What are the symptoms of a scorpion sting. How is a scorpion sting diagnosed. What is the global impact of scorpion stings. How are scorpion stings treated. Which regions are most affected by scorpion stings. What does a scorpion sting look like. How can scorpion stings be prevented.

The Global Prevalence and Impact of Scorpion Stings

Scorpion stings represent a significant public health concern worldwide, with an estimated annual incidence exceeding 1.23 million cases. The severity of this issue is underscored by historical fatality rates reaching up to 30% in certain regions. However, advancements in medical treatments have led to a substantial reduction in mortality rates, now ranging between 2-4%.

Despite this progress, the true extent of scorpion sting incidents remains underestimated. Many victims do not seek professional medical attention, instead opting for traditional healers or foregoing treatment altogether. Furthermore, the absence of scorpion stings from the list of notifiable diseases contributes to underreporting of incidence, morbidity, and mortality rates.

Regions Most Affected by Scorpion Stings

• North Sahara Africa
• South Africa
• Near and Middle East
• South India
• Mexico
• South Latin America
• North America (specific species)

In North America, medically significant species include Androctonus australis, S. mauritanicus, Buthus occitanus, and Leiurus quinquestriatus. Tunisia reports approximately 40,000 sting cases annually, making it one of the most affected countries.

Dangerous Scorpion Species and Their Distribution

Out of approximately 1,500 scorpion species worldwide, about 50 are considered harmful to humans. Two species of particular medical significance are Mesobuthus tamulus (Indian red scorpion) and Heterometrus swammerdami.

Middle Eastern Venomous Species

• Androctonus crassicauda
• Mesobuthus tamulus
• Mesobuthus eupeus
• Parabuthus liosoma
• Buthus occiptanus
• Leiurus quinquestriatus

In Khuzestan, South-west Iran, scorpion stings are a leading cause of death, with 90% of fatalities attributed to Hemiscorpius lepturus.

Scorpion Stings in India

India experiences the highest incidence of scorpion stings in Asia, with a reported rate of 0.6%. The Kokan region reports severe stings from the Mesobuthus tamulus species. Interestingly, a higher incidence of scorpion stings occurs during hot months, likely due to increased agricultural activities.

Identifying a Scorpion Sting: Appearance and Symptoms

The appearance of a scorpion sting can vary depending on the species and individual factors. Generally, scorpion stings present as small puncture wounds or lacerations on the skin, often accompanied by localized swelling, redness, and pain.

Visual Characteristics of Scorpion Stings

• Small puncture wounds or lacerations
• Swelling and redness around the affected area
• Varying size and depth of the sting mark
• Possible distinctive patterns (e.g., circular or horseshoe-shaped imprints)

Is it possible to identify a scorpion sting based solely on its appearance? While the visual characteristics can provide important clues, a definitive diagnosis typically requires consideration of additional factors, including symptoms and potential sighting of the scorpion.

Common Symptoms of Scorpion Stings

The severity of scorpion sting symptoms can vary based on factors such as the scorpion species, the size of the scorpion, and the individual’s reaction to the venom. Common symptoms include:

• Swelling and inflammation at the bite site
• Pain or burning sensation at the bite site
• Numbness or tingling (may spread from the sting site)
• Muscle twitches
• Slurred speech
• Roving eyes
• Restlessness
• Abdominal pain and cramps
• Hypersalivation
• Low-grade fever
• Excessive sweating
• Difficulty swallowing

In severe cases, particularly involving children or older adults, scorpion stings can lead to more serious symptoms such as convulsions, seizures, and in rare instances, death.

Diagnosing and Treating Scorpion Stings

Prompt and accurate diagnosis of scorpion stings is crucial for effective treatment. Healthcare professionals may employ various methods to confirm a scorpion sting diagnosis.

The “Tap Test” for Scorpion Sting Diagnosis

One diagnostic tool used by medical professionals is the “tap test.” During this procedure, the physician gently touches the area where the patient was stung to assess if the discomfort intensifies. An increase in pain upon tapping is indicative of a scorpion sting.

Treatment Approaches for Scorpion Stings

The treatment of scorpion stings has evolved significantly over the years, contributing to the reduction in fatality rates. Current treatment approaches may include:

1. Administration of vasodilators
2. Use of scorpion antivenom
3. Intensive care management
4. Symptomatic treatment for pain and other manifestations
5. Close monitoring of vital signs and organ function

How effective is scorpion antivenom in treating severe stings? Scorpion antivenom has proven highly effective in neutralizing the venom and reducing the severity of symptoms, especially when administered promptly after the sting occurs.

Prevention Strategies for Scorpion Stings

While treatment options have improved, prevention remains a crucial aspect of managing the public health impact of scorpion stings. Effective prevention strategies include:

• Wearing protective clothing and footwear in scorpion-prone areas
• Regularly inspecting and sealing potential entry points in buildings
• Using bed nets in endemic regions
• Avoiding accumulation of debris and clutter that may attract scorpions
• Exercising caution when moving objects in potentially infested areas
• Educating communities about scorpion habitats and behavior

Can environmental modifications significantly reduce the risk of scorpion stings? Yes, implementing targeted environmental changes, such as removing hiding spots and sealing entry points, can substantially decrease the likelihood of human-scorpion encounters and subsequent stings.

