosed by a test for antibodies against Histoplasma in the blood. Histoplasma skin tests indicate whether a person has been exposed, but do not indicate whether they have the disease. Formal histoplasmosis diagnoses are often confirmed only by culturing the fungus directly. Cutaneous manifestations of disseminated disease are diverse and often present as a nondescript rash with systemic complaints. Diagnosis is best established by urine antigen testing. Blood cultures may take up to 6 weeks for diagnostic growth to occur and serum antigen testing often comes back with a false negative before 4 weeks of disseminated infection.

It is not practical to test or decontaminate most sites that may be contaminated with Histoplasma capsulatum, so precautions to reduce a person’s risk of exposure are important. Precautions common to all geographical locations would be to avoid accumulations of bird or bat droppings.

Antifungal medications are used to treat severe cases of acute histoplasmosis and all cases of chronic and disseminated disease. Typical treatment of severe disease first involves treatment with amphotericin B, followed by oral itraconazole. Treatment with itraconazole will need to continue for at least a year in severe cases.

In many milder cases, oral itraconazole or ketoconazole is sufficient. Asymptomatic disease is typically not treated. Past infection results in partial protection against ill effects if reinfected.

Coccidiomycosis

Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal disease caused by Coccidioides immitis or C. posadasii.

Learning Objectives

Describe the mode of transmission, symptoms and diagnostic test associated with Coccidioidomycosis immitis

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• C. immitis resides in the soil in certain parts of the southwestern United States, northern Mexico, and parts of Central and South America.
• Infection is caused by inhalation of the particles.
• The disease is usually mild, with flu-like symptoms and rashes.

Key Terms

• Coccidioidomycosis: Coccidioidomycosis is a fungal disease caused by Coccidioides immitis or C. posadasii. It is endemic in certain parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah and northwestern Mexico.
• fungal: Of or pertaining to a fungus or fungi
• inhalation: The substance (medicament) which is inhaled.

Coccidioidomycosis (commonly known as “Valley fever”, as well as “California fever”, “Desert rheumatism”, and “San Joaquin Valley fever”) is a fungal disease caused by Coccidioides immitis or C. posadasii. It is endemic in certain parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah and northwestern Mexico.

Coccidioidomycosis: Histopathological changes in a case of coccidioidomycosis of the lung showing a large fibrocaseous nodule.

C. immitis resides in the soil in certain parts of the southwestern United States, northern Mexico, and parts of Central and South America. It is dormant during long dry spells, then develops as a mold with long filaments that break off into airborne spores when the rains come. The spores, known as arthroconidia, are swept into the air by disruption of the soil, such as occurs during construction, farming, or an earthquake.

Infection is caused by inhalation of the particles. The disease is not transmitted from person to person. The infection ordinarily resolves leaving the patient with a specific immunity to re-infection. C. immitis is a dimorphic saprophytic organism that grows as a mycelium in the soil and produces a spherule form in the host organism.

The disease is usually mild, with flu-like symptoms and rashes. The Mayo Clinic estimates that half the population in some affected areas have suffered from the disease. On occasion, those particularly susceptible may develop a serious or even fatal illness. Serious complications include severe pneumonia, lung nodules, and disseminated disease, where the fungus spreads throughout the body. The disseminated form of Valley Fever can devastate the body, causing skin ulcers, abscesses, bone lesions, severe joint pain, heart inflammation, urinary tract problems, meningitis, and often death. In order of decreasing risk, people of Filipino, African, Native American, Hispanic, and Asian descent are susceptible to the disseminated form of the disease. Men and pregnant women, and people with weakened immune systems (such as from AIDS), are more susceptible than non-pregnant women.

It has been known to infect humans, cattle, deer, dogs, elk, fish, mules, livestock, apes, kangaroos, wallabies, tigers, bears, badgers, otters and marine mammals.

Symptomatic infection (40% of cases) usually presents as an influenza-like illness with fever, cough, headaches, rash, and myalgia (muscle pain). Some patients fail to recover and develop chronic pulmonary infection or widespread disseminated infection (affecting meninges, soft tissues, joints, and bone). Severe pulmonary disease may develop in HIV-infected persons.

An additional risk is that health care providers who are unfamiliar with it or are unaware that the patient has been exposed to it may misdiagnose it as cancer and subject the patient to unnecessary surgery.

Coccidioidomycosis may be divided into the following types: Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis; Disseminated coccidioidomycosis; and Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis.

The fungal infection can be demonstrated by microscopic detection of diagnostic cells in body fluids, exudates, sputum and biopsy-tissue. With specific nucleotide primers, C.immitis DNA can be amplified by PCR. It can also be detected in cultures by morphological identification, or by using molecular probes that hybridize with C.immitis RNA. An indirect demonstration of fungal infection can be achieved also by serologic analysis detecting fungal antigen or host antibody produced against the fungus.

There are no published prospective studies that examine optimal antifungal therapy for coccidioidomycosis. Mild cases often do not require treatment. Oral Fluconazole and intravenous Amphotericin B are used in progressive or disseminated disease, or in which patients are immunocompromised. Alternatively, itraconazole or ketoconazole may be used. Posaconazole and voriconazole have also been used. There is currently no practical preventative measures available for people who live or travel through Valley Fever endemic areas. It is recommended to avoid airborne dust or dirt, though this is not a guaranteed manner of prevention. People in certain occupations may be advised to wear face masks.

Pneumocystis Pneumonia

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) or pneumocystosis is a form of pneumonia, caused by the yeast-like fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii.

Learning Objectives

Review the symptoms associated with pneumocystis pneumonia and the methods of diagnosis

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• Pneumocystis jirovecii is a pathogen that is specific to humans.
• Pneumocystis is commonly found in the lungs of healthy people, but, being a source of opportunistic infection, it can cause a lung infection in people with a weak immune system.
• Symptoms of PCP include fever, non-productive cough, shortness of breath, weight loss, and night sweats.

