Sepsis – Symptoms & causes

Overview

Sepsis is a serious condition in which the body responds improperly to an infection. The infection-fighting processes turn on the body, causing the organs to work poorly.

Sepsis may progress to septic shock. This is a dramatic drop in blood pressure that can damage the lungs, kidneys, liver and other organs. When the damage is severe, it can lead to death.

Early treatment of sepsis improves chances for survival.

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Symptoms

Symptoms of sepsis

Symptoms of sepsis may include:

• Change in mental status.
• Fast, shallow breathing.
• Sweating for no clear reason.
• Feeling lightheaded.
• Shivering.
• Symptoms specific to the type of infection, such as painful urination from a urinary tract infection or worsening cough from pneumonia.

Symptoms of sepsis are not specific. They can vary from person to person, and sepsis may appear differently in children than in adults.

Symptoms of septic shock

Sepsis may progress to septic shock. Septic shock is a severe drop in blood pressure. Progression to septic shock raises the risk of death. Symptoms of septic shock include:

• Not being able to stand up.
• Strong sleepiness or hard time staying awake.
• Major change in mental status, such as extreme confusion.

When to see a doctor

Any infection could lead to sepsis. Go to a health care provider if you have symptoms of sepsis or an infection or wound that isn’t getting better.

Symptoms such as confusion or fast breathing need emergency care.

Causes

Any type of infection can lead to sepsis. This includes bacterial, viral or fungal infections. Those that more commonly cause sepsis include infections of:

• Lungs, such as pneumonia.
• Kidney, bladder and other parts of the urinary system.
• Digestive system.
• Bloodstream.
• Catheter sites.
• Wounds or burns.

Risk factors

Some factors that increase the risk infection will lead to sepsis include:

• People over age 65.
• Infancy.
• People with lower immune response, such as those being treated for cancer or people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
• People with chronic diseases, such as diabetes, kidney disease or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
• Admission to intensive care unit or longer hospital stays.
• Devices that go in the body, such as catheters in the vein, called intravenous, or breathing tubes.
• Treatment with antibiotics in the last 90 days.
• A condition that requires treatment with corticosteroids, which can lower immune response.

Complications

As sepsis worsens, vital organs, such as the brain, heart and kidneys, don’t get as much blood as they should. Sepsis may cause atypical blood clotting. The resulting small clots or burst blood vessels may damage or destroy tissues.

Most people recover from mild sepsis, but the mortality rate for septic shock is about 30% to 40%. Also, an episode of severe sepsis raises the risk for future infections.

Signs of Infection: Symptoms and Treatments

A bacterial infection occurs when bacteria enter your body and begin to multiply.

Not all bacteria are bad. In fact, various species of bacteria begin to colonize our bodies shortly after we’re born. These bacteria are harmless and can offer us benefits sometimes, like helping with digestion.

Some types of bacteria, referred to as pathogenic bacteria, are harmful to us. When they infect us, they can cause disease.

Some of these infections can become serious, so be sure to see your doctor if you think you have a bacterial infection. For example, a minor skin infection may develop into cellulitis if left untreated.

Additionally, some infections can lead to a life-threatening condition called sepsis. It’s an extreme response by your body to an infection.

Below, we’ll explore some of the signs and symptoms of a bacterial infection in cuts, burns, and within the body.

Signs and symptoms of a bacterial infection may vary depending on the location of the infection and the type of bacteria that’s causing it. However, some general symptoms of a bacterial infection include:

• fever
• feeling tired or fatigued
• swollen lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, or groin
• headache
• nausea or vomiting

Cuts

Your skin is your body’s first defense against infection. Breaks in the skin, like cuts, scrapes, or surgical incisions, can provide an entryway into the body for bacteria.

Symptoms of an infected cut or wound can include:

• redness in the area of the wound, particularly if it spreads or forms a red streak
• swelling or warmth in the affected area
• pain or tenderness at or around the site of the wound
• pus forming around or oozing from the wound
• fever
• swollen lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, or groin
• delayed wound healing

Burns

Burns happen when the tissues of your body are exposed to things like heat, radiation, or chemicals. Burns can vary in severity, from only affecting the top layer of skin to reaching layers of tissue deep beneath the skin.