The Impact of Climate on Scorpion Sting Incidence

Climate plays a significant role in the prevalence of scorpion stings, with a notable increase in incidents during warmer months. This correlation is attributed to several factors:

• Increased scorpion activity in warmer temperatures
• Higher human outdoor activity, especially in agricultural settings
• Changes in scorpion habitat and distribution due to climate shifts
• Potential alterations in scorpion venom potency related to environmental conditions

How does climate change potentially affect the global distribution of dangerous scorpion species? Climate change may lead to shifts in the geographical range of venomous scorpion species, potentially exposing new populations to sting risks and altering the epidemiology of scorpion envenomation worldwide.

Advancements in Scorpion Sting Research and Treatment

Ongoing research in the field of scorpion envenomation continues to yield valuable insights and improvements in treatment approaches. Recent advancements include:

1. Development of more specific and potent antivenoms
2. Improved understanding of scorpion venom composition and mechanisms
3. Enhanced protocols for intensive care management of severe cases
4. Novel approaches to pain management and symptom control
5. Exploration of potential therapeutic applications of scorpion venom components

What promising developments are on the horizon for scorpion sting treatment? Researchers are investigating the potential of recombinant antibodies and small molecule inhibitors as alternatives to traditional antivenom therapy, which could provide more targeted and efficient treatment options in the future.

The Importance of Public Health Initiatives in Scorpion Sting Management

Effective management of scorpion stings as a public health issue requires a multifaceted approach that extends beyond medical treatment. Key components of comprehensive public health initiatives include:

• Community education programs on scorpion identification and sting prevention
• Improved reporting systems to accurately track scorpion sting incidence
• Training of healthcare providers in scorpion sting diagnosis and management
• Ensuring availability of antivenom and other treatments in high-risk areas
• Collaboration between health authorities, researchers, and local communities
• Integration of scorpion sting management into broader public health strategies

How can public health initiatives improve outcomes for scorpion sting victims? By implementing comprehensive education, prevention, and treatment programs, public health initiatives can significantly reduce the incidence of scorpion stings and improve outcomes for those who are affected, particularly in high-risk regions.

The global impact of scorpion stings remains a significant public health concern, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. While advancements in treatment have greatly reduced mortality rates, the true burden of scorpion envenomation is likely underestimated due to underreporting and limited access to medical care in some areas. Continued research, improved public health strategies, and enhanced global collaboration are essential to further mitigate the impact of scorpion stings on affected populations worldwide.

Symptoms, Diagnosis, First-aid & Treatment

There are around 1500 species of scorpions worldwide, 50 of which are harmful to humans, particularly Mesobuthus tamulus (Indian red scorpion) and Heterometrus swammerdami, which are medically significant scorpions(2^✔ ✔Trusted Source
Scorpion bite, a sting to the heart!

Go to source). The only scorpion in the United States that can produce significant symptoms is the bark scorpion, which is yellow-brown (tan) or orange in appearance(3^✔ ✔Trusted Source
Scorpion Sting

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The venom of a scorpion sting can cause a range of symptoms, from mild pain and swelling at the site of the sting to more serious reactions such as muscle twitching, convulsions, difficulty breathing, and even death in rare cases. The severity of the symptoms depends on the species of scorpion, the size of the scorpion, and the individual’s reaction to the venom.

Scorpion sting envenomation is a potentially fatal emergency condition in children, causing severe neurological, cardiac, and respiratory system involvement, anaphylactic shock, and death(4^✔ ✔Trusted Source
An update on epidemiology and management practices of Scorpion envenomation in India

Go to source). If you have been stung by a scorpion and are unsure what the sting looks like, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible, as scorpion stings can be potentially dangerous and require prompt treatment.

Scorpion stings are a significant public health concern in many parts of the world, with an annual incidence of over 1.23 million cases and a fatality rate of up to 30% in some regions. However, with the advent of vasodilators, scorpion antivenom, and intensive care management, the fatality rate has dropped to 2-4%. Despite this progress, the actual burden of scorpion stings is likely underestimated because many victims do not seek medical treatment or consult traditional healers.

Scorpion sting is not included in a list of notifiable diseases, which further limits the reporting of incidence, morbidity, and mortality. North Sahara Africa, South Africa, the Near and Middle East, South India, Mexico, and South Latin America are the seven regions where scorpion stings pose significant public health concerns. In North America, Androctonus australis, S. mauritanicus, Buthus occitanus, and Leiurus quinquestriatus are medically important species. Tunisia is one of the most affected countries, with almost 40,000 sting cases reported each year.

