What is discoid eczema. How does it differ from other types of eczema. What are the main symptoms of discoid eczema. What causes discoid eczema. How is discoid eczema diagnosed and treated. Can discoid eczema be prevented. What are the long-term effects of discoid eczema.

Understanding Discoid Eczema: A Comprehensive Overview

Discoid eczema, also known as nummular or discoid dermatitis, is a chronic skin condition characterized by distinct circular or oval patches of inflamed skin. This form of eczema can affect any part of the body, although it typically spares the face and scalp. The condition can be persistent, lasting for weeks, months, or even years, and may recur in previously affected areas.

Key Characteristics of Discoid Eczema

• Circular or oval patches of eczema
• Itchy, reddened, swollen, and cracked skin
• Patches ranging from a few millimeters to several centimeters in size
• Can affect any part of the body, except face and scalp
• Often chronic and recurrent

Is discoid eczema contagious? No, discoid eczema is not contagious. It cannot be spread from person to person through physical contact or any other means. However, the exact cause of this condition remains unknown, which leads us to our next point of discussion.

Unraveling the Causes of Discoid Eczema

While the exact cause of discoid eczema remains elusive, several factors are believed to contribute to its development and exacerbation. Understanding these potential triggers can help in managing the condition more effectively.

Potential Triggers and Risk Factors

1. Dry skin
2. Minor skin injuries (e.g., insect bites, burns)
3. Certain medications (interferon, ribavirin, TNF-alpha blockers, statins)
4. Environmental factors (dry or cold climates)
5. History of atopic eczema
6. Chemical irritants in cosmetics and toiletries

How does dry skin contribute to discoid eczema? Dry skin compromises the skin’s barrier function, making it more susceptible to irritants. This can allow previously harmless substances, such as soap, to irritate and damage the skin, potentially triggering an eczema outbreak.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Discoid Eczema

Discoid eczema presents with distinctive symptoms that set it apart from other forms of eczema. Recognizing these symptoms early can lead to prompt treatment and better management of the condition.

Primary Symptoms of Discoid Eczema

• Circular or oval patches of eczema
• Initial appearance of small red spots or bumps
• Patches ranging from pink to red or brown
• Swelling and blistering in early stages
• Intense itching, especially at night
• Dry, crusty, cracked, and flaky skin in later stages

Can discoid eczema patches clear in the center? Yes, in some cases, the center of a discoid eczema patch may clear, leaving a ring of discolored skin. This appearance can sometimes be mistaken for ringworm, highlighting the importance of proper diagnosis by a healthcare professional.

Diagnosing Discoid Eczema: When to Seek Medical Advice

If you suspect you have discoid eczema, it’s crucial to seek medical advice for proper diagnosis and treatment. Early intervention can help manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Signs That Warrant Medical Attention

• Persistent circular or oval patches of eczema
• Intense itching that disrupts sleep
• Signs of skin infection (oozing fluid, yellow crust, increased redness)
• Systemic symptoms (fever, chills, feeling unwell)

How do healthcare providers diagnose discoid eczema? In most cases, a GP can diagnose discoid eczema through a physical examination of the affected skin areas. However, they may ask additional questions or order tests to rule out other conditions. In some instances, referral to a dermatologist may be necessary for patch testing or if the diagnosis is uncertain.

Effective Treatment Strategies for Discoid Eczema

While discoid eczema is often a chronic condition, various treatments can help manage symptoms and control outbreaks. A combination of medical treatments and self-care measures is typically most effective.

Common Treatment Options

1. Emollients (moisturizers)
2. Topical corticosteroids
3. Antihistamines
4. Antibiotics (if infection is present)
5. Avoidance of irritants

What role do emollients play in treating discoid eczema? Emollients are crucial in managing discoid eczema as they help maintain skin hydration, restore the skin barrier, and prevent further drying and cracking. They should be applied regularly, even when the skin appears normal, to maintain its health and prevent flare-ups.

Living with Discoid Eczema: Self-Care and Lifestyle Adjustments

While medical treatments are essential, self-care measures and lifestyle adjustments can significantly improve the management of discoid eczema and reduce the frequency and severity of flare-ups.

Practical Self-Care Tips

• Keep skin well-moisturized
• Avoid known irritants and allergens
• Use gentle, fragrance-free skincare products
• Maintain a cool and humid environment
• Wear soft, breathable fabrics
• Manage stress through relaxation techniques

Can dietary changes help manage discoid eczema? While there’s no specific diet for discoid eczema, some individuals may find that certain foods trigger or exacerbate their symptoms. Keeping a food diary can help identify potential triggers. Additionally, maintaining a balanced diet rich in anti-inflammatory foods may support overall skin health.

Complications and Long-Term Outlook of Discoid Eczema

While discoid eczema is not life-threatening, it can lead to complications and have long-term effects on skin health and quality of life if not properly managed.

Potential Complications

1. Skin infections
2. Sleep disturbances due to itching
3. Emotional distress and decreased self-esteem
4. Permanent skin discoloration

Is discoid eczema a lifelong condition? Discoid eczema can be a chronic condition for many individuals, with periods of remission and flare-ups. However, with proper management and treatment, many people can achieve long periods of clear skin and improved quality of life.

