Shortness of Breath – Causes – Risk Factors

What is shortness of breath?

Shortness of breath is the feeling that you cannot get enough air into your lungs. It can signal an underlying health problem. Sometimes the feeling is worse when you are physically active or when you lie down flat. You may have other symptoms such as a cough or a fever.

If you are experiencing any of these problems, tell your doctor. If your shortness of breath is sudden or severe, or if you also have chest pains, you should call 911.

Symptoms of shortness of breath

When you have shortness of breath, you feel as though you can’t catch your breath. You feel as though you can’t get enough air in your lungs or breathe deeply. You may also feel a tightness in your chest.

What causes shortness of breath?

Shortness of breath can be caused by many things, including:

• Asthma
• Other lung diseases (including emphysema, which is a lung disease that is most often caused by smoking)
• Heart failure
• Panic attacks
• Allergies

If you are short of breath with a cough and/or fever, you may have a chest infection or pneumonia. Less common causes of breathing problems are lung cancer, a blood clot in the lungs, air leakage around the lungs, and scarring of the lung tissue.

How is shortness of breath diagnosed?

Your doctor can help find the cause of your breathing problem. They will begin by asking you questions about your symptoms and performing a physical exam. Your doctor also may order some tests.

To find the cause of your shortness of breath, your doctor may order a chest X-ray. They will also measure the oxygen saturation of your body by placing an oximeter on your finger.

They may also order an electrocardiogram (also called an ECG). During this test, your doctor will have you lie down so your heart can be monitored. The ECG machine creates a picture, or tracing, that shows your heart’s electrical signals.

You may need to have a computerized tomography (CT) scan, which is another type of X-ray. Your doctor may measure the strength of your breathing (called a spirometer) and the oxygen level in your blood. You also may need to have a blood test or specialized lung test called pulmonary function test (PFT).

Can shortness of breath be prevented or avoided?

Whether you can prevent shortness of breath depends on what is causing it. If your shortness of breath is caused by allergies, you may be able to prevent it by identifying your allergy trigger. Once you know what triggers your allergies, you can do your best to avoid it. If your shortness of breath is caused by smoking, stopping can help prevent it. Other causes of shortness of breath may not be as easy to avoid. If it is caused by a medical condition such as asthma, inhalers can help.

Shortness of breath treatment

Your doctor will treat the cause of your breathing problem. To help your treatment, if you smoke, you need to stop. Ask your doctor for help. Also, avoid breathing chemicals that can bother your lungs, such as fumes from paint and car exhaust. If your doctor says it’s okay, you should try to get plenty of exercise.

Living with shortness of breath

It can be scary to have frequent shortness of breath. It can be less scary if you learn to control it. Work with your doctor on a customized control plan. Your doctor may suggest medication, an exercise program, breathing techniques, or a combination of these. In some cases, he or she may recommend supplemental oxygen.

Questions to ask your doctor

• What is the likely cause of my shortness of breath?
• Do I need any tests to help determine the cause of my shortness of breath?
• Is shortness of breath a sign of a more serious problem?
• Is it safe for me to exercise? What kind of exercise can I do?
• Based on the cause of my shortness of breath, what’s the best treatment option?
• What lifestyle changes can I make at home to help relieve my symptoms?

Resources

National Institutes of Health, MedlinePlus: Breathing Problems

Copyright © American Academy of Family Physicians

This information provides a general overview and may not apply to everyone. Talk to your family doctor to find out if this information applies to you and to get more information on this subject.

Pneumonia Treatment and Recovery | American Lung Association

How Is Pneumonia Treated?

Treatment for pneumonia depends on the type of pneumonia you have, how sick you are feeling, your age, and whether you have other health conditions. The goals of treatment are to cure the infection and prevent complications. It is important to follow your treatment plan carefully until you are fully recovered.

Take any medications as prescribed by your doctor. If your pneumonia is caused by bacteria, you will be given an antibiotic. It is important to take all the antibiotic until it is gone, even though you will probably start to feel better in a couple of days. If you stop, you risk having the infection come back, and you increase the chances that the germs will be resistant to treatment in the future.

Typical antibiotics do not work against viruses. If you have viral pneumonia, your doctor may prescribe an antiviral medication to treat it. Sometimes, though, symptom management and rest are all that is needed.

Most people can manage their symptoms such as fever and cough at home by following these steps:

• Control your fever with aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen or naproxen), or acetaminophen. DO NOT give aspirin to children.
• Drink plenty of fluids to help loosen secretions and bring up phlegm.
• Do not take cough medicines without first talking to your doctor. Coughing is one way your body works to get rid of an infection. If your cough is preventing you from getting the rest you need, ask your doctor about steps you can take to get relief.
• Drink warm beverages, take steamy baths and use a humidifier to help open your airways and ease your breathing. Contact your doctor right away if your breathing gets worse instead of better over time.
• Stay away from smoke to let your lungs heal. This includes smoking, secondhand smoke and wood smoke. Talk to your doctor if you use tobacco products and are having trouble staying smokefree while you recover. This would be a good time to think about quitting for good.
• Get lots of rest. You may need to stay in bed for a while. Get as much help as you can with meal preparation and household chores until you are feeling stronger. It is important not to overdo daily activities until you are fully recovered.

If your pneumonia is so severe that you are treated in the hospital, you may be given intravenous fluids and antibiotics, as well as oxygen therapy, and possibly other breathing treatments.

