What are the benefits of rotavirus vaccine for children. How is rotavirus vaccine administered. What are the potential side effects of rotavirus vaccine. When should babies receive rotavirus vaccine doses. How does rotavirus spread and what are its symptoms. Why is rotavirus vaccination crucial for child health.

Understanding Rotavirus and Its Impact on Children’s Health

Rotavirus is a highly contagious viral infection that primarily affects infants and young children. It can cause severe gastrointestinal symptoms, potentially leading to life-threatening complications if left untreated. To combat this health threat, healthcare professionals strongly recommend rotavirus vaccination for infants.

What is rotavirus and how does it affect children?

Rotavirus is a pathogen that causes inflammation in the stomach and intestines, resulting in gastroenteritis. The virus is particularly dangerous for young children due to its ability to cause rapid dehydration. The primary symptoms of rotavirus infection include:

• Watery diarrhea
• Vomiting
• Fever
• Abdominal pain

These symptoms typically last for 3 to 8 days, during which children may experience a loss of appetite and reduced fluid intake. The severity of rotavirus infection can range from mild discomfort to life-threatening dehydration, especially in infants and young children with underdeveloped immune systems.

How does rotavirus spread?

Rotavirus is highly contagious and can spread rapidly in various environments, including homes, hospitals, and childcare centers. The virus is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, meaning that individuals can become infected by ingesting particles of the virus that have contaminated surfaces, objects, or food.

Infected individuals shed the virus in their feces, and it can survive on surfaces for several days. This resilience makes it challenging to control the spread of rotavirus through traditional hygiene measures alone. Common transmission routes include:

• Touching contaminated surfaces and then putting fingers in the mouth
• Ingesting contaminated food or water
• Direct contact with infected individuals

The highly infectious nature of rotavirus underscores the importance of vaccination as a primary preventive measure, especially for young children who are most vulnerable to severe complications.

The Importance of Rotavirus Vaccination

Rotavirus vaccination is a crucial tool in protecting children from the potentially severe consequences of this viral infection. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), along with other leading health organizations, strongly recommend rotavirus vaccination as part of the routine immunization schedule for infants.

Why is rotavirus vaccination essential?

Rotavirus vaccination offers several significant benefits for children and their families:

1. Protection against severe rotavirus disease
2. Prevention of complications such as dehydration
3. Reduction in hospitalizations due to rotavirus infections
4. Decreased burden on healthcare systems
5. Minimized school and work absences for families

By providing immunity against rotavirus, the vaccine significantly reduces the risk of severe gastroenteritis and its associated complications. This protection not only safeguards individual children but also contributes to community health by reducing the overall transmission of the virus.

How effective is the rotavirus vaccine?

The rotavirus vaccine has proven to be highly effective in preventing severe rotavirus infections. Clinical studies have shown that the vaccine can prevent:

• 85-98% of severe rotavirus cases
• 74-87% of rotavirus-related hospitalizations
• Up to 96% of emergency department visits due to rotavirus

These impressive efficacy rates highlight the vaccine’s crucial role in protecting children from the potentially devastating effects of rotavirus infection. The widespread adoption of rotavirus vaccination has led to a significant decrease in rotavirus-related illnesses and hospitalizations worldwide.

Types of Rotavirus Vaccines and Administration

There are currently two types of rotavirus vaccines available for use in children: RotaTeq® (RV5) and Rotarix® (RV1). Both vaccines are administered orally, making them easy to give to infants and young children.

What are the differences between RotaTeq® and Rotarix®?

While both vaccines are effective in preventing rotavirus infection, they differ in their composition and dosing schedule:

• RotaTeq® (RV5):
  • Contains five rotavirus strains
  • Administered in three doses at 2, 4, and 6 months of age
• Rotarix® (RV1):
  • Contains one rotavirus strain
  • Administered in two doses at 2 and 4 months of age

Both vaccines are given orally in the form of liquid drops, making them easy to administer to infants. The choice between the two vaccines typically depends on factors such as availability, local recommendations, and healthcare provider preference.

When should babies receive the rotavirus vaccine?

The timing of rotavirus vaccination is crucial for optimal protection. The recommended schedules for each vaccine are as follows:

• RotaTeq® (RV5):
  1. First dose: 2 months of age
  2. Second dose: 4 months of age
  3. Third dose: 6 months of age
• Rotarix® (RV1):
  1. First dose: 2 months of age
  2. Second dose: 4 months of age

It’s important to note that the first dose of either vaccine should be given before 15 weeks of age, and the final dose should be administered by 8 months of age. Adhering to this schedule ensures that infants receive maximum protection during the period when they are most vulnerable to severe rotavirus infection.

Safety Profile and Side Effects of Rotavirus Vaccines

Like all medical interventions, rotavirus vaccines can have side effects. However, extensive research and post-marketing surveillance have demonstrated that these vaccines are generally safe and well-tolerated by infants.

