What are sebaceous cysts. How are sebaceous cysts diagnosed. What causes sebaceous cysts to form. How are sebaceous cysts treated. Are sebaceous cysts dangerous. Can sebaceous cysts be prevented. When should you see a doctor for a sebaceous cyst.

Understanding Sebaceous Cysts: What Are They and Where Do They Occur?

Sebaceous cysts are common, noncancerous growths that develop beneath the skin. These cysts form when a sebaceous gland or its duct becomes damaged or blocked, leading to the accumulation of sebum (an oily substance produced by these glands) within a sac-like structure. While sebaceous cysts can appear anywhere on the body, they are most frequently found on the face, neck, torso, and scalp.

The size of sebaceous cysts can vary, ranging from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter. They typically grow slowly over time and are characterized by their smooth, round appearance beneath the skin’s surface. In most cases, these cysts are painless, though larger ones may cause discomfort or pressure, especially when located in sensitive areas.

Common Locations for Sebaceous Cysts

• Face
• Neck (including the back of the neck)
• Scalp
• Back
• Chest
• Genitals

Why do sebaceous cysts often appear on the back of the neck? The back of the neck is a common site for sebaceous cysts due to the high concentration of sebaceous glands in this area. Additionally, this region is prone to friction from clothing and jewelry, which can contribute to the development of cysts.

Causes and Risk Factors of Sebaceous Cysts

Understanding the causes of sebaceous cysts is crucial for both prevention and treatment. While the exact mechanism isn’t always clear, several factors can contribute to their formation:

1. Trauma to the skin: Injuries, cuts, or surgical wounds can damage sebaceous glands or their ducts, leading to cyst formation.
2. Blocked sebaceous glands: Excess oil production or the buildup of dead skin cells can obstruct the glands, causing sebum to accumulate.
3. Hormonal changes: Fluctuations in hormone levels, particularly during puberty, pregnancy, or menopause, can affect sebum production and increase the likelihood of cysts.
4. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be more prone to developing sebaceous cysts due to inherited traits.
5. Certain skin conditions: Acne, eczema, or other inflammatory skin disorders can increase the risk of cyst formation.

Are there specific risk factors for developing sebaceous cysts on the back of the neck? While sebaceous cysts can occur in anyone, certain factors may increase the risk of developing them on the back of the neck:

• Frequent use of tight collars or necklaces that cause friction
• Poor hygiene habits that allow oil and dead skin cells to accumulate
• Excessive sweating in the neck area
• History of acne or other skin conditions affecting the neck region

Diagnosing Sebaceous Cysts: What to Expect During a Medical Evaluation

When you visit a healthcare provider for a suspected sebaceous cyst, the diagnostic process typically involves several steps:

Physical Examination

The primary method for diagnosing sebaceous cysts is through a thorough physical examination. Your doctor will inspect the cyst, noting its size, location, and any signs of inflammation or infection. They may also gently palpate the area to assess the cyst’s texture and mobility.

Medical History

Your healthcare provider will ask about your medical history, including any previous skin conditions, injuries, or surgeries that might have contributed to the cyst’s formation. They’ll also inquire about any symptoms you’re experiencing, such as pain or discomfort.

Additional Tests

In most cases, a physical examination and medical history are sufficient for diagnosing sebaceous cysts. However, if there are concerns about the cyst’s nature or if surgical removal is planned, additional tests may be recommended:

• Ultrasound: This imaging technique can help determine the cyst’s contents and distinguish it from other types of growths.
• CT scan or MRI: These advanced imaging methods may be used in rare cases to rule out more serious conditions or to plan complex surgical procedures.
• Biopsy: If there’s suspicion of malignancy, a small sample of the cyst may be removed and examined under a microscope.

How can you differentiate a sebaceous cyst from other skin growths? While a definitive diagnosis requires medical evaluation, sebaceous cysts often have distinctive characteristics:

• They are usually round, smooth, and mobile under the skin
• The overlying skin typically appears normal, without discoloration
• They grow slowly over time
• They may have a small, dark “punctum” or opening on the surface

Treatment Options for Sebaceous Cysts: From Conservative Approaches to Surgical Interventions

The management of sebaceous cysts depends on various factors, including the cyst’s size, location, and whether it’s causing symptoms. Treatment options range from conservative measures to surgical interventions:

Conservative Management

For small, asymptomatic cysts, a wait-and-watch approach may be recommended. This involves monitoring the cyst for any changes or complications. Some home remedies and conservative treatments include:

• Warm compresses to promote drainage and reduce inflammation
• Over-the-counter pain relievers for discomfort
• Avoiding irritation or trauma to the area

Minimally Invasive Procedures

For cysts that are bothersome but don’t require full surgical excision, minimally invasive options may be considered:

• Incision and drainage: A small cut is made in the cyst, and its contents are drained. However, this method often results in recurrence.
• Intralesional corticosteroid injection: This can help reduce inflammation and shrink the cyst.

Surgical Excision

Complete surgical removal is the most definitive treatment for sebaceous cysts. This procedure involves:

1. Making an incision over the cyst
2. Carefully dissecting the cyst sac from surrounding tissues
3. Removing the entire cyst, including its wall
4. Closing the incision with sutures

What are the pros and cons of surgical excision for sebaceous cysts? Surgical removal offers several advantages:

• Permanent elimination of the cyst
• Opportunity for histological examination to rule out malignancy
• Improved cosmetic outcome compared to large, visible cysts

However, potential drawbacks include:

• Risk of scarring
• Possible infection or bleeding
• Need for local anesthesia and recovery time

Complications and When to Seek Medical Attention

While sebaceous cysts are generally benign, they can sometimes lead to complications that require prompt medical attention. Being aware of potential issues and knowing when to seek help is crucial for proper management.