Recovering from Pneumonia

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Recovery from serious lung infections, such as pneumonia, can take longer than you expect. Learn what you can do to help your body recover, when to reach out to your healthcare provider and how to help prevent future infections.

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Recovery from a serious lung infection may take longer than you expect. It can take weeks, or even months, before you are feeling back to normal. How long you feel sick depends on several factors including the severity of your infection your age, and your overall health status. It’s important to not get discouraged but gradually take steps each day to help your body recover.

An upper respiratory infection may affect your sinuses and throat. A lower respiratory infection may affect your airways but primarily impacts your lungs. Lower respiratory infections tend to be more serious and require longer recovery. Pneumonia is the most common respiratory infection but there are many others. One thing all lower respiratory infections have in common is inflammation. Fluid buildup and cell debris in the airways can take time to clear. The symptoms you are feeling, such as cough, fatigue, and shortness of breath may linger as you heal.

Signs and symptoms to watch for and report back to your healthcare provider include if your fever returns, you experience chest pain or worsening shortness of breath or if you develop any new symptoms that concern you. While you are waiting for your body to recover, focus on taking the medications your healthcare provider has prescribed and good health practices – such as lots of rest so your body can recover, fluids to keep the mucus in your lungs thin, good food so your body has energy to heal. It is important to keep your vaccinations up to date and any chronic health conditions well managed to help prevent future respiratory infections.

Given enough time and care, you will hopefully be feeling like yourself again soon.

Learn more at Lung.org.

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It may take time to recover from pneumonia. Some people feel better and are able to return to their normal routines within a week. For other people, it can take a month or more. Most people continue to feel tired for about a month. Adequate rest is important to maintain progress toward full recovery and to avoid relapse. Don’t rush your recovery! Talk with your doctor about when you can go back to your normal routine.

While you are recovering, try to limit your contact with family and friends, to help keep your germs from spreading to other people. Cover your mouth and nose when you cough, promptly dispose of tissues in a closed waste container and wash your hands often.

If you have taken antibiotics, your doctor will want to make sure your chest X-ray is normal again after you finish the whole prescription. It may take many weeks for your X-ray to clear up.

Possible Pneumonia Complications

People who may be more likely to have complications from pneumonia include:

• Older adults or very young children.
• People whose immune system does not work well.
• People with other, serious medical problems such as diabetes or cirrhosis of the liver.

Possible complications include:

• Respiratory failure, which requires a breathing machine or ventilator.
• Sepsis, a condition in which there is uncontrolled inflammation in the body, which may lead to widespread organ failure.
• Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a severe form of respiratory failure.
• Lung abscesses, which are infrequent, but serious complications of pneumonia. They occur when pockets of pus form inside or around the lung. These may sometimes need to be drained with surgery.

Questions?

Talk to our experts at the American Lung Association Lung HelpLine. Our service is free and we are here to help you by phone, web chat or email.

Contact the Helpline

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Pneumonia Symptoms and Diagnosis

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Preventing Pneumonia

Reviewed and approved by the American Lung Association Scientific and Medical Editorial Review Panel.

Page last updated: November 17, 2022

Emergencies

Cough

Cough is probably the most common problem parents face. Very often, a cough, even if it sounds scary, has a harmless cause and goes away on its own. Sometimes coughing is a serious symptom. Let’s try to figure out how to behave when a child coughs and when to start sounding the alarm.

What is a cough?

Cough is a protective reflex designed to clear the airways. During a cough push, the air abruptly leaves the lungs and forces everything that interferes with breathing – sputum and foreign bodies – to come out. If you think about the mechanism of coughing, it becomes clear that it is far from always necessary to “suppress” it.

What causes and what does a cough look like?

The most common cause of cough is a viral infection. Viruses can cause damage to the respiratory tract at different levels – from the nose (with a common cold) to the bronchi, bronchioles and lungs, and coughing is a common symptom in all these diseases. For example, sore throat and nasal discharge flowing down the back of the throat irritate the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract and stimulate the cough reflex. Due to irritation of the mucous membrane of the pharynx, a dry, hacking cough occurs, which will definitely pass without treatment, but in the acute period it can be quite frequent and painful, and even disrupt night’s sleep. A runny nose and discharge along the back of the throat provoke a wet cough, while the child begins to cough when changing position of the body, especially in the morning and at night when he gets up, lies down or rolls over. If the virus infects the mucous membrane of the larynx, a false croup develops, that is, swelling and, as a result, narrowing of the lumen of the larynx, which is accompanied by a “barking” cough, hoarseness, and a characteristic noisy breath (the so-called stridor). With inflammation of the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli – bronchitis, bronchiolitis and pneumonia, respectively – sputum accumulates in the lumen of the respiratory tract, swelling of the mucous membrane occurs, resulting in cough and shortness of breath. Unlike viral bronchitis and bronchiolitis, pneumonia is more commonly caused by bacteria and is accompanied by fever in addition to coughing and shortness of breath. In bronchial asthma, bronchospasm and accumulation of thick sputum in them occur after contact with an allergen, which also provokes a cough.

When should an ambulance be called for a child with a cough?

the child’s lips turned blue.

If the child does not have the most severe symptoms, but the child is concerned, see a doctor. An important sign of trouble is the appearance of the child – if he is lethargic, looks sick and if you cannot attract his attention and catch his eye. Shortness of breath, that is, rapid breathing, accompanied by an effort of the respiratory muscles and retraction of the intercostal spaces and the jugular fossa (depression above the sternum), is a sign that indicates damage to the lower respiratory tract. If you notice shortness of breath in a child, be sure to consult a doctor. Increased body temperature, especially fever above 39- 40 ° C, also requires that the child be examined by a doctor, as cough and fever can be symptoms of pneumonia.