Key Terms

• Pneumocystis pneumonia: Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) or pneumocystosis is a form of pneumonia, caused by the yeast-like fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii. This pathogen is specific to humans; it has not been shown to infect other animals.
• Opportunistic: An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens, particularly opportunistic pathogens—those that take advantage of certain situations—such as bacterial, viral, fungal or protozoan infections that usually do not cause disease in a healthy host, one with a healthy immune system. A compromised immune system, however, presents an “opportunity” for the pathogen to infect.
• Symptoms: A symptom is a departure from normal function or feeling which is noticed by a patient, indicating the presence of disease or abnormality. A symptom is subjective, observed by the patient, and cannot be measured directly.

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) or pneumocystosis is a form of pneumonia, caused by the yeast-like fungus (which had previously been erroneously classified as a protozoan) Pneumocystis jirovecii. This pathogen is specific to humans; it has not been shown to infect other animals. Other species of Pneumocystis that parasitize other animals have not been shown to infect humans.

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: Pneumocystis jirovecii cysts from bronchoalveolar lavage, stained with Toluidin blue O stain

Pneumocystis is commonly found in the lungs of healthy people, but being a source of opportunistic infection, it can cause a lung infection in people with a weak immune system. Pneumocystis pneumonia is especially seen in people with cancer, HIV/AIDS and the use of medications that affect the immune system.

Nomenclature of Pneumocystis Pneumonia

The older name Pneumocystis carinii (which now only applies to the Pneumocystis species that is found in rats), is still in common usage. As a result, Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is also known as Pneumocystis jiroveci[i] pneumonia and (incorrectly) as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

Regarding nomenclature, when the name of Pneumocystis pneumonia changed from P. carinii pneumonia to P. jirovecii pneumonia, it was at first felt that it could no longer be referred to as “PCP”. However, because the term PCP was already in common usage, it was rationalized that the term PCP could continue to be used, as it stood for PneumoCystis (jirovecii) Pneumonia.

Symptoms of Pneumocystis Pneumonia

Symptoms of PCP include fever, non-productive cough (because sputum is too viscous to become productive), shortness of breath (especially on exertion), weight loss, and night sweats. There is usually not a large amount of sputum with PCP unless the patient has an additional bacterial infection. The fungus can invade other visceral organs (such as the liver, spleen, and kidney), but only in a minority of cases.

Pneumothorax is a well-known complication of PCP. An acute history of chest pain with breathlessness and diminished breath sounds is typical of pneumothorax.

The risk of pneumonia due to Pneumocystis jirovecii increases when CD4 positive cell levels are less than 200 cells/μl. In these immunosuppressed individuals the manifestations of the infection are highly variable. The disease attacks the interstitial, fibrous tissue of the lungs, with marked thickening of the alveolar septa and alveoli, leading to significant hypoxia which can be fatal if not treated aggressively. In this situation LDH levels increase and gas exchange is compromised. Oxygen is less able to diffuse into the blood, leading to hypoxia. Hypoxia, along with high arterial carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels, stimulates hyper-ventilatory effort, thereby causing dyspnea (breathlessness).

Diagnosis and Treatment of Pneumocystis Pneumonia

The diagnosis can be confirmed by the characteristic appearance of the chest x-ray, which shows widespread pulmonary infiltrates, and an arterial oxygen level (PaO2) that is strikingly lower than would be expected from symptoms. Gallium 67 scans are also use in the diagnosis. They are abnormal in approximately 90% of cases and are often positive before the chest x-ray becomes abnormal. The diagnosis can be definitively confirmed by histological identification of the causative organism in sputum or bronchio-alveolar lavage (lung rinse). Staining with toluidine blue, silver stain, periodic-acid schiff stain, or an immunofluorescence assay will show the characteristic cysts. The cysts resemble crushed ping-pong balls and are present in aggregates of 2 to 8 (and not to be confused with Histoplasma or Cryptococcus, which typically do not form aggregates of spores or cells). A lung biopsy would show thickened alveolar septa with fluffy eosinophilic exudate in the alveoli. Both the thickened septa and the fluffy exudate contribute to dysfunctional diffusion capacity which is characteristic of this pneumonia.

Pneumocystis infection can also be diagnosed by immunofluorescent or histochemical staining of the specimen, and more recently by molecular analysis of polymerase chain reaction products comparing DNA samples. Notably, simple molecular detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii in lung fluids does not mean that a person has Pneumocystis pneumonia or infection by HIV. The fungus appears to be present in healthy individuals in the general population.

Antipneumocystic medication is used with concomitant steroids in order to avoid inflammation, which causes an exacerbation of symptoms about four days after treatment begins if steroids are not used. By far the most commonly used medication is trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, but some patients are unable to tolerate this treatment due to allergies. Other medications that are used, alone or in combination, include pentamidine, trimetrexate, dapsone, atovaquone, primaquine, pafuramidine maleate (under investigation), and clindamycin. Treatment is usually for a period of about 21 days. However, pneumocystis pneumonia can be prevented by the drug TMP-SMX.

Pentamidine is less often used as its major limitation is the high frequency of side effects. These include acute pancreatitis, renal failure, hepatotoxicity, leukopenia, rash, fever, and hypoglycemia.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis is a fungal infection caused by the organism Blastomyces dermatitidis.

Learning Objectives

Describe the causes and symptoms of blastomycosis

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• Infection occurs by inhalation of the fungus from its natural soil habitat.
• Once suspected, the diagnosis of blastomycosis can usually be confirmed by demonstration of the characteristic, broad-based budding organisms in sputum or tissues by KOH prep, cytology, or histology.
• Once inhaled in the lungs, Blastomycosis multiply and may disseminate through the blood and lymphatics to other organs, including the skin, bone, genitourinary tract, and brain.

Key Terms

• fungal: Of or pertaining to a fungus or fungi
• Blastomycosis: Blastomycosis is a fungal infection caused by the organism Blastomyces dermatitidis. Endemic to portions of North America, blastomycosis causes clinical symptoms similar to histoplasmosis.
• inhalation: The substance (medicament) which is inhaled.

Blastomycosis (also known as “North American blastomycosis,” “Blastomycetic dermatitis,” and “Gilchrist’s disease”) is a fungal infection caused by the organism Blastomyces dermatitidis. Endemic to portions of North America, blastomycosis causes clinical symptoms similar to histoplasmosis.

Blastomycosis: Blastomyces dermatitidis, the causative agent of blastomycosis.