Potential Complications

• Infection: Cysts can become infected, leading to redness, warmth, pain, and pus formation.
• Rupture: A cyst may rupture, causing inflammation and increasing the risk of infection.
• Scarring: Especially if a cyst becomes infected or is improperly removed.
• Recurrence: Cysts may return if not completely excised.
• Skin cancer (rare): In extremely rare cases, what appears to be a sebaceous cyst may be a malignant growth.

Warning Signs

Seek medical attention if you notice any of the following:

• Rapid growth or change in size of the cyst
• Severe pain or tenderness
• Redness, warmth, or swelling around the cyst
• Discharge or bleeding from the cyst
• Fever or other signs of systemic infection

How can you differentiate between a normal sebaceous cyst and one that requires immediate medical attention? While some discomfort is normal, severe pain, rapid growth, or signs of infection are red flags that warrant prompt evaluation by a healthcare professional.

Prevention and Self-Care for Sebaceous Cysts

While it’s not always possible to prevent sebaceous cysts, certain measures can reduce your risk and help manage existing cysts:

Preventive Measures

• Maintain good skin hygiene to prevent blockage of sebaceous glands
• Avoid picking or squeezing existing cysts, which can lead to infection or scarring
• Protect your skin from unnecessary trauma or friction
• Manage underlying skin conditions, such as acne, that may contribute to cyst formation

Self-Care Tips

If you have a sebaceous cyst:

1. Keep the area clean and dry
2. Apply warm compresses to promote drainage and reduce inflammation
3. Avoid tight clothing or accessories that may irritate the cyst
4. Monitor the cyst for any changes in size, color, or texture
5. Consider using over-the-counter acne treatments containing salicylic acid or benzoyl peroxide to help prevent new cysts

Can dietary changes help prevent or manage sebaceous cysts? While there’s limited scientific evidence linking diet directly to sebaceous cysts, maintaining a healthy, balanced diet rich in vitamins A and E may support overall skin health. Staying hydrated and avoiding excessive sugar and processed foods may also contribute to better skin function.

Living with Sebaceous Cysts: Coping Strategies and Quality of Life Considerations

Sebaceous cysts, while generally benign, can impact a person’s quality of life, especially when they are visible or in sensitive areas. Understanding how to cope with these growths and maintain a positive outlook is essential for overall well-being.

Emotional Impact

Visible cysts, particularly on the face or neck, may affect self-esteem and body image. It’s important to remember that:

• Sebaceous cysts are common and not a reflection of personal hygiene or health
• Many effective treatment options are available
• Seeking support from friends, family, or support groups can be beneficial

Lifestyle Adaptations

Depending on the location and size of the cyst, you may need to make some lifestyle adjustments:

• Choose clothing that doesn’t irritate the cyst
• Be cautious during physical activities to avoid trauma to the area
• Consider using makeup or other cosmetic products to conceal visible cysts if desired

Communication with Healthcare Providers

Maintain open communication with your healthcare team:

• Discuss your concerns and treatment preferences
• Ask about the latest treatment options and their potential outcomes
• Report any changes in the cyst or new symptoms promptly

How can you build confidence and maintain a positive self-image while dealing with sebaceous cysts? Focus on your overall health and well-being, engage in activities you enjoy, and remember that sebaceous cysts do not define you. If the cysts significantly impact your quality of life, don’t hesitate to discuss treatment options with your healthcare provider.

Advances in Sebaceous Cyst Treatment: Emerging Technologies and Future Directions

The field of dermatology is continuously evolving, with new technologies and techniques emerging for the treatment of skin conditions, including sebaceous cysts. While traditional methods remain effective, innovative approaches are being developed to improve outcomes and patient experiences.

Laser Therapy

Advanced laser treatments are being explored for sebaceous cyst management:

• CO2 lasers can be used to precisely vaporize cyst contents and walls
• Laser-assisted puncture techniques may offer minimally invasive options for drainage

Ultrasound-Guided Treatments

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is being investigated for its potential in non-invasive cyst treatment:

• HIFU may be able to heat and destroy cyst contents without surgery
• Ultrasound guidance can improve accuracy in minimally invasive procedures

Biological Therapies

Research is ongoing into biological treatments that may target the underlying causes of cyst formation:

• Topical agents to regulate sebum production
• Immunomodulators to address inflammatory components of cysts

Improved Surgical Techniques

Advancements in surgical methods aim to reduce scarring and improve outcomes:

• Micro-punch excision techniques for minimal scarring
• Endoscopic approaches for deep or difficult-to-reach cysts

What potential benefits could these emerging treatments offer for sebaceous cyst management? These innovative approaches may provide:

• Less invasive treatment options
• Reduced recovery time and complications
• Improved cosmetic outcomes
• More targeted therapies for recurrent or difficult-to-treat cysts

As research progresses, it’s important to stay informed about new developments and discuss the latest treatment options with your healthcare provider. While many of these techniques are still in experimental stages, they offer promising directions for the future of sebaceous cyst treatment.