People with burns are at risk for developing complications, such as a bacterial infection. Symptoms that a burn has become infected include:

• an increase in pain or discomfort around the affected area
• redness in the area of the burn, especially if it begins to spread or form a red streak
• swelling or warmth in the affected area
• fluid or pus oozing from the burn site
• a bad smell around the burn

If your burn causes a blister to form, that area is at risk of becoming infected if the blister bursts.

In the body

Bacteria can cause a variety of other infections in your body.

Below is just a small sampling of infections you may already be familiar with. As you can see, the symptoms for these infections vary by the type of bacteria causing the infection and the part of your body that’s affected.

Strep throat

Strep throat is an infection of the throat caused by a type of bacteria called group A Streptococcus. Symptoms include:

• sore throat
• difficulty swallowing
• red or white patches on the back of the throat
• headache
• loss of appetite

Urinary tract infection

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) occur when bacteria from your rectum or skin enter your urinary tract. UTI symptoms can include:

• a burning sensation when urinating
• having to urinate frequently
• cloudy urine
• abdominal cramps
• fever

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in your lungs. Bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause it. Symptoms of pneumonia include:

• cough
• pain in your chest
• fever
• sweating or chills
• shortness of breath
• feeling tired or fatigued

Food poisoning

Food poisoning can happen when you consume food or water that’s been contaminated with bacteria. Some types of bacteria that cause food poisoning include Escherichia coli, Listeria, and Salmonella. Symptoms can include:

• nausea or vomiting
• diarrhea
• abdominal cramps
• fever

Bacterial meningitis

Meningitis is inflammation of the tissues that surround the brain and spinal cord. Bacterial meningitis can develop from several types of bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis. Symptoms include:

• headache
• stiff neck
• fever
• nausea or vomiting
• confusion
• sensitivity to light

Sepsis

An untreated bacterial infection can also put you at risk for developing a life-threatening condition called sepsis.

Sepsis occurs when an infection causes an extreme reaction in your body. The bacteria most likely to cause sepsis include Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and some types of Streptococcus.

Sepsis is always a medical emergency. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience any of the following:

• shortness of breath
• fast heart rate
• fever
• being in severe pain or discomfort
• chills or sweating
• confusion

Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections. These medications target specific bacterial processes and can either kill bacteria or prevent them from multiplying.

There are many different classes of antibiotics available. The antibiotic a healthcare provider prescribes you will depend on the type of bacteria causing your infection. This is because some bacteria may be susceptible to a specific antibiotic, but others may not.

If your infection is mild, you’ll likely be given an oral course of antibiotics. Always be sure to take your entire course of antibiotics, even if you begin to feel better. Not finishing your antibiotics can cause some bacteria to survive, and your infection may come back.

If your infection is serious, you may need to be treated in a hospital. In this case, stronger antibiotics may be given via an IV.

In addition to taking antibiotics, treatment can also involve easing your symptoms. For example, taking pain-relief medication for a headache or aches and pains, or taking an anti-diarrheal to help stop diarrhea.

Be sure to follow the tips below to prevent bacterial infections:

• Get vaccinated. Many bacterial infections are vaccine-preventable, such as whooping cough, tetanus, and bacterial meningitis.
• Moisturize your skin. Dry skin can crack, which can allow bacteria in.
• Practice good hygiene. Wash your hands frequently, especially before eating and after using the bathroom. If your hands aren’t clean, avoid touching your face, nose, or mouth. Taking regular baths and showers can also help wash off potentially harmful bacteria from your skin.
• Avoid sharing personal items. Sharing things like toothbrushes or drinking glasses can transmit bacteria.
• Cook food to the correct temperature. Eating raw or undercooked food can lead to food poisoning.
• Keep wounds clean. Make sure wounds are cleaned as soon as possible. Only touch the area of the wound with clean hands, and avoid picking or scratching. If you have a bandage or dressing, be sure to change it regularly or according to your doctor’s instructions.
• Use antibiotic ointment. If you have a wound, using Neosporin can help keep bacteria out. Make sure you only apply a thin layer to the site with clean hands.
• Practice safe sex. Many sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as gonorrhea and chlamydia, are caused by bacteria. Wear a condom and get regular STI screenings.

Always make an appointment with your doctor if you have:

• difficulty breathing
• a persistent cough, or coughing up pus
• unexplained redness or swelling of the skin, especially if the redness is expanding or forms a red streak
• a persistent fever
• frequent vomiting and trouble holding liquids down
• nausea or vomiting that’s causing dehydration
• blood in urine, vomit, or stool
• severe abdominal pain or cramping
• severe headache
• a sore throat that lasts longer than two days
• a cut, incision, or burn that appears to be infected

You can connect to a physician in your area using the Healthline FindCare tool.