The venomous species in the Middle East include Androctonus crassicauda, Mesobuthus tamulus, Mesobuthus eupeus, Parabuthus liosoma, B. occiptanus, and L. quinquestriatus. In Khuzestan, South-west Iran, scorpion stings are among the leading causes of death, with 90% of fatalities attributed to Hemiscorpius lepturus. India is the most affected country in Asia, with a reported incidence of 0.6%. A higher incidence of scorpion stings occurs during hot months, which is attributed to an increase in agricultural activities. Severe scorpion stings due to the Mesobuthus tamulus species of scorpion per month reported are from the Kokan region(5^✔ ✔Trusted Source
Scorpion Sting: Update

Go to source).

A scorpion sting can vary in appearance depending upon the species of scorpion and the individual characteristics of the sting. Generally, scorpion bite marks look like small puncture wounds or lacerations (cut injuries) on the skin, often accompanied by swelling, redness, and pain around the affected area.

The size and depth of the sting can also vary, with some stings being very small and barely visible, while others may be larger and more pronounced. Some scorpion stings may also leave behind a distinctive mark or pattern, such as a circular or horseshoe-shaped imprint.

Symptoms of a scorpion sting can vary depending on the severity of the sting, the type of scorpion, and the individual’s sensitivity to the venom. Some common symptoms of a scorpion sting include(6^✔ ✔Trusted Source
Scorpions

Go to source):

• Swelling and inflammation at the bite site
• Pain or burning sensation at the bite site
• Numbness or tingling: may occur in the skin area around the sting and can spread to other parts of the body
• Muscle twitches
• Slurred speech
• Roving eyes
• Restlessness
• Abdominal pain and cramps
• Hyper Salivation
• Low grade Fever
• Excessive sweating
• Difficulty in swallowing

In rare cases, severe scorpion stings can cause more serious symptoms, including convulsions, seizures, and even death especially in Children and old age.

A “tap test” may be used by your healthcare professional to diagnose a scorpion sting. In this test, your physician will touch the area where you were stung to see if the discomfort worsens. This is an indication of a scorpion sting(7^✔ ✔Trusted Source
Scorpion Stings

Go to source).

First Aid

If a scorpion stung you, the first thing to do is to get the scorpion out of the region where it was attached, if possible. Soap and water should then be used to clean the area, and a cold compress should be used to minimize pain and swelling.

Pain Relief

Using analgesics with anti-inflammatory properties can be helpful(8^✔ ✔Trusted Source
Emerging options for the management of scorpion stings

Go to source).

Allergic control

Antihistamines can be used to treat itching and hives caused by the sting.

Treatment based on Grading

• Grade I
• Symptoms: Localized pain (sometimes accompanied by tingling, redness, bruising, and blisters).
• Treatment: Oral aspirin at a dose of 10 mg/kg every 4 hours.
• Grade II
• Symptoms
• Mild systemic envenomation

  Symptoms of grade I + fever, cardiovascular and respiratory symptoms such as rapid heart rate, irregular heart rhythm, shortness of breath, high or low blood pressure, abnormal heartbeat, prolonged erection, excessive secretions such as saliva, sweat and mucus, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, urination, abdominal bloating, cramps, neuromuscular disorders affecting either skeletal or cranial muscles, confusion, restlessness, muscle twitching, abnormal vision, droopy eyelids, and uncontrolled eye movements, biological disorders such as high white blood cell count, high blood sugar, and acidosis, and evidence of tissue damage.

• Treatment: Grade I treatment + Immunotherapy, with dose based on antivenom potency. Oral prazosin at a dose of 30 μg/kg every 6 hours. Oral or intravenous midazolam at a dose of 0. 050.2 mg/kg (or rectal diazepam at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg) every 12 hours.
• Grade III
• Symptoms
• Life-threatening envenomation

  Symptoms of grade I and II + failure of multiple organs and systems such as heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, and blood vessels, profuse sweating, neuromuscular disorders affecting both skeletal and cranial muscles, convulsions, paralysis, and decreased level of consciousness (Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤6 in the absence of sedation), and severe laboratory abnormalities such as low oxygen saturation, elevated biomarkers of tissue injury, and electrolyte imbalances.

• Treatment: Grade I and II treatment + Transfer to Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for critical care management(8^✔ ✔Trusted Source
  Emerging options for the management of scorpion stings

  Go to source).

Arizona Bark Scorpion Sting Treatment

An Arizona bark scorpion sting can be a medical emergency, especially for vulnerable populations like children and the elderly. Treatment typically involves managing symptoms such as pain, swelling, and difficulty breathing, as well as administering antivenom if necessary. Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that can occur in response to a scorpion sting and requires immediate medical attention. It’s important to seek medical help quickly to ensure the best possible outcome.

What to do if a Scorpion Bites You

If you have been bitten by a scorpion, it is important to take prompt action to ensure that the bite does not cause any serious health complications. Here are the steps you should take as a home remedy:

1. Stay Calm

   Try to remain calm and still as possible to slow the spread of venom.