Sebaceous Cyst: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Sebaceous Cyst: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

• Health Conditions
  • Featured
    • Breast Cancer
    • IBD
    • Migraine
    • Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
    • Rheumatoid Arthritis
    • Type 2 Diabetes
  • Articles
    • Acid Reflux
    • ADHD
    • Allergies
    • Alzheimer’s & Dementia
    • Bipolar Disorder
    • Cancer
    • Crohn’s Disease
    • Chronic Pain
    • Cold & Flu
    • COPD
    • Depression
    • Fibromyalgia
    • Heart Disease
    • High Cholesterol
    • HIV
    • Hypertension
    • IPF
    • Osteoarthritis
    • Psoriasis
    • Skin Disorders and Care
    • STDs
• Discover
  • Wellness Topics
    • Nutrition
    • Fitness
    • Skin Care
    • Sexual Health
    • Women’s Health
    • Mental Well-Being
    • Sleep
  • Product Reviews
    • Vitamins & Supplements
    • Sleep
    • Mental Health
    • Nutrition
    • At-Home Testing
    • CBD
    • Men’s Health
  • Original Series
    • Fresh Food Fast
    • Diagnosis Diaries
    • You’re Not Alone
    • Present Tense
  • Video Series
    • Youth in Focus
    • Healthy Harvest
    • No More Silence
    • Future of Health
• Plan
  • Health Challenges
    • Mindful Eating
    • Sugar Savvy
    • Move Your Body
    • Gut Health
    • Mood Foods
    • Align Your Spine
  • Find Care
    • Primary Care
    • Mental Health
    • OB-GYN
    • Dermatologists
    • Neurologists
    • Cardiologists
    • Orthopedists
  • Lifestyle Quizzes
    • Weight Management
    • Am I Depressed? A Quiz for Teens
    • Are You a Workaholic?
    • How Well Do You Sleep?
  • Tools & Resources
    • Health News
    • Find a Diet
    • Find Healthy Snacks
    • Drugs A-Z
    • Health A-Z
• Connect
  • • Breast Cancer
    • Inflammatory Bowel Disease
    • Psoriatic Arthritis
    • Migraine
    • Multiple Sclerosis
    • Psoriasis

Medically reviewed by Cynthia Cobb, DNP, APRN, WHNP-BC, FAANP — By Lydia Krause — Updated on February 7, 2023

A sebaceous cyst is typically benign. But you may choose to have a doctor remove it for cosmetic reasons.

Sebaceous cysts are common, noncancerous cysts of the skin. Cysts are atypical growths in your body that may contain liquid or semiliquid material.

Sebaceous cysts are mostly found on your face, neck, or torso. They grow slowly and aren’t life threatening, but they may become uncomfortable if they go unchecked.

Doctors usually diagnose a cyst with only a physical examination and your medical history.

In some cases, a cyst will be examined more thoroughly for signs of cancer.

Share on PinterestSebaceous Cyst at the upper back. Casa nayafana/Shutterstock

Sebaceous cysts form out of your sebaceous gland. The sebaceous gland produces the oil (called sebum) that coats your hair and skin.

Cysts can develop if the gland or its duct (the passage from which the oil is able to leave) becomes damaged or blocked. This usually occurs due to trauma to the area.

The trauma may be a scratch, a surgical wound, or a skin condition, such as acne. Sebaceous cysts grow slowly, so the trauma may have occurred weeks or months before you notice the cyst.

Other causes of a sebaceous cyst may include:

• misshapen or deformed ducts
• damage to the cells during surgery
• genetic conditions, such as Gardner’s syndrome or basal cell nevus syndrome

Small cysts are typically not painful. Large cysts can range from uncomfortable to considerably painful. Large cysts on the face and neck may cause pressure and pain.

This type of cyst is typically filled with white flakes of keratin, which is also a key element that makes up your skin and nails. Most cysts are soft to the touch.

Areas on the body where cysts are usually found include:

• scalp
• face
• neck
• back

A sebaceous cyst is considered atypical — and possibly cancerous — if it has the following characteristics:

• a diameter that’s larger than 5 centimeters
• a fast rate of reoccurrence after being removed
• signs of infection, such as redness, pain, or pus drainage

Your doctor can treat a cyst by draining it or by surgically removing it. Usually, cysts are removed. This doesn’t mean they’re dangerous — it may be for cosmetic reasons.

Since most cysts aren’t harmful to your health, your doctor will allow you to choose the treatment option that works for you.

It’s important to remember that without surgical removal, your cyst will usually come back. The best treatment to ensure complete removal is surgery. However, some people may decide against surgery because it can cause scarring.

Your doctor may use one of the following methods to remove your cyst:

• Conventional wide excision. This completely removes a cyst but can leave a long scar.
• Minimal excision. A method that causes minimal scarring but carries a risk that the cyst will return.
• Laser with punch biopsy excision. This uses a laser to make a small hole to drain the cyst of its contents (the outer walls of the cyst are removed about a month later).

After your cyst is removed, your doctor may give you an antibiotic ointment to prevent infection. You should use this until the healing process is complete. You may also be given a scar cream to reduce the appearance of any surgical scars.

Doctors often diagnose a sebaceous cyst after a simple physical examination. If your cyst is atypical, your doctor may order additional tests to rule out possible cancers. You may also need these tests if you wish to have the cyst surgically removed.

Common tests used for a sebaceous cyst include:

• CT scans, which help your doctor spot atypical characteristics and find the best route for surgery
• ultrasounds, which identify the contents of the cyst
• punch biopsy, which involves removal of a small amount of tissue from the cyst to be examined in a laboratory for signs of cancer

Sebaceous cysts are generally not cancerous. Cysts left untreated can become very large and may eventually require surgical removal if they become uncomfortable.

If you have a complete surgical removal, the cyst will most likely not return in the future.

In rare cases, the removal site may become infected. Contact your doctor if your skin shows any signs of infection, such as redness and pain, or if you develop a fever. Most infections will go away with antibiotics, but some can be deadly if untreated.