Symptoms

Blastomycosis can present in one of the following ways:

• A flu-like illness with fever, chills, myalgia, headache, and a nonproductive cough which resolves within days
• An acute illness resembling bacterial pneumonia, with symptoms of high fever, chills, a productive cough, and pleuritic chest pain
• A chronic illness that mimics tuberculosis or lung cancer, with symptoms of low-grade fever, a productive cough, night sweats, and weight loss
• A fast, progressive, and severe disease that manifests as ARDS, with fever, shortness of breath, tachypnea, hypoxemia, and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates
• Skin lesions, usually asymptomatic, that appear as ulcerated lesions with small pustules at the margins
• Bone lytic lesions that can cause bone or joint pain.
• Prostatitis may be asymptomatic or may cause pain on urinating. Laryngeal involvement causes hoarseness.

Infection occurs by inhalation of the fungus from its natural soil habitat. Once inhaled in the lungs, Blastomycosis multiply and may disseminate through the blood and lymphatics to other organs, including the skin, bone, genitourinary tract, and brain. The incubation period is 30 to 100 days, although infection can be asymptomatic.

Diagnosis

Once suspected, the diagnosis of blastomycosis can usually be confirmed by demonstration of the characteristic, broad-based budding organisms in sputum or tissues by KOH prep, cytology, or histology. Tissue biopsy of skin or other organs may be required in order to diagnose extra-pulmonary disease. Blastomycosis is histologically associated with granulomatous nodules. Commercially available urine antigen testing appears to be quite sensitive in suggesting the diagnosis in cases where the organism is not readily detected. While culture of the organism remains the definitive diagnostic standard, its slow growing nature can lead to delays in treatment of up to several weeks.

Treatment

Itraconazole given orally is the treatment of choice for most forms of the disease. Ketoconazole may also be used. Cure rates are high, and the treatment over a period of months is usually well tolerated. Amphotericin B is considerably more toxic, and is usually reserved for immunocompromised patients who are critically ill and those with central nervous system disease. Fluconazole has also been tested on patients in Canada.

Other Fungi Involved in Respiratory Disease

Sporotrichosis is a disease caused by the fungus Sporothrix schenckii.

Learning Objectives

Compare and contrast the various forms of sporotrichosis: cutaneous/skin, pulmonary and disseminated sporotrichosis

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• In cases of sporotrichosis affecting the lungs, the fungal spores enter through the respiratory pathways.
• Sporotrichosis progresses slowly – the first symptoms may appear from one to 12 weeks (average three weeks) after the initial exposure to the fungus.
• Forms and symptoms of sporotrichosis include: cutaneous or skin sporotrichosis; pulmonary sporotrichosis; and disseminated sporotrichosis.

Key Terms

• fungus: Any member of the kingdom Fungi; a eukaryotic organism typically having chitin cell walls but no chlorophyll or plastids. Fungi may be unicellular or multicellular.
• Sporotrichosis: A disease caused by the infection of the fungus Sporothrix schenckii, usually affecting the skin, although other rare forms can affect the lungs, joints, bones, and even the brain. Because roses can spread the disease, it is often referred to as rose-thorn or rose-gardeners’ disease.

Sporotrichosis (also known as “Rose gardener’s disease”) is caused by the infection of the fungus Sporothrix schenckii . This fungal disease usually affects the skin, although other rare forms can affect the lungs, joints, bones, and even the brain. Because roses can spread the disease, it is one of a few diseases referred to as rose-thorn or rose-gardeners’ disease.

Because S. schenckii is naturally found in soil, hay, sphagnum moss, and plants, it usually affects farmers, gardeners, and agricultural workers. It enters through small cuts and abrasions in the skin to cause the infection. In cases of sporotrichosis affecting the lungs, the fungal spores enter through the respiratory pathways. Sporotrichosis can also be acquired from handling cats with the disease; it is an occupational hazard for veterinarians.

Sporotrichosis progresses slowly – the first symptoms may appear from one to 12 weeks (average three weeks) after the initial exposure to the fungus. Serious complications can also develop in patients who have a compromised immune system.

Sporotrichosis: Cytologic preparation from a case of feline sporotrichosis; phagocytic cells show numerous variably-shaped yeast forms within.

Forms and symptoms of sporotrichosis include: cutaneous or skin sporotrichosis; pulmonary sporotrichosis; and disseminated sporotrichosis.

Cutaneous or skin sporotrichosis: This is the most common form of the disease. Symptoms include nodular lesions or bumps in the skin at the point of entry and also along lymph nodes and vessels. The lesion starts off small and painless, and ranges in color from pink to purple. Left untreated, the lesion becomes larger and looks similar to a boil. More lesions will appear, until a chronic ulcer develops. Usually, cutaneous sporotrichosis lesions occur in the finger, hand, and arm.

Pulmonary sporotrichosis: This rare form of the disease occurs when S. schenckii spores are inhaled. Symptoms include productive coughing, nodules and cavitations of the lungs, fibrosis, and swollen hilar lymph nodes. Patients with this form of sporotrichosis are susceptible to developing tuberculosis and pneumonia.

Disseminated sporotrichosis: this occurs when the infection spreads from the primary site to secondary sites in the body and develops into a rare and critical form. The infection can spread to joints and bones (called osteoarticular sporotrichosis) as well as the central nervous system and the brain (called sporotrichosis meningitis). The symptoms include weight loss, anorexia, and the appearance of bony lesions.

Puncture Wound – What You Need to Know

This material must not be used for commercial purposes, or in any hospital or medical facility. Failure to comply may result in legal action.

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW:

What is a puncture wound?

A puncture wound is a hole in the skin made by a sharp, pointed object. The area may be bruised or swollen. You may have bleeding, pain, or trouble moving the affected area.

How is a puncture wound diagnosed?

Your healthcare provider will examine your injury and look for signs and symptoms of infection. He or she will also check how well you can move the injured area and ask if you have any numbness. Tell your provider how and when you were injured, especially if it was an animal bite.

• An x-ray, ultrasound, CT, or MRI may show deeper injuries or foreign objects. You may be given contrast liquid to help the injury or objects show up better in the pictures. Tell the healthcare provider if you have ever had an allergic reaction to contrast liquid. Do not enter the MRI room with anything metal. Metal can cause serious injury. Tell the healthcare provider if you have any metal in or on your body.

