What are sulfonamides and how do they work. How are sulfa drugs used to treat various infections. What are the common types of sulfonamides and their side effects. When should you consult a doctor about sulfonamide use.

Understanding Sulfonamides: The First Antibiotics

Sulfonamides, also known as sulfa drugs, have been a cornerstone of antibiotic treatment since their introduction in the 1930s. These synthetic antibiotics were the first to be discovered and used in clinical medicine, marking a significant milestone in the fight against bacterial infections. But what exactly are sulfonamides, and how do they function in the body?

Sulfonamides are broad-spectrum antibiotics, meaning they are effective against a wide range of bacteria. Unlike some other antibiotics that directly kill bacteria, sulfa drugs work by inhibiting bacterial growth and reproduction. They achieve this by interfering with the bacteria’s ability to produce folic acid, an essential component for their survival and proliferation.

The Mechanism of Action

How do sulfonamides stop bacterial growth? These antibiotics act as competitive inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase. This enzyme is crucial for bacteria to synthesize folic acid, which is necessary for the production of nucleic acids and proteins. By blocking this enzyme, sulfonamides effectively starve the bacteria of essential nutrients, preventing them from growing and multiplying.

• Sulfonamides are synthetic antibiotics
• They work by inhibiting bacterial growth rather than killing bacteria directly
• Sulfa drugs interfere with bacterial folic acid synthesis
• They are effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

Common Conditions Treated with Sulfonamides

Despite the development of bacterial resistance over the years, sulfonamides remain an important tool in the treatment of various infections. Healthcare providers may prescribe these antibiotics for several conditions, depending on the specific bacteria involved and the patient’s individual health profile.

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

Can sulfonamides effectively treat UTIs? For urinary tract infections caused by susceptible bacteria, sulfa drugs can be an excellent treatment option. UTIs occur when bacteria from the skin or rectum enter the urinary system, potentially affecting the kidneys, bladder, or urethra. Sulfonamides are particularly effective in treating UTIs due to their high concentration in urine.

Respiratory Infections

Sulfonamides play a role in treating certain respiratory infections, including:

1. Bronchitis: While most cases are viral, bacterial bronchitis may be treated with sulfa drugs.
2. Pneumonia: When pneumonia is caused by susceptible bacteria, sulfonamides can be an effective treatment option.

Eye and Ear Infections

Are sulfonamides effective for ocular and aural infections? Indeed, these antibiotics are commonly used to treat bacterial eye infections like conjunctivitis, often in the form of eye drops or ointments. For ear infections, especially in children, a combination of erythromycin and sulfafurazole has proven highly effective, often resulting in significant improvement within days.

Meningitis and Other Severe Infections

In cases of bacterial meningitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes, particularly in patients allergic to penicillin, sulfa drugs may be prescribed. Additionally, sulfonamides can be used to treat or prevent infections in severe burn cases, sometimes applied as a topical cream.

Common Types of Sulfonamides and Their Uses

Several sulfonamide medications are available, each with specific uses and formulations. Understanding these common types can help patients and healthcare providers make informed decisions about treatment options.

Gantrisin (Sulfisoxazole)

What is Gantrisin used for? This antibacterial sulfonamide is primarily used to treat:

• Bladder infections
• Ear infections
• Meningitis

Gantrisin is available in liquid form, making it particularly suitable for pediatric patients. It’s also formulated as eye drops or ophthalmic ointment for ocular infections.

Sulfadiazine

Sulfadiazine, typically prescribed in tablet form, is versatile in its applications. It’s used to treat:

• Urinary tract infections
• Ear infections
• Parasitic infections like toxoplasmosis

Additionally, sulfadiazine can help prevent rheumatic fever and meningitis in susceptible individuals.

Bactrim or Septra (Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim)

These combination antibiotics are widely prescribed for common infections, including:

• Urinary tract infections
• Skin infections

The combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim provides a synergistic effect, enhancing their antibacterial action.

Azulfidine (Sulfasalazine)

Azulfidine, or sulfasalazine, has unique applications beyond typical bacterial infections. It’s primarily used to treat:

• Ulcerative colitis, a type of inflammatory bowel disease
• Rheumatoid arthritis

This medication is often prescribed in a delayed-release formulation to optimize its effectiveness in the gastrointestinal tract.