Special attention should be given to children in the first months of life, because in young children, serious illnesses can be erased, and the condition may worsen suddenly. If you have a fever (that is, if the child’s rectal temperature is > 38 ° C) in children under three months old, you should definitely consult a doctor.

Should yellow or greenish sputum cause concern?

Yellow or green sputum does not always indicate a bacterial infection. With viral bronchitis and bronchiolitis, the yellow-green color of sputum is associated with the fact that cells of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, which the virus has damaged, enter the sputum. As a new mucous membrane is formed, the desquamated cells come out with sputum, so there is no need to be scared if the child coughs up yellow or even greenish sputum, since in most cases this is a normal manifestation of a viral infection that does not require antibiotics.

What should I do if my child coughs at night?

Most often, nocturnal cough is associated with the fact that when the child lies in bed, discharge from the nose and paranasal sinuses drain into the throat and cause a cough reflex. When a child rolls over in bed or gets up from a horizontal to an upright position, a coughing fit occurs. In such cases, the doctor will prescribe a topical treatment for the child to reduce the runny nose and, as a result, reduce the cough.

Night cough also occurs with pathology of the lower respiratory tract. Therefore, if your child is concerned about a nighttime cough, consult a doctor.

What if the child coughs to vomit?

If your child has a paroxysmal cough before vomiting, contact your pediatrician as this may be a symptom of whooping cough. Whooping cough is especially dangerous for children in the first months of life. Sometimes whooping cough develops even in children who were vaccinated against it, but a lot of time has passed since the last revaccination.

Some children have a very easy gag reflex and may vomit when they cough, even if the cough is simply due to a runny nose. If vomiting occurs against the background of coughing, feed the child more often, but in small portions.

Prolonged cough

It is not uncommon for a prolonged cough to be caused by several successive viral infections. The child does not have time to recover from one infection and picks up another. In this case, the cough can last for several weeks and greatly frighten parents, although its cause is trivial.

However, a prolonged cough may be associated with allergies, including bronchial asthma, as well as whooping cough and other diseases of the respiratory tract and ENT organs (a chronic cough may even be due to earwax plugs in the ears!), so in case of persistent cough, consult your doctor.

How to treat a cough?

Cough can have many causes, and each case is treated differently. Show the child to the doctor to understand what the cough is connected with and how to help the child.

If the cough is accompanied by sputum production (wet, productive cough), sputum production should be stimulated to facilitate expectoration. Give your child more fluids (for example, apple juice or warm chicken broth can be given if age-appropriate and not allergic to these foods). If the air in the children’s bedroom is dry, install a humidifier.

Fight nonproductive (dry) cough by reducing upper airway irritation. To soften the cough and soothe the airways, give the child a drink of water or apple juice, this also helps with a coughing fit. Avoid giving carbonated drinks or citrus drinks as they can irritate inflamed mucous membranes. If the child is intolerant of honey, try giving it. Children over 6 years old can suck on cough drops. If a cough interferes with sleep, going to kindergarten and school, consult a doctor, he will prescribe an antitussive.

Steam in the bathroom can help with a fit of coughing. Go into the bathroom, close the door, turn on the hot shower and wait a few minutes. After the bath is filled with steam, go there with the child, sit for about 20 minutes. Try reading a book or playing with the child so that he is distracted.

Smoking is strictly prohibited at home! This contributes to frequent respiratory infections in the child and aggravates their course.

Medicines such as antibiotics and inhaled bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory and mucolytic drugs are prescribed only by a doctor and are not required in every case.

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Fever

Fever is an increase in body temperature of more than 38 ºС. Some symptoms and laboratory and instrumental studies help to understand the cause of the fever and prescribe the necessary treatment.

If the fever is accompanied by a runny nose, cough, and “red throat”, the most likely cause is a viral infection. Since antibiotics have no effect on viruses, antibiotic therapy in case of a viral infection is not prescribed.

High fever (greater than 39°C) with chills should alert. Other symptoms that require immediate medical attention are the refusal of the child to eat and drink, severe lethargy, lack of “eye” contact with the child.

Parents should know how to help a child with a fever .

Only ibuprofen (10 mg/kg per dose) and paracetamol (15 mg/kg per dose) are allowed for use in children. From drugs based on ibuprofen in a pharmacy, you can buy nurofen, and from drugs based on paracetamol – panadol, cefecon, efferalgan. Metamizole sodium (or analgin), including as part of a “lytic mixture”, can cause severe blood complications, and nimesulide (nimulide, nise) can cause life-threatening liver damage. If the child does not have a severe background pathology, such as heart disease or epilepsy, and if he satisfactorily tolerates fever (is interested in others, does not refuse to drink, does not complain of pain), antipyretic drugs are given at a temperature of 38.5 – 39ºС and above.

And there is no need to achieve a decrease in body temperature immediately to 36. 6 ºС! A good effect is considered to be a decrease in fever to 38 ºС. Safe and effective methods of physical cooling are rubbing with water at room temperature (not alcohol or vinegar!), which allows you to reduce body temperature by 0.5 – 1.0 ºС in a few minutes. However, if the child has chills, if he has cold hands and feet, rubbing will not be effective. In such cases, massage of the hands and feet helps, which reduces vasospasm and improves peripheral circulation, and antispasmodic drugs, such as no-shpa, are also used.