Differentiating Discoid Eczema from Other Skin Conditions

Discoid eczema can sometimes be confused with other skin conditions due to its distinctive circular appearance. Understanding the key differences can help in seeking appropriate treatment.

Conditions That May Resemble Discoid Eczema

• Ringworm
• Psoriasis
• Contact dermatitis
• Atopic eczema

How does discoid eczema differ from atopic eczema? While both are forms of eczema, discoid eczema is characterized by its distinct circular or oval patches, whereas atopic eczema typically presents as more generalized areas of dry, itchy skin. Unlike atopic eczema, discoid eczema doesn’t seem to run in families and is less commonly associated with other atopic conditions like asthma or hay fever.

Understanding the unique features of discoid eczema is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment. While it can be a challenging condition to manage, with the right combination of medical treatment, self-care, and lifestyle adjustments, many individuals with discoid eczema can achieve significant improvement in their symptoms and quality of life. Regular follow-ups with healthcare providers and consistency in treatment and self-care routines are key to long-term management of this chronic skin condition.

Discoid eczema | nidirect

Discoid eczema, also known as nummular or discoid dermatitis, is a long-term skin condition. It causes skin to become itchy, reddened, swollen and cracked in circular or oval patches. See your pharmacist or GP if you think you may have discoid eczema so they can recommend a suitable treatment.

Symptoms of discoid eczema

Circular or oval patches of eczema

Circular or oval patches of eczema can affect any part of the body, although they don’t usually affect the face or scalp.

They start as a group of small red spots or bumps on the skin which join up to form larger pink, red or brown patches that can range from a few millimetres to several centimetres in size.

Blistering

At first, these patches of eczema are often swollen, blistered (covered with small fluid-filled pockets) and ooze fluid.

Itchiness and pain

The patches also tend to be very itchy, particularly at night.

Dry, crusty, cracked and flaky skin patches

Over time, the patches may become dry, crusty, cracked and flaky. the centre of the patch also sometimes clears, leaving a ring of discoloured skin that can be mistaken for ringworm.

Discoid eczema causes circular or oval patches of eczema on the skin

You may just have one patch of discoid eczema, but most people get several patches. The skin between the patches is often dry.

Patches of discoid eczema can sometimes become infected.

Signs of an infection can include:

• the patches oozing a lot of fluid
• a yellow crust developing over the patches
• the skin around the patches becoming red, hot, swollen, and tender or painful
• feeling sick
• chills
• feeling unwell

When to get medical advice

See your pharmacist or GP if you think you may have discoid eczema so they can recommend a suitable treatment.

You should also seek medical advice if you think your skin may be infected. You may need treatment.

Your GP should be able to make a diagnosis just by examining the affected areas of skin. In some cases they may also ask questions or arrange some tests to rule out other conditions.

Your GP may refer you to a dermatologist (a doctor who specialises in managing skin conditions) if they’re unsure of the diagnosis or if you need patch testing.

Causes of discoid eczema

The cause of discoid eczema is unknown, although it may occur as a result of having particularly dry skin.

Dry skin means your skin can’t provide an effective barrier against substances that come into contact with it. This could allow a previously harmless substance, such as soap, to irritate (damage) your skin.

It’s important to look carefully at all the chemicals in cosmetics and toiletries that may have come into contact with your skin. Contact dermatitis, a type of eczema caused by coming into contact with a particular irritant, may have a role in discoid eczema.

Some people with discoid eczema also have a history of atopic eczema, which often occurs in people who are prone to asthma and hay fever. However, unlike atopic eczema, discoid eczema doesn’t seem to run in families.

Other possible triggers

An outbreak of discoid eczema may sometimes be triggered by a minor skin injury, such as an insect bite or a burn.

Some medicines may also be associated with discoid eczema, as patches of eczema can appear in people taking:

• interferon and ribavirin – when they’re used together to treat hepatitis C 
• tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) blockers – used to treat some types of arthritis
• statins (cholesterol-lowering medication) – which can cause dry skin and rashes

Dry environments and cold climates can make discoid eczema worse, and sunny or humid (damp) environments may make your symptoms better.

Treating discoid eczema

Discoid eczema is usually a long-term problem. But medications are available to help relieve the symptoms and keep the condition under control.

Without treatment, discoid eczema can last for weeks, months or even years. It may also keep recurring – often in the same area that was affected previously.

Treatments used include:

• emollients – moisturisers applied to the skin to stop it becoming dry
• topical corticosteroids – ointments and creams applied to the skin that can help relieve severe symptoms
• antihistamines – medications that can reduce itching and help you sleep better

There are also things you can do yourself to help, such as avoiding all the irritating chemicals in soaps, detergents, bubble baths and shower gels.

Additional medication can be prescribed if your eczema is infected or particularly severe.

Occasionally, areas of skin affected by discoid eczema can be left permanently discoloured after the condition has cleared up.