Side Effects and Precautions of Sulfonamide Use

While sulfonamides are effective antibiotics, they can cause various side effects and require certain precautions. It’s crucial for patients and healthcare providers to be aware of these potential issues to ensure safe and effective treatment.

Common Side Effects

What are the most frequent side effects of sulfa drugs? Common side effects may include:

• Nausea and vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Loss of appetite
• Skin rash or itching
• Headache
• Dizziness

These side effects are usually mild and often resolve on their own. However, if they persist or worsen, it’s important to consult a healthcare provider.

Serious Adverse Reactions

In rare cases, sulfonamides can cause more severe reactions. These may include:

• Severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis)
• Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis (severe skin reactions)
• Blood disorders such as agranulocytosis or hemolytic anemia
• Liver or kidney problems
• Photosensitivity (increased sensitivity to sunlight)

Any signs of these serious reactions require immediate medical attention.

Precautions and Contraindications

Are there situations where sulfonamides should be avoided? Yes, certain conditions and factors may contraindicate the use of sulfa drugs:

• Known allergy to sulfonamides or other sulfa-containing medications
• Pregnancy, especially in the third trimester
• Breastfeeding (as sulfa drugs can pass into breast milk)
• Certain blood disorders
• Liver or kidney disease
• G6PD deficiency

Always inform your healthcare provider of your complete medical history and any medications you’re taking before starting sulfonamide treatment.

Proper Usage and Dosage Guidelines

To maximize the effectiveness of sulfonamide treatment while minimizing risks, it’s crucial to follow proper usage and dosage guidelines. These can vary depending on the specific medication, the condition being treated, and individual patient factors.

General Dosage Recommendations

How should sulfonamides be taken? While specific instructions may vary, some general guidelines include:

• Take the medication exactly as prescribed by your healthcare provider
• Complete the entire course of antibiotics, even if you start feeling better
• Take the medication with a full glass of water
• Some sulfonamides may be taken with or without food, while others should be taken on an empty stomach

Always follow the specific instructions provided with your prescription.

Duration of Treatment

The length of sulfonamide treatment can vary depending on the infection being treated. Typically, courses may last from a few days to several weeks. It’s crucial to complete the entire prescribed course to prevent the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Special Considerations

Are there special precautions to take while using sulfonamides? Yes, patients should be aware of the following:

• Increase fluid intake to help prevent crystal formation in the urine
• Avoid prolonged sun exposure due to increased photosensitivity
• Do not take antacids within two hours of taking sulfonamides, as they can interfere with absorption
• Inform your healthcare provider of any other medications you’re taking to avoid potential interactions

Antibiotic Resistance and the Future of Sulfonamides

As with many antibiotics, bacterial resistance to sulfonamides has become a significant concern in recent years. This development has implications for the current and future use of these medications in clinical practice.

The Challenge of Resistance

Why has bacterial resistance to sulfonamides increased? Several factors contribute to this phenomenon:

• Overuse and misuse of antibiotics
• Incomplete treatment courses
• Natural bacterial evolution and adaptation
• Widespread use of sulfonamides in agriculture

As a result, many common bacteria have developed mechanisms to resist the effects of sulfa drugs, making these antibiotics less effective in certain situations.

Current and Future Applications

Despite the challenges of resistance, sulfonamides continue to play a role in modern medicine. They remain effective against certain infections and are particularly useful in patients allergic to other antibiotics. Ongoing research is exploring new ways to combat resistance and enhance the effectiveness of sulfa drugs.

Responsible Use of Antibiotics

How can we preserve the effectiveness of sulfonamides and other antibiotics? Responsible use is key:

• Only use antibiotics when prescribed by a healthcare professional
• Complete the full course of treatment as prescribed
• Do not share antibiotics or use leftover medications
• Practice good hygiene to prevent the spread of infections

By using antibiotics responsibly, we can help slow the development of resistance and preserve these valuable medications for future use.

When to Consult a Healthcare Provider

While sulfonamides are generally safe and effective when used appropriately, there are situations where it’s crucial to seek medical advice. Knowing when to consult a healthcare provider can help ensure optimal treatment outcomes and prevent potential complications.

Before Starting Treatment

When should you discuss sulfonamide use with your doctor? It’s important to consult a healthcare provider:

• If you have a known allergy to sulfa drugs or other medications
• If you’re pregnant or breastfeeding
• If you have a history of liver or kidney disease
• If you’re taking other medications that might interact with sulfonamides
• If you have a history of blood disorders or G6PD deficiency

Your healthcare provider can assess your individual risk factors and determine if sulfonamides are the best treatment option for your condition.