How is a puncture wound treated?

Treatment depends on how severe the wound is and when the injury happened. You may need any of the following:

• Wound cleaning may be needed to remove dirt or debris. This will decrease the chance of infection. Before the wound is cleaned, your healthcare provider may give you medicine to numb the area and help you relax.
• Medicine to treat pain or prevent a bacterial infection may be given.
• A tetanus vaccine may be needed. Tell your healthcare provider if you have had the tetanus vaccine or a booster within the last 5 years. You may be given a tetanus shot, if needed.
• Surgery may be needed if your wound needs a lot of cleaning or removal of deep foreign objects. Your wound may be left open until it heals, or it may be closed with stitches.

How can I manage my symptoms?

• Rest and elevate the injured area above the level of your heart as often as you can. This will help decrease swelling and pain. Prop your injured area on pillows or blankets to keep it elevated comfortably.

When should I seek immediate care?

• You have severe pain.
• You have numbness or tingling in the area of your wound.
• Your wound starts bleeding and does not stop, even after you apply pressure.

When should I call my doctor?

• You have new drainage or a bad odor coming from the wound.
• You have a fever or chills.
• You have increased swelling, redness, or pain.
• You have red streaks on your skin coming from your wound.
• You have questions or concerns about your condition or care.

Care Agreement

You have the right to help plan your care. Learn about your health condition and how it may be treated. Discuss treatment options with your healthcare providers to decide what care you want to receive. You always have the right to refuse treatment. The above information is an educational aid only. It is not intended as medical advice for individual conditions or treatments. Talk to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist before following any medical regimen to see if it is safe and effective for you.

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90,000 Allergic reaction to roses: causes, symptoms and what to do

Roses are such beautiful and delicate flowers, but for some people they can bring truly unbearable suffering. An allergy to a rose can cause both slight shortness of breath and mild itching, as well as fever and even anaphylactic shock.

Naturally, if you are allergic to these wonderful flowers, then you must definitely take some measures, because the consequences of contact with the allergen can be serious.The problem is that this plant is ornamental, which is why it is found in almost every garden, which can cause an unpredictable reaction in allergy sufferers.

Causes of allergy

There can be several reasons for the appearance of an allergy to a rose, one and the main one is pollen . The fact is that the rose is a wind-pollinated plant. From this, it can be suggested that pollen is carried by the wind and, due to its small size, easily penetrates the respiratory tract, causing an allergic reaction.Evir oils or extracts can also easily provoke allergies.

It is quite rare to find an intolerance to the prick of rose thorns (or the ingress of a fungus into an open wound from other plants). This disease is called sporotrichosis . It is most often manifested by skin, bone, joint or pneumonia lesions.

The most common cause of allergies in a person is heredity . As a result, if the parents have this tendency, then the likelihood that it will be passed on to the child increases significantly.

Symptoms

There can be many symptoms, here are the main ones:

• Conjunctivitis (inflammation of the outer membrane of the eye)
• Temperature rise.
• Fatigue.
• Sneeze.
• Itching.
• Prolonged lacrimation.
• Swelling of the eyelids.
• Nasal discharge.
• Shortness of breath and choking.
• Redness, pimples on the surface of the skin.
• Anaphylactic shock.
• Allergic cough.
• Rhinitis (inflammation of the nasal mucosa).

If the symptoms are mild, it is necessary to stop contact with the allergen , it is also recommended to drink plenty of water – tea, mineral water! In severe cases, you need to immediately call an ambulance, this form of an allergic reaction can be fatal in a short period of time.

Treatment

The first step is to get rid of the source of the allergy.Flowers on the windowsill, rose water, some cosmetics, extracts – all of these things can cause allergies.

Drug treatment

There are several types of drugs for this allergy, here are the main ones:

• Antihistamines – “ Dimethane”, “Trimeton”, “Hypotor”, “Elavast” … This is a group of drugs that help inhibit certain effects in the body by blocking histamine receptors. Together with this, they reduce muscle tone, have a hypnotic effect, enhance the effect of alcohol and also provide a strong and quick healing effect that will last 4-8 hours.
• Bronchodilators. If you are allergic to rose, there may be a narrowing of the bronchial tree. This group of drugs helps to relax the muscle walls of the bronchi and thereby increase their lumen. There are two types of bronchodilators: fast and long-acting. For allergies, you need to use the first option. This inhalation medication will take effect a few minutes after application, and the effect will last 2-4 hours. Side effects: overexcitement, nervousness, upset stomach, insomnia, muscle cramps, increased heart rate.Preparations: Teofilin, Ulmikor, Asmaneks.
• Steroids. These drugs are anti-inflammatory, highly effective, and also used in the treatment of various diseases. Steroids are available in various forms: tablets, inhalers, sprays, and creams. Side effects: fluid retention, weight gain, high blood pressure. Preparations: Alrex, Flovent, Rinkort.
• Decongestants. These products prevent mucus buildup by narrowing swollen nasal tissues.They also affect the blood vessels in the eyes, which dilate with an allergic reaction. Possible side effects: increased blood pressure, insomnia, irritability. Preparations: Sudafed, Afrin, Neo-Synephrine.

Traditional methods of treatment

There are a myriad of folk remedies for rose allergy, the most popular are:

1. With celery. We need 2 tablespoons of chopped celery root, and 0.5 liters of cold water.First you need to pour boiled water over the celery, then stir and leave in a cold place for 3 hours. It is necessary to take glass three times a day, half an hour before meals.
2. Korostavnik. For this method of treatment, we will need: 2 tablespoons of crushed korostavnik, and 3 glasses of boiling water. Pour boiling water over the chopped field bark and leave for two hours. Take half a glass before meals, 4 times a day.

Any symptom, even a minor one, can be fatal.Therefore, be careful and do not be lazy to come for an examination to an allergist.

Other materials:

90,000 Allergy and artificial roses. Good power [Self-hypnosis]

Allergy and artificial roses

The following story is often cited as a textbook example proving the psychological causation of allergies. A person allergic to roses enters an unfamiliar room, sees a bouquet on the table and immediately begins to sneeze, blow his nose and shed tears.The attack stops immediately when he learns that the roses are … paper!