Other types of eczema

Eczema is the name for a group of skin conditions that cause dry, irritated skin. Other types of eczema include:

• atopic eczema (also called atopic dermatitis) – the most common type of eczema, it often runs in families and is linked to other conditions such as asthma and hay fever
• contact dermatitis – a type of eczema that occurs when the body comes into contact with a particular substance
• varicose eczema – a type of eczema that most often affects the lower legs and is caused by problems with the flow of blood through the leg veins

• Discoid eczema

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Discoid eczema – NHS

Discoid eczema, also known as nummular or discoid dermatitis, is a long-term (chronic) skin condition that causes skin to become itchy, swollen and cracked in circular or oval patches.

Without treatment, discoid eczema can last for weeks, months or even years. It may also keep coming back – often in the same area that was affected previously.

Symptoms of discoid eczema

Discoid eczema causes distinctive circular or oval patches of eczema. It can affect any part of the body, although it does not usually affect the face or scalp.

Credit:

Phanie / Alamy Stock Photo https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-nummular-eczema-72432322.html?pv=1&stamp=2&imageid=98CEB49C-1F7D-44C0-860A-2DCA2646A698&p=218214&n=0&orientation=0&pn=1&searchtype=0&IsFromSearch=1&srch=foo%3dbar%26st%3d0%26pn%3d1%26ps%3d100%26sortby%3d2%26resultview%3dsortbyPopular%26npgs%3d0%26qt%3dE5RG4J%26qt_raw%3dE5RG4J%26lic%3d3%26mr%3d0%26pr%3d0%26ot%3d0%26creative%3d%26ag%3d0%26hc%3d0%26pc%3d%26blackwhite%3d%26cutout%3d%26tbar%3d1%26et%3d0x000000000000000000000%26vp%3d0%26loc%3d0%26imgt%3d0%26dtfr%3d%26dtto%3d%26size%3d0xFF%26archive%3d1%26groupid%3d%26pseudoid%3d%7bA883FDE5-7F3D-4472-81F5-B61111916852%7d%26a%3d%26cdid%3d%26cdsrt%3d%26name%3d%26qn%3d%26apalib%3d%26apalic%3d%26lightbox%3d%26gname%3d%26gtype%3d%26xstx%3d0%26simid%3d%26saveQry%3d%26editorial%3d1%26nu%3d%26t%3d%26edoptin%3d%26customgeoip%3d%26cap%3d1%26cbstore%3d1%26vd%3d0%26lb%3d%26fi%3d2%26edrf%3d0%26ispremium%3d1%26flip%3d0%26pl%3d

The first sign of discoid eczema is usually a group of small spots or bumps on the skin. These then quickly join up to form larger patches that can range from a few millimetres to several centimetres in size.

On lighter skin these patches will be pink or red. On darker skin these patches can be a dark brown or they can be paler than the skin around them.

Initially, these patches are often swollen, blistered (covered with small fluid-filled pockets) and ooze fluid. They also tend to be very itchy, particularly at night.

Over time, the patches may become dry, crusty, cracked and flaky. The centre of the patch also sometimes clears, leaving a ring of discoloured skin that can be mistaken for ringworm.

You may just have 1 patch of discoid eczema, but most people get several patches. The skin between the patches is often dry.

Patches of discoid eczema can sometimes become infected. Signs of an infection can include:

• the patches oozing a lot of fluid
• a yellow crust developing over the patches
• the skin around the patches becoming hot, swollen and tender or painful
• feeling sick
• feeling hot or shivery
• feeling unwell

When to seek medical advice

See a pharmacist or GP if you think you may have discoid eczema. They can recommend a suitable treatment.

You should also seek medical advice if you think your skin may be infected. You may need to use an antibiotic cream or, in severe cases, take antibiotics as a tablet or capsule.

A GP should be able to make a diagnosis just by examining the affected areas of skin. In some cases they may also ask questions or arrange some tests to rule out other conditions.

A GP may refer you to a doctor who specialises in skin conditions (dermatologist) if they’re unsure of the diagnosis or if you need a patch test.

Causes of discoid eczema

The cause of discoid eczema is unknown, although it may happen as a result of having particularly dry skin.

When your skin is very dry it cannot provide an effective barrier against substances that come into contact with it. This could allow a previously harmless substance, such as soap, to irritate your skin.

It’s important to look carefully at all the chemicals in cosmetics and toiletries that may have come into contact with your skin. Contact dermatitis, a type of eczema caused by coming into contact with a particular irritant, may have a role in discoid eczema.

Some people with discoid eczema also have a history of atopic eczema, which often happens in people who are prone to asthma and hay fever. However, unlike atopic eczema, discoid eczema does not seem to run in families.

Other possible triggers 

An outbreak of discoid eczema may sometimes be triggered by a minor skin injury, such as an insect bite or a burn.

Some medicines have been linked to discoid eczema. You should not stop taking any prescribed medicine without talking to the doctor who prescribed it for you.

Dry environments and cold climates can make discoid eczema worse, and sunny or damp (humid) environments may make your symptoms better.

Treating discoid eczema

Discoid eczema is usually a long-term problem, but medicines are available to help relieve the symptoms and keep the condition under control.