During Treatment

While taking sulfonamides, it’s important to monitor your response to the medication. Seek medical attention if you experience:

• Severe or persistent side effects
• Signs of an allergic reaction, such as rash, itching, or difficulty breathing
• No improvement in your symptoms after a few days of treatment
• Worsening of your condition despite taking the medication as prescribed

Prompt medical evaluation can help address any issues and adjust your treatment plan if necessary.

After Completing Treatment

Even after finishing your course of sulfonamides, it’s important to remain vigilant. Contact your healthcare provider if:

• Your symptoms return or worsen after completing treatment
• You experience delayed side effects or unusual symptoms
• You have concerns about the effectiveness of the treatment

Your healthcare provider can assess your recovery and determine if additional treatment or follow-up is needed.

In conclusion, sulfonamides remain an important class of antibiotics in modern medicine, despite challenges such as bacterial resistance. By understanding their uses, potential side effects, and proper usage guidelines, patients can work with their healthcare providers to ensure safe and effective treatment of bacterial infections. As with all antibiotics, responsible use is crucial to preserve the effectiveness of these valuable medications for future generations.

Sulfonamides: Types, Usage, Side Effects & More

Sulfonamides were the first antibiotics discovered and used, and have been used by doctors since the 1930s.

Also referred to as sulfa drugs, sulfonamides are man-made antibiotics that are used to treat bacterial infections.

If you are struggling with a UTI, bronchitis, pneumonia, or have an eye or ear infection that requires an antibiotic, your health care provider may prescribe you sulfonamides. 

In this article, I’ll explain what sulfonamides are, how they work, and what conditions they’re used to treat.

I’ll list some common sulfa drugs, and talk about their side effects and dosage.

I’ll also provide some precautions about these antibiotics, and tell you when you should talk to a doctor.

What are Sulfonamides?

Sulfonamides are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics, meaning they work against a wide range of bacteria. 

How do Sulfonamides Work?

Sulfonamides, or sulfa drugs, are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that act on a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Sulfa drugs do not kill bacteria, but instead work by inhibiting the bacteria from growing and multiplying, thus stopping the infection.

They do this by stopping bacteria from making folic acid, which is necessary for their growth.

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What are Sulfonamides Used to Treat?

Sulfonamides have been around since the 1930s and were some of the first effective antibiotics to be introduced into clinical medicine.

Unfortunately, bacterial resistance to sulfonamides is now common, making them less effective against the most common bacteria.

Urinary tract infections

If you have a urinary tract infection (UTI) that is known to be susceptible to sulfonamides, you may be prescribed these antibiotics by your doctor.

UTIs occur when bacteria from the skin or rectum enter the urethra and infect the urinary tract.

A UTI can infect any part of the urinary system, including your kidneys, bladder, or urethra 

Bronchitis

Bronchitis is an infection of the lungs that causes the lining of your bronchial tubes to become inflamed.

While most cases of bronchitis are caused by a virus, it can sometimes also be caused by bacteria.

If you have persistent bronchitis, or other symptoms that lead your healthcare provider to suspect that it may be due to a bacterial infection, they may prescribe you antibacterial agents such as sulfonamides.

Eye infections

If you have a bacterial eye infection such as conjunctivitis, your doctor may prescribe you sulfonamides to treat it.

For eye infections, antibiotics are typically prescribed in the form of eye drops or ointment.

Bacterial meningitis 

Meningitis is a severe brain infection that can be viral or bacterial.

When it is caused by a bacteria called Listeria monocytogenes and the patient has an allergy to penicillin, sulfa drugs may be prescribed to treat meningitis.  

Pneumonia

If you are diagnosed with pneumonia, this means the air sacs of one or both lungs have become inflamed and may also be full of liquid or pus, making it difficult to breathe.

Pneumonia is caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, or chemical irritants.

When pneumonia is caused by a bacterial infection, your doctor may prescribe sulfonamide antibiotics to treat it.

Ear infections

Sulfonamides are used to treat bacterial ear infections, especially in children.

The medication is usually a combination of erythromycin and sulfafurazole, and has been proven to be highly effective, with significant improvement within a few days.