Something similar happened at one of the seminars of our hypnotic symposium. Having immersed those present in a trance, the teacher invited everyone to mentally imagine a table in front of them, on it – a vase, in a vase – a yellow rose; then “take” the rose, “bring” it to the face, “inhale” its aroma.

At that moment one of the participants in the experiment, Dr. N., felt unwell: he coughed, began to choke, then jumped up and ran out of the hall.Returning some time later, he expressed complete bewilderment about what had happened and agreed to go on stage to participate in a demonstration session. After explaining to the ward how to use the pendulum, the instructor began to ask questions:

Q: Your allergy to roses certainly has a reason. Can you find out about it yourself?

O .: Yes.

Q: Do any roses cause allergies in you?

O .: No.

Q: Only yellow ones?

O.: Yes.

Q .: This clearly indicates a connection with the past. Does all this have to do with any event in your life?

O .: Yes.

Q: Were there several such events?

O .: No.

Q: When did it happen, how old were you – less than fifteen?

O .: Yes.

Q: Less than five?

O .: No.

Q: Less than ten?

O .: No.

(The exact age was established by the method of elimination – ten years.)

V.: Did you feel fear at that moment?

O .: Yes.

Q: Was anyone near you?

O .: No.

Q: Did it happen outdoors?

O .: Yes.

Q: Not far from home?

O .: No.

Q: At the school?

O .: No.

A long series of questions followed, and finally it turned out that the incident took place in the countryside, not far from my grandfather’s farm. The operator put his ward into a trance and asked him to relive a key episode.

… It was summer: the boy was returning to the farm – on horseback, but without a saddle. Suddenly, the horse, obviously frightened of something, rushed from its place to the quarry and … threw the unlucky rider straight into the thorny bush. N. scratched his face to the point of blood and was quite frightened. Catching the same horse, he was about to continue on his way, when he suddenly saw that she, bowing her head, was chewing yellow rose petals. The boy really wanted to try it himself …

Some time later, already at the farm, he vomited, tears flowed from his eyes – in a word, an allergic reaction began.So, many years later, Dr. N. remembered a long-forgotten fall, which caused an allergy so severe that only one mental image of a flower could cause him a severe attack.

Making sure that the symptom under study no longer hides any surprises, the hypnotherapist asked his ward if he could now, having realized the essence of what had happened, free himself from the allergy, and received an affirmative answer. Meanwhile, one of those present managed to run to the flower kiosk, located in the same building, and returned with a yellow rose flower.The doctor cautiously raised it to his face, inhaled the pink scent – and sighed with relief: there was no reaction!

In the morning, when the colleagues gathered again in the same room, Dr. N. told about an interesting experiment carried out the previous evening. It turned out that, among other things, he had suffered from claustrophobia from time immemorial – and now, inspired by the results of the afternoon session, he decided to use a pendulum to reveal the reasons for its appearance. The subconscious mind willingly gave out all the information: at the age of five, the future doctor, as it turned out, had served time … in a dark closet where his aunt had put him for some offense.N. remembered: getting rid of allergies brought him only penetration into the depths of his memory; maybe here everything will happen by itself? .. Burning with impatience, he left the room, called the elevator, which he had bypassed until now, and – lo and behold! – rode a couple of times up and down, without experiencing anything like fear.

Allergies, phobia, some similar symptoms “grow”, as a rule, on the basis of feelings and experiences associated with an event that is beyond the reach of conscious memory.But the subconscious mind has all the information it needs, which (if there is, of course, no reason to hide it) is always ready to share – you just need to use one of the ideomotor methods of self-questioning.

There are, of course, other effective means of penetrating into the depths of repressed memories – in particular, the method of free association, but they all take a lot of time. Carefully study all the ideomotor dialogues given in this book – they will help you independently learn to formulate the questions necessary for self-exploration.

Spray roses | Encyclopedia of Roses

Spray roses – beautiful border roses

Speaking of roses, one cannot ignore such a group of varieties as spray roses or, as they are also called, bouquet roses – this is a low-growing border rose, according to its main features, part of a large group of Floribunda roses …

They combine all the best qualities of floribunda: abundant, long and continuous flowering, unpretentiousness and endurance in our latitudes – with the delicate charm of diminutiveness.

Appearance spray roses

Small compact erect bushes 40 to 90 cm high, small flowers (3-6 cm) are collected in inflorescences, but each bud has its own peduncle extending from the skeletal branch.

Thorns may be absent or in small numbers. It blooms profusely, with proper pruning, almost continuously, from the first warm nights to the very frost.

Care and agricultural technology

Despite their small size and apparent fragility, spray roses are quite unpretentious and resistant to external factors.

When planting a spray rose seedling, prepare a 45×45 cm hole, pour a layer of drainage and compost or any other organic fertilizer on the bottom of the hole, form a mound on which to spread the root system of the seedling, then the hole is covered with earth and the soil is compacted to remove all possible emptiness. It is necessary to make a small depression near the plant, where water will collect. After planting, spray rose seedlings are watered with warm water at the rate of 8 liters per plant.

In general, caring for roses from this group is almost the same as caring for floribunda roses or hybrid tea roses.Spray roses love regular watering during the growing season and flowering. For better preservation of moisture in the soil, it is advisable to mulch or loosen the ground under the bushes to a depth of 10 cm. They are very good at feeding, especially in the summer, responding with abundant and long flowering. In the period from mid-spring to the beginning of flowering, nitrogen-containing fertilizers should be preferred; in the summer months, plants need more phosphorus, potassium and other inorganic compounds, because the formation of flowers increases the need for minerals.It is advisable not to allow the soil to dry out and spray the bushes, taking precautions (do not allow direct sunlight to avoid sunburn and do not spray at night so as not to provoke the appearance of fungal infections). For the winter, it is advisable to cover the bushes at a height of 2-3 buds, especially in latitudes with little snow and windy winters.

Like all floribundas, spray roses do not like prolonged exposure to direct sunlight, drafts and strong winds that dry the soil, so a place that is slightly shaded and moderately ventilated, for example, in the shade of fruit trees, or deciduous with no too dense crown.