Treatments include:

• emollients – moisturisers applied to the skin to stop it becoming dry
• topical corticosteroids – ointments and creams containing a steroid that are applied to the skin and may relieve severe symptoms
• antihistamines – medicines that can reduce itching

There are also things you can do yourself to help, such as avoiding all the irritating chemicals in soaps, detergents, bubble baths and shower gels.

Additional medicine can be prescribed if your eczema is infected or particularly severe.

Occasionally, areas of skin affected by discoid eczema can be left permanently discoloured after the condition has cleared up.

Find out more about treating discoid eczema.

Other types of eczema 

Eczema is the name for a group of skin conditions that cause dry, irritated skin. Other types of eczema include:

• atopic eczema (also called atopic dermatitis) – the most common type of eczema, it often runs in families and is linked to other conditions such as asthma and hay fever
• contact dermatitis – a type of eczema that happens when the skin comes into contact with a particular substance
• varicose eczema – a type of eczema that usually affects the lower legs and is caused by problems with the flow of blood through the leg veins

Page last reviewed: 23 March 2023
Next review due: 23 March 2026

Plaques on the skin – causes, diseases, diagnosis and treatment

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  November 16

  Plaques on the skin: the causes of occurrence, in what diseases they occur, diagnosis and methods of treatment.

  Definition
  
  A plaque is a pathological element with clear edges that rises above the skin surface or merges with it, more than 5 mm in size.

  In dermatology, many types of plaques are distinguished – about 70 diseases occur with the formation of these elements, which makes the plaque one of the most common rashes.

  Varieties of plaques
  
  The shape of the plaques are round, oval and irregular in shape. Over time, the shape, surface and appearance of this element may change.

  Due to the occurrence of plaques, they can be both a manifestation of skin diseases and a symptom of diseases of internal organs and systems (autoimmune reactions, liver diseases, oncological processes, allergic reactions).

  Plaques are dry, smooth, red, brown, gray-white, etc.

  Possible causes of plaques

  Dry plaques on the skin in adults can be a manifestation of the following diseases:

  1. Fungal infection of the skin, accompanied by plaques with severe itching.
  2. Allergic reactions are characterized by the appearance on the skin of smooth dry plaques, pink spots, blisters, which are very itchy and cause severe discomfort. They can develop both when the skin comes into contact with the allergen, and when it gets on the mucous membranes (for example, with urticaria, hay fever, food and contact allergies).
  3. Psoriasis is a chronic non-infectious skin disease in which scaly dry plaques form on the elbows, knees, scalp, prone to fusion and accompanied by mild itching.
  4. Dry plaques form on the skin if it is exposed to stress for a long time with the loss of its protective functions.
  5. Diseases of the digestive tract, accompanied by malabsorption syndrome (impaired absorption of vitamins and trace elements in the small intestine), chronic diseases of the liver and other organs, in which substances that are not normally present in the dermis accumulate, also lead to the appearance of dry plaques.
  6. Solar keratoma is a precancerous condition, which is characterized by the presence of many light grayish plaques on the skin.

  The appearance of red plaques on the skin indicates their good blood supply. Possible causes of this condition may be the following nosologies:

  1. Drug toxidermia is an allergic reaction accompanied by the appearance of elements in the form of plaques on the skin. In severe cases, Lyell’s syndrome or Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, may develop.
  2. Dühring’s dermatitis (herpetiformis) is a chronic skin disease with no established etiology, which is characterized by recurrent appearance on the skin of a rash of various morphologies, accompanied by severe skin itching and burning.
  3. Mycosis fungoides is a primary T-cell lymphoma of the skin, a malignant lymphoid lesion, primarily of the skin. Itchy red plaques appear on the skin, resembling eczema. In the initial stages, they respond well to treatment with hormonal ointments, but the disease itself requires more complex therapy.
  4. In children, the appearance of red spots and plaques on the skin is most often associated with an allergic reaction to food.

  Brown plaques occur when melanin is deposited in the affected area of ​​the dermis, which causes a brown (dark) color. Possible causes may be the following diseases:

  1. Becker’s nevus – an anomaly in the development of the dermis, when dark plaques with an uneven surface appear on the skin, on which hair can begin to grow over time.
  2. Pigmentary nevus – “birthmark”, may rise above the skin, has a brown or dark color.
  3. Melanoma is the most malignant skin tumor characterized by rapid metastasis. It develops mainly from nevi and moles. If the nature of the surface, the boundaries of the mole change, its size increases, bleeding occurs, you should immediately contact a dermatologist or oncologist to exclude the development of melanoma.
  4. Basal cell skin cancer is more often localized on the head, face, neck, does not metastasize, is characterized by slow growth.
  5. Senile keratoma occurs in elderly people, most likely due to a lack of vitamins, an abundance of animal fats consumed, skin sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation due to a violation of its protective functions. Typical localization – face, neck, open areas of the body.
  6. Seborrheic keratoma is a yellowish plaque on the skin that eventually transforms into a dark brown growth that tends to flake off, itch severely, crack, bleed, and can serve as an entryway for infection.