Burns

If you have an extensive second or third-degree burn, you may contract a bacterial infection.

Sulfa drugs can help treat these infections and may sometimes be used prophylactically, especially when applied in the form of a cream to the affected skin.

Common Sulfonamides

Gantrisin 

Gantrisin (acetyl sulfisoxazole pediatric suspension) (sulfisoxazole) is an antibacterial sulfonamide used to treat bladder infections, ear infections, and meningitis.

It is available in liquid form, which is especially useful for pediatric patients.

It is also available as an eye drop or ophthalmic ointment.

Sulfadiazine

Sulfadiazine is usually prescribed in tablet form.

It is used to treat infections including urinary tract infections, ear infections and parasitic infections such as toxoplasmosis.

It can also help prevent rheumatic fever and meningitis.

Bactrim or Septra

Bactrim or Septra are two antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim) that are usually prescribed together to treat common infections, including urinary tract infections and skin infections. 

Azulfidine

Sulfasalazine delayed-release (Azulfidine EN-tabs) is used to treat a specific type of bowel disease called ulcerative colitis.

It can also be used for rheumatoid arthritis in adults and children when other medications have not worked effectively.

Sulfasalazine is an anti-inflammatory drug that works by reducing inflammation in the body.

Zonegran

Zonegran is primarily used as an epilepsy medication.

It is used to prevent and control seizures in adults in conjunction with other medicines. 

Side Effects of Sulfonamides

Sulfonamides may cause you to have adverse reactions that require medical attention.

Common side effects you may experience from taking sulfonamides include:

• Lethargy
• Diarrhea
• Nausea 
• Vomiting
• Dizziness
• Headache
• Itchiness or skin rash
• Photosensitivity 

Less common side effects you might experience include:

• Aching muscles and joints
• Trouble swallowing
• Sore throat 
• Fever
• Unusual bleeding or bruising
• Yellow eyes or skin
• Pale skin

In rare circumstances, you may experience any of the following:

• Abdominal or stomach cramps, pain, or tenderness 
• Blood in urine
• Diarrhea that is watery or bloody
• Changes in urination: urinating a lot, or not at all
• Pain or burning when urinating
• Dehydration
• Mood changes
• Lower back pain
• Swelling of the front part of the neck

Always check with your healthcare professional if you have any of the above symptoms.

If you suspect you are having a serious allergic reaction or have overdosed, stop taking the medication immediately and call 9-1-1.

You can also report your symptoms to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

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Sulfonamides Precautions

Before taking sulfonamides, tell your doctor about all medical conditions you have, especially if you have any liver, kidney, or blood disorders.

Mention all prescription and non-prescription drugs that you are taking, including all herbal, nutritional, or dietary supplements.

Sulfa drugs should not be given to infants younger than two months old.

Tell your doctor if you are pregnant, planning on becoming pregnant, or are breastfeeding, as the drug can be passed through breast milk.

Sulfa drugs can cause a serious, even life-threatening, skin rash and make your skin extremely sensitive to the sun.

Avoid unnecessary sun exposure, and inform your healthcare provider immediately if you notice a rash or other unusual skin changes.

Always read all of the information on the prescription label and only take the medication as directed by your doctor or pharmacist.

Your dosage may change as your doctor monitors your body’s response to the medicine.

If you feel dizzy or nauseous, avoid driving or operating heavy machinery. 

How K Health Can Help

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Frequently Asked Questions

What are examples of sulfonamides?

Sulfonamides include Gantrisin, Sulfadiazine, Bactrim or Septra, Azulfidine, and Zonegran.

Which drugs are sulfa drugs?

Sulfa drugs are broad-spectrum antibiotics that are used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections. Sulfa drugs include Gantrisin, Sulfadiazine, Bactrim or Septra, Azulfidine, and Zonegran.

What are sulfonamides used for?

Sulfonamides inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria in the body. They are used to treat a variety of infections, including urinary tract infections, skin infections, lung infections, and other bacterial and parasitic infections.

What is the mechanism of action of sulfonamide?

Sulfonamides work by preventing bacteria from making folic acid, preventing their growth and reproduction.

K Health articles are all written and reviewed by MDs, PhDs, NPs, or PharmDs and are for informational purposes only. This information does not constitute and should not be relied on for professional medical advice. Always talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits of any treatment.

K Health has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions,
and medical associations. We avoid using tertiary references.