Last medically reviewed on December 6, 2021

How we reviewed this article:

Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. We avoid using tertiary references. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy.

• Hoover E, et al. (2020). Physiology, sebaceous glands.
  ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499819/
• Zito PM, et al. (2021). Epidermoid cyst.
  ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499974/

Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.

Current Version

Feb 7, 2023

Written By

Lydia Krause

Edited By

Shannon Ullman

Copy Edited By

Helena Hoayun

Dec 6, 2021

Medically Reviewed By

Cynthia Cobb, DNP, APRN

VIEW ALL HISTORY

Share this article

Medically reviewed by Cynthia Cobb, DNP, APRN, WHNP-BC, FAANP — By Lydia Krause — Updated on February 7, 2023

Read this next

• Answers About the Cyst on Your Forehead

  Medically reviewed by Cynthia Cobb, DNP, APRN, WHNP-BC, FAANP

  Do you have a cyst on your forehead? Are you sure it’s not a lipoma? Learn how to tell the difference and what to do about either one. If it’s a cyst…

  READ MORE

• Epidermoid Cysts

  Medically reviewed by Owen Kramer, MD

  Epidermoid cysts, also called sebaceous, keratin, or epithelial cysts, are small, hard lumps that develop under the skin.

  READ MORE

• Earlobe Cyst

  Medically reviewed by Avi Varma, MD, MPH, AAHIVS, FAAFP

  It’s common to develop painful bumps, called cysts, on and around your earlobes. Cysts can look like pimples, but they’re different. Read on to learn…

  READ MORE

• Perineural Cysts

  Medically reviewed by William Morrison, M.D.

  Perineural cysts, also known as Tarlov cysts, are fluid-filled sacs that form on nerves at the base of spine.

  READ MORE

• Skin Lesion Biopsy

  Medically reviewed by Laura Marusinec, MD

  A skin lesion biopsy is a simple medical procedure in which a sample of your skin is removed and tested in a laboratory.

  READ MORE

• Hard Pimples: Causes, Treatment, and More

  Medically reviewed by Katie Mena, MD

  Chances are you’ve experience a pimple or acne here and there. Knowing the type of pimple you have can be important for treating it. We explain what a…

  READ MORE

• Milium Cysts in Adults and Babies

  Medically reviewed by Cynthia Cobb, DNP, APRN, WHNP-BC, FAANP

  A milium cyst is a small, white bump that typically appears on the nose and cheeks. Multiple cysts are referred to as milia. Milia is most common in…

  READ MORE

• What’s Causing This Skin Lesion?

  A skin lesion is a part of the skin that has an abnormal appearance compared to the skin around it. Discover 21 types of skin lesions, like acne and…

  READ MORE

• Healing Cystic Acne From the Inside Out

  Most acne treatment is an after-thought, so what happens when you treat acne from the inside out? Read how this woman changed her life (and skin) by…

  READ MORE

• What Is Red Light Therapy and How Does It Work?

  Medically reviewed by Cynthia Cobb, DNP, APRN, WHNP-BC, FAANP

  Red light therapy is often touted as a cure-all for many different conditions and illnesses, but does it really work? We dive into its history and…

  READ MORE

Sebaceous Cyst: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Sebaceous Cyst: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

• Health Conditions
  • Featured
    • Breast Cancer
    • IBD
    • Migraine
    • Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
    • Rheumatoid Arthritis
    • Type 2 Diabetes
  • Articles
    • Acid Reflux
    • ADHD
    • Allergies
    • Alzheimer’s & Dementia
    • Bipolar Disorder
    • Cancer
    • Crohn’s Disease
    • Chronic Pain
    • Cold & Flu
    • COPD
    • Depression
    • Fibromyalgia
    • Heart Disease
    • High Cholesterol
    • HIV
    • Hypertension
    • IPF
    • Osteoarthritis
    • Psoriasis
    • Skin Disorders and Care
    • STDs
• Discover
  • Wellness Topics
    • Nutrition
    • Fitness
    • Skin Care
    • Sexual Health
    • Women’s Health
    • Mental Well-Being
    • Sleep
  • Product Reviews
    • Vitamins & Supplements
    • Sleep
    • Mental Health
    • Nutrition
    • At-Home Testing
    • CBD
    • Men’s Health
  • Original Series
    • Fresh Food Fast
    • Diagnosis Diaries
    • You’re Not Alone
    • Present Tense
  • Video Series
    • Youth in Focus
    • Healthy Harvest
    • No More Silence
    • Future of Health
• Plan
  • Health Challenges
    • Mindful Eating
    • Sugar Savvy
    • Move Your Body
    • Gut Health
    • Mood Foods
    • Align Your Spine
  • Find Care
    • Primary Care
    • Mental Health
    • OB-GYN
    • Dermatologists
    • Neurologists
    • Cardiologists
    • Orthopedists
  • Lifestyle Quizzes
    • Weight Management
    • Am I Depressed? A Quiz for Teens
    • Are You a Workaholic?
    • How Well Do You Sleep?
  • Tools & Resources
    • Health News
    • Find a Diet
    • Find Healthy Snacks
    • Drugs A-Z
    • Health A-Z
• Connect
  • • Breast Cancer
    • Inflammatory Bowel Disease
    • Psoriatic Arthritis
    • Migraine
    • Multiple Sclerosis
    • Psoriasis

Medically reviewed by Cynthia Cobb, DNP, APRN, WHNP-BC, FAANP — By Lydia Krause — Updated on February 7, 2023

A sebaceous cyst is typically benign. But you may choose to have a doctor remove it for cosmetic reasons.