  Which doctors to contact

  With the formation of plaques on the skin, it is necessary to contact a dermatologist to determine the causes of the appearance of this element of the rash.

  Diagnosis and testing for plaques
  
  For the diagnosis of fungal skin lesions, scraping from the affected area is used for subsequent microscopic examination.

  The development of an allergic reaction requires seeking medical help to identify the allergen, prescribing antihistamines, and sometimes hormonal drugs. In clinical cases of allergy, along with skin tests, analyzes are performed using various sets of common allergens and triggers: a panel for respiratory allergens, for food allergens, and for a combination of both.

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  In psoriasis, seeing a dermatologist and rheumatologist can help reduce the symptoms of the disease if appropriate therapy is prescribed. For the diagnosis, it is usually sufficient to examine, determine, the skin manifestations of psoriasis are so characteristic, but if necessary, a differential diagnosis is carried out, including a clinical blood test, feces for the presence of worm eggs and protozoa, and a histological examination of the skin.

  Clinical blood test: general analysis, leukoformula, ESR (with microscopy of a blood smear in the presence of pathological changes)

  Synonyms: Complete blood count, UAC. Full blood count, FBC, Complete blood count (CBC) with differential white blood cell count (CBC with diff), Hemogram.
  Brief description of the study CBC: general a…

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  Fecal analysis for helminth eggs (helminth eggs)

  There are restrictions on the days of taking samples in medical offices and receiving samples self-collected for this study (feces, urine, etc.).
  We recommend that you check the details…

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  Protozoa stool test (PRO stool)

  There are restrictions on the days of taking samples in medical offices and receiving samples self-collected for this study (feces, urine, etc. ).
  We recommend that you check the details…

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  Histological examination of biopsy material and material obtained during surgical interventions (endoscopic material; tissues of the female reproductive system; skin, soft tissues; hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue; bone and cartilage tissue)

  Taking biomaterial is paid separately.

  According to the requirements of clause 17 of the Rules for conducting pathological and anatomical studies, approved. Order of the Ministry of Health Ro…

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  Diseases of the stomach and intestines can also lead to plaque formation on the skin. To identify the pathology of the gastrointestinal tract, it is enough to refer to
  therapist or
  gastroenterologist, conduct
  a number of endoscopic examinations (gastroscopy, and, if necessary, colonoscopy), ultrasound of the abdominal organs, perform some screening blood tests for diseases of the liver, intestines, stomach.

  Gastroscopy

  Examination of the mucous membrane of the upper gastrointestinal tract with the possibility of performing a biopsy or endoscopic removal of small pathological…

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  Colonoscopy

  Endoscopic examination of the colon to look for abnormalities, perform biopsies, and remove small polyps and tumors.

  RUB 6,390

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  Comprehensive ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs (liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen)

  Scanning of the internal organs of the abdominal cavity to assess its functional state and the presence of pathology.

  RUB 3,090

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  Liver function tests: screening

  Up to 1 working day

  Available with house call

  RUB 1,935

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  Diagnosis of celiac disease: intolerance to cereal protein (gluten)

  Up to 8 business days

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  Gastropanel

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  To clarify the diagnosis of keratoma, a skin biopsy is performed and an epithelium scraping is performed, followed by microscopic and histochemical examination.

  Histological examination of biopsy material and material obtained during surgical interventions (endoscopic material; tissues of the female reproductive system; skin, soft tissues; hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue; bone and cartilage tissue)

  Taking biomaterial is paid separately.

  According to the requirements of clause 17 of the Rules for conducting pathological and anatomical studies, approved. Order of the Ministry of Health Ro…

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  Examination of scrapings and impressions of tumors and tumor-like formations

  Material for research. Imprints and scrapings are obtained from pathological lesions of the skin and mucous membranes (except for the cervix and cervical canal). Relative to test…

  Up to 2 business days

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  If atypical cells are detected in scrapings or biopsies, immediately contact
  oncologist.

  If xanthoma appears on the skin, it is recommended to consult a cardiologist, take blood tests for lipid profile and blood glucose levels, and screen for diabetes.

  Lipid profile screening

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  Glucose (in the blood) (Glucose)

  Research material

  Serum or blood plasma. If it is not possible to centrifuge the sample 30 minutes after collection for serum/plasma separation. ..

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  Diabetes management: advanced

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  What should I do if plaques appear on the skin?
  
  Any newly appeared neoplasms should be shown to a dermatologist. Their cosmetic removal without prior consultation with a specialist is fraught with serious consequences.

  In addition, there are symptoms that require immediate medical attention:

  • change in the shape of the plaque – the edges have become uneven;
  • change in the surface of the plaque – cracks, ulcerations appeared;
  • change in the size of the plaque – it began to grow rapidly above the surface of the skin or actively spread through it;
  • discoloration of the plaque – in cases of malignancy, an uneven color of the formation is usually observed with areas of darker and lighter shades;
  • the appearance of bleeding – both contact and spontaneous;
  • enlargement of regional (nearby) lymph nodes.