• How Sulfa Drugs Work. (2012).
  https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/how-sulfa-drugs-work

• Sulfonamides. (2017).
  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31643703/

• Sulfonamides. (2017).
  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548382/

What You Need to Know

Written by Hope Cristol

• What Is a Sulfa Allergy?
• Sulfa Allergy Symptoms
• Drugs to Avoid With Sulfa Allergies
• Sulfa Allergy Treatments
• Sulfa Allergy Complications
• Sulfa Allergy Prevention
• Sulfa vs. Sulfite Allergy
• More

A sulfa allergy is a rash or more serious reaction to sulfa drugs. These drugs can treat a range of health problems from eye infections to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). 

Sulfa drugs, also called sulfonamides, include antibiotics as well as other types of drugs. Allergies happen most often with antibiotics. About 3 percent of people have some type of reaction to them.

Tell your doctor right away if you think you’re having a reaction to a sulfa drug. They’ll decide whether to take you off the drug and how to treat your symptoms.

If you’re allergic to sulfa drugs or any other medication, you may have one or more of these symptoms:

• Skin rash or hives

• Itchy eyes or skin

• Breathing problems

• Face swelling

The reaction can also cause these serious skin reactions:

• Sulfonamide drug hypersensitivity syndrome. Rash, fever, and organ problems begin a week or two after you start the drug.

• Drug eruption.Red or swollen, rounded patches form in 30 minutes to 8 hours.

• Stevens-Johnson syndrome. This potentially life-threatening reaction causes skin to blister and peel off.

Other reactions to sulfa drugs include headache, trouble sleeping, cloudy urine (crystalluria), and low blood counts. Rarely, a severe allergic reaction called anaphylaxis happens.

Sulfa antibiotics have been widely used for more than 70 years. The first antibiotic was a sulfa drug introduced in 1936. Today, these drugs include burn creams, vaginal suppositories, and eye drops as well as medications for many types of infections. If you’ve had an allergic reaction to one sulfa antibiotic, you’re probably allergic to all of them.

Here are a few examples of common sulfa drugs that could cause problems:

• Sulfamethoxazole / trimethoprim (Bactrim, Sulfatrim), a sulfa combination drug that can be taken in liquid or pill form for many types of infections

• Sulfacetamide (BLEPH-10), drops for eye infections

• Sulfadiazine silver (Silvadene), a cream to prevent and treat burn infections

• Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine), pills for rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease

• Dapsone (Aczone), which treats leprosy, dermatitis and certain kinds of pneumonia

Some sulfa drugs may be OK

Even if you’re allergic to antibiotics that have sulfa, you might be able to take some other types of sulfa drugs without a reaction. Ones that may be safe to take include:

• Glyburide (Glynase, Diabeta), a drug for diabetes

• Celecoxib (Celebrex), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)

• Sumatriptan (Imitrex, Sumavel Dosepro, Zecuity), a migraine drug

• Water pills, or diuretics, including furosemide (Lasix) and hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide)

But be sure to tell your doctor if you have a sulfa allergy before taking any of these.

You and your doctor will want to treat your allergy symptoms right away. Medications for a sulfa allergy in

If you’re allergic to a medication that you need to take, your doctor could start it slowly. This is called drug desensitization. You’ll take a very small dose at first and then larger doses over several hours or days. Your doctor will watch you closely for any negative reactions.

Though rare, a sulfa allergy can cause serious problems, such as: 

• Anaphylaxis. This life-threatening reaction to a drug allergy causes trouble breathing, a drop in blood pressure, and other symptoms.

• Stevens-Johnson syndrome. This is a disorder of the skin and mucous membranes that starts with flu-like symptoms followed by a painful rash.

If you have a drug allergy, it’s best to avoid medications that will cause a bad reaction or side effect. Here are some other tips:

• Notify your health care providers. Tell them about any drug allergies so they can make a note in your medical records.

• Wear a medical bracelet. In an emergency, a bracelet will alert health care providers about any drug allergies.

A sulfa allergy sounds like a sulfite allergy, but they’re very different. Sulfa drugs treat health conditions. Sulfites are preservatives used in many foods, drinks (especially wine), and medications.

Sulfites can trigger asthma symptoms and, on rare occasions, can cause anaphylaxis. It’s common for people who have asthma to be sensitive to sulfites. But it’s unusual for other people.