Pruning spray roses is carried out according to the principles common to many garden roses:

• Spring pruning is carried out immediately after the opening of the bushes. All frozen and diseased shoots are removed. Annual branches are shortened to 6-7 buds, last year’s and older ones – up to 3-4.
• Summer pruning allows you to achieve continuity of flowering, and is mainly aimed at preventing various diseases and thickening of the bush.All shoots growing inside the bush, branches affected by diseases, damaged buds are cut out.
• In autumn, cut off all weak shoots that will definitely not tolerate frost, shoots growing inside the bush, cut off the tops of this year’s shoots.

It should be remembered that pruning must be carried out with a sharp tool that does not allow the cut to ripple, the cuts on the stiff shoots are processed with garden pitch, and the cut plane must be directed towards the inside of the bush.

Spray roses in landscape design

Due to their low height, spray roses are ideal for borders and for decorating small gentle slopes that rise above the ground level of flower beds. Miniature spray rose bushes bring them to the fore even in a small rose garden, highlighting the beauty of taller plants.

However, most often spray roses are used as cut roses, their inflorescences themselves already look like bouquets, and are very popular for wedding arrangements.

Popular varieties

Spray roses variety “Allergy”

Allegria .

Variety with erect bushes up to 70 cm tall, umbellate inflorescences from 25 to 50 buds, goblet flowers, double (up to 35 petals), orange-pink, 4-5 cm in diameter, almost odorless.

Blooms continuously throughout the season, and therefore on the bush at the same time you can see both buds and fading flowers, the buds do not crumble for a long time both on the bush and in the bouquet (on average from 10 to 15 days).

The variety has high frost resistance, disease resistance above average, the bud is resistant to rain.

Border roses variety “Snow dance”

Snow dance . The bush is erect, lush, up to 75 cm high, with dark green smooth leathery leaves, subulate, red thorns, inflorescences in the form of brushes, flowers from white to pale green, 4-5 cm in diameter, cupped and open, densely double ( 40-45 petals), almost odorless.

Blooms from May to late autumn, continuously.Feels better in partial shade.

The variety has above average frost resistance, disease resistance is also above average. Requires shelter for the winter and preventive treatments for fungal diseases.

Border rose variety “Heidi Klum”

Heidi Klum . A small rose with a compact, low bush up to 50 cm tall, the foliage is medium green, semi-glossy, dense, lush, the flowers are cupped, open, 6-9 cm in diameter, densely double (40-60 petals), lilac-purple with pink tones, with a pronounced aroma.

Abundant flowering, repeated. For good flowering, requires ample light, shaded from direct sunlight, protection from prevailing winds, but with adequate air movement. Average frost resistance (requires shelter and protection from the winds), high disease resistance, the bud keeps rain well.

Spray roses variety “Favorite Lydia”

Favorite Lydia . This variety belongs to the classic representatives of spray roses. A small, rather spreading bush (60-70 cm in height and up to 50 cm in width), the buds are collected in a brush of 5-9 flowers, the inflorescences are brush-shaped.Flowers of traditional goblet shape, from light pink to deep pink with a lilac hue, 3-5 cm in diameter, double (up to 40 petals), weak aroma. Flowering is very abundant, continuous throughout the season. It is very unpretentious, has high frost resistance and disease resistance.

Spray roses variety “Mimi Eden”

Mimi Eden. Variety with a low (55-85 cm) strongly spreading (90-110 cm) bush, almost without thorns, medium-sized leaves, semi-glossy, dark green, flowers are collected in racemose inflorescences of 5-10 pieces, a spherical flower, medium-sized (3 -4cm), double (up to 40 petals), two-color (lower part from pale green to white, inner – from creamy pink to deep pink), delicate aroma, almost not expressed.

Blooms profusely and continuously from early June until frost. Disease and frost resistance is high.

Spray roses variety “Tamango”

Tamango . The bushes of this variety are low (up to 50 cm), rather spreading (40-45 cm), the leaves are dark green, leathery, the thorns are small, reddish. The flower is cupped, up to 7.5 cm, from bright scarlet to deep red, terry (up to 40 petals), the aroma is pleasant, moderately pronounced.

Blooms profusely, continuously, until frost.A variety of high winter hardiness, disease resistance above average. The flower does not fade.

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Houseplants to be careful with

There are many signs and superstitions about which flowers can be kept in the house and which are not. Even the ancient practice of mastering the space of feng shui dictates our vision of the correct choice of plants for the home.

We will not dwell on omens and superstitions, but let’s talk about the most dangerous domestic plants in terms of their physical impact on humans.

Harm from indoor plants

The thing is that under the beautiful look of house flowers there can be a real danger to the inhabitants of the house, whether they be people or animals. We do not always know or simply forget that a beloved flower that has stood on the windowsill all its life can at any time be the cause of poisoning, serious illness and even death.

Plants that cannot be kept at home have a number of harmful features:

• The subtle or intense smell of flowers and leaves can cause headaches, nausea or allergies.
• Thorns and sharp edges of some plants contain poison, which when scratched and punctured the skin gets into the wound and leads to its long-term healing or suppuration.
• Poisonous juice on contact with skin or mucous membranes may cause burns, itching, swelling and allergic reactions.

Such plants are especially dangerous for children, people prone to allergies, asthma and pets. Rejection of the seriousness of the situation leads to a lack of understanding of the causes of health problems, complicates their diagnosis and further treatment.

Dangerous indoor plants

In , the list of poisonous indoor plants includes representatives of the aroid, euphorbia, nightshade family and, the most dangerous of them, the kutrovy family.

Read the names of pet flowers from this list and, perhaps, your pets will be among them.

Stephanotis, hoyi, dipladenia, stapenia, adenium, plumeria, pachypodiums belong to the kutrov family. They contain poisonous alkaloids that are used to produce powerful drugs for hypertension, mental illness, neuroses, heart defects, and other serious diseases.In places of their natural growth, the sap of these plants was used as a poison for arrowheads and spears, as an antidote for the bites of poisonous insects.