  Plaque treatment
  
  When plaques of an allergic nature appear on the skin, antihistamines are prescribed, in cases of a severe course of the disease, glucocorticosteroids. In addition, it is important to follow a hypoallergenic diet.

  Mycotic plaques require antifungal drugs, both local (ointments, creams) and systemic (tablets). Taking these drugs is associated with a high risk of side effects, and therefore it is possible only after consulting a doctor, accurate verification of the diagnosis and confirmation of the etiology of the disease.

  Treatment of psoriasis is multi-stage and complex, it involves constant monitoring by a rheumatologist, taking cytostatics and other drugs, using ointments and shampoos to improve skin condition, using antihistamines to reduce itching, including physiotherapy and a hypoallergenic diet in the treatment regimen.

  When confirming the presence of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, properly selected therapy can stop the appearance of new plaques on the skin, as well as prevent the development of complications of the underlying disease.

  Sources:

  1. Clinical guidelines. Dermatitis herpetiformis // Russian Society of Dermatovenerologists and Cosmetologists. 2016.
  2. Clinical guidelines. Urticaria in children // Union of Pediatricians of Russia; Russian Association of Allergists and Clinical Immunologists. 2018.
  3. Clinical guidelines. Toxidermia // Russian Society of Dermatovenerologists and Cosmetologists. 2016.
  4. Clinical guidelines. Familial hypercholesterolemia // National Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis. 2018.

  IMPORTANT!

  The information in this section should not be used for self-diagnosis or self-treatment. In case of pain or other exacerbation of the disease, only the attending physician should prescribe diagnostic tests. For diagnosis and proper treatment, you should contact your doctor.
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  reasons for the appearance of spots on the legs, head, hands

  Publication: 09/13/2022
  Change: 04/12/2023

  Many doctors consider the skin to be an indicator of health, as it signals the onset of pathological processes within the body. Therefore, even such a common symptom as red spots indicates various diseases. Possible causes include skin diseases, allergic reactions, infectious pathologies or autoimmune processes. However, in some cases, red spots on the skin can be a cosmetic defect, which is why it is so important to understand the causes of the appearance and choose the right method of treatment.

  Author:

  Ibraev Anatoly Tomasovich

  Head of the Department of Cosmetology and Laser Technologies. Dermatologist-cosmetologist
  Work experience: 16 years

  Important!

  The information in this article should not be used for self-diagnosis or self-treatment. For staging
  correct diagnosis and treatment should always consult a doctor.

  Types of red spots on the skin

  A macula or macula is a localized discoloration of the skin that is either inflammatory or non-inflammatory in nature:

  • Inflammatory (vascular) formations appear as a result of the expansion of the blood vessels of the papillary dermis. In this case, bright red or red-bluish rashes appear, which may lighten with time. Spots of small diameter (up to 20-25 mm) are called roseola, in other cases we are talking about erythema. If all skin integuments are included in the pathological process, erythroderma occurs.
  • As a result of hemorrhages, hemorrhagic spots appear. Initially they have a purple-red tint, but over time they turn yellow and disappear. The appearance of such formations is preceded by tissue injury.
  • Non-inflammatory spots are the result of hemorrhage, disturbances in the content of melanin in cells or the introduction of dyes into the skin. In some cases (for example, with vasodilation) they can also have a red or red-cyanotic tint.

  A cosmetic defect in the form of red spots occurs in people of any gender and age, often spots are found even in infants. At the same time, such rashes have a different appearance: they differ not only in shape, size and quantity, but also in shade. Conditionally red spots are divided into the following groups:

  • flat and convex;
  • swollen (inflamed) and not inflamed;
  • smooth and rough;
  • wet and dry;
  • with a clear outline and blurry;
  • dark purple or reddish (pink).

  The localization of spots also differs. In rare cases, they appear on almost all parts of the body. More often you can find an option when the rashes are concentrated on a separate area: face, neck, arms, back, genitals.

  Symptoms and causes

  We have already noted that there are a huge number of possible reasons for the appearance of such formations. More often we are talking about the development of skin or infectious diseases, but sometimes spots are the result of mental disorders or other malfunctions in the body. The following factors can provoke the appearance of rashes:0013

  • Diseases of the heart or blood vessels.
  • Allergic reactions.
  • Autoimmune pathologies.
  • Dermatological diseases.
  • Dysfunction of internal organs.
  • Parasitic and bacterial infections.
  • Some insect bites.
  • Oncological diseases.
  • Malnutrition, disturbances in the digestive tract.
  • Poor ecological situation in the place of residence.
  • Frequent stress and anxiety.

  Because there are many causes for red rashes, symptoms will vary from case to case. Spots can be all over the body or only in certain areas, itching, burning or peeling are additionally manifested, but sometimes they may not be. It is impossible to talk about the presence of a single clinical picture, so a separate diagnosis will be required.

  If we talk about the most common conditions that provoke the appearance of red spots, then it is worth highlighting the following pathologies:

  Allergy . The external manifestation of this problem is itchy reddish spots of various sizes and shapes. Their appearance is accompanied by swelling and peeling of the skin. Some patients experience general malaise, weakness, chills. As a rule, symptoms appear immediately after contact with the allergen: they can be certain products, cosmetics, medicines, plants. In rare cases, the appearance of rashes is associated with exposure to low temperatures.

