Side effects vitamin d tablets. Vitamin D Toxicity: Understanding the Risks and Side Effects of Excessive Supplementation
What are the potential dangers of vitamin D overdose. How much vitamin D is considered excessive. What are the symptoms of vitamin D toxicity. How does vitamin D toxicity affect calcium levels in the body. What are the long-term consequences of vitamin D toxicity on various organ systems.
The Essential Role of Vitamin D in the Body
Vitamin D is a crucial nutrient that plays a vital role in numerous bodily functions. Its primary responsibilities include:
- Regulating the absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate
- Supporting bone health through hardening, growth, and remodeling
- Enhancing immune function
- Promoting proper nerve and muscle function
While many individuals obtain sufficient vitamin D through sun exposure and dietary sources, some opt for supplementation. However, it’s essential to understand the potential risks associated with excessive vitamin D intake.
Determining Optimal Vitamin D Levels and Intake
The appropriate daily vitamin D requirement varies based on individual factors such as age, sex, and overall health status. Medical professionals generally consider vitamin D levels adequate when a person has at least 20 nanograms (ng) of the vitamin per milliliter (mL) of blood. However, adverse side effects may occur if levels exceed 50 ng/mL.
How much vitamin D supplementation is considered safe? The Office of Dietary Supplements suggests that toxicity is unlikely with a daily dose of 250 micrograms (mcg) or less. Nevertheless, it’s important to note that even lower levels may have adverse effects if taken over an extended period.
Understanding Hypercalcemia: A Major Consequence of Vitamin D Toxicity
One of the most significant side effects of vitamin D toxicity is hypercalcemia, a condition characterized by excessive calcium levels in the blood. Researchers often define hypercalcemia as having more than 10.4 mg of calcium per deciliter (dL) of blood, or 0.104 mg/mL.
Hypercalcemia can be categorized into three stages based on calcium levels:
- Mild hypercalcemia: 10.5–11.9 mg/dL
- Moderate hypercalcemia: 12.0–13.9 mg/dL
- Hypercalcemic crisis: 14.0–16.0 mg/dL
The strong relationship between vitamin D and calcium is due to vitamin D’s role in increasing calcium absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Excessive calcium levels can lead to a wide range of complications and symptoms.
Common Symptoms and Complications of Vitamin D Toxicity
Vitamin D toxicity can manifest through various symptoms and complications, many of which are related to hypercalcemia. Some of the most serious include:
- Loss of appetite and increased thirst
- Digestive issues such as diarrhea or constipation
- Nausea and vomiting
- Cognitive problems, including confusion and disorientation
- Joint and muscle pain or weakness
- Persistent headaches
- High blood pressure
Can vitamin D toxicity lead to kidney stones? Indeed, excess calcium in the body due to vitamin D toxicity may promote the development of kidney stones in susceptible individuals. This occurs when excess calcium in the bloodstream binds with phosphate, forming crystals that deposit in soft body tissues. These crystals can cause tissue damage and potentially lead to organ damage, depending on their location, number, and size.
Nephrocalcinosis: A Serious Kidney Complication
When crystals become lodged in kidney tissues, a condition called nephrocalcinosis (kidney stones) can occur. In severe cases, this can result in permanent kidney damage and even kidney failure. Symptoms of nephrocalcinosis include:
- Blood in urine
- Nausea and vomiting
- Fever and chills
- Severe pain in the stomach, sides of the back, or groin area
Cardiovascular Implications of Vitamin D Toxicity
Vitamin D levels have been linked to heart disease and cardiovascular risk. How does vitamin D toxicity affect the heart? Extreme hypercalcemia can reduce the functionality of heart cells, potentially leading to irregularities in heartbeat. Additionally, individuals with severely high levels of calcium or phosphate in the blood may develop calcium deposits, or plaques, in the arteries or heart valves.
Some signs of heart complications associated with vitamin D toxicity include:
- Irregular heartbeat (temporary or continuous)
- Drowsiness
- High blood pressure
Bone Health Concerns Related to Vitamin D Toxicity
While vitamin D is essential for bone health, excessive levels can paradoxically lead to bone problems. Vitamin D toxicity can cause hypercalcemia and subsequent issues with bone density. Some symptoms include:
- Aching or painful bones
- Increased susceptibility to bone fractures
- Development of bone cysts
- Gait abnormalities
Dehydration and Urinary System Effects
Elevated calcium levels in the blood can impair the kidneys’ ability to concentrate urine. This may result in a condition known as polyuria, where a person produces and passes unusually large quantities of urine. As a consequence, individuals with vitamin D toxicity may be prone to dehydration due to the loss of large quantities of water and electrolytes.