From the nightshade family, this is brunfelsia, brugmansia with huge flowers, which is used as a tub culture on balconies, in courtyards and greenhouses, indoor nightshades with decorative berries, which children tend to try. Eating nightshades causes nausea, diarrhea, drowsiness and lethargy.

indoor nightshade

Among the representatives of the aroid family are the well-known monsters, dieffenbachia, spathiphyllum, anthurium, alocasia, syngonium.All of them contain toxic substances that cause conjunctivitis, inflammation and swelling of the mucous membranes.

The euphorbia family includes crotons, euphorbia, poinsettias, codiaums, jatropha. Their toxic milky sap also causes burns, skin inflammation and poisoning.

All these plants that are dangerous to animals and people, especially to children and pregnant women, must be handled with care. When caring for them, use gloves and wash your hands.

Let’s take a closer look at some of the popular home colors.

Cyclamen Persian

It is not always possible to determine by appearance whether indoor plants are dangerous . Seemingly harmless cyclamen, the root of which is often used in folk and official medicine as an anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agent. But, in addition to its medicinal properties, it also contains toxic substances that are compared with curare poison.

Inappropriate use at home, an overdose of self-prepared drugs based on it can lead to poisoning, confusion, fever, pulmonary edema and disorders in the cardiovascular system.

Therefore, if you nevertheless decide on treatment with cyclamen, first test for an allergic reaction: apply the juice on the skin in the bend of the elbow and observe the reaction during the day. Do not use undiluted, pure juice and follow the dosage.

cyclamen flower

cyclamen photo

Dieffenbachia flower

The second name of the plant is a dumb rod. They say that planters in South America forced slaves to bite the stem of dieffenbachia for disobedience.The punished person could not speak for a long time and suffered from severe swelling and irritation of the larynx.

In America poisonous plants are used in the production of poison for the destruction of rodents.

Dieffenbachia photo

Dieffenbachia leaf

Home geranium

Few people know that even common geraniums can fall into the category “ Dangerous Household Plants ”. “Grandma’s Flower”, which has healing wound healing, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties, is one of the strongest allergens.It can cause allergic cough, runny nose and even Quincke’s edema. Allergies can occur not only when you inhale the smell of its flowers, but also when you touch the leaves. It is not recommended to keep it in the house if one of the tenants has a tendency to allergies.

indoor geranium

Indoor ivy

Another medicinal plant that is part of drugs for the treatment of cough, rheumatism, liver and gallbladder. In nature, greens and ivy berries are the main food for birds, wild and domestic animals in winter.But the use of parts of a plant by a person is fraught with poisoning and can even cause cardiac arrest. Especially are dangerous houseplants for children and cats who like to taste interesting berries and juicy greens.

ivy indoor photo

Indoor ivy

Homemade oleander

The plant is poisonous due to the content of cardiac glycosides in it – substances that, when ingested, cause vomiting and diarrhea, disturbances in the activity of the central nervous system and heart, up to its stopping.The smell of oleander with prolonged inhalation provokes headaches. It cannot be kept in bedrooms and in rooms where they spend a lot of time. It is strongly not recommended to grow these poisonous indoor flowers in homes and public institutions.

oleander flower

Help with poisoning by poisonous plants

If this happens, and you notice that the child has eaten part of the poisonous plant, immediately call a doctor, as you can underestimate the amount eaten and all the possible consequences of this.Provide first aid:

1. Give your child a few glasses of water and salt to drink.
2. Induce vomiting by applying pressure with a teaspoon or finger to the root of the tongue.
3. Repeat this action several times to remove the poison from the stomach.
4. Give activated charcoal at the rate of 1 tablet per 10 kg body weight, or another adsorbent preparation.

Important! After poisoning, the patient must be examined by a doctor, and even if you have cleared the stomach on your own, further treatment will be required.

In case of burns or irritation, treat the affected area with a solution of manganese or furacilin. Apply zinc ointment, panthenol, or antihistamines.

If you notice that your cat or dog has diarrhea, vomiting, profuse salivation, convulsions, lethargic or, conversely, agitated state, and you have plants in your house, which are dangerous for animals , check, did not eat whether your pet is part of a flower. If you are sure that poisoning has occurred, help the animal.The stomach is washed by pouring salt water into the mouth. Induce vomiting. Doing enemas with salted, lukewarm water. After the procedures, they give a weak solution of manganese, activated charcoal or egg white. Show the veterinarian as soon as possible.

As you can see, Dangerous indoor plants for humans and animals can be harmful to health. But if you keep these points in mind and take into account, the plants will not do any harm and will continue to delight you.

Now that we have reminded you of the most dangerous houseplants , try to be careful when caring for them.Love for flowers should not overshadow your vigilance and care for loved ones.

Take care of yourself!

90,000 Rose spray allergy. Rose curb Allergy

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Spray roses

This will promote faster growth. Roses need to be regularly fed, weeded and watered, the choice of complex fertilizers is quite large.

Orange or orange-pink color. Terry petals. The buds are small, goblet.

Usually, top dressing is carried out in the spring and in the middle of summer. It is advisable to cover roses for the winter, see How to cover climbing roses for the winter. To do this, it is usually enough to cover the bush with peat, 20 cm high, in the spring the ground is leveled.Order YOURS.

Description Rose Spray Alegria

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Rose spray Alegria

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Blooms continuously throughout the season, and therefore on the bush at the same time you can see both buds and fading flowers, the buds do not crumble for a long time both on the bush and in the bouquet on average from 10 to 15 days.

The variety has high frost resistance, disease resistance above average, the bud is resistant to rain. The bush is erect, lush, up to 75 cm high, with dark green smooth leathery leaves, subulate, red thorns, inflorescences in the form of brushes, flowers from white to pale green, cm in diameter, cupped and open, dense double petals, almost without smell.

Blooms from May to late autumn, continuously. Feels better in partial shade.

The variety has above average frost resistance, disease resistance is also above average. Requires shelter for the winter and preventive treatments for fungal diseases. Heidi Klum. A small rose with a compact, low bush up to 50 cm tall, the foliage is medium-green, semi-glossy, dense, lush, the flowers are cupped, open, cm in diameter, densely double petals, lilac-purple with pink tones, with a pronounced aroma.

Rose Spray Alegria

Abundant flowering, repeated. For good flowering, requires ample light, shaded from direct sunlight, protection from prevailing winds, but with adequate air movement. Average frost resistance requires shelter and protection from the winds, disease resistance is high, the bud keeps rain well.