  Allergies often show up as pink patches where skin contacts clothing, which may indicate the use of inappropriate detergent or personal care products.

  Rubella . Red small spots on the skin can be the result of rubella measles. They occur throughout the body, but the maximum localization is noted on the back, face and neck. As a rule, the formations disappear within a few days, but only with treatment.

  Scarlet fever . This infectious disease is caused by group A streptococcus. One of the symptoms of the disease is small spots all over the body, the size of which does not exceed a few millimeters. Rashes appear after the onset of a sore throat, more often located on the lower abdomen or in the groin area. The skin appears reddened and inflamed.

  Pityriasis rosea Gibert . This pathology is most often encountered by patients with weakened immunity. For this reason, the risk of disease in spring and autumn increases significantly. Lichen may appear as pink, reddish or crimson spots up to 5 cm in diameter. Outwardly, such formations resemble plaques. First, one spot appears, after 5–7 days, others, smaller in size, are found near it. At the same time, peeling of the skin may appear, less often – swelling of the tissues is observed.

  Erythema . This condition is characterized by reddening of the skin, which occurs after the activation of blood circulation and the expansion of capillaries. As a rule, this is the result of heavy physical exertion or excitement. Often, redness is observed on the face after massage, peeling or masks. The spots are relatively large, but do not require treatment, as they quickly disappear on their own.

  Less common is persistent erythema, characterized by extensive areas of redness resembling bruising or bruising. Such a problem can lead to the development of rosacea, therefore, it requires an examination and consultation with a dermatologist.

  Urticaria . A fairly common cause of skin rashes, which is often characterized by a long course. Under the urticaria understand a whole group of diseases that lead to the formation of angioedema and blisters. Urticaria can result from medications, certain foods, and supplements. In rare cases, pathology occurs as a result of infections.

  Chickenpox . Chickenpox is infectious and can be dangerous to health. This pathology is complicated by pustular lesions, stomatitis and conjunctivitis, in rare cases, damage to internal organs and the brain occurs.

  Chicken pox is one of the common causes of red spots on the skin. As a rule, the rashes are small, localized throughout the body. Further, bubbles up to 5 mm in diameter are formed, which after 2–3 days become covered with a dry crust. Both spots and vesicles can be present on the skin at the same time.

  Ringworm . This is a pathology of fungal origin, which is known in dermatology under the term “microsporia”. The causative agent of pathology is a fungus of the genus Microsporum, which parasitizes in the stratum corneum of the epidermis. It is because of it that the skin is covered with rounded spots that have a non-uniform color: the center is lighter, while the edges of the formation may have a bright red tint. As a rule, rashes are found on the head, arms and legs.

  Pityriasis versicolor . Another type of infectious disease that leads to damage to the upper layers of the skin. However, this form of the disease is not contagious and rarely leads to serious consequences, but it is characterized by fairly large lesions. Pathology occurs as a result of some autoimmune disorders, excessive sweating, hormonal problems, etc.

  Eczema . This inflammatory skin disease has an allergic nature, but the causes and prerequisites for its development are still not fully understood. Often the disease is called “weeping lichen” due to the presence of characteristic symptoms.

  Initially, inflamed areas appear on the skin in the form of red spots, which gradually merge into a separate affected area. After that, characteristic nodules with a bright red color and clear boundaries are formed. Bubbles quickly open, which leads to the appearance of point erosions, which are replaced by crusts and peeling.

  Photodermatitis . The reason for the development of such a pathology is the increased sensitivity of the epidermis to ultraviolet radiation. As a result, persistent redness of the skin appears, which can be accompanied by itching, burning, and even blisters. Often there are large red spots on the skin. It should be noted that the symptoms of the condition are very similar to a number of dermatological diseases (for example, in many patients, photodermatitis has all the signs of systemic lupus erythematosus), which complicates the diagnostic process.

  Important!

  The information in this article should not be used for self-diagnosis or self-treatment. For staging
  correct diagnosis and treatment should always consult a doctor.

  Psoriasis . One of the most common dermatological diseases is psoriasis. Pathology has an autoimmune origin, the causes of its development can be infectious, psychosomatic, hereditary or mixed.

  Characteristic raised spots with a smooth surface appear on the skin. After a few days, they become covered with white scales, itching occurs. Many patients note dryness and flaking of the skin, and cracks and blisters are also found in advanced cases.

  Atopic dermatitis . This chronic inflammatory disease is confused with eczema, although there are a number of differences between the pathologies. AtD is characterized by the appearance of red spots with peeling on various parts of the body. Most often, rashes are localized on the bend of the elbow and knee joints, neck and face.

  As a rule, pathology occurs in childhood and a whole complex of factors (both external and genetic) contributes to its appearance. In half of the cases, atopic dermatitis disappears over time, in the remaining patients it persists and recurs throughout life.