Sebaceous cysts are common, noncancerous cysts of the skin. Cysts are atypical growths in your body that may contain liquid or semiliquid material.

Sebaceous cysts are mostly found on your face, neck, or torso. They grow slowly and aren’t life threatening, but they may become uncomfortable if they go unchecked.

Doctors usually diagnose a cyst with only a physical examination and your medical history.

In some cases, a cyst will be examined more thoroughly for signs of cancer.

Share on PinterestSebaceous Cyst at the upper back. Casa nayafana/Shutterstock

Sebaceous cysts form out of your sebaceous gland. The sebaceous gland produces the oil (called sebum) that coats your hair and skin.

Cysts can develop if the gland or its duct (the passage from which the oil is able to leave) becomes damaged or blocked. This usually occurs due to trauma to the area.

The trauma may be a scratch, a surgical wound, or a skin condition, such as acne. Sebaceous cysts grow slowly, so the trauma may have occurred weeks or months before you notice the cyst.

Other causes of a sebaceous cyst may include:

• misshapen or deformed ducts
• damage to the cells during surgery
• genetic conditions, such as Gardner’s syndrome or basal cell nevus syndrome

Small cysts are typically not painful. Large cysts can range from uncomfortable to considerably painful. Large cysts on the face and neck may cause pressure and pain.

This type of cyst is typically filled with white flakes of keratin, which is also a key element that makes up your skin and nails. Most cysts are soft to the touch.

Areas on the body where cysts are usually found include:

• scalp
• face
• neck
• back

A sebaceous cyst is considered atypical — and possibly cancerous — if it has the following characteristics:

• a diameter that’s larger than 5 centimeters
• a fast rate of reoccurrence after being removed
• signs of infection, such as redness, pain, or pus drainage

Your doctor can treat a cyst by draining it or by surgically removing it. Usually, cysts are removed. This doesn’t mean they’re dangerous — it may be for cosmetic reasons.

Since most cysts aren’t harmful to your health, your doctor will allow you to choose the treatment option that works for you.

It’s important to remember that without surgical removal, your cyst will usually come back. The best treatment to ensure complete removal is surgery. However, some people may decide against surgery because it can cause scarring.

Your doctor may use one of the following methods to remove your cyst:

• Conventional wide excision. This completely removes a cyst but can leave a long scar.
• Minimal excision. A method that causes minimal scarring but carries a risk that the cyst will return.
• Laser with punch biopsy excision. This uses a laser to make a small hole to drain the cyst of its contents (the outer walls of the cyst are removed about a month later).

After your cyst is removed, your doctor may give you an antibiotic ointment to prevent infection. You should use this until the healing process is complete. You may also be given a scar cream to reduce the appearance of any surgical scars.

Doctors often diagnose a sebaceous cyst after a simple physical examination. If your cyst is atypical, your doctor may order additional tests to rule out possible cancers. You may also need these tests if you wish to have the cyst surgically removed.

Common tests used for a sebaceous cyst include:

• CT scans, which help your doctor spot atypical characteristics and find the best route for surgery
• ultrasounds, which identify the contents of the cyst
• punch biopsy, which involves removal of a small amount of tissue from the cyst to be examined in a laboratory for signs of cancer

Sebaceous cysts are generally not cancerous. Cysts left untreated can become very large and may eventually require surgical removal if they become uncomfortable.

If you have a complete surgical removal, the cyst will most likely not return in the future.

In rare cases, the removal site may become infected. Contact your doctor if your skin shows any signs of infection, such as redness and pain, or if you develop a fever. Most infections will go away with antibiotics, but some can be deadly if untreated.

Last medically reviewed on December 6, 2021

How we reviewed this article:

Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. We avoid using tertiary references. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy.

• Hoover E, et al. (2020). Physiology, sebaceous glands.
  ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499819/
• Zito PM, et al. (2021). Epidermoid cyst.
  ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499974/

Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available.

Current Version

Feb 7, 2023

Written By

Lydia Krause

Edited By

Shannon Ullman

Copy Edited By

Helena Hoayun

Dec 6, 2021

Medically Reviewed By

Cynthia Cobb, DNP, APRN

VIEW ALL HISTORY

Share this article

Medically reviewed by Cynthia Cobb, DNP, APRN, WHNP-BC, FAANP — By Lydia Krause — Updated on February 7, 2023

Read this next

• Answers About the Cyst on Your Forehead

  Medically reviewed by Cynthia Cobb, DNP, APRN, WHNP-BC, FAANP

  Do you have a cyst on your forehead? Are you sure it’s not a lipoma? Learn how to tell the difference and what to do about either one. If it’s a cyst…

  READ MORE

• Epidermoid Cysts

  Medically reviewed by Owen Kramer, MD

  Epidermoid cysts, also called sebaceous, keratin, or epithelial cysts, are small, hard lumps that develop under the skin.

  READ MORE

• Earlobe Cyst

  Medically reviewed by Avi Varma, MD, MPH, AAHIVS, FAAFP

  It’s common to develop painful bumps, called cysts, on and around your earlobes. Cysts can look like pimples, but they’re different. Read on to learn…

  READ MORE

• Perineural Cysts

  Medically reviewed by William Morrison, M.D.

  Perineural cysts, also known as Tarlov cysts, are fluid-filled sacs that form on nerves at the base of spine.

  READ MORE

• Skin Lesion Biopsy

  Medically reviewed by Laura Marusinec, MD

  A skin lesion biopsy is a simple medical procedure in which a sample of your skin is removed and tested in a laboratory.