Bacteria can cause a variety of infections in your body. Because bacterial infections can become serious if left untreated, it’s very important to know what signs and symptoms to look out for.

If you suspect that you have a bacterial infection, make an appointment with your doctor. The sooner you get treatment, the sooner you can feel start feeling better.

The main symptoms of the disease: how to recognize the disease

Contents

• 1 The main signs of the disease: how to recognize them and what to do
  • 1.1 General information
  • 1.2 Signs of organ dysfunction
  • 1.3 Symptoms of inflammatory processes 9 0004
  • 1.3.1 Temperature increase body
  • 1.3.2 Edema
  • 1.3.3 Redness of the skin
• 1.4 Symptoms of infectious diseases
• 1.5 Symptoms of chronic diseases
  • 1.5.1 Persistent fatigue
  • 1.5.2 Pain in various parts of the body
  • 1.5.3 Periodic dizziness
  • 1. 5.4 Constant itching of the skin
  • 1.5.5 Permanent shortness of breath 9000 8
• 1.6 Symptoms of cancer
• 1.7 Allergic reactions: how to recognize them?
  • 1.7.1 Symptoms of allergic reactions:
• 1.8 Symptoms of neurological diseases
  • 1.8.1 Headache and dizziness
  • 1.8.2 Impaired coordination and balance
  • 1.8.3 Facial asymmetry and paralysis
  • 1.8.4 Sensory disorders
• 1.9 Symptoms of mental disorders
  • 1.9 .1 Change in mood
  • 1.9.2 Change in thinking and behavior
  • 1.9.3 Stigma and social exclusion
  • 1.9.4 Physical symptoms
• 1.10 Other symptoms of disease
• 1.11 What to do when symptoms appear
• 1.12 Related videos:
• 1.13 Q&A:
  • • 1.13.0.1 How to recognize the symptoms of the disease?
    • 1.13.0.2 What are the main symptoms of the disease that may indicate stomach problems?
    • 1. 13.0.3 What symptoms may indicate heart problems?
    • 1.13.0.4 What symptoms should I see a doctor immediately?
    • 1.13.0.5 What symptoms indicate infectious diseases?
    • 1.13.0.6 What symptoms may indicate disorders in the functioning of the nervous system?

An article about the main signs of diseases: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Find out what symptoms can indicate serious illnesses and what to do if they appear. Useful information for caring people who want to preserve their health and the health of loved ones.

We all would like our body to be invulnerable and never get sick, but in life this is not the case. The body is a complex machine that can succumb to various diseases and sometimes it is even difficult to understand what exactly is happening to us. The main symptoms of the disease can help us recognize the disease in time and consult a doctor for qualified help.

In this article we will look at the main symptoms of the disease that we may experience at different times and which may indicate various diseases. We will learn to identify them and understand how to act in such a situation.

We should not ignore our bodily signals, because sometimes diseases can take many forms and manifest themselves in unexpected ways. Remember that an advanced disease can lead to more serious consequences, so never put off a visit to the doctor.

General information

Diseases can appear in people at any age and can be caused by various reasons. They can be passed on in genetic forms or acquired through infection, and they can also be caused by internal problems in the body. Very often, diseases are disguised as other diseases or manifest themselves very weakly, which makes it difficult to diagnose and treat them.

One of the common symptoms in various diseases is elevated body temperature, which indicates the presence of some infection in the body. In addition, other symptoms such as: headache, dizziness, sleep disturbance, nausea, appetite disturbance and swollen lymph nodes may also indicate the presence of an illness or infection in the body. It is important to know that when these symptoms appear, you need to seek medical help and get professional advice to prevent possible complications and progression of the disease.

Signs of dysfunction of organs

Each organ performs its own functions that support the vital activity of the body. Abnormalities in the functioning of the organs can manifest themselves in different symptoms that will help determine exactly where the problem arose.

Lack of oxygen, problems with hearing or vision, rapid fatigue may indicate impaired lung function. Jaundice, bitterness in the mouth, pain in the sides may indicate liver problems. Problems with urination, back pain, swelling may be associated with impaired kidney function.