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False croup

In babies, false croup occurs quite often, so mothers need to know about it. Only parents can notice the first signs of narrowing of the larynx in time and help the child in time. The reason is viral infections. In children under 5 – 6 years of age, the airways are narrower than in adults, and therefore croup develops much more often.

If a baby with a cold has a “barking” cough and a hoarse voice, it is necessary that he breathe steam over hot water in the bathroom. If this does not help, and the breath becomes noisy and difficult, call an ambulance without stopping the inhalation of steam.

What is false croup?

Croup is difficulty in breathing due to constriction of the larynx. To feel where the larynx is, you can put your hand on the front of the neck and make any sound – the larynx will vibrate.

This part of the airway is quite narrow, and if the mucous membrane swells, it can completely block the lumen of the larynx, and air will not enter the lungs. In children under 5 – 6 years of age, the airways are narrower than in adults, and therefore croup develops much more often.

Unlike false, true croup begins with diphtheria, when the lumen of the larynx is blocked by dense films. Thanks to vaccinations (DPT, ADS-M), this disease, fortunately, has become rare.

Pseudocroup is caused by acute viral infections (eg parainfluenza virus or respiratory syncytial virus). The mucous membrane becomes inflamed, swells, and although films do not form, as in diphtheria, the result is the same – it is difficult for the child to breathe.

How does it all start?

Usually, the usual symptoms of acute respiratory infections appear first, i.e. runny nose, cough, fever. The first signs of the proximity of a false croup appear or intensify in the evening – this is a growing dry “barking” cough and a hoarse voice.

Then the breath becomes “noisy” – at first only during crying or anxiety, that is, when the baby breathes deeper and faster. After a while, these symptoms persist even in a calm state.

With croup, it is difficult for the baby to inhale exactly, that is, the inhalation turns out to be noisy, with effort, and the exhalation remains normal. During inhalation, you can notice how the jugular fossa (depression in the lower part of the neck between the collarbones) is drawn inward.

Is it possible to prevent false croup?

There are pathogens that most often cause croup: parainfluenza virus, influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus. If a child has contracted this particular infection, the risk of developing croup is high, and, unfortunately, there are no remedies that protect against it.

There are children who get colds without this complication, but in some the mucous membrane is more prone to swelling, and if one episode of difficulty breathing with acute respiratory infections has already been, it is likely that such conditions will recur. Parents need to be ready for them – until the child grows up, and the croup ceases to threaten him.

What to do with false croup?

If you notice its signs, first of all, you need to calm yourself and the child, because when you are excited, the muscles of the larynx contract, and it becomes even harder to breathe.

For a “barking” cough, as long as breathing is silent and not labored, steam inhalation may help. Turn on hot water in the bathroom, let the child breathe in moist air for a few minutes.

If this does not help and breathing becomes difficult (noisy breathing, indrawing of the jugular fossa), call an ambulance and continue to do steam inhalation until it arrives. The doctor will prescribe special inhalations with a local hormonal preparation for croup. Don’t let the word “hormonal” scare you, because this drug works only in the respiratory tract, eliminating inflammation, and no other medicine for false croup will not be so effective. In severe cases, the doctor will inject a hormone (prednisolone or dexamethasone) intramuscularly. Don’t worry about side effects because short cycles of hormones are safe and life-saving in these situations.

If you are offered to hospitalize your child, do not refuse, because after temporary relief, breathing problems may recur.

There are conditions that can be confused with false croup, such as inflammation of the epiglottis (cartilage that closes the larynx when swallowing). This disease is called epiglottitis: the child’s temperature rises above 39 degrees, there is a severe sore throat, the mouth is difficult to open, and hormonal preparations do not help the child.

If the epiglottis is inflamed, the child is admitted to the hospital and treated with antibiotics. But this disease is rare, and false croup is caused by viruses, so it makes no sense to take antibiotics.

Is it possible to stop an attack of croup on your own?

If it is not the first time that a child has false croup, you can take home a special device for inhalation – a nebulizer (choose a compressor model, since ultrasound can destroy drugs used for croup). Your doctor will tell you what medication to have at home and how much to use if needed.

The child can return to kindergarten as soon as the body temperature returns to normal and the child feels well.

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Vomiting and diarrhea

Acute gastroenteritis is characterized by an increase in body temperature (from subfebrile condition to high fever), vomiting, stool thinning. Rotavirus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis. The most severe is the first episode of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children from 6 months to 2-3 years. The peak incidence of this infection occurs in the winter – spring.

The danger of viral gastroenteritis is associated with rapid dehydration and electrolyte disturbances due to loss of water and salts in loose stools and vomiting. Therefore, feeding the child is of fundamental importance. In order not to provoke vomiting, you need to drink fractionally (1 – 2 teaspoons), but often, if necessary, every few minutes. For convenience, you can use a syringe without a needle or a pipette. In no case should you drink the child with just water, this only exacerbates electrolyte disturbances! There are special saline solutions for drinking – rehydron (optimally ½ sachet per 1 liter of water), Humana electrolyte, etc.