2. Wash the Area

   Wash the bite site with soap and water to remove any dirt and debris.

3. Elevate the Affected Limb

   If the bite is on a limb, elevate the affected area to help slow the spread of venom.

4. Apply a Cool Compress

   Place a cool, damp cloth or ice pack on the bite site to reduce pain and swelling.

5. Seek Medical Attention

   Seek medical attention as soon as possible, especially if you experience any severe symptoms such as difficulty breathing, muscle spasms, or rapid heartbeat(9^✔ ✔Trusted Source
   How to Treat a Scorpion Sting at Home

   Go to source).

Garlic for Scorpion Sting

Garlic has long been used as a natural cure for scorpion stings in several cultures. Unfortunately, the scientific evidence supporting the use of garlic for this purpose is minimal. Garlic possesses anti-inflammatory and antibacterial qualities that may be useful in treating scorpion stings. It may also aid in the reduction of discomfort and edema. It is crucial to emphasize, however, that garlic should not be taken as a substitute for medical therapy. If you are bitten by a scorpion, you must seek medical assistance right away.

Home Remedy for Scorpion Bite on Dog

When treating scorpion stings on your dog, it’s important to remove any stingers with extreme caution. Antihistamines can help alleviate symptoms, but be sure to consult your veterinarian for proper dosage instructions. To provide immediate relief, apply a cold compress and encourage your dog to rest in a cool place. Unfortunately, there are no specific at-home remedies for scorpion stings for dogs, so treatment focuses on managing symptoms such as swelling and discomfort.

If your dog’s condition worsens or fails to improve despite first aid efforts, seek veterinary attention immediately. Your veterinarian may prescribe antihistamines, steroids, pain medication, wound treatment, or other supportive care to help your dog recover. (10^✔ ✔Trusted Source
Scorpion Stings on Dogs

Go to source).

Put on protective clothing

If you reside in a region where scorpions are widespread, it’s a good idea to put on protective clothing, such as long pants, long-sleeved shirts, and closed-toe shoes, particularly when outdoors or in locations where scorpions may be hiding. Keep your home clean since scorpions are drawn to dirt and clutter, which might help you avoid them setting up residence there. Keep all food stored in airtight containers and eliminate any pieces of wood, rocks, or rubbish outside your home. Scorpions may enter your home through even the slightest holes and gaps, so it’s crucial to seal any home openings, including doors, windows, and cracks in the walls.

Employ pest control

If you reside in a region where scorpions are widespread, you should consider hiring pest control services to keep scorpions out of use. While spending time outside, especially in regions where scorpions are known to reside, be cautious about where you step and what you touch. Scorpions can hide under rocks, wood piles, and other debris, so take precautions and wear protective clothes(6^✔ ✔Trusted Source
Scorpions

Go to source).6>

Bites and stings – first aid

Basic first aid for common bites and stings

Australia has many animal and insect species that bite or sting. Some bites and stings can be treated on the spot using equipment from a first aid kit.

For certain bites and stings, it is important to act quickly. This may involve pressure bandaging the wound and keeping the person immobile until medical help is available.

Try to stay calm and reassure the person. Don’t tourniquet or cut the wound.

Seek immediate medical help and call triple zero (000) for an ambulance in an emergency. If the person collapses or stops breathing, you may need to apply CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) until the ambulance arrives.

Common bites and stings include:

• spider bites (such as red back, funnel-web, mouse, white-tailed)
• bee stings
• European wasp stings
• scorpion stings
• ant and centipede bites
• mosquito bites
• tick bites
• snake bites
• stings from sea creatures (such as blue-ringed octopus, cone shells, box jellyfish and stonefish)
• bites from household pests (including fleas, bedbugs and body lice).

Pressure bandaging and immobilisation for certain bites and stings

Pressure bandaging and immobilisation is useful for some bites and stings, but not all. It is recommended for:

• snakes (including sea snakes)
• funnel-web and mouse spiders
• blue ring octopuses
• cone shells.

It is not recommended for other types of bites and stings.

What is pressure bandaging and immobilisation?

Pressure bandaging and immobilisation slows the movement of venom through the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is a network of tubes that drains fluid (lymph) from the body’s tissues and empties it back into the bloodstream.

Bandaging the wound firmly tends to squash the nearby lymph vessels, which helps to prevent the venom from leaving the puncture site. If you don’t have any bandages on hand, use whatever is available such as:

• clothing
• stockings
• towels.

Immobilising the limb is another way to slow the spread of venom, sometimes delaying it for hours at a time. This is because the lymphatic system relies on muscle movement to squeeze lymph through its vessels.