Heart problems can cause shortness of breath, weakness, dizziness, chest pain. Iron deficiency can be manifested by general weakness, pallor of the skin, soreness of the tongue. Digestive disorders can cause belching, constipation, diarrhea, and an enlarged abdomen.

• Important: If you think you have problems with any part of your body, be sure to see your doctor. Appeal only to trusted medical sources, and do not self-medicate.

Symptoms of inflammatory processes

Increased body temperature

Inflammatory processes are accompanied by an increase in body temperature. The body fights infection by speeding up metabolism and producing heat. An increase in temperature may be accompanied by chills, sweating and weakness of the body.

Edema

Inflammation of organs is often accompanied by edema. The body disrupts the balance of fluid and salts in the body and begins to retain fluid in the tissues. Edema may occur at the site of organ damage or spread to neighboring tissues.

Redness of the skin

Inflammation triggers the activity of the immune system, which, fighting infection, dilates blood vessels and causes redness. Open wounds and cuts become inflamed and bleed, with redness.

1. fever
2. edema
3. reddening of the skin

Symptoms of infectious diseases

Infectious diseases may present with various symptoms, but some of them are specific to this category of diseases.

• Fever – elevated body temperature above normal is a common symptom of infectious diseases.
• Sore throat – A feeling of discomfort and pain when swallowing may be the first sign of an infectious disease such as tonsillitis or pharyngitis.
• Cough – Infectious diseases such as the flu or the common cold can cause severe cough and runny nose.
• Loss of appetite – in infectious diseases, there may be a decrease in love for food and a decrease in food intake.
• Headache – may accompany many infectious diseases including meningitis and influenza.

If you notice any of these symptoms, you should see a doctor. He will conduct an examination and make the correct diagnosis, establishing the type of disease and prescribing treatment.

Symptoms of chronic disease

Persistent fatigue

One of the first symptoms of chronic disease is fatigue that does not go away even after a good rest. It may be accompanied by weakness, drowsiness, impaired concentration and memory. Prolonged fatigue can be a sign of diseases such as depression, chronic fatigue syndrome, thyroid dysfunction, and others.

Pain in various parts of the body

Many chronic diseases are accompanied by pain. They can occur in various places on the body, such as the joints, muscles, head, abdomen, or chest. The intensity of pain can vary from mild to severe. Pain can be a sign of diseases such as arthritis, migraine, colitis, etc.

Periodic dizziness

Dizziness is a common manifestation of chronic diseases. They can occur both during exercise and at rest. Dizziness may be accompanied by tinnitus, nausea and vomiting. They can be a sign of diseases such as hypertension, hypotension, cervical osteochondrosis, etc.

Constant itching of the skin

Constant itching of the skin can be a sign of various diseases such as eczema, psoriasis, etc. It can be very unpleasant, irritating and sometimes even painful. Itching may be aggravated by changes in temperature, by contact with water, or after food allergic reactions.

Persistent shortness of breath

Persistent shortness of breath is one of the most common symptoms of chronic diseases. Shortness of breath can occur both after physical exertion and at rest. It can be a sign of diseases such as bronchitis, asthma, COPD, etc. Shortness of breath can be accompanied by cough, weight loss and general weakness.

Cancer symptoms

Cancer is a dangerous disease that can affect any part of the body. However, it is not always possible to immediately determine the presence of cancer. Doctors recommend that you carefully monitor your health and be aware of possible symptoms that may indicate the initial stages of cancer.

Cancer symptoms may include:

• Fatigue and weakness – The presence of cancer can cause constant weakness, no matter how much a person rests.
• Rapid weight loss – It can be caused by many things, including cancer. If you’ve lost weight without putting in much effort, see your doctor.
• Lymph nodes – swelling of the lymph nodes, special glands responsible for cleaning the body of bacteria and other harmful microorganisms, may indicate the presence of a tumor.
• Changing the size and shape of the breast is a fairly common sign of cancer, which can lead to thrush and benign breast tumor disease.

Early medical attention can save lives so don’t ignore suspicious symptoms. The sooner you learn about the presence of oncology, the greater the chances of its successful treatment.

Allergic reactions: how to recognize them?

Symptoms of allergic reactions:

• Skin manifestations: reddish spots, peeling of the skin, itching or redness of the skin, local swelling, urticaria.
• Runny nose: runny nose, stuffy nose, sneezing and itchy nose.
• Cough: dry cough that may become wet with sputum.
• Redness of the eyes: itching, watering, redness of the eyes, feeling of sand in the eyes.
• Stomach and intestinal problems: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea.