What are the common side effects of rotavirus vaccines?

Most side effects associated with rotavirus vaccines are mild and transient. Common reactions may include:

• Irritability or fussiness
• Mild diarrhea
• Vomiting
• Temporary loss of appetite
• Mild fever

These side effects typically resolve on their own within a few days and do not require medical intervention. Parents should monitor their child’s condition and provide comfort measures as needed.

Are there any serious side effects associated with rotavirus vaccines?

While serious side effects are rare, it’s important for parents and healthcare providers to be aware of potential risks. The most significant concern associated with rotavirus vaccines is a slightly increased risk of intussusception, a type of bowel obstruction.

Studies have shown a small increase in the incidence of intussusception following rotavirus vaccination, with estimates ranging from:

• 1 case per 20,000 vaccinated infants
• 1 case per 100,000 vaccinated infants

This risk is primarily associated with the first week after the first or second dose of the vaccine. While intussusception is a serious condition that may require hospitalization and, in some cases, surgery, it’s important to note that the benefits of rotavirus vaccination far outweigh this small risk for most infants.

How is the safety of rotavirus vaccines monitored?

The safety of rotavirus vaccines is continuously monitored through various mechanisms:

• Post-marketing surveillance studies
• Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)
• Ongoing clinical research
• Regular reviews by regulatory agencies and advisory committees

These monitoring systems help identify any potential safety concerns and ensure that the benefits of vaccination continue to outweigh any risks.

Preparing for Rotavirus Vaccination

Parents can take several steps to prepare for their child’s rotavirus vaccination and ensure a smooth experience.

How can parents prepare for their child’s rotavirus vaccination?

To prepare for your child’s rotavirus vaccination appointment:

1. Research the vaccine and its benefits
2. Discuss any concerns with your healthcare provider
3. Ensure your child is well-rested and fed before the appointment
4. Bring comfort items such as a favorite toy or blanket
5. Be prepared to stay in the clinic for a short observation period after vaccination

By taking these steps, parents can help create a calm and supportive environment for their child during the vaccination process.

What should parents do after the vaccination?

After your child receives the rotavirus vaccine:

• Monitor for any side effects or unusual symptoms
• Provide comfort measures if your child experiences mild discomfort
• Follow any specific instructions provided by your healthcare provider
• Keep a record of the vaccination for future reference
• Schedule follow-up doses as recommended

If you have any concerns about your child’s reaction to the vaccine, don’t hesitate to contact your healthcare provider for guidance.

The Impact of Rotavirus Vaccination on Public Health

The introduction of rotavirus vaccines has had a significant positive impact on global public health, particularly in reducing the burden of severe diarrheal disease in children.

How has rotavirus vaccination affected disease incidence?

Since the introduction of rotavirus vaccines, many countries have observed:

• A substantial decrease in rotavirus-related hospitalizations
• Reduced mortality rates from severe diarrheal disease
• Decreased burden on healthcare systems
• Indirect protection of unvaccinated individuals through herd immunity

These improvements in public health outcomes underscore the importance of maintaining high vaccination rates to protect vulnerable populations.

What are the economic benefits of rotavirus vaccination?

Rotavirus vaccination has also demonstrated significant economic benefits:

• Reduced healthcare costs associated with treating severe rotavirus infections
• Decreased work absenteeism for parents caring for sick children
• Improved productivity in communities with high vaccination rates
• Cost savings for healthcare systems and families

These economic advantages further support the widespread implementation of rotavirus vaccination programs as a cost-effective public health intervention.

Addressing Common Concerns and Misconceptions

Despite the proven benefits of rotavirus vaccination, some parents may have concerns or questions about the vaccine’s safety and efficacy.

Can rotavirus vaccine cause the disease it’s meant to prevent?

No, rotavirus vaccines cannot cause rotavirus disease. The vaccines contain weakened or inactivated forms of the virus that stimulate the immune system without causing illness. While mild symptoms such as diarrhea or vomiting may occur after vaccination, these are generally not due to rotavirus infection but rather a normal immune response to the vaccine.

Is natural immunity better than vaccine-induced immunity?

While natural rotavirus infection can provide immunity, it comes with significant risks, including severe illness and potential complications. Vaccine-induced immunity offers protection without the dangers associated with natural infection. Additionally, rotavirus vaccines have been shown to provide broader protection against multiple strains of the virus, potentially offering more comprehensive immunity than natural infection alone.

Are rotavirus vaccines necessary if good hygiene practices are followed?

While good hygiene practices are important in preventing the spread of many diseases, they are not sufficient to prevent rotavirus infection on their own. Rotavirus is highly contagious and can survive on surfaces for extended periods, making it difficult to control through hygiene measures alone. Vaccination remains the most effective way to protect children from severe rotavirus disease.