Pressure bandaging and immobilisation steps

1. Remove jewellery on the limb (if you are able to do so).
2. If the bite or sting is on a limb, apply a broad pressure bandage over the site. Start bandaging from the bottom of the limb to the top. As you keep bandaging over the sting or bite, if you have a pen or marker, mark the site with an ‘X’ so the mark can be seen on the outermost bandage. The bandage needs to be firm but not too tight. Continue to look at the colour, temperature and feeling in the fingers or toes.
3. Apply a further bandage using a heavy crepe or elasticised roller bandage (10-15 centimetres wide). Start just above the fingers or toes, and move up towards the bitten limb. Bandaging should not cause numbness, tingling or any colour change to the extremities.
4. If you have a pen or marker, mark the site where the bite is on the bandage with an ‘X’.
5. Splint the limb. You can use any hard objects (such as wood planks or magazines) gently tied or bandaged to the limb. This is to ensure there is no or minimal movement of the limb. Tie the legs together (like in the picture below) to further limit movement.
6. Try to keep the person calm and seek immediate medical help.
7. Do not make the person walk to the rescue vehicle – bring the vehicle as close to them as you can.

Applying a pressure bandage and immobilising with a splint – image courtesy, St John Ambulance Australia

Don’t tourniquet or cut bites or stings

In the past, a tight tourniquet was recommended as the best method to cut off blood flow and prevent the circulation of venom through the body.

This is no longer advised.

Do not cut a bite to release the venom or try to suck the venom out of the wound.

Also, don’t give the affected person alcohol to drink.

Snake bites

Image source: Getty Images

Australia has nearly 200 snake species (around 25 are potentially dangerous). Their most active seasons are in the warmer months during spring and summer.

Snakes like wetlands and waterways.

If you see a snake, keep calm and move away from them.

Some venomous snakes in Victoria to watch out for include:

• tiger snake (most common cause of snake envenoming in Victoria)
• copperhead snake
• red-bellied black snake
• Common or Eastern brown snake.

Snake bite symptoms

Signs of a snake bite are not always visible. In some cases, a person may not even feel a snake biting them.

Symptoms may not be obvious for an hour or more after being bitten. It is important to act quickly if you suspect someone has had a snake bite.

Depending on the type of snake, signs and symptoms may include:

• immediate or delayed pain at the bite site
• swelling, bruising or local bleeding
• bite marks (usually on a limb) that may vary from obvious puncture wounds to scratches that may be almost invisible
• swollen and tender glands in the groin or armpit of the bitten limb
• faintness, dizziness
• nausea and vomiting
• headache
• abdominal pain
• oozing of blood from the bite site or gums
• double or blurred vision
• drooping eyelids
• difficulty in speaking or swallowing
• limb weakness or paralysis
• difficulty in breathing
• occasionally, initial collapse or confusion followed by partial or complete recovery.

First aid for snake bites

Not all Australian snakes are venomous, but you should follow basic first aid techniques, just in case.

1. Follow DRSABCD.
2. Call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance.
3. Lie the person down, ask them to keep still and reassure them.
4. Remove jewellery on the limb (if you are able to do so).
5. If the bite or sting is on a limb, apply a broad pressure bandage over the site. Mark the site where the bite is on the bandage with an X.
6. Apply a further elasticised roller bandage (10–15 cm wide), starting just above the fingers or toes and moving upwards on the bitten limb as far as can be reached. Apply the bandage as firmly as possible to the limb. You should be unable to easily slide a finger between the bandage and the skin.
7. Immobilise the bandaged limb using a splint.
8. Keep the person lying down and completely still (immobilised).
9. Continue to check the colour, temperature and feeling in their fingers or toes.
10. Write down the time of the bite and when the bandage was applied. Try to mark the location of the bite site (if known) on the skin with a pen, or photograph the site. Do not wash venom off the skin or clothes because it may assist identification.
11. Stay with the person until medical aid arrives.
12. Do not make the person walk to the rescue vehicle – bring the vehicle as close to them as you can.

Spider bites

Redback spider, Getty Images

First aid for spider bites depends on the species of spider and whether the spider is venomous or not.

Common Australian venomous spiders that may cause harmful bites include:

• funnel-web (species causing significant injury to people are not found in Victoria)
• mouse
• redback.

Spider bite symptoms

General symptoms of spider bites may include:

• sharp pain at bite site
• sweating
• nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain
• burning sensation
• swelling
• blistering.

Funnel-web or mouse spider bite additional symptoms:

• lots of saliva and tears
• muscle twitching
• difficulty breathing
• small hairs stand on end
• numb mouth
• fast pulse and high blood pressure
• disorientation and confusion leading to unconsciousness.

Redback spider bite additional symptoms:

• escalating pain
• patchy sweating
• small hairs stand on end
• headache
• muscle weakness or spasms.

Redback spider bites usually do not cause life-threatening reactions.