If you have any of these symptoms, chances are you are having an allergic reaction. In this case, it is necessary to seek medical help to clarify the diagnosis and prescribe the correct treatment. It is important to remember that if you are allergic to certain substances, the reactions can be so intense that they can be life-threatening, so if you have serious symptoms, you should definitely consult a doctor.

Symptoms of neurological diseases

Headache and dizziness

Headache is one of the most common symptoms of neurological diseases. It can be acute or aching, localized in different parts of the head. In addition, dizziness may be associated with diseases of the nervous system, such as migraine, Meniere’s disease.

Impaired coordination and balance

Patients with neurological diseases often experience problems with coordination and balance. This can manifest itself in the form of an unsteady gait, fainting, bouts of dizziness.

Facial asymmetries and paralysis

Neurological disorders such as stroke or brain disease can cause abnormalities in muscle tone and facial asymmetry. In this case, paralysis of the muscles of the face may appear, which can be a sign of a severe neurological disease.

Sensory disturbances

Often neurological diseases are manifested by sensory disturbances in the body. Patients may feel numbness, tingling, or burning in the extremities. This symptom can be associated with both diseases of the peripheral nervous system and diseases of the central nervous system.

• Important to know: many neurological diseases have similar symptoms, so if you have any doubtful manifestations, you should consult a doctor.
• Important to remember: any disease is easier to treat in the early stages, so do not put off a visit to the doctor if you have any of these symptoms.

Symptoms of mental disorders

Mood changes

A person with a mental disorder can often feel oppressive emptiness and unbearable life, have constant anxiety and restlessness. In some cases, on the contrary, there is euphoria, periods of unrestrained fun and hyperactivity.

Changes in thinking and behavior

A person with a mental illness may experience changes in daily activities and thinking. Among the symptoms of violation may be crazy ideas, inadequate self-esteem and faith in one’s size, or, conversely, low self-esteem and despair.

Stigma and social exclusion

Most people with mental illness experience stigma and social misunderstanding. This can lead to social isolation as well as depression and poor mental health.

Physical symptoms

In addition to the mental symptoms, physical manifestations of the disease can be added, such as changes in appetite, frequent abdominal pain, headaches, insomnia and fatigue. This can be caused both by the direct impact of the disease on the physical state of the body, and by psychosomatic symptoms.

• Mood changes – oppressive emptiness, anxiety, euphoria
• Changes in behavior and thinking – crazy ideas, inadequate self-esteem, low self-esteem
• Social isolation and stigmatization – social misunderstanding, social isolation, depression
• Physical symptoms – changes in appetite, abdominal pain, insomnia, fatigue

Other symptoms of disease

90 002 Other than the main symptoms that are mentioned in most cases , diseases can manifest themselves with other signs.

• Body aches — this symptom can accompany many diseases, including colds.
• Sleep disorders – insomnia, frequent waking up and other similar symptoms may indicate various diseases, including nervous and mental disorders.
• Pain in different parts of the body – pulling, paroxysmal, throbbing or any other pain sensations may indicate the presence of an inflammatory process in the body, trauma or even oncological pathology.
• Feeling unwell and general weakness – Frequent feelings of tiredness and unexplained weakness can also be associated with the presence of a disease and may require diagnosis.

SymptomsPossible diseases

If you notice any unusual symptoms along with the main manifestations of diseases, be sure to consult a doctor to determine the causes and prescribe adequate treatment.

What to do when symptoms appear

Do not ignore the symptoms!

If you notice that you are starting to develop any unusual symptoms, do not postpone your visit to the doctor until later. The sooner you seek medical help, the more likely you are to quickly and successfully cure the disease.

Make an appointment with a doctor

Once you have assessed your condition, you need to find a good doctor in your area and make an appointment. If you find it difficult to choose, you can refer to the recommendations of friends and acquaintances or to online patient reviews.

Follow your doctor’s instructions

After your doctor’s visit, you will be assigned various tests based on your condition. It is important to strictly follow all the recommendations of a specialist: take prescribed drugs, observe the daily regimen, eat according to the doctor’s recommendations.

Monitor your condition

It is useless to prescribe treatment if you do not follow the daily routine and do not monitor your condition. If you notice a deterioration, be sure to inform your doctor about it: timely adjustments to the treatment will allow you to get rid of the disease faster.