What are the symptoms of moderate dehydration caused by vitamin D toxicity?
- Dry mouth and tongue
- Increased thirst
- Dark-colored urine
- Headache
- Fatigue
In severe cases, dehydration can lead to life-threatening conditions. Additional signs of severe dehydration include:
- Rapid heartbeat and breathing
- Confusion
- Fainting
- Lack of urination
- Low blood pressure
- Unexplained exhaustion
Pancreatic Complications: Acute Pancreatitis
Hypercalcemia resulting from vitamin D toxicity can lead to acute pancreatitis, which is inflammation of the pancreas. A 2017 review found that 2 out of 19 people with vitamin D toxicity experienced acute pancreatitis as a complication. These individuals had taken an average of 6,000,000 international units (IU) of vitamin D over a period of 1–3 months.
What are the signs of pancreatitis associated with vitamin D toxicity?
- Upper stomach pain that extends to the back
- Nausea and vomiting
- Rapid pulse
- Swollen or tender abdomen
- Fever
Long-Term Consequences and Emerging Research
As awareness of vitamin D supplementation has increased, so has the incidence of vitamin D toxicity. A 2018 study highlighted a rise in cases of vitamin D toxicity, emphasizing the need for caution when using supplements. Long-term use of high-dose vitamin D supplements may lead to various adverse effects, including:
- Chronic dehydration
- Persistent nausea and vomiting
- Cardiovascular problems
- Cognitive impairment
- Kidney damage
- Bone density loss
How can individuals avoid vitamin D toxicity while still maintaining adequate levels? It’s crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any supplementation regimen. Regular blood tests can help monitor vitamin D levels and ensure they remain within a safe range. Additionally, obtaining vitamin D through natural sources such as sunlight exposure and a balanced diet rich in vitamin D-containing foods can help reduce the risk of toxicity.
The Importance of Balanced Supplementation
While vitamin D is essential for overall health, the potential risks of excessive supplementation highlight the importance of a balanced approach. Understanding the symptoms and consequences of vitamin D toxicity can help individuals make informed decisions about their supplement use and overall health management.
As research continues to evolve, it’s clear that maintaining optimal vitamin D levels requires a nuanced approach. By working closely with healthcare providers and staying informed about the latest recommendations, individuals can harness the benefits of vitamin D while minimizing the risk of adverse effects.
Future Directions in Vitamin D Research
Ongoing research into vitamin D metabolism and its effects on various body systems continues to shed light on both its benefits and potential risks. Future studies may provide more precise guidelines for supplementation based on individual factors such as genetics, lifestyle, and pre-existing health conditions. This personalized approach to vitamin D management could help optimize health outcomes while minimizing the risk of toxicity.
In conclusion, while vitamin D plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health, it’s essential to approach supplementation with caution and under professional guidance. By understanding the potential risks and symptoms of vitamin D toxicity, individuals can make informed decisions about their health and ensure they reap the benefits of this important nutrient without experiencing adverse effects.
Benefits, deficiency, sources and risks
Long-term use of high dose vitamin D supplements may cause adverse side effects, such as dehydration, nausea, vomiting, cardiovascular problems, and confusion.
The Office of Dietary Supplements notes that toxicity is unlikely on a daily dose of 250 microgram (mcg) or less. However, they point out that even these levels or lower may have adverse effects in the long term.
This article details the role of vitamin D in the body and the potential side effects of overexposure.
Vitamin D is a fundamental nutrient that supports several bodily processes, including:
- the absorption and regulation of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate
- the hardening, growth, and remodeling of bones
- immune function
- nerve and muscle function
Many people get enough vitamin D from sun exposure and their diet. Some choose to take supplements.
How much vitamin D should a person take?
A person’s daily vitamin D requirement depends on several individual factors, such as age, sex, and health status.
Doctors consider vitamin D levels adequate if a person has at least 20 nanograms (ng) of the vitamin per milliliter (mL) of blood. If levels rise above 50 ng/mL, a person may experience adverse side effects.
Below are some of the most serious side effects of over-supplementing vitamin D.
Many of the significant side effects of vitamin D toxicity are related to hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia refers to having excess calcium in the blood.
Researchers often cite this threshold as 10.4 mg of calcium per deciliter (dL) of blood, or as 0.104 mg/mL.