By addressing these common concerns and providing accurate information, healthcare providers can help parents make informed decisions about rotavirus vaccination for their children.

Rotavirus Vaccines for Children | CDC

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Two or more doses of a rotavirus vaccine are recommended for children by doctors as the best way to protect against rotavirus.

When should my baby get the drops?

Your baby should get either of the two available rotavirus vaccines:

• RotaTeq^® (RV5) is given in three doses at ages 2 months, 4 months, and 6 months
• Rotarix^® (RV1) is given in two doses at ages 2 months, and 4 months

There are two brands of rotavirus vaccine: RotaTeq^® and Rotarix^®. Both brands of the rotavirus vaccines are given by mouth (drops), not by a shot.

Why should my baby get the rotavirus drops?

• Protects your baby from rotavirus, a potentially serious disease.
• Protects your baby from developing diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain caused by rotavirus.
• Keeps your child from missing school or childcare and you from missing work.

The rotavirus vaccine is safe.

The rotavirus vaccine is very safe and effective at preventing rotavirus. Vaccines, like any medicine, can have side effects. These are usually mild and go away on their own.

What are the side effects?

Side effects are rare, usually mild, and may include fussiness, diarrhea, and vomiting.

Some studies have shown a small rise in cases of intussusception within a week after the first or second dose of rotavirus vaccine. Intussusception is a type of bowel blockage that is treated in a hospital. Some babies might need surgery. Studies estimate a risk ranging from about 1 intussusception case in every 20,000 infants to 1 intussusception case in every 100,000 infants after vaccination.

Prepare for your child’s vaccine visit and learn about how you can:

• Research vaccines and ready your child before the visit
• Comfort your child during the appointment
• Care for your child after the shot

Before, During, and After Shots

What is rotavirus?

Rotavirus causes severe diarrhea and vomiting. It affects mostly babies and young children. Diarrhea and vomiting can lead to serious dehydration (loss of body fluid). If dehydration is not treated, it can be deadly.

What are the symptoms of rotavirus?

Rotavirus symptoms include:

• Fever
• Watery diarrhea
• Vomiting
• Stomach pain

Diarrhea and vomiting can last for three to eight days. Children may stop eating and drinking while they are sick.

Is rotavirus serious?

Rotavirus can be very harmful. Diarrhea, vomiting, and fever can cause a loss of body fluids. This leads to dehydration, which can be very dangerous, especially for babies and young children. Some children need an IV (needle in their vein) in the hospital to replace lost fluids.

How does rotavirus spread?

Rotavirus commonly spreads in families, hospitals, and childcare centers.

People who are infected with rotavirus shed the virus in their poop. If you get rotavirus particles in your mouth, you can get sick. This can happen if you

• Touch contaminated objects or surfaces and then put your fingers in your mouth
• Put your unwashed hands that are contaminated with poop into your mouth
• Eat contaminated food

Rotavirus can survive on objects for several days. It is very difficult to stop its spread just by hand washing or disinfecting surfaces. The best way to protect young children from rotavirus is to get them vaccinated.

Follow the vaccine schedule

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, American Academy of Family Physicians, and American Academy of Pediatrics strongly recommend children receive all vaccines according to the recommended vaccine schedule.

• Get a list of vaccines that your child may need based on age, health conditions, and other factors.
• Learn the reasons you should follow the vaccine schedule.

Birth – 6 years schedule

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Learn More About This Disease

Rotavirus vaccine side effects – NHS

Like all vaccines, the rotavirus vaccine can cause side effects, but they’re usually mild and do not last long.

Common side effects of the rotavirus vaccine

Babies who have the vaccine can sometimes become restless and irritable, and some may develop mild diarrhoea.

Rare side effects of the rotavirus vaccine

Allergic reaction

As with all vaccines, there’s a very small possibility (approximately 1 in 1 million) of the rotavirus vaccine causing a severe allergic reaction called anaphylaxis.

Anaphylaxis after a vaccination is very rare and is a medical emergency. If it does happen, it’s usually quick (within minutes). The people who give vaccinations are trained to deal with anaphylactic reactions. With treatment, children recover completely.

Blocked intestine

Very rarely, (between 1 and 6 in every 100,000 babies vaccinated), the rotavirus vaccine can affect a baby’s intestine (bowel), and they may develop a rare gut disorder called intussusception. This causes a blockage in the intestine.

The symptoms of intussusception are:

• tummy ache
• being sick
• poo that looks like redcurrant jelly in the baby’s nappy

If this happens, contact your doctor immediately.

More about vaccine side effects in babies

Find out more in this leaflet about what to expect after vaccinations on GOV.UK.

What to do if your baby is unwell after the rotavirus vaccine

As with all vaccines, a few babies will have side effects, such as diarrhoea, although they’re usually mild and do not last long. Most babies will not have any problems at all.