Do not self-medicate!

It is forbidden to self-medicate, invent diagnoses and prescribe your own therapy: this can lead to unpredictable consequences. Treatment should be prescribed and supervised by a qualified specialist.

Related videos:

Q&A:

How to recognize the symptoms of the disease?

Symptoms of the disease can manifest themselves in various ways: changes in appetite, fever, body pain, etc. If you notice these changes in yourself, consult a doctor who will help you determine the cause and prescribe treatment.

What are the main symptoms of the disease that may indicate problems with the stomach?

The main symptoms of stomach diseases are: nausea, vomiting, digestive problems, abdominal pain, changes in taste preferences, etc. If you notice one or more of these symptoms, consult a doctor.

What symptoms can indicate heart problems?

The main symptoms that may indicate a heart problem are shortness of breath, chest pain, rapid pulse, dizziness, and trouble sleeping. If you have these symptoms, don’t put off seeing a cardiologist.

What symptoms should I see a doctor immediately?

Seek immediate medical attention if you have severe chest pain, loss of consciousness, trouble breathing, etc. This may indicate a serious medical condition requiring urgent medical attention.

What symptoms indicate infectious diseases?

Symptoms of infectious diseases: fever, weakness, runny nose, cough, sore throat, etc. If you notice one or more of these symptoms, contact your doctor for proper treatment.

What symptoms may indicate disorders in the functioning of the nervous system?

The main symptoms that may indicate disorders in the nervous system: headaches, dizziness, loss of balance, tremors, impaired perception, memory changes, etc. If you have these symptoms, consult a neurologist.

Center for Infectious Diseases in Moscow – International Clinic Medica24

A person is constantly surrounded by a whole “zoo”. There are many microorganisms in the air around us, on our skin, on the mucous membranes, in the intestines, on the genitals. Many of them are harmless, at least as long as the person’s immunity is working normally. Some are moderately aggressive and attack only when the immune system is weakened. Others show aggression at the first meeting and cause serious diseases.

Infections can be caused by pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi. Some are acute, others are chronic. Banal ARI usually resolves within a few days, even if no treatment is given. Some infections are severe, leading to serious complications. There are also completely incurable ones, for example, rabies.

Mankind was able to defeat many terrible infections with the help of vaccines and antibiotics, but even today infectious diseases remain very common. Sometimes their untimely treatment leads to the most serious consequences.

Diseases caused by pathogens are diagnosed and treated by infectious disease doctors. Many other doctors also have to deal with infections: general practitioners, dermatovenereologists, surgeons, neurologists, ENT doctors, pulmonologists, gynecologists.

With what symptoms do they turn to infectious disease specialists?

Any infectious disease has common manifestations and symptoms associated directly with the source of infection. Typical general symptoms: malaise, weakness, fever, lack of appetite, muscle and bone pain, fatigue, headaches.

Respiratory infections cause runny nose, sneezing, coughing. In more serious cases, shortness of breath, pain in the chest, and sputum of a “rusty” color comes out during coughing. Such signs may indicate inflammation of the lungs – pneumonia.

With intestinal infections, the stomach hurts, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, frequent urge to defecate. The stool becomes liquid, its color changes, an admixture of pus, blood may appear in it, the smell becomes very unpleasant. If the stomach hurts, it is often necessary to exclude surgical pathology in the first place. The patient is referred for a consultation with a surgeon.

Skin infections manifest as rash, vesicles, pustules, peeling, redness, spots, itching, soreness. A special category of infectious diseases is STIs (sexually transmitted infections). They are treated by dermatovenereologists.

Dangerous infections of the nervous system – meningitis and encephalitis. There is a severe headache, nausea and vomiting, muscle cramps, impaired consciousness. If the patient is not provided with timely medical assistance, he may die due to cerebral edema.

Pain under the right rib, jaundice, dark urine, light stool – these symptoms may indicate viral hepatitis. Viral hepatitis C is especially dangerous – it is not by chance that it was nicknamed the “gentle killer”.

HIV infection does not manifest itself for a long time – only symptoms of a mild cold and weakness may occur. Over time, severe complications develop due to a decrease in immunity. Regular testing will help detect the immunodeficiency virus in time.

Some micro-organisms cause specific infections and should be treated by a highly specialized physician. For example, TB doctors specialize exclusively in tuberculosis.

One of the causes of chronic and often recurrent infections can be a weakened immune system. In such cases, the infectious disease specialist will refer the patient for a consultation with an immunologist-allergist.