  Helminthiases . One of the causes of red rashes is exposure to toxic substances that are released during the life of parasites. The size and location of the formations vary depending on the degree of intoxication of the body. As a rule, a rash appears first, which is accompanied by itching and skin irritation. In the future, purulent boils may appear.

  Fungal mycosis . A fairly serious disease, a malignant lymphoid lesion, which is characterized by the appearance of red dry plaques (that is, large-sized elements that rise above the surface of the skin). Outwardly, the formations resemble eczema, but have a rounded shape and clear boundaries.

  Hyperhidrosis . An unobvious cause of red round spots on the skin is hyperhidrosis. This is a functional disorder of sweating, characterized by the release of an increased amount of sweat. As a result of this, redness appears in the armpits and in other areas that are affected by the pathology.

  Emotional experiences . As a result of psychological disorders and excitement, characteristic redness periodically appears on the neck and face. This problem is the result of depression, emotional overload, chronic lack of sleep. In rare cases, the problem is accompanied by itching, swelling and peeling.

  Diagnostic methods

  In the event that a red spot appears on the skin that does not go away within a few days or changes its shape / appearance, it is better to seek the advice of a dermatologist. Such a measure will not be superfluous, as it will identify the causes of rashes and exclude serious pathologies. The presence of the following symptoms should alert:

  • Itching or burning.
  • Peeling of the skin.
  • Increased size or number of spots.
  • Soreness on pressure.
  • Swelling, weeping.
  • The beginning of the inflammatory process.

  To determine the nature and characteristics of the formations, the doctor performs an examination using a dermatoscope. Of key importance is the collection of anamnesis, clarification of symptoms, identification of concomitant diseases. After the examination, the specialist appoints the patient a number of additional studies, among which may be:

  • Complete blood count.
  • Urinalysis.
  • Microscopic examination of skin scrapings.
  • Ultrasound of internal organs.
  • ECG, etc.

  If necessary, the patient is assigned a consultation with other specialists: for example, a therapist, endocrinologist, gastroenterologist, etc. As a result of such an examination, it will be possible to identify comorbidities and determine which diseases provoked red spots on the skin.

  Differential diagnosis is important at this stage, since sometimes rashes in various pathologies can be identical. That is why it is required to exclude the presence of other diseases and allergic reactions.

  Already during the examination, the doctor may suspect the presence of a particular pathology. The existing symptoms and the appearance of the spots are taken into account. For example:

  • Red rashes that look like mosquito bites but without itching or pain are often the result of stress or anxiety. In rare cases, this may be a manifestation of an allergy or pink lichen Zhibera.
  • Spots associated with soreness or itching may indicate the presence of autoimmune diseases, urticaria or psoriasis.
  • A rash that looks like a burn is often a manifestation of atopic dermatitis. They may be accompanied by itching (especially at night).
  • Red sores or plaques along the hairline may be a symptom of seborrheic dermatitis.
  • Small spots all over the body indicate the presence of measles, chickenpox or lichen. Also, such symptoms occur in some patients with coronavirus.
  • Red rough spots on the skin of the hands indicate a lack of certain vitamins and microelements in the body. In most cases, you can compensate for their lack by changing the diet.

  Methods of treatment

  Treatment of the problem is individual, since when drawing up the scheme, the doctor takes into account the patient’s health status, identified pathologies and the presence of symptoms. An integrated approach is always used for the treatment of spots, which includes various conservative methods:

  • Medical therapy.
  • Local therapy (treatment of the skin).
  • Physiotherapy procedures.

  Radical removal procedures are required in rare cases. During treatment, the patient may need to adjust the diet and avoid interaction with allergens. At the same time, in most cases, the use of traditional medicine is unacceptable, since they aggravate the course of the disease and lead to the development of a chronic process.

  Different groups of drugs are used for drug therapy. Most often it is:

  • Antihistamines . With a severe allergic reaction or exacerbation of eczema.
  • Antibiotics . To combat the infectious nature of different types of red spots on the skin.
  • Glucocorticosteroids . Hormonal agents to relieve inflammation.
  • Tranquilizers . Used to relieve severe itching.
  • Diuretics . Drugs to eliminate puffiness.
  • Enterosorbents . To remove the products of intoxication from the intestines.
  • B vitamins . They are used to normalize the functioning of the nervous system.

  As for radical methods of treatment, they include electrocoagulation, laser removal and cryosurgery (exposure to liquid nitrogen). Such procedures are used in cases where conservative treatment did not bring relief to the patient or cosmetic defects remained after the therapy.

  If we talk about the prevention of red spots, then there are no universal recommendations, since it is always necessary to take into account the cause of the pathology. In order to reduce the likelihood of rashes, it is best to exclude contact with stray animals, refuse products that cause allergies, and regularly undergo preventive examinations with doctors. This will allow early detection of any disturbances in the functioning of the immune system and prevent possible diseases of the internal organs.

  Literature

  • Karavaeva TA, Korolkova TN Psychological mechanisms and psychosomatic correlations in various dermatoses // Clinical dermatology and venereology. – 2018. – V. 17, No. 5. – S. 7–16.
  • Kubanova AA Analysis of the incidence of diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue in the Russian Federation for the period 2003–2016.