Also, bear in mind that diarrhoea and vomiting in babies is common and may be unrelated to the vaccine.

A baby can get rotavirus infection after being vaccinated, but this is uncommon, and the illness is usually milder than it would have been if they had not been vaccinated.

See a GP if your baby is very unwell or the illness is lasting a long time, or if you’re concerned in any way about their health after the vaccination.

How to report a vaccine side effect

The Yellow Card Scheme allows you to report suspected side effects from a vaccine.

It’s run by the medicines safety watchdog the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).

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Immunizations against rotatec and rotavirus infection for children, Lakhta Junior in St.

Petersburg

Rotaviruses are the collective name of nine types of viruses, vaguely resembling a wheel (the Latin name is derived from “rota” – wheel).

Rotavirus infections are widespread and affect people of all ages. According to modern estimates, up to 95% of children by the age of five have time to get sick at least once. But it is for this age category, i.e. For infants and children under five years of age, rotavirus gastroenteritis (inflammation of the lining of the stomach and small intestine) is most dangerous due to its complications, in particular dehydration.

In third world countries where the level of medical care and care for a sick child leaves much to be desired, rotavirus infections are one of the factors of mortality, however, in the most developed countries, these diseases remain a serious threat. It would be unwise and irresponsible on the part of parents to neglect and ignore it – hoping that the child already has immunity to rotaviruses.

The fact is that immunity to one type of rotavirus does not protect against other types and strains. In addition, in this case, immune protection is cumulative: it is not enough to get sick once, although each subsequent infection will proceed the easier, the more such infections were transferred earlier. Accordingly, the first contacts with natural rotavirus cause the most pronounced, and sometimes severe symptoms, which are especially dangerous in early childhood.

This danger is eliminated by timely vaccination.
Thanks to the vaccination, the immune system will be ready to recognize and destroy rotavirus without much difficulty. Even if an infection occurs with a species that was not included in the composition of the vaccine, the infection will pass quickly and in a mild form, or it will not manifest itself with tangible symptoms at all, but the effect of immunity accumulation will still work. It is important to emphasize that modern vaccines are designed to protect against several of the most common types of rotavirus infection simultaneously.

Does your child need a rotavirus vaccine?

• Yes, if you want to protect your child from acute gastroenteritis and they have no contraindications for vaccination. At the same time, the presence of any infectious diseases that occur in a mild form is not a contraindication. The vaccine can be used for immunization, including premature babies born at least 25 weeks of gestation.

Rotavirus vaccines

In our Lakhta Junior clinic in St. Petersburg, you can vaccinate your child with the Rotatec vaccine produced by MERCK SHARP & DOHME Corp. (USA).

This oral vaccine (drops by mouth) contains the five most common strains of rotavirus in a live but significantly attenuated form. The introduction of such viral particles causes a sufficient immune response, but does not lead to the development of clinically significant symptoms.

Even without additional “training”, i.e. without any exposure to natural rotaviruses, immunity lasts for five years, which means sufficient protection for the entire period when infection is most dangerous.

Vaccination schedule

Attention! The vaccination scheme has strict age restrictions!

The vaccination course consists of three doses. The minimum (but not mandatory) interval between doses is one month.

• The first dose should be administered between 6 and 12 weeks of age
• The last dose should be given no later than 32 weeks of age

Therefore, if your child is over 24 weeks old, you will not be able to complete the full vaccination course within the manufacturer’s schedule. Children older than 32 weeks, as well as adolescents and adults, should not be given this vaccine.

Contraindications

The main contraindications to the administration of the Rotatec vaccine are:
• age discrepancy (see above)
• acute inflammatory processes accompanied by high fever (in these cases, vaccination is carried out after recovery or in remission)
• acute a form of diarrhea or vomiting (in these cases, vaccination is carried out in remission)
• immunodeficiency (congenital or acquired), as well as close contact of the vaccinated child with immunodeficient persons. Such contact should be limited at least one week before vaccination
• history of intussusception
• congenital malformations of the gastrointestinal tract predisposing to intussusception
• fructose intolerance, malabsorption of the glucose-galactose complex, sucrase and/or isomaltase deficiency an abnormal reaction to a previous administration of this vaccine

Always tell the doctor if:

• the child is receiving immunosuppressive therapy (for example, organ transplants, autoimmune diseases, etc.) or has cancer
• the child has recently (less than 42 days prior to vaccination) received a transfusion of blood or blood products, including immunoglobulins
• the child has active gastrointestinal disease, including chronic diarrhea
• the child has developmental delay (possible effects not studied )

Vaccine reaction

In most cases, the vaccine is well tolerated.
The most common possible reactions are fever above 38°C (about 20%), diarrhea (about 18%) and vomiting (about 10%).

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Lakhta Clinic

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Vaccination against rotavirus infection (rotavirus) for children in Moscow

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