Resting in warm countries, you can “catch” an exotic virus or bacterium. If, after a vacation under palm trees, you began to be disturbed by symptoms resembling an infectious disease, it is worth visiting a doctor.

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What diagnostic methods are used for infectious diseases?

An infectious disease doctor may prescribe:

• General clinical tests of blood, urine, and sometimes cerebrospinal fluid. By the total number and change in the ratios of different types of leukocytes – white blood cells – we can conclude that the infection is viral or bacterial in nature.
• Sometimes a biochemical blood test is needed – it helps to identify changes in metabolism, the work of internal organs caused by infection.
• In bacterial infections, bacteriological studies are of great importance – they help not only to “identify” the pathogen, but also to assess its sensitivity to antibacterial drugs.
• Serological tests help to detect antibodies in the blood that the body produces in response to the introduction of a particular pathogen.
• Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the genes of the infectious agent are determined.

If you need to assess the condition of the affected organ, the infectious disease doctor will turn to the help of ultrasound, radiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and other diagnostic methods.

Even mild infections sometimes lead to serious complications. Consult a doctor, an infectious disease specialist will prescribe the necessary examination and proper treatment. Call: +7 (495) 120-19-58.

Sometimes infectious disease doctors jokingly say that all illnesses, except for injuries, are somehow related to infections. There is some truth in every joke: indeed, infectious diseases are widespread, pathogenic microbes can settle and start hosting in any organ, in any part of the body.

Some infections are not particularly dangerous. For example, a banal acute respiratory disease usually lasts about 5 days, and then goes away on its own. Treatment consists only in the removal of symptoms. Other infectious diseases, such as meningitis, are severe and can lead to serious complications, up to the death of the patient.

Depending on the duration of the course, all infections are divided into acute and chronic. In acute infectious diseases, symptoms appear quickly, are strongly pronounced, but do not last long. In the chronic form, the manifestations are less pronounced, but disturb for a long time. With an undulating course, a temporary improvement periodically occurs, the person feels practically healthy, but then an exacerbation occurs again.

What are the types of infections?

Some infectious diseases have common features, doctors classify them into separate groups:

• “Children’s” infections. They are called so because they are most often carried in childhood (at 7–8 years). This group includes: chickenpox, whooping cough, diphtheria, rubella, scarlet fever, poliomyelitis, mumps (“mumps”). There are vaccines against many of them.
• Acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI). They are also often called acute respiratory infections (ARI). The most famous member of this group is influenza.
• Intestinal infections. This group includes: salmonellosis, dysentery, typhoid fever, cholera, etc.
• Sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Other names for this group of diseases: sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), “diseases that come from love”, venereal infections – after the ancient Roman goddess of beauty and love Venus. Typical representatives of STIs: syphilis, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, ureaplasmosis, chlamydia, mycoplasmosis, HIV. The treatment of these pathologies, in addition to infectious disease specialists, is carried out by dermatovenereologists, urologists-andrologists, gynecologists.
• Neuroinfections. One of the most dangerous is meningococcal meningitis. There are also meningitis (inflammation of the meninges) and encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) caused by other pathogens.
• Surgical infections . Include infectious diseases that require surgical intervention, or those that occur in the postoperative period. This group includes boils, carbuncles, phlegmon, abscesses, erysipelas, osteomyelitis, sepsis. Surgeons are involved in the treatment of these pathologies.
• Viral hepatitis. Viral infections in which the liver is the target organ. Some viral hepatitis are transmitted as intestinal infections, others through blood, during sexual intercourse.

How do you get infections?

Depending on the pathogen, infectious diseases are divided into viral, bacterial, fungal. Some of them only affect people, you can only get infected from a person – such infections are called anthroponoses. Zoonoses can only be contracted from an animal, they are not transmitted from person to person.

Different pathogens enter the body in different ways:

• Through the respiratory tract through the air, such as cold viruses.
• Some pathogens need only contact the skin or mucous membranes to cause illness.
• Pathogens of such dangerous infections as hepatitis B and C, HIV are transmitted through blood and sexual contact.
• A pregnant woman can infect a child – in this case, infectious agents enter the fetus through the placenta.
• The causative agents of intestinal infections enter the digestive system with unwashed and unprocessed foods, dirty water.
• Some infections require a vector – an animal that infects a person when bitten. This is how tick-borne encephalitis, rabies is transmitted.