  READ MORE

• Hard Pimples: Causes, Treatment, and More

  Medically reviewed by Katie Mena, MD

  Chances are you’ve experience a pimple or acne here and there. Knowing the type of pimple you have can be important for treating it. We explain what a…

  READ MORE

• Milium Cysts in Adults and Babies

  Medically reviewed by Cynthia Cobb, DNP, APRN, WHNP-BC, FAANP

  A milium cyst is a small, white bump that typically appears on the nose and cheeks. Multiple cysts are referred to as milia. Milia is most common in…

  READ MORE

• What’s Causing This Skin Lesion?

  A skin lesion is a part of the skin that has an abnormal appearance compared to the skin around it. Discover 21 types of skin lesions, like acne and…

  READ MORE

• Healing Cystic Acne From the Inside Out

  Most acne treatment is an after-thought, so what happens when you treat acne from the inside out? Read how this woman changed her life (and skin) by…

  READ MORE

• What Is Red Light Therapy and How Does It Work?

  Medically reviewed by Cynthia Cobb, DNP, APRN, WHNP-BC, FAANP

  Red light therapy is often touted as a cure-all for many different conditions and illnesses, but does it really work? We dive into its history and…

  READ MORE

treatment, symptoms and causes of the disease, diagnostics in the “SM-Clinic”

The surgeon deals with the treatment of this disease

• What is atheroma?
• Atheroma symptoms
• Causes of atheroma
• Atheroma diagnostics
• Atheroma treatment
• Doctors

Atheroma can develop on the excretory duct of any sebaceous gland. The sebaceous glands are everywhere except the soles and palms. There are especially many glands on the face, scalp, back between the shoulder blades, chest, and groin. In some areas of the skin, the number of sebaceous glands reaches 900. Therefore, atheroma can have a variety of localization.

Atheroma – a small cavity, not soldered to the skin, easily moves under the skin. Contains a mushy mass, palpable as an elastic, painless ball. This is the result of blockage of the sebaceous gland. Although the excretory duct is blocked, sebum continues to be produced, gradually expanding the duct.

Atheroma increases in size slowly over several years. Patients apply only because of a cosmetic defect, since there are no painful manifestations. Sizes can reach 10 cm or more.

Symptoms of atheroma

A cyst is defined as a soft, round formation that protrudes slightly under the skin. If the contents of the cyst are liquid, then fluctuation (oscillatory movement) is felt. The skin over the atheroma is stretched so much that it cannot be folded. At the top point, a blocked duct can be seen in the form of a black dot. Atheroma is easy to displace relative to neighboring tissues. Education does not give any unpleasant sensations.

If the atheroma is located in a place of close contact with clothing, then scuffs and signs of inflammation may be present.

When located on the scalp, the hair over the atheroma thins and almost always falls out. Due to constant trauma, necrosis (necrosis) often occurs, ulcers form, and slight bleeding occurs. In some patients, the skin over the atheromas on the head becomes dense, cyanotic and painful to the touch.

Causes of atheroma

Blockage of the sebaceous gland occurs for the following reasons:

• genetic – structural features of the sebaceous glands are such that in some glands there is no excretory duct. In this case, the accumulation of sebum begins even in utero, and the born child is covered with atheromas;
• acne, when the mouth of the excretory duct becomes keratinized, and the secretion of the gland becomes more viscous;
• oily seborrhea, when a large amount of sebum forms on the scalp;
• mechanical damage to the gland – boils, cuts, abrasions, scars, permanent hair removal;
• exposure to ionizing radiation;
• ultraviolet irradiation;
• burns and frostbite;
• various hormonal factors resulting from stress.

Usually several pathological mechanisms work simultaneously in one person.

Thus, a blockage can occur for any reason. The resulting secret stretches the duct, and a cavity is obtained. Vessels and nerves are not affected, and the person does not feel anything. However, over time, a dense capsule of connective tissue forms around the swollen cavity. Attempts to puncture and empty the cyst do nothing, as the contents are recruited again and again.

Complicated atheroma is rare, and complications include suppuration. This happens with mechanical pressure or irritation, as well as after independent attempts to empty the cyst. A connective tissue capsule separates the cavity with its contents from the rest of the tissues, and when you try to squeeze it out, it can collapse, and suppuration passes to neighboring areas.

Get advice

If you experience these symptoms, we recommend that you make an appointment with your doctor. Timely consultation will prevent negative consequences for your health.

You can find out more about the disease, prices for treatment and sign up for a consultation with a specialist by phone:

+7 (495) 292-39-72

Request a call back
Book online

Why SM-Clinic?

1

Treatment is carried out in accordance with clinical guidelines

2

Comprehensive assessment of the nature of the disease and treatment prognosis

3

Modern diagnostic equipment and own laboratory

4

High level of service and balanced pricing policy

Diagnosis of atheroma

Diagnosis is carried out by a dermatologist or surgical oncologist. During the examination, the doctor detects characteristic changes, paying attention to the location, mobility and size. The speed at which the cyst formed matters.

In a difficult case, an ultrasound of the soft tissues is performed at the site of the cyst. On ultrasound, a capsule is visible, inside it is a thin cyst and contents. During ultrasound, atheroma is delimited from other similar formations – hygromas (sweat gland cyst), fibromas (connective tissue), lipomas (benign tumor of adipose tissue).

If there is still doubt about the nature of the cyst, a histological analysis (study of the cellular composition) is performed during surgical removal.

Treatment of atheroma

The treatment is complex, since it is necessary not only to remove the cyst with the capsule, but also to choose skin care products to prevent the formation of new cysts.