First aid for funnel-web and mouse spider bites

Funnel-web spider, Getty Images

1. Follow DRSABCD.
2. Call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance.
3. Lie the person down, ask them to keep still and reassure them.
4. Remove jewellery on the limb (if you can).
5. If the bite or sting is on a limb, apply a broad pressure bandage (10–15 cm wide) over the site. If you have a pen, mark the site where the bite is on the bandage with an X.
6. Apply a further elasticised roller bandage (10–15 cm wide), starting just above the fingers or toes and moving upwards on the bitten limb as far as can be reached. As you go back over the bite site, mark it with an X again so the mark can be seen on the outermost bandage. The bandage needs to be firm but not too tight. Continue to check the colour, temperature and feeling in the fingers or toes.
7. Keep the patient lying down and completely still (immobilised).
8. Write down the time of the bite and when the bandage was applied. Try to mark the location of the bite site (if known) on the skin with a pen, or photograph the site. Do not wash venom off the skin or clothes because it may assist identification.
9. Stay with the person until medical aid arrives.
10. Do not make the person walk to the rescue vehicle – bring the vehicle as close to them as you can.

First aid for redback spider and other spider bites

1. Wash the affected area well (with soap and water).
2. Soothe the pain with cold packs or iced water for 15 minutes and reapply if pain continues. Use simple pain relief (such as paracetamol).
3. Seek medical help if symptoms worsen.

Do not bandage the area because pressure will increase pain.

Scorpion stings

Australia has different species of scorpions, fortunately they do not give a lethal sting as they do in some parts of the world.

Some Australian species can give a painful sting that may cause pain and swelling that could last for a few hours.

First aid for scorpion stings

1. Apply a cold pack to the bite or sting area for 15 minutes and reapply if pain continues. Use simple pain relief (such as paracetamol).
2. The cold pack should be changed when necessary to maintain the same level of coldness.
3. Seek medical attention if the pain worsens.

Bee stings

Bee stings can cause different reactions, from mild temporary pain and discomfort to significant swelling and a severe allergic reaction.

First aid for bee stings

1. Remove the sting by sliding or scraping your fingernail across it, rather than pulling at it.
2. Wash the area and apply a cold pack to reduce the swelling.
3. If there is significant pain and swelling, over-the-counter pain medication (such as paracetamol) or an antihistamine may give some relief.

If the person has an allergy to bee stings, they can experience anaphylaxis. If this occurs, they will need an injection of adrenaline (EpiPen®).

First aid for serious reactions or multiple bee stings

1. Remove the sting as soon as possible.
2. If someone has been stung in the mouth or stung many times in a single incident (adults more than 10 times or children more than 5 times) they need to be taken to hospital.
3. Call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance.
4. Administer adrenaline (if it is used by the person for bee stings).
5. Keep the person lying down and completely still (immobilised) until the ambulance arrives.

Wasp stings

Unlike a bee, which can only sting once, wasps can sting repeatedly. Wasps emit a scent chemical (pheromone) that alerts other wasps to attack.

Wasp sting symptoms

Wasp stings have certain features, including:

• burning pain
• raised lump
• redness
• local inflammation.

Around 1 in 10 people who are stung 2 or more times become allergic, which means they will experience severe reactions to any subsequent stings.

Wasp first aid

1. Clean the affected area with soap and warm water.
2. Use a cold pack to reduce swelling and pain. Use pain-relieving medication and creams. If there is significant pain and swelling, over-the-counter pain medication (such as paracetamol) or an antihistamine may give some relief.
3. Be alert for signs of anaphylaxis, which is a severe and life-threatening type of allergic reaction.
4. Prolonged swelling at the site of the sting may respond to antihistamines – seek medical advice.
5. If someone has been stung in the mouth or stung many times in a single incident (adults more than 10 times or children more than 5 times) they need to be taken to hospital. Call 000 if necessary.
6. Unlike bees, wasps do not leave a stinger that needs to be removed.

Ant stings

Like bee and wasps, ant stings also carry a high risk of severe allergic reaction.

First aid for ant stings

1. Wash the area and apply a cold pack to reduce the swelling.
2. If there is significant pain and swelling, over-the-counter pain medication (such as paracetamol) or an antihistamine may give some relief.
3. If the person has an ant sting allergy, they may experience anaphylaxis. If this occurs, they will need an injection of adrenaline (EpiPen®).

Centipede stings

Centipede stings can be treated with a cold pack to reduce swelling.

Tick bites

Ticks are common in Australia – they are parasites that live on our blood.

Some types of ticks carry disease that can be harmful to people. Although there are numerous species, it is the paralysis tick that tends to cause the most bites. These types of tick bites can cause an allergic reaction and in some, anaphylaxis (a severe allergic reaction).

Tick bite symptoms

Tick bite symptoms include:

• a rash
• headache
• fever
• flu-like symptoms
• sore glands
• walking unsteadily
• bright light intolerance
• weak limbs
• a paralysed face
• paralysis may occur 4-5 days after a tick has attached and may continue 48 hours after removal.

How to remove a tick

Effective removal of the whole tick is important. Make sure you do a thorough body check.