All infections have an incubation period, the time during which a person is already infected but does not yet experience any symptoms. For some infections, the incubation period is a few hours, for others – years (such diseases are currently rare). Pathogenic microorganisms can cause not only disease, but also asymptomatic carriage.

Many infections can lead to severe complications and are life-threatening. How to protect your health? First of all, it is important to observe the rules of personal hygiene and undergo examinations on time. If you have symptoms resembling an infectious disease, or tests show a positive result, it is better to visit a doctor immediately. Make an appointment by phone: +7 (495) 120-19-58.

Most infectious diseases occur in several stages. Usually the disease begins with an incubation period. This is the time that passes from the moment of infection until the first symptoms appear. The pathogen has already broken through the first line of defense, penetrated the body, but in order to loudly announce its presence, it has yet to multiply, release a sufficient amount of toxins.

This is followed by the prodromal period, which is also called the period of precursors. There are no clear symptoms yet. Worried about weakness, headache, muscle aches, a slight increase in body temperature, which leads to slight chills. You don’t have to look far for an example: you probably experienced a state when there is neither a runny nose, nor a cough, nor a sore throat, but from your general well-being you already guess that “it looks like a cold is starting.” The prodromal period usually lasts 1-3 days, but it does not happen with all infections.

In full force, all the symptoms of an infectious disease unfold during the peak period. Actually, at this stage, many people turn to doctors. Then the symptoms subside, and finally recovery occurs. When a person is already healthy, he may still have residual effects; with some infections, he is still contagious to others, usually for several days.

What symptoms should make you see a doctor? All manifestations of infectious diseases can be divided into general and local.

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What is the difference between general and local symptoms during infections?

General manifestations in all infectious diseases are the same. A sick person feels unwell, weak, gets tired quickly, becomes lethargic, drowsy. Disturbed by headaches, pain and aches in muscles and bones. The body temperature rises. Common symptoms occur due to poisoning of the body with toxins of pathogens and products of the inflammatory reaction. Based on these manifestations, it is impossible to say exactly what kind of infection a person has, and whether it is an infection at all.

Local manifestations occur directly in organs affected by pathogens:

• Respiratory infections: runny nose, nasal discharge, cough, sneezing, sore throat and sore throat, stuffy ears, hoarseness.
• Intestinal infections: abdominal pain, frequent loose stools, sometimes with blood impurities, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite.
• Sexually transmitted infections: vaginal discharge in women and from the urethra in men, pain, itching, redness, rash in the genital area, pain and burning when urinating, frequent urge.
• Liver infections (viral hepatitis): pain and heaviness under the right ribs, jaundice, abdominal enlargement (ascites), dark urine, light stools.

Sometimes there are no local symptoms at all, but there are general ones, for example, a fever persists for a long time. In such cases, it is difficult to establish a diagnosis. An infectious disease specialist will prescribe additional diagnostic methods, consultations of other specialists.

How do acute and chronic infections manifest themselves?

In acute infections, the symptoms are more pronounced, but they do not last long, usually 3-10 days. Chronic infectious diseases are characterized by less pronounced manifestations, but they occur for a long time. Pathogenic microbes can “sit” in the body for years, exhausting it, reducing immune defenses, causing autoimmune disorders.

Chronic infections often come in waves. An exacerbation occurs, which, with its vivid manifestations, resembles an acute illness. Then the symptoms subside, the patient feels better, a period of remission begins – the process subsides and the condition improves. After a while, another exacerbation follows.

What complications can the infection lead to if left untreated?

Most infections are not particularly dangerous. However, it is worth remembering that even a banal acute respiratory disease can lead to serious complications. The risks are especially high in young children and the elderly, in people with reduced immunity. If the disease does not go away for a long time, the symptoms intensify, you should not hesitate to contact a doctor.

Some infections after a visible recovery remain in the body and can be “silent” for years, and then suddenly make themselves felt. For example, shingles in an adult can be an echo of chickenpox suffered in childhood.

The risk of recurrence of the infection is greatly increased if the treatment was absent or carried out incorrectly, if the course was not completed.

Some infectious diseases increase the risk of malignant tumors. For example, papillomavirus infection is known to increase the risk of cervical cancer, hepatitis B and C – liver cancer.

Timely diagnosis and treatment of infections helps to avoid serious complications, maintain health, and sometimes even life.