Sulfa drugs and sulfites are not related. Neither are their allergies. There’s no need to give up dried fruit, wine, or other items that have sulfites if you’re sensitive to sulfa drugs.

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Sulfanilamide – description of the substance, pharmacology, use, contraindications, formula

Contents

• Structural formula

• Russian name

• English name

• Latin name

• chemical name

• Gross formula

• Pharmacological group of the substance Sulfanilamide

• Nosological classification

• CAS code

• pharmachologic effect

• Characteristic

• Pharmacology

• Application of the substance Sulfanilamide

• Contraindications

• Application restrictions

• Use during pregnancy and lactation

• Side effects of the substance Sulfanilamide

• Interaction

• Dosage and administration

• Precautionary measures

• Trade names with the active substance Sulfanilamide

Structural formula

Russian name

Sulfanilamide

English name

Sulfanilamide

Latin name

genus Sulfanilamidi)

Chemical name

4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide

General formula

C ₆ H ₈ N ₂ O ₂ S

Pharmacological group of the substance Sulfanilamide

Sulfonamides

Nosological classification

ICD-10 code list

CAS code

63-74-1

Pharmacological action

Pharmacological action 90 097-

antimicrobial .

Description

Refers to short-acting sulfa drugs. Sulfanilamide is a white, odorless, crystalline powder with a slightly bitter taste and a sweet aftertaste. Easily soluble in boiling water (1:2), difficult – in ethanol (1:37), soluble in solutions of hydrochloric acid, caustic alkalis, acetone (1:5), glycerin, propylene glycol; practically insoluble in ether, chloroform, benzene, petroleum ether. Molecular weight – 172.21.

Also used as sodium methane sulfate (Streptocide soluble) – white crystalline powder; soluble in water, practically insoluble in organic solvents.

Pharmacology

The mechanism of antimicrobial action of sulfanilamide is associated with the antagonism of PABA, with which it has a chemical similarity. Sulfanilamide is captured by the microbial cell, prevents the incorporation of PABA into dihydrofolic acid and, in addition, competitively inhibits the bacterial enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase (the enzyme responsible for the incorporation of PABA into dihydrofolic acid), as a result, the synthesis of dihydrofolic acid is disrupted, and the formation of metabolically active tetrahydrofolic acid from it, which is necessary for the formation of purines and pyrimidines, stops the growth and development of microorganisms (bacteriostatic effect).

Active against gram-positive and gram-negative cocci (including streptococci, pneumococci, meningococci, gonococci), Escherichia coli, Shigella spp. Chlamydia spp. , Actinomyces israelii, Toxoplasma gondii.

When applied topically, promotes rapid wound healing.

When taken orally, it is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. max”>C _max in the blood is created after 1–2 hours and decreases by 50%, usually in less than 8 hours. It passes through the histohematic, including the BBB, placental barriers. It is distributed in tissues, after 4 hours it is found in the cerebrospinal fluid. It is acetylated in the liver with loss of antibacterial properties. It is excreted mainly (90-95%) by the kidneys.

There is no information on carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and effects on fertility with long-term use in animals and humans.

Sulfanilamide used to be used orally to treat angina, erysipelas, cystitis, pyelitis, enterocolitis, prevention and treatment of wound infection. Sulfanilamide (Streptocid soluble) has been used in the past as 5% aqueous solutions for intravenous administration, which were prepared ex tempore ; currently used only in the form of liniment for external use.

Application of Sulfanilamide Sulfanilamide Sulfanilamide

local : tonsillitis, purulent-inflammatory lesions of the skin, infected wounds of various etiologies (including ulcers, cracks), furunculus, carbuncle, pyoderma, erysipelas, vulgar acne, impetigo, burns (I and II degrees).

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity (including to other sulfonamides and sulfonamides), diseases of the hematopoietic system, anemia, renal / hepatic insufficiency, congenital deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, azotemia, porphyria.

Restrictions for use

Pregnancy, lactation.

Use in pregnancy and lactation

Systemically absorbed sulfanilamide can rapidly cross the placenta and be detected in the blood of the fetus (the concentration in the blood of the fetus is 50-90% of that in the mother’s blood), as well as cause toxic effects. The safety of sulfanilamide during pregnancy has not been established. It is not known whether sulfonamide can cause fetal harm when taken by pregnant women. In experimental studies in rats and mice treated during pregnancy with certain short-, intermediate-, and long-acting oral sulfonamides (including sulfanilamide) at high doses (7–25 times the therapeutic oral dose for humans), a significant increase in the incidence of cleft palate and other fetal bone malformations.