Favorite Lydia. This variety belongs to the classic representatives of spray roses. A small, rather sprawling bush, cm in height and up to 50 cm in width, the buds are collected in clusters of flowers, the inflorescences are brush-shaped.

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Flowers of traditional goblet shape, from light pink to deep pink with a lilac hue, cm in diameter, double up to 40 petals, weak aroma. Flowering is very abundant, continuous throughout the season. It is very unpretentious, has high frost resistance and disease resistance. Mimi Eden. Variety with a low cm, strongly spreading, cm bush, almost without thorns, leaves of medium size, semi-glossy, dark green, flowers are collected in racemose inflorescences in pieces, a spherical flower, medium-sized cm, double up to 40 petals, two-color lower part from pale green to white , inner – from creamy pink to deep pink, the aroma is delicate, almost not pronounced.

Everything about roses: description, varieties, reproduction, cultivation, care.

Blooms profusely and continuously from early June until frost. Disease and frost resistance is high. The bushes of this variety are low, up to 50 cm, rather spreading, cm, the leaves are dark green, leathery, the thorns are small, reddish. The flower is cupped, up to 7.5 cm, from bright scarlet to deep red, terry up to 40 petals, the aroma is pleasant, moderately pronounced.

Blooms profusely, continuously, until frost.

Miniature roses, patio roses

A variety of high winter hardiness, disease resistance above average. The flower does not fade.

Rose Alegria Alergia is a wonderful spray-type rose. Spray roses are surprisingly unpretentious for all their diminutiveness and apparent fragility. Pink-orange flowers of spray rose Alegria, collected in inflorescences of dozens of buds, delight flower growers all season.The flowering is very abundant. Rose Alegria Alergia is a charming spray rose, delicate, bright, graceful.

Spray roses – beautiful border roses Speaking of roses, one cannot ignore such a group of varieties as spray roses or, as they are also called, bouquet roses – this is a low-growing border rose, which, according to its main features, is part of the large group of Floribunda roses.

Appearance of spray roses Small compact erect bushes from 40 to 90 cm high, small flowers are collected in inflorescences, but each bud has its own peduncle extending from the skeletal branch.Care and agricultural technology Despite the small size and apparent fragility, spray roses are quite unpretentious and resistant to external factors.

90,000 Rose allergy – hay fever and its causes

Pollen from flowering plants is the cause of pollinosis or seasonal allergies. In most cases, the carriers of allergens are wind-pollinated plants, but noble garden flowers, such as roses, are often the source of them. The pollen consists of small particles (about 0.04 mm in size), which easily enter the respiratory tract, causing an excessive reaction of the body in the form of allergies.
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Stages of flowering plants

Experts distinguish three main stages of flowering of such plants on the territory of the European part of Russia:

• Second half of April – first half of May

• Second half of May – first half of June

• Second half of July – first half of September

The first period is marked by the flowering of trees – birch, alder, maple, oak, poplar.Poplar fluff is undeservedly considered an independent allergen, which it cannot be, firstly, because of its size, which does not allow it to enter the respiratory tract.

Poplar down is in the air for a long time and is a transporter of pollen

Secondly, poplar fluff is not pollen. However, due to its ability to easily travel long distances and stay in the air for a long time, it performs a transport function for the pollen of other plants.

The second period was marked by the flowering of cereal plants: rye, wheat, barley, timothy grass, ryegrass, oats, hedgehog, feather grass, wheatgrass. The rest of the summer weeds bloom: wormwood, ragweed, quinoa. Despite the fact that roses do not belong to any of these groups, their flowers can also be a source of allergies.
Roses as allergen

In fact, most varieties of roses, including indoor roses such as the Chinese rose, rarely cause allergic rhinoconjunctivitis or dermatitis.These flowers do not belong to wind-pollinated plants, and therefore are considered hypoallergenic.

Individual intolerance

An exception may be cases of individual intolerance to essential oils contained in roses or severe cases of allergies, when even a minimal dose of an allergen can cause a serious reaction.

Most allergy sufferers who do not have an individual intolerance to the smell of roses are even recommended to plant flowers such as roses, phlox, irises or lilies in the garden.As a houseplant for allergy sufferers, you can keep a Chinese rose, or hibiscus, in a living room. During flowering, hibiscus does not spread pollen in the living room, which can cause excessive reactions, does not emit a deafening, all-consuming aroma.

It is not recommended to keep rose bushes on the garden plot for people suffering from demographic urticaria. This type of hives occurs as an allergic reaction for many reasons, one of which may be the thorns of roses. In case of careless contact with thorns, people suffering from this type of allergy will experience unpleasant sensations.

Main symptoms

Allergic eczema

An allergic reaction to roses manifests itself in the form of skin rashes, respiratory dysfunctions, edema of various parts of the body.

Since the allergen enters the body through the respiratory tract, the upper respiratory tract is primarily affected – the nose, larynx, oral cavity, less often the bronchi and lungs. Upon contact with an allergen, symptoms such as:

Less commonly, an allergic reaction manifests itself in the form of changes in the skin:

• Dermatitis

• Urticaria

• Eczema

• Edema

• Hyperemia

• Violation of the integrity of the skin

  Allergic dermatitis

In the event of the appearance of even the smallest symptoms of allergy, contact with the allergen must be excluded.Starting with the mildest, not very uncomfortable symptoms, with continued contact with the allergen, the allergy can take on more serious changes.

Particular care should be taken by persons who are already allergic to pollen (hay fever). With inadequate treatment of an existing allergy, it is easy to acquire another type of it.

Prevention and treatment of allergic reactions to roses

Pollinosis, as a type of allergy, was discovered at the beginning of the 19th century.Throughout this time, scientists have worked out a well-coordinated mechanism for relieving allergy symptoms. If earlier patients with hay fever could die from contact with an allergen, today allergy sufferers can lead a completely normal life.

The procedure for accustoming the body of an allergic person to an allergen is established according to the special recommendations of a doctor

As with any allergic reaction, it is customary to use drugs as a first aid measure, the action of which is aimed at minimizing symptoms.Along with symptomatic allergies, general strengthening, anti-inflammatory therapy is practiced.