Daily fluid requirement is shown in the table:

Child weight Daily fluid requirement
2-10 kg 100 ml/kg
10 – 20 kg 1000 ml + 50 ml/kg for each kg over 10 kg
> 20 kg 1500 ml + 20 ml/kg for each kg over 20 kg

In addition, current fluid losses with loose stools and vomiting are taken into account – for each episode of diarrhea / vomiting, an additional 100 – 200 ml of fluid is given.

Intravenous rehydration (fluid replenishment with drips) is done only for severe dehydration and persistent vomiting. In all other cases, you need to drink the child – it is safe, effective and painless.

Smecta (but do not give smecta if it induces vomiting), espumizan or Sab simplex are used as adjuvants. Enterofuril is not recommended for use, as it is not effective either in viral infections or in invasive bacterial intestinal infections. In the diet during the acute period, fresh vegetables and fruits (except bananas), sweet drinks are excluded, and whole milk is limited only in older children.

Parents need to be aware of the first signs of dehydration – a decrease in the frequency and volume of urination, thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes. With increasing dehydration, the child becomes lethargic, stops urinating, thirst disappears, the skin loses turgor, and the eyes “sink”. In this case, there is no time to waste, it is necessary to call a doctor and hospitalize the child.

The appearance of blood and mucus in the stool in a child should be alerted, because this is typical for bacterial enterocolitis. Stool with such infections is not large (in contrast to copious watery stools with rotavirus infection), false urge to defecate and abdominal pain may be noted. Drinking water in such cases may not be enough, and, as a rule, antibiotics are required.

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Pneumonia

One of the serious diseases in children is pneumonia, or pneumonia. Pneumonia can pose a threat to a child’s life. Fortunately, modern medicine has learned to cope well with pneumonia, and this disease can be completely cured in most cases. Therefore, if your baby gets sick with fever and cough, contact your pediatrician. If pneumonia is suspected, a doctor may order an x-ray of the lungs to confirm the diagnosis.

What is pneumonia?

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung tissue, that is, the deepest part of the respiratory system. Normally, gas exchange occurs in the lungs, that is, oxygen from the air enters the blood, and carbon dioxide is released from the blood into the environment. When part of the lung is inflamed, the breathing function in the affected lung is affected and the child develops shortness of breath, that is, rapid and labored breathing. Substances produced during the immune system’s fight against bacteria cause fever (if the body temperature rises above 38 ° C, this is called a fever). The accumulation of sputum in the alveoli and bronchi and swelling of the mucous membrane stimulate the cough reflex, and a cough occurs. If the focus of pneumonia is near the lining of the lung, called the pleura, chest pains may occur when breathing and coughing.

What causes pneumonia?

There are many infections that can cause pneumonia. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of so-called “typical” pneumonia. Pneumococcal pneumonia is accompanied by fever, cough, shortness of breath, lethargy, and decreased appetite. Less commonly, pneumonia is caused by other pathogens – hemophilus influenzae (Haemophilus influenzae) type b, pyogenic streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes) and Staphylococcus aureus (Staphylococcus aureus). “Atypical” pneumonia, which is usually milder and quite contagious, is caused by mycoplasmas and chlamydia. Less commonly, pneumonia is caused by viruses (adenovirus, RS virus) – such pneumonias are rare and can be very difficult. Pneumonia can develop suddenly or be a complication of the flu.

What are the symptoms of pneumonia?

The most important symptom of pneumonia is fever. In a young child, fever may be the only manifestation. Fever above 39.5°C with chills and fever that is poorly reduced after taking antipyretic drugs should be especially alert. Although not always a high fever that does not respond well to antipyretics is a symptom of pneumonia. This may be a manifestation of a respiratory viral infection.

The second important symptom of pneumonia is a cough. The nature of the cough matters. Particularly alarming are the “deep” cough, cough at night and cough before vomiting.

Severe pneumonia is usually accompanied by shortness of breath, that is, rapid and labored breathing. Sometimes a symptom of pneumonia is pain in the abdomen, which occurs due to irritation of the pleura (lung membrane) during inflammation of the lung area adjacent to the pleura and due to frequent coughing and, accordingly, tension in the abdominal muscles.

Very important signs that speak in favor of pneumonia are symptoms of intoxication, such as fatigue, weakness, refusal to eat and even drink. At the same time, unlike pneumococcal pneumonia, with mycoplasmal pneumonia, the child may feel well.
Coughing and wheezing in the lungs are symptoms not only of pneumonia, but also of bronchitis. It is very important that the doctor distinguishes pneumonia from bronchitis, since antibiotics are not always required for bronchitis and only if its mycoplasmal etiology is suspected.

What can happen if pneumonia is not treated?

This is fraught with complications that are more likely to occur if pneumonia is left untreated. Complications of pneumonia are inflammation of the pleura (pleurisy) and the formation of a cavity in the lung filled with pus (lung abscess). In such cases, a longer course of antibiotics will be required, and sometimes the help of a surgeon.

How to treat pneumonia?

If you have bacterial pneumonia, your doctor will prescribe an antibiotic. The doctor will decide which antibiotic to choose depending on the suspected cause of the pneumonia. In most cases, the child can be given the antibiotic by mouth (as a suspension or tablets) rather than by injection. The effect of the antibiotic occurs within 24-48 hours. If after 1 – 2 days the child does not feel better and the temperature rises, consult a doctor again.

Usually a child with pneumonia can be treated at home. Hospitalization is required for severe and complicated pneumonia, when the child needs intravenous antibiotics, supplemental oxygen, pleural punctures, and other serious medical interventions.
Give the child an antipyretic (ibuprofen or paracetamol) if the body temperature rises above 38.5 to 39°C. Antitussives, such as butamirate (Sinekod drug), are contraindicated in pneumonia.