Passes into breast milk, may cause kernicterus in neonates.

Adverse effects of the substance Sulfanilamide

Allergic reactions; with prolonged local use in large quantities – a systemic effect: headache, dizziness, paresthesia, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, leukopenia, agranulocytosis, crystalluria, cyanosis.

Interaction

Myelotoxic drugs increase hematotoxicity.

Dosage and administration

Local . With superficial infectious diseases of the skin and mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and ear, with burns, ulcers, etc. used in the form of 10% ointment, 5% liniment or powder. Liniment or ointment is applied directly to the affected surface or smeared on a gauze; dressings are made in 1-2 days. For deep wounds, sulfanilamide is introduced into the wound cavity in the form of a carefully ground sterilized powder (5–10–15 g), while sulfanilamide or other antibacterial drugs are administered orally. In a mixture with sulfathiazole, benzylpenicillin and ephedrine, it is sometimes used topically (for acute rhinitis) in powder form (by blowing or drawing it into the nose when inhaling).

Precautions

Periodic peripheral blood testing is necessary for long-term use.

Trade names with active ingredient Sulfanilamide

Reset filters

Lek. form
All lek. forms liniment ointment for local and external use ointment for external use powder for external use substance substance-powder

Dosage
All dosages 10 g 10% 15 g 2 g 25 g 5 g 5% No dosage

Manufacturer
All manufacturers Avexima Siberia LLC Aromasintez LLC BioPharmCombinat LLC Biosintez OJSC Biosintez PJSC Zelenaya Dubrava CJSC Ivanovskaya Pharmaceutical Factory Irbit Chemical and Pharmaceutical Plant OJSC Lekar Lumi LLC [St. Petersburg] Meligen FP CJSC Moscow Pharmaceutical Factory NIZHFARM OAO Ozone LLC Samaramedprom Tver Pharmaceutical Factory OJSC Technopark -Center LLC Tula Pharmaceutical Factory LLC Tyumen Chemical-Pharmaceutical Plant Usolye-Sibirsky CPP JSC Usolye-Sibirsky CPP JSC Flora of the Caucasus JSC Flora of the Caucasus JSC Hubei Maxpharm Industries Co. Zhejiang Kemsen Pharm Co., Ltd. Empils-Foch JSC YuzhFarm LLC Yaroslavl Pharmaceutical Factory (ZAO YAFF)

Information for healthcare professionals only.
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Sulfanilamide – description of the substance, pharmacology, use, contraindications, formula

Contents

• Structural formula

• Russian name

• English name

• Latin name

• chemical name

• Gross formula

• Pharmacological group of the substance Sulfanilamide

• Nosological classification

• CAS code

• pharmachologic effect

• Characteristic

• Pharmacology

• Application of the substance Sulfanilamide

• Contraindications

• Application restrictions

• Use during pregnancy and lactation

• Side effects of the substance Sulfanilamide

• Interaction

• Dosage and administration

• Precautionary measures

• Trade names with the active substance Sulfanilamide

Structural formula

Russian name

Sulfanilamide

English name

Sulfanilamide

Latin name

genus Sulfanilamidi)

Chemical name

4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide

General formula

C ₆ H ₈ N ₂ O ₂ S

Pharmacological group of the substance Sulfanilamide

Sulfonamides

Nosological classification

ICD-10 code list

CAS code

63-74-1

Pharmacological action

Pharmacological action 90 097-

antimicrobial .

Description

Refers to short-acting sulfa drugs. Sulfanilamide is a white, odorless, crystalline powder with a slightly bitter taste and a sweet aftertaste. Easily soluble in boiling water (1:2), difficult – in ethanol (1:37), soluble in solutions of hydrochloric acid, caustic alkalis, acetone (1:5), glycerin, propylene glycol; practically insoluble in ether, chloroform, benzene, petroleum ether. Molecular weight – 172.21.

Also used as sodium methane sulfate (Streptocide soluble) – white crystalline powder; soluble in water, practically insoluble in organic solvents.