Hypercalcemia has three stages:
| Hypercalcemia stage | Calcium levels |
|---|---|
| Mild hypercalcemia | 10.5–11.9 mg/dL |
| Moderate hypercalcemia | 12.0–13.9 mg/dL |
| Hypercalecemic crisis | 14.0–16.0 mg/dL |
There is a strong relationship between vitamin D and calcium.
Vitamin D increases calcium absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Having too much calcium can lead to a wide range of complications and symptoms.
Some of the most serious include:
- a loss of appetite and increased thirst
- diarrhea or constipation
- nausea
- confusion, disorientation, or trouble thinking
- joint and muscle pain or weakness
- continuous headache
- high blood pressure
Excess calcium in the body due to vitamin D toxicity may promote the development of kidney stones in people who are predisposed to the condition.
Excess calcium in the bloodstream binds with phosphate, forming crystals that deposit in soft body tissues. These crystals can cause tissue damage and eventually organ damage, depending on their location, number, and size.
When the crystals get stuck in kidney tissues, nephrocalcinosis (kidney stones) can occur. If this condition is severe, it can cause permanent kidney damage and kidney failure.
Symptoms of nephrocalcinosis include:
- blood in urine
- nausea and vomiting
- fever and chills
- severe pain in the stomach, the sides of the back, or the groin area
Vitamin D levels have links to heart disease and a person’s risk of cardiovascular disease.
Extreme hypercalcemia can reduce the functionality of cells in the heart. People with severe hypercalcemia may also experience irregularities in their heartbeat.
A person with severely high levels of calcium or phosphate in the blood may also develop calcium deposits, or plaques, in the arteries or valves of the heart.
Some signs of heart complications associated with vitamin D toxicity include:
- an irregular heartbeat, which may be temporary or continual
- drowsiness
- high blood pressure
Vitamin D toxicity can cause hypercalcemia and subsequent problems with the bones, including a loss of bone density.
Some symptoms include:
- aching or painful bones
- bones that are prone to fractures or breaks
- bone cysts
- gait abnormalities
Elevated calcium levels in the blood can harm the kidneys’ ability to concentrate urine.
This may result in a person producing and passing unusually large quantities of urine, known as polyuria.
When a person passes diluted urine, they lose large quantities of water and electrolytes. For this reason, a person with vitamin D toxicity may be prone to dehydration.
Symptoms of moderate dehydration include:
- a dry mouth and tongue
- increased thirst
- dark-colored urine
- headache
- feeling tired
Severe dehydration can result in life threatening conditions. Other signs and symptoms of this condition include:
- rapid heartbeat and breathing
- confusion
- fainting
- lack of urination
- low blood pressure
- unexplained exhaustion
Hypercalcemia can cause acute pancreatitis, which is the term for inflammation of the pancreas.
A 2017 review found that 2 of 19 people with vitamin D toxicity experienced acute pancreatitis as a complication. Each had taken an average of 6,000,000 international units (IU) of the vitamin over 1–3 months.
Signs of pancreatitis include:
- upper stomach pain that extends to the back
- nausea and vomiting
- a rapid pulse
- swollen or tender abdomen
- fever
A 2018 study found there has been an increase in the incidence of vitamin D toxicity due to more people supplementing vitamin D without a doctor’s supervision. However, symptomatic vitamin D toxicity remains rare.
High vitamin D levels typically result from consuming excessive amounts of high dose dietary supplements. A person cannot get too much vitamin D from the sun.
The 2018 study also found that certain high dose vitamin D formulations (50,000 IU doses) were common in people with elevated vitamin D levels.
The body stores vitamin D in fat tissues, and it can take weeks or months for the effects of vitamin D toxicity to fully wear off.
Dietary vitamin D supplements are useful when it is not possible to otherwise meet the recommended vitamin D requirements. However, vitamin D supplements are not suitable for everyone.
People with the following conditions are at a higher risk of vitamin D toxicity and should consult a healthcare professional before taking any supplements:
- granulomatous disorders, such as sarcoidosis or tuberculosis
- some lymphomas
- idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia
- Crohn’s disease
Vitamin D drug interactions
Vitamin D supplements can interact with some medications.
For example, high dose vitamin D supplements can reduce the efficacy of cholesterol-lowering statins such as atorvastatin. A doctor will assess a person’s health status before prescribing statins. It is essential to follow medical guidance when taking any medications.
Other medications can affect a person’s vitamin D levels.