Can pneumonia be prevented?

There are vaccines designed to protect against pneumococcus and Haemophilus influenzae, which cause the most severe forms of pneumonia (against pneumococcus – vaccines “Prevenar”, “Pneumo 23”, against Haemophilus influenzae – “Act-HIB”, “Hiberix”, a component against Haemophilus influenzae sticks are part of the Pentaxim vaccine, components against pneumococcus and Haemophilus influenzae are simultaneously part of Synflorix). Since pneumococcal pneumonia often develops as a complication of influenza, influenza vaccination is useful. It is very important that parents do not smoke in the presence of a child, as secondhand smoke makes the lungs weak and vulnerable.

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Cough and shortness of breath: symptoms, causes and treatment

Contents

• 1 Cough and shortness of breath: a set of symptoms and their treatment
  • 1.1 What is cough and shortness of breath?
  • 1.2 Types of cough
  • 1.3 Why does cough and shortness of breath occur?
  • 1.4 When should I see a doctor for cough and shortness of breath?
  • 1.5 Diagnosis of cough and dyspnea
    • 1.5.1 History and physical examination
    • 1.5.2 Laboratory and instrumental examinations
  • 1.6 Cough and dyspnea medicines
    • 1.6.1 Mucolytics
    • 1.6.2 Bronchodilators
    • 1.6.3 Corticosteroids
    • 1.6 .4 Antitussives
    • 1.6.5 Combined preparations
  • 1. 7 Folk remedies for cough and shortness of breath
    • 1.7.1 Honey and lemon
    • 1.7.2 Squash juice
    • 1.7.3 Mixture of mustard and linseed oil
    • 1.7.4 Elinm oil inhalation
  • 1.8 Preventive measures to prevent cough and shortness of breath
    • 1.8.1 1. Hand washing and use of antiseptics
    • 1.8.2 2. Vaccination
    • 1.8.3 3. Respiratory hygiene

    90 025 1.8.4 4. Nutrition and physical activity

    • 1.8.5 5. Control of allergens and pollutants
  • 1.9 Complications of cough and shortness of breath
  • 1.10 What should be done in case of cough and shortness of breath?
    • 1.10.1 Get medical help
    • 1.10.2 Keep calm and rest
    • 1.10.3 Drink plenty of fluids
    • 1.10.4 Avoid smoking and polluted air
    • 1.10.5 Take your medications as prescribed by your doctor

    9002 6

  • 1.11 Strengthening the immune system to prevent cough and shortness of breath
  • 1. 12 Related videos:
  • 1.13 Q&A:
    • • 1.13.0.1 What can cause cough and shortness of breath?
      • 1.13.0.2 How to treat cough and shortness of breath?
      • 1.13.0.3 Can coughing and shortness of breath be a sign of a serious illness?
      • 1.13.0.4 Is it possible to remove cough and shortness of breath with folk remedies?
      • 1.13.0.5 What measures can be taken to prevent cough and shortness of breath?
      • 1.13.0.6 Can cough and shortness of breath be caused by work at work?

Cough and shortness of breath can indicate various diseases, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, asthma, etc. The article discusses the causes and ways to deal with these symptoms, including self-medication and a visit to the doctor.

Cough and shortness of breath are problems that many people experience, especially with respiratory diseases. These two symptoms can be related to each other and are signs of many illnesses, from the common cold to serious lung disease.

Coughing is a natural way to clear the airways of mucus, dust and other substances. However, if the cough lasts longer than a few weeks, it may be a sign of illness. Shortness of breath, on the other hand, is difficulty breathing and may manifest as rapid, shallow breathing or a feeling of pressure on the chest.

The following causes and treatments are for general information only and do not replace consultation with a healthcare professional. If you are experiencing cough and shortness of breath, be sure to see your doctor for an accurate diagnosis and treatment recommendations.

What is cough and shortness of breath?

Cough is a reflex process in which air is released from the upper and lower respiratory tract at high speed, accompanied by a characteristic sound.

Shortness of breath is the sensation of lack of air when breathing. It occurs as a result of a violation of the exchange of gases in the lungs, the cardiovascular system, muscle work, or from a decrease in the level of oxygen in the blood.

Cough and shortness of breath can occur together or separately, being symptoms of many diseases. They can occur due to allergic reactions, respiratory tract infections, bronchial asthma, pneumonia or heart failure.

However, coughing and shortness of breath can also indicate the presence of certain diseases, for example, they can be signs of COVID-19. If you experience coughing and shortness of breath, it is important to see a doctor to diagnose and treat the condition that caused them.

Types of cough

Cough is one of the most common symptoms of many diseases. It can have various characteristics that you need to know about in order to determine the cause of its occurrence.

Dry cough is characterized by the absence of expectorant sputum, spreads outwards and can cause an unpleasant sound.

Wet cough , on the other hand, is accompanied by profuse expectoration of sputum. It may be accompanied by sounds of tickling in the chest and the appearance of an unpleasant odor from sputum.

Paroxysmal cough may occur with bronchial asthma and other diseases. It is characterized by continuous bouts of coughing that can last for several minutes.

Night cough may indicate lung disease such as asthma, bronchitis or pneumonia. It can interrupt sleep and lead to fatigue and irritation.