Pharmacology

The mechanism of antimicrobial action of sulfanilamide is associated with the antagonism of PABA, with which it has a chemical similarity. Sulfanilamide is captured by the microbial cell, prevents the incorporation of PABA into dihydrofolic acid and, in addition, competitively inhibits the bacterial enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase (the enzyme responsible for the incorporation of PABA into dihydrofolic acid), as a result, the synthesis of dihydrofolic acid is disrupted, and the formation of metabolically active tetrahydrofolic acid from it, which is necessary for the formation of purines and pyrimidines, stops the growth and development of microorganisms (bacteriostatic effect).

Active against gram-positive and gram-negative cocci (including streptococci, pneumococci, meningococci, gonococci), Escherichia coli, Shigella spp. Chlamydia spp. , Actinomyces israelii, Toxoplasma gondii.

When applied topically, promotes rapid wound healing.

When taken orally, it is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. max”>C _max in the blood is created after 1–2 hours and decreases by 50%, usually in less than 8 hours. It passes through the histohematic, including the BBB, placental barriers. It is distributed in tissues, after 4 hours it is found in the cerebrospinal fluid. It is acetylated in the liver with loss of antibacterial properties. It is excreted mainly (90-95%) by the kidneys.

There is no information on carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and effects on fertility with long-term use in animals and humans.

Sulfanilamide used to be used orally to treat angina, erysipelas, cystitis, pyelitis, enterocolitis, prevention and treatment of wound infection. Sulfanilamide (Streptocid soluble) has been used in the past as 5% aqueous solutions for intravenous administration, which were prepared ex tempore ; currently used only in the form of liniment for external use.

Application of Sulfanilamide Sulfanilamide Sulfanilamide

local : tonsillitis, purulent-inflammatory lesions of the skin, infected wounds of various etiologies (including ulcers, cracks), furunculus, carbuncle, pyoderma, erysipelas, vulgar acne, impetigo, burns (I and II degrees).

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity (including to other sulfonamides and sulfonamides), diseases of the hematopoietic system, anemia, renal / hepatic insufficiency, congenital deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, azotemia, porphyria.

Restrictions for use

Pregnancy, lactation.

Use in pregnancy and lactation

Systemically absorbed sulfanilamide can rapidly cross the placenta and be detected in the blood of the fetus (the concentration in the blood of the fetus is 50-90% of that in the mother’s blood), as well as cause toxic effects. The safety of sulfanilamide during pregnancy has not been established. It is not known whether sulfonamide can cause fetal harm when taken by pregnant women. In experimental studies in rats and mice treated during pregnancy with certain short-, intermediate-, and long-acting oral sulfonamides (including sulfanilamide) at high doses (7–25 times the therapeutic oral dose for humans), a significant increase in the incidence of cleft palate and other fetal bone malformations.

Passes into breast milk, may cause kernicterus in neonates.

Adverse effects of the substance Sulfanilamide

Allergic reactions; with prolonged local use in large quantities – a systemic effect: headache, dizziness, paresthesia, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, leukopenia, agranulocytosis, crystalluria, cyanosis.

Interaction

Myelotoxic drugs increase hematotoxicity.

Dosage and administration

Local . With superficial infectious diseases of the skin and mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and ear, with burns, ulcers, etc. used in the form of 10% ointment, 5% liniment or powder. Liniment or ointment is applied directly to the affected surface or smeared on a gauze; dressings are made in 1-2 days. For deep wounds, sulfanilamide is introduced into the wound cavity in the form of a carefully ground sterilized powder (5–10–15 g), while sulfanilamide or other antibacterial drugs are administered orally. In a mixture with sulfathiazole, benzylpenicillin and ephedrine, it is sometimes used topically (for acute rhinitis) in powder form (by blowing or drawing it into the nose when inhaling).

Precautions

Periodic peripheral blood testing is necessary for long-term use.

Trade names with active ingredient Sulfanilamide

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Lek. form
All lek. forms liniment ointment for local and external use ointment for external use powder for external use substance substance-powder

Dosage
All dosages 10 g 10% 15 g 2 g 25 g 5 g 5% No dosage

Manufacturer
All manufacturers Avexima Siberia LLC Aromasintez LLC BioPharmCombinat LLC Biosintez OJSC Biosintez PJSC Zelenaya Dubrava CJSC Ivanovskaya Pharmaceutical Factory Irbit Chemical and Pharmaceutical Plant OJSC Lekar Lumi LLC [St.