If the cyst is inflamed, then before surgical treatment, all measures are taken to stop the inflammation. Antibacterial and disinfectants, agents to reduce the formation of sebum are prescribed.

Operative treatment is possible in two variants:

• classical cystectomy — exfoliation of the capsule with a scalpel with a cosmetic suture;
• radio wave removal – high frequency waves evaporate the liquid from the capsule, as a result, the formation is eliminated. This method is preferable because it is not accompanied by bleeding and scarring, but cannot be used in patients with a pacemaker and the presence of metal structures in the body.
• With festering atheroma, pus is first evacuated and the inflammation subsides, and only then the capsule is husked.

The best prevention of atheroma is to see a dermatologist for any skin changes. After the examination, the doctor selects skin care medications that normalize the production of sebum. The entire range of medical services for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of atheroma is available at the SM-Clinic.

>

Diseases referred by the Surgeon

Soft tissue abscess
liver abscess
Appendicitis
Ascites
femoral hernia
Crohn’s disease
Gangrene
soft tissue hematoma
Giant cell tumor of bone
Hygroma
festering wounds
Hernia
Hernia of the white line of the abdomen
hiatal hernia
Diastasis rectus abdominis
Intestinal diverticulosis
Cholelithiasis
Keratoma
liver cyst
pancreatic cyst
salivary gland cyst
Neck cyst
stab wound
stab wound
Lipoma
Mechanical jaundice
Bowel obstruction
burns
Oleogranuloma
kidney tumor
Acute pancreatitis
Felon
Pancreatic necrosis
Inguinal hernia
Peritonitis
Barrett’s esophagus
Postoperative hernia
Umbilical hernia
Cancer of the extrahepatic bile ducts
Stomach cancer
gallbladder cancer
bowel cancer
adrenal cancer
Parathyroid Cancer
Liver cancer
Esophageal carcinoma
colon cancer
thyroid cancer
Fistula of the gallbladder
Seroma
Thyroiditis
Intestinal injury
vein thrombosis
Thrombophlebitis
Furuncle (boil)
Furunculosis
cholestasis
Cholecystitis
Chronic cholecystitis
Esophageal ulcer
Peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum

All doctors

VDNKh metro station

Belorusskaya metro station

Lesnaya, d. 57, bld. 2 m. Sevastopolskaya

m. Chertanovskaya

Krylatskoye metro station

Voykovskaya metro station

Staropetrovsky proezd, 7A, building 22

Clara Zetkin, 33 bldg. 28

Baltiyskaya metro station

Staropetrovsky proezd, 7A, building 22

st. Clara Zetkin, 33 bldg. 28

Maryina Roshcha

Novye Cheryomushki

Vodny Stadion

Ulitsa 1905 Goda

Yugo-Zapadnaya

Sukha revskaya

All doctors

Loading

Licenses

Go to the section of licensesGo to the section of legal information

The surgeon is treating this disease

• About the disease
• Species
• Neck cyst symptoms
• Causes of neck cysts
• Neck cyst diagnosis
• Neck cyst treatment
• Prophylaxis
• Rehabilitation
• Questions and answers
• Doctors

About disease

Recently, congenital malformations of the neck and face have become more common, which may be due to poor environmental conditions (primarily worsening background radiation). Lateral soft tissue cysts are usually diagnosed immediately after birth (often combined with the presence of a fistulous tract), median cysts are diagnosed several years later.

Cervical cysts are not only an aesthetic defect. The inconvenience is also associated with the presence of pathological discharge from the fistula, painful sensations when swallowing. In some cases, neck cysts are accompanied by the development of inflammation. In 1-2% of patients there is also a risk of malignant degeneration.

Treatment involves surgery. Puncture and introduction of sclerosants into the cyst cavity is not very effective.

Species

According to the classification, the following types of neck cysts are distinguished:

• median (central) – located along the central vertical of the neck;
• lateral (lateral) – localized on the right or left.

Congenital cysts of the neck are often accompanied by fistulas. If the fistulous canal has 2 openings (one opens on the skin of the anterior surface of the neck, and the other on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity), then it is complete. A fistula is considered incomplete when there is only 1 fistula.

Neck cyst symptoms

Lateral neck cysts are more common than median cysts. Often they are asymptomatic for a long time. The tumor-like formation usually becomes well visualized when the head is turned to the side contralateral to the cyst. Cystic formation is usually elastic to the touch, not soldered to the surrounding tissues. Subjective symptoms of neck cysts with lateral localization usually appear when the contents are suppurated or when the formation is large, when there is compression of the large vessels and nerves of the neck.

Central cysts are usually located in the space between the superior surface of the thyroid cartilage and the hyoid bone. The position of the cyst can vary, being somewhat away from the midline, above the hyoid bone, below the upper edge of the thyroid cartilage.

Median cysts of the neck are usually round, elastic to the touch and little mobile. They move a little when swallowing. In the absence of complications, the skin over the cyst is not changed, while the skin can be taken in a fold. When feeling the formation of pain is absent. As a rule, the size of the central cysts is usually 20-40 mm. With suppuration of the median cyst, the likelihood of the formation of a fistulous tunnel increases. Fistulas are formed when pus finds a way out (the fistulous opening is located on the front surface of the neck. The fistulous discharge can periodically irritate the skin and lead to its maceration.

Causes of a cyst in the neck

Causes of a cyst in the neck are associated with a deviation from the normal course of the embryonic period.