Whatever the type of cough, it may indicate a specific medical condition, so it is important to consult your doctor if you experience cough or other symptoms.

What causes cough and shortness of breath?

Cough and shortness of breath can be signs of many diseases and conditions in the body. One of the main causes are diseases of the respiratory system such as bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this case, cough and shortness of breath may be accompanied by cough with sputum, chest pain, fever and general weakness.

Coughing and shortness of breath can also be caused by allergic reactions to dust, pollen, particulate matter, or certain foods. In this case, the cough is accompanied by sneezing, nasal congestion and itching in the throat.

• Several other causes of cough and shortness of breath:
• Smoking is an important cause of COPD and other lung diseases that present with cough and shortness of breath.
• Cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure, arrhythmias and arterial spasms can cause shortness of breath.
• Lung cancer is one of the most serious causes of cough and shortness of breath, especially in a smoker.

In any case, if you have a cough and shortness of breath, you should see a doctor to determine the cause and prescribe the appropriate treatment.

When should I see a doctor for cough and shortness of breath?

If cough and shortness of breath persist for several days, or are accompanied by other symptoms such as chest pain, fever, seek medical attention. This may be a sign of a more serious condition, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, or asthma.

You should also consult a doctor if your cough and shortness of breath occur after strenuous exercise, such as after exercising. This may indicate the presence of more serious health problems, such as cardiovascular disease.

1. 1. It is also important to see a doctor if cough and shortness of breath are accompanied by:
      • severe chest pain;
      • bloody sputum;
      • disturbed at night;
      • fatigue and weakness;
      • burping;
      • heart rhythm disorders.

Seek medical attention if new symptoms develop, such as dry throat, loss of appetite, or changes in skin color. The doctor will be able to correctly diagnose the problem and prescribe the most effective treatment to prevent the development of more serious complications.

Diagnosis of cough and shortness of breath

History and physical examination

To diagnose cough and shortness of breath, the doctor takes a patient’s history, checking for other symptoms and possible causes of the disease. Then a physical examination is performed, including an assessment of the general condition of the patient, auscultation of the lungs and heart, measurement of body temperature and respiratory rate.

Important: during the examination, the doctor must check for signs of infectious and inflammatory processes, as well as signs of diseases of the cardiovascular system and other organs.

Laboratory and instrumental tests

Laboratory and instrumental tests may be ordered to clarify the diagnosis and determine the cause of cough and shortness of breath.

1. 1. • General analysis of blood and urine helps to identify signs of inflammatory and infectious processes in the body;
      • Blood for the presence of gas (blood gas analysis) – shows the level of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood;
      • Chest x-ray – detects changes in the lungs, such as tumors, inflammation, or fluid;
      • Computed tomography – allows you to get a detailed image of the internal organs, including the lungs;
      • Fibroesophagogastroduodenoscopy (FEGDS) – performed to identify the causes of the disease, detect tumors, the presence of ulcers or infections;

Important: Laboratory and instrumental tests are prescribed individually, depending on the suspected cause of cough and shortness of breath. All results must be interpreted by a competent physician.

Cough and shortness of breath medicines

Mucolytics

Mucolytics are medicines that thin sputum and make it easier to pass. The active substance of mucolytics reduces the viscosity of sputum. Examples of mucolytics are acetylcysteine ​​and ambroxol.

Bronchodilators

Bronchodilators are medicines that dilate the bronchi and reduce airflow resistance. Used in the treatment of bronchial asthma and other diseases accompanied by shortness of breath. Examples of bronchodilators are salbutamol and theophylline.

Corticosteroids

Corticosteroids are hormonal drugs used to reduce inflammation in the airways and relieve swelling of the bronchi. Often prescribed for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Examples of corticosteroids are beclomethasone and fluticasone.

Antitussives

Antitussives are medicines that reduce the frequency and intensity of coughing. Used for prolonged coughing, which can lead to sleep disturbance and soreness. Examples of antitussives: codeine and drotaverine.

Combinations

Combinations are drugs that contain several active ingredients, such as a mucolytic and a bronchodilator. Used for the complex treatment of cough and shortness of breath. Examples of combined preparations: ambroxol and salbutamol.

Cough and shortness of breath folk remedies

Honey and lemon

One of the most popular folk remedies for cough and shortness of breath is the use of honey and lemon. Lemon is high in vitamin C, which boosts the immune system, while honey has antibacterial properties. To prepare such a drink, you need to cut the lemon into two halves and squeeze the juice. Add to a glass of hot water and 1-2 tablespoons of honey. Drink 1-2 times a day.

Squash juice

Zucchini juice is an excellent remedy for coughs and shortness of breath. Zucchini is juicy and rich in potassium, calcium, magnesium and other useful substances. To prepare juice, you need to grate the zucchini on a fine grater, and then squeeze the juice through cheesecloth. You need to drink squash juice every day for 2-3 weeks.

Mustard plaster and linseed oil mixture

Mustard plaster and linseed oil mixture is an excellent remedy for coughs and shortness of breath, which has anti-inflammatory properties. To prepare, you need to mix 1 tablespoon of mustard powder and 3 tablespoons of linseed oil. The mixture should be spread over the tissue and applied to the chest for several hours. This method should be used no more than once a week for several weeks.

Elinm oil inhalation

Elinm oil inhalation is a great way to relieve symptoms of cough and shortness of breath. You need to add a few drops of spruce oil to boiling water and inhale the vapors for 10-15 minutes until the vapor becomes tart. Inhalation should be done every day for a week.