- Steroids: Steroids such as prednisone can lower vitamin D levels.
- Orlistat: This weight loss medication can decrease vitamin D absorption rates.
- Thiazide diuretics: These medications can raise a person’s blood calcium levels if they take them alongside vitamin D supplements.
While these outcomes are not the direct result of drug interactions, it is important to be aware of them. A person should always consult with a healthcare professional before taking supplements.
Symptoms of vitamin D toxicity include:
- unexplained exhaustion
- dry mouth
- increased thirst and frequency of urination
- nausea and vomiting
- confusion, disorientation, or trouble thinking
- irregular heartbeat
Health risks of too much vitamin D
People with severe or chronic vitamin D toxicity may develop life threatening symptoms, including:
- extreme dehydration
- high blood pressure
- slowed growth
- trouble breathing
- temporary losses of consciousness
- heart failure or heart attack
- kidney stones or kidney failure
- hearing loss
- tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
- pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)
- gastric ulcers
- coma
Vitamin D toxicity can cause a wide range of symptoms, and each individual may respond differently.
A person may have a higher risk of experiencing toxicity if they take high dose supplements over an extended period. Doing this can cause vitamin D to build up in the blood.
The risk of experiencing adverse side effects from vitamin D in the diet or through exposure to the sun is very low.
Benefits, deficiency, sources and risks
Long-term use of high dose vitamin D supplements may cause adverse side effects, such as dehydration, nausea, vomiting, cardiovascular problems, and confusion.
The Office of Dietary Supplements notes that toxicity is unlikely on a daily dose of 250 microgram (mcg) or less. However, they point out that even these levels or lower may have adverse effects in the long term.
This article details the role of vitamin D in the body and the potential side effects of overexposure.
Vitamin D is a fundamental nutrient that supports several bodily processes, including:
- the absorption and regulation of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate
- the hardening, growth, and remodeling of bones
- immune function
- nerve and muscle function
Many people get enough vitamin D from sun exposure and their diet.
Some choose to take supplements.
How much vitamin D should a person take?
A person’s daily vitamin D requirement depends on several individual factors, such as age, sex, and health status.
Doctors consider vitamin D levels adequate if a person has at least 20 nanograms (ng) of the vitamin per milliliter (mL) of blood. If levels rise above 50 ng/mL, a person may experience adverse side effects.
Below are some of the most serious side effects of over-supplementing vitamin D.
Many of the significant side effects of vitamin D toxicity are related to hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia refers to having excess calcium in the blood.
Researchers often cite this threshold as 10.4 mg of calcium per deciliter (dL) of blood, or as 0.104 mg/mL.
Hypercalcemia has three stages:
| Hypercalcemia stage | Calcium levels |
|---|---|
| Mild hypercalcemia | 10.5–11.9 mg/dL |
| Moderate hypercalcemia | 12. 0–13.9 mg/dL |
| Hypercalecemic crisis | 14.0–16.0 mg/dL |
There is a strong relationship between vitamin D and calcium. Vitamin D increases calcium absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Having too much calcium can lead to a wide range of complications and symptoms.
Some of the most serious include:
- a loss of appetite and increased thirst
- diarrhea or constipation
- nausea
- confusion, disorientation, or trouble thinking
- joint and muscle pain or weakness
- continuous headache
- high blood pressure
Excess calcium in the body due to vitamin D toxicity may promote the development of kidney stones in people who are predisposed to the condition.
Excess calcium in the bloodstream binds with phosphate, forming crystals that deposit in soft body tissues. These crystals can cause tissue damage and eventually organ damage, depending on their location, number, and size.
When the crystals get stuck in kidney tissues, nephrocalcinosis (kidney stones) can occur. If this condition is severe, it can cause permanent kidney damage and kidney failure.
Symptoms of nephrocalcinosis include:
- blood in urine
- nausea and vomiting
- fever and chills
- severe pain in the stomach, the sides of the back, or the groin area
Vitamin D levels have links to heart disease and a person’s risk of cardiovascular disease.
Extreme hypercalcemia can reduce the functionality of cells in the heart. People with severe hypercalcemia may also experience irregularities in their heartbeat.
A person with severely high levels of calcium or phosphate in the blood may also develop calcium deposits, or plaques, in the arteries or valves of the heart.
Some signs of heart complications associated with vitamin D toxicity include:
- an irregular heartbeat, which may be temporary or continual
- drowsiness
- high blood pressure
Vitamin D toxicity can cause hypercalcemia and subsequent problems with the bones, including a loss of bone density.