1. Use an ether-containing aerosol (spray) to freeze and kill the tick. Sprays are available from your pharmacy. The tick should be dead in about 10 minutes after applying the aerosol. Remnants of the dead tick can be brushed away.
2. Small larval ticks can be killed by applying a permethrin-containing cream, and then brushed off.

If you are unable to remove the tick in this way see your doctor.

Tick removal techniques no longer recommended

The following tick removal techniques are no longer recommended. These include:

• Attempting to remove a tick with forceps or tweezers. This can sometimes result in the tick’s head or mouthpiece remaining and these can be difficult to remove. The more a tick is handled, the greater the amount of toxin it will release.
• Holding a flame or hot match to the tick. Not only does this increase a risk of burns, but an agitated tick can release more toxin.
• Using methylated spirits, alcohol or anything else to kill the tick before removing, as more toxin may be released.

First aid for tick bites

Most tick bites heal without any problems.

1. After removal of the tick, wash the area and apply antiseptic and a bandaid or dressing.

Seek medical attention for:

• rash or swelling
• the bite does not clear up
• signs of infection or tissue damage
• feeling weak, unsteady on your feet, unusually sleepy
• double vision
• difficulty breathing or swallowing
• night sweats
• fever.

Some people may have an allergic reaction if they are bitten by a tick in the future.

Blue-ringed octopus bites

Image source: Getty Images

Blue-ringed octopus can be found in Victorian beaches. They are not aggressive animals, but their bite is venomous. A bite can cause paralysis.

Blue-ringed octopus bite symptoms

Symptoms of blue-ringed octopus bites include:

• feeling numb around the mouth, tongue, face and neck
• tight chest and difficulty breathing.

First aid for blue-ringed octopus stings:

1. Seek immediate medical help – call triple zero (000) for an ambulance.
2. You may need to commence CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation). Even if your efforts seem futile, continue CPR until medical help arrives.
3. Apply pressure bandaging and use a splint to immobilise the limb.

Cone shell stings

Present in reef waters, cone shell stings are venomous.

Cone shell sting symptoms

Symptoms of cone shell stings include:

• pain, swelling and numbness at sting site
• prolonged weakness of muscles, including the respiratory muscles (breathing) which can lead to respiratory failure
• disturbed vision, speech and hearing.

First aid for cone shells

1. Seek immediate medical help – call triple zero (000) for an ambulance.
2. Lie the patient down and ask them to keep still.
3. Apply pressure bandages and use a splint to immobilise the limb.
4. You may need to commence CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation).

Other sea creatures first aid

Use the hot water first aid method for stings from:

• blue bottles
• non tropical jelly fish
• stinging fish (such as stonefish, lionfish, bullrout)
• stingray
• crown-of-thorns starfish
• sea urchin.

Hot water first aid method

1. Ensure the water is as hot as you can comfortably tolerate before treating the injured person.
2. Place the injured area in hot water for 20 minutes. This will depend on where the injury is on the person – for instance, helping the person to shower, place hand or foot in hot water or pour hot water over the sting. Do not burn the injured person.
3. Remove the injured area briefly from the hot water before reimmersing.
4. If pain persists, continue hot water treatment. Offer simple pain relief (such as paracetamol).
5. Seek urgent medical treatment at a hospital if symptoms are severe.

Box jellyfish sting

1. Seek immediate medical help.
2. Stop the tentacles from stinging by gently removing the remaining tentacles with gloved fingers, forceps, firm object (like a credit card) or flushing with sea water.
3. Immobilise the limb and bandage firmly.
4. You may need to commence CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation).

Antivenom is available.

Jellyfish sting

1. Wash the tentacles off with sea water or remove them by hand.
2. Use cold packs or anaesthetic cream to reduce the pain.

Allergies to bites and stings

Some people may have an allergic reaction to a bite or sting.

Allergic reactions to stings and bites range from mild local reactions at the site of the sting or bite to severe allergic reactions that are life-threatening.

In the case of a severe allergic reaction:

1. Lay the person flat – do not allow them to stand or walk.
2. Give adrenaline injector (such as EpiPen® or Anapen®).
3. Call an ambulance – call triple zero (000).

Preventing infection from bites and stings

Some insects and animals can transfer disease with varying levels of contact. Wherever possible, avoid handling animals that may carry disease and protect against insect stings (such as mosquitoes) with insect repellents and appropriate clothing.

If you are bitten or stung by an insect or animal, apply first aid and then seek medical attention if symptoms are severe or an infection develops.

If bitten by an animal (such as a dog or cat) seek medical attention as there is a high risk of infection.