Preventive measures to prevent coughing and shortness of breath

1.

Hand washing and use of antiseptics

Many infections are transmitted through droplets that are released into the air when coughing and sneezing. To protect yourself from them, it is important to regularly wash your hands with soap and use antiseptics.

2. Vaccination

Vaccination is an important measure to prevent cough and shortness of breath. There are many types of vaccines that protect against different types of viruses and bacteria that cause these symptoms.

3. Respiratory hygiene

Respiratory hygiene is essential to prevent coughing and shortness of breath. This includes regular cleaning of the home, airing and humidifying the air, and avoiding exposure to tobacco smoke.

4. Nutrition and physical activity

Good overall health contributes to a more effective fight against viral infections. Meals should be sufficiently rich in nutrients, fruits, vegetables and protein. Physical exercise can also boost immunity.

5.

Allergen and pollutant control

Some allergens and pollutants, such as dust, mold and smoke, can cause coughing and shortness of breath. To prevent these symptoms, it is necessary to control exposure to these factors, clean, ventilate the room and use air filters, if necessary.

Complications of cough and shortness of breath

Cough and shortness of breath can lead to a number of serious complications, especially if not treated adequately.

1. 1. • Pneumonia: Chronic cough and shortness of breath can lead to pneumonia, a lung infection that can be life-threatening.
      • Asthma: Some people may develop asthma due to repeated coughing and shortness of breath. This is a chronic airway disease that can lead to bronchospasm, a severe contraction of the muscles in the airways.
      • Atelectasis: is a condition where the lungs cannot fully expand when inhaling air, which can occur when the lungs are not well ventilated due to coughing and shortness of breath.
      • Heart failure: Coughing and shortness of breath can be signs of heart failure, which can occur in response to a number of factors such as high blood pressure and heart disease.

In light of possible complications, timely diagnosis and effective treatment of any symptoms of cough and shortness of breath should be obtained.

How should I deal with cough and shortness of breath?

Get medical attention

If coughing and shortness of breath are accompanied by fever, chest pain, and dizziness, seek medical attention immediately. This may be a sign of an acute respiratory illness or other serious health problems.

Keep calm and rest

Cough and shortness of breath need to rest and conserve strength. Try to reduce physical activity and stop active activities for a few days. If possible, stay home and don’t go outside.

Drink plenty of fluids

When coughing and shortness of breath, increase fluid intake to reduce the viscosity of sputum and speed up its elimination from the body. It is recommended to drink water, herbal teas, natural juices or broths.

Avoid smoking and polluted air

Smoking or exposure to polluted air may worsen cough and shortness of breath. Advise people who smoke to stop smoking and also to avoid places where the concentration of harmful substances in the air is high.

Take your medicines as directed by your doctor

Medicines such as syrups, pills, or inhalers can help reduce cough and shortness of breath. However, you should consult your doctor to recommend the most suitable and safe drug and dosage for you.

Immunity boost to prevent cough and shortness of breath

Good immunity is the key to preventing cough and shortness of breath. Therefore, we must pay special attention to strengthening our body.

1. 1. • Eat healthy food. A healthy diet is rich in nutrients and vitamins such as C, D and E, which have a strong effect on the immune system. Snack on fresh vegetables and fruits.
      • Lead a healthy lifestyle. Get enough sleep, exercise, drink less alcohol and don’t smoke.
      • Take extra vitamins and minerals. Some vitamins, such as zinc, can help boost immunity and prevent coughing and shortness of breath.
      • Drink more water. Water helps to improve the functioning of internal organs and ensures the proper functioning of the immune system.
      • Avoid stress. Stress weakens our defense system and makes us more vulnerable to infections.

Strengthening the immune system is an important step in preventing cough and shortness of breath. Get enough nutrients, participate in physical exercise and avoid stress. Take care of your health and prevent the unpleasant consequences of coughing and shortness of breath.

Related videos:

Q&A:

What can cause cough and shortness of breath?

Various respiratory diseases such as bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma can be the cause. In addition, these symptoms can be caused by an allergic reaction or even stress.

How to treat cough and shortness of breath?

Treatment depends on the cause of the symptoms. If they are caused by an infectious disease, then antibiotics and antiviral drugs may be taken. In case of an allergic reaction, antihistamines and glucocorticosteroids are prescribed. Bronchodilators and corticosteroids may be used to relieve shortness of breath.

Can coughing and shortness of breath be a sign of a serious illness?

Yes, coughing and shortness of breath can be symptoms of serious illnesses such as heart failure, emphysema, and lung cancer. If these symptoms do not go away within a few weeks, you should consult a doctor.

Is it possible to remove cough and shortness of breath with the help of folk remedies?

Some folk remedies can help relieve symptoms of cough and shortness of breath, such as aloe infusion, honey and lemon, lemon balm and mint tea. However, if the cause of the symptoms is a serious illness, it is necessary to undergo treatment under the supervision of a doctor.

What measures can be taken to prevent cough and shortness of breath?

To prevent cough and shortness of breath, you must follow hygiene rules (wash your hands, do not touch your face with dirty hands), avoid contact with sick people, get vaccinated against influenza and pneumococcal infection.

Can cough and shortness of breath be caused by working at work?

Yes, coughing and shortness of breath can be caused by occupational work such as working with chemicals, dust, smoke. In this case, it is necessary to observe protective measures, as well as undergo regular medical examinations.