• Lateral cysts. It is believed that their formation is due to the non-closure of the gill furrows. As a rule, this pathological process is associated with the action of unfavorable factors on the embryo at the 4-6th week of development.
• Median cysts. It is believed that they develop as a result of a delay in the reverse development (reduction) of the prenatal existing thyroid duct (it extends from the blind opening of the tongue to the thyroid gland). If this duct does not undergo reverse development, then it can transform into derivatives such as the pyramidal process of the thyroid gland, accessory thyroid glands, cysts and fistulas. The impact of unfavorable factors on the embryo at the 6-7th week of development creates prerequisites for the formation of median cysts.

Get advice

If you experience these symptoms, we recommend that you make an appointment with your doctor. Timely consultation will prevent negative consequences for your health.

To learn more about the disease, prices for treatment and sign up for a consultation with a specialist, you can call:

+7 (495) 292-39-72

Request a call back
Book online

Why SM-Clinic?

1

Treatment is carried out in accordance with clinical guidelines

2

Comprehensive assessment of the nature of the disease and treatment prognosis

3

Modern diagnostic equipment and own laboratory

4

High level of service and balanced pricing policy

Neck cyst diagnosis

In order to diagnose and differential diagnosis of cysts and fistulas of the neck, paraclinical studies are carried out to exclude the specific nature of the pathological formations of the anterior surface of the neck.

• Contrast radiography – allows you to determine the size of the cyst, the nature of its structure, the presence of lateral branches, connection with the hyoid bone.
• Ultrasound scanning – ultrasound shows the size of the formation, its structure and connection with nearby organs.
• Computed (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – performed in complex clinical cases and allows you to assess in detail what the cyst looks like and what signs are characteristic of it.
• Puncture and cytological examination of the contents.

The final diagnosis of neck cysts is based on imaging data. And sometimes a morphological assessment of the cellular composition is also required.

Expert opinion

Although central cysts and fistulas of the neck are prenatal anomalies, they are rarely detected immediately after birth. As a rule, they are diagnosed in childhood or adolescence, sometimes even in adulthood. This feature is due to the fact that the central cysts increase in size very slowly, usually within 8-10 years. As practice shows, most often the time interval from the onset of the first symptoms to the visit to the doctor is from 6 months to 3 years.

Shikhaleva Natalya Gennadievna

Traumatologist-orthopedist, plastic surgeon, doctor of the highest category, MD

Treatment of neck cysts

Treatment of neck cysts is performed surgically.

Conservative treatment

The introduction of sclerosing agents into the cyst cavity is not very effective, so this method is practically not used at present.

Surgical treatment

Recently, in operations to remove median cysts and fistulas of the neck, doctors have begun to use microsurgical technology. The method allows you to consider in more detail all possible branches of the fistulous tract or strand and radically excise them, isolate the fistula or cyst from soldered and scar tissue.

Prevention

Pregravid preparation and creation of optimal conditions for prolonging pregnancy (reducing the risk of infectious diseases in a pregnant woman, protection from radiation, providing the body of a pregnant woman with vitamins and minerals, avoiding the unreasonable use of drugs) can reduce the likelihood of formation of neck cysts.

Rehabilitation

After surgery, the patient is recommended to come for dressings and antiseptic treatment of the surgical wound. This helps to create optimal conditions for tissue repair and wound healing.

Questions and Answers

Diagnosis and treatment of this condition is done by a general surgeon, orthopedic traumatologist, and in some cases the assistance of an oral and maxillofacial surgeon is also required.

The contents of the cysts are viscous, opaque with a yellowish tint. The inflammatory process to which cysts are subject leads to the formation of persistent fistulas. Very often, the inflammatory process in cysts is provoked by viral colds and foci of chronic infection of the pharynx (chronic tonsillitis, chronic pharyngitis, hypertrophy of the lingual tonsil). Neck cysts can also suppurate and undergo malignant transformation.

Bogdanov K.P. About median cysts and fistulas of the neck. Anatomical and topographic characteristics: author. dis. … cand. honey. Sciences. – M., 1963. – 14 p.

Kiselev A.S., Pazhetnev A.N. Branchiogenic brushes and fistulas of the neck and face // Ros. otorhinolaryngitis – 2007. – No. 5. – P. 91–94.

Shulga I. A., Zheleznov A. M., Shulga A. I. Median cysts and fistulas of the neck, their surgical treatment. – Orenburg, 2007. – 116 p.

>

Diseases in the referral of a surgeon

Soft tissue abscess
liver abscess
Appendicitis
Ascites
Atheroma
femoral hernia
Crohn’s disease
Gangrene
soft tissue hematoma
Giant cell tumor of bone
Hygroma
festering wounds
Hernia
Hernia of the white line of the abdomen
hiatal hernia
Diastasis rectus abdominis
Intestinal diverticulosis
Cholelithiasis
Keratoma
liver cyst
pancreatic cyst
salivary gland cyst
stab wound
stab wound
Lipoma
Mechanical jaundice
Bowel obstruction
burns
Oleogranuloma
kidney tumor
Acute pancreatitis
Felon
Pancreatic necrosis
Inguinal hernia
Peritonitis
Barrett’s esophagus
Postoperative hernia
Umbilical hernia
Cancer of the extrahepatic bile ducts
Stomach cancer
gallbladder cancer
bowel cancer
adrenal cancer
Parathyroid Cancer
Liver cancer
Esophageal carcinoma
colon cancer
thyroid cancer
Fistula of the gallbladder
Seroma
Thyroiditis
Intestinal injury
vein thrombosis
Thrombophlebitis
Furuncle (boil)
Furunculosis
cholestasis
Cholecystitis
Chronic cholecystitis
Esophageal ulcer
Peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum

All doctors

VDNKh metro station

Belorusskaya metro station

Lesnaya, d.