Where to get help

• In an emergency, call triple zero (000) if the following symptoms occur:
  • difficult and noisy breathing or wheezing
  • swollen tongue
  • throat tightness
  • difficulty speaking or a hoarse voice
  • persistent dizziness and/or collapse
  • paleness, floppiness or not responding in babies and young children
  • signs anaphylaxis may occur (usually less than an hour before) – such as swollen face, lips or eyes; hives or welts; abdominal pain and vomiting
• Victorian Poisons Information CentreExternal Link Tel. 13 11 26 – seven days a week, 24 hours a day
• Emergency department of the nearest hospital
• NURSE-ON-CALL Tel. 1300 60 60 24 – for expert health information and advice (24 hours, 7 days)
• Your GP (doctor)
• Your pharmacist (including Victorian Supercare Pharmacies)
• Anaphylaxis AustraliaExternal Link Tel. 1300 728 000
• St John Ambulance AustraliaExternal Link Tel. 1300 360 455

Scorpion stung a girl in the suburbs – RBC

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Photo: Mohamed Abd El Ghany / Reuters

A girl was stung by a scorpion in the Moscow region, she was hospitalized. This was reported to RBC by the press service of the Ministry of Health of the Moscow Region.

“As a result of a scorpion sting, one victim was delivered to the Khimki regional hospital,” the report says.

Doctors carried out diagnostics and made sure that there was no threat to the child’s life, the Ministry of Health reported. The girl’s condition is satisfactory. Doctors provide her with the necessary assistance.

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A scorpion bit an 11-year-old girl in the hand when she poured toys out of a bag, the Mash Telegram channel reported, citing the mother of the victim. The incident occurred in the village of Taraskovo, Naro-Fominsk district. Parents treated the bite site and called the doctors. Doctors injected the girl with an antidote.

The family did not travel abroad, so it is not known where the scorpion came from in the toy bag.

At the end of the summer in Yekaterinburg, a snake from a petting zoo bit a child. Upon the fact of the incident, the regional department of the Investigative Committee began an inspection. The investigators were going to check the fact of the provision of services that do not meet the requirements of the safety of life and health of consumers (Article 238 of the Criminal Code).

A resident of Kaliningrad bought a bag of potatoes and ended up in the hospital because of the bite of a poisonous scorpion – Vesti-Kaliningrad

Exotic creatures and where they live. A resident of Kaliningrad bought young potatoes and ended up in the hospital because of a scorpion sting.

How did the uninvited guest come to our region? What to do if you are bitten by a poisonous animal?

Alena bought new potatoes. But dinner was not prepared that evening.

ALYONA REZNIKOVA, INJURED:

— She tore the package. We never untie. Here. And I started getting potatoes here. Throw in to wash. And here is the third potato. I remember on the third. He bit me.

There was a real scorpion in the bag. Further – acute pain and several days in the hospital. Diagnosis: toxic effect of scorpion venom.

ALENA REZNIKOVA, INJURED:

— I feel — very sharp pain. Well, like a wasp sting, only, probably, 10 times more painful. Immediately there is numbness. Well, I don’t know, as if they scalded their hand with boiling water. It hurt a lot, because I myself in the hospital asked for painkillers.

While Alyona was in the hospital, her husband caught the troublemaker and put him in a jar. Feed the pet with insects.

ALYONA REZNIKOVA, INJURED:

— He just sits in the bank, we throw spiders at him, I don’t know, we throw flies. He eats flies. Zhukov. Vaughn crawls himself. He doesn’t need much care.

At the base they deny their involvement. They explain: potatoes from Azerbaijan are packed in bags by hand and they could not miss such a passenger.

This is not the first case for Kaliningrad. Scorpions have been found in other places as well. Maria sent us this photo.

MARIA:

— Hello! I can only write that while cleaning I saw that there was a beetle on the floor, I wanted to take it, it quickly turned around and began to run under the baby’s bed. In shock, she crushed his tail with a children’s car! My husband was shocked when he got home from work!

Potato arthropod – female spotted scorpion. Lives in the Caucasus. According to the expert, such individuals can indeed live in Azerbaijan and quite often travel in vegetables or fruits.

ALEXANDER KHLEVTOV, CHIEF SPECIALIST OF THE TERRARIUM SECTOR: who usually spend the day somewhere under stones, under snags, in narrow crevices and after dark they go out to hunt and go about their natural business. Most likely, it’s just that a scorpion somewhere climbed into a pile of potatoes, looking for shelter, they loaded it with these potatoes together in bags, and, accordingly, that’s how it came to us, by import.

Alena is lucky. This type of scorpion is low toxic, but if a person has an allergic reaction, then stinging can lead to disastrous consequences.

VALERY SERGEEV, DOCTOR-METHODIST OF THE EDUCATIONAL CENTER OF THE TERRITORIAL CENTER FOR DISASTER MEDICINE:

— We know cases when a person becomes very ill from a simple bee or wasp sting. People prone to allergies, of course, will react completely differently. And snake bites. Their condition will be much worse.

There are scorpions in Russia. Their habitats: Lower Volga region, Crimea, Black Sea region. When stinging, the first aid rules are the same as when biting a snake, or, for example, a spider.

ANASTASIA MAKHINA , CORRESPONDENT:

— If you are alone and you are bitten by a scorpion ion, it is necessary to ensure a sedentary state, then a cold compress is applied to the bite site and fixed with a bit or any material at hand .