Some symptoms include:
- aching or painful bones
- bones that are prone to fractures or breaks
- bone cysts
- gait abnormalities
Elevated calcium levels in the blood can harm the kidneys’ ability to concentrate urine. This may result in a person producing and passing unusually large quantities of urine, known as polyuria.
When a person passes diluted urine, they lose large quantities of water and electrolytes. For this reason, a person with vitamin D toxicity may be prone to dehydration.
Symptoms of moderate dehydration include:
- a dry mouth and tongue
- increased thirst
- dark-colored urine
- headache
- feeling tired
Severe dehydration can result in life threatening conditions. Other signs and symptoms of this condition include:
- rapid heartbeat and breathing
- confusion
- fainting
- lack of urination
- low blood pressure
- unexplained exhaustion
Hypercalcemia can cause acute pancreatitis, which is the term for inflammation of the pancreas.
A 2017 review found that 2 of 19 people with vitamin D toxicity experienced acute pancreatitis as a complication. Each had taken an average of 6,000,000 international units (IU) of the vitamin over 1–3 months.
Signs of pancreatitis include:
- upper stomach pain that extends to the back
- nausea and vomiting
- a rapid pulse
- swollen or tender abdomen
- fever
A 2018 study found there has been an increase in the incidence of vitamin D toxicity due to more people supplementing vitamin D without a doctor’s supervision. However, symptomatic vitamin D toxicity remains rare.
High vitamin D levels typically result from consuming excessive amounts of high dose dietary supplements. A person cannot get too much vitamin D from the sun.
The 2018 study also found that certain high dose vitamin D formulations (50,000 IU doses) were common in people with elevated vitamin D levels.
The body stores vitamin D in fat tissues, and it can take weeks or months for the effects of vitamin D toxicity to fully wear off.
Dietary vitamin D supplements are useful when it is not possible to otherwise meet the recommended vitamin D requirements. However, vitamin D supplements are not suitable for everyone.
People with the following conditions are at a higher risk of vitamin D toxicity and should consult a healthcare professional before taking any supplements:
- granulomatous disorders, such as sarcoidosis or tuberculosis
- some lymphomas
- idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia
- Crohn’s disease
Vitamin D drug interactions
Vitamin D supplements can interact with some medications.
For example, high dose vitamin D supplements can reduce the efficacy of cholesterol-lowering statins such as atorvastatin. A doctor will assess a person’s health status before prescribing statins. It is essential to follow medical guidance when taking any medications.
Other medications can affect a person’s vitamin D levels.
- Steroids: Steroids such as prednisone can lower vitamin D levels.
- Orlistat: This weight loss medication can decrease vitamin D absorption rates.
- Thiazide diuretics: These medications can raise a person’s blood calcium levels if they take them alongside vitamin D supplements.
While these outcomes are not the direct result of drug interactions, it is important to be aware of them. A person should always consult with a healthcare professional before taking supplements.
Symptoms of vitamin D toxicity include:
- unexplained exhaustion
- dry mouth
- increased thirst and frequency of urination
- nausea and vomiting
- confusion, disorientation, or trouble thinking
- irregular heartbeat
Health risks of too much vitamin D
People with severe or chronic vitamin D toxicity may develop life threatening symptoms, including:
- extreme dehydration
- high blood pressure
- slowed growth
- trouble breathing
- temporary losses of consciousness
- heart failure or heart attack
- kidney stones or kidney failure
- hearing loss
- tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
- pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)
- gastric ulcers
- coma
Vitamin D toxicity can cause a wide range of symptoms, and each individual may respond differently.
A person may have a higher risk of experiencing toxicity if they take high dose supplements over an extended period. Doing this can cause vitamin D to build up in the blood.
The risk of experiencing adverse side effects from vitamin D in the diet or through exposure to the sun is very low.
💊 Composition of Vitamin D3 ✅ Use of Vitamin D3 Save Search for analogues Interaction Description of the active ingredients of the preparation Vitamin D3 The scientific information provided is general and cannot be used to make decisions. Update date: 2020.04.24 Marketing authorization holder: KRKA d.d., Novo mesto ATX code: A11CC05 (Colecalciferol) Active substance: Rec.INN WHO registered Dosage form
Release form, packaging and composition |
| E20 | Hypoparathyroidism |
E20. 1 | Pseudohypoparathyroidism |
| E55 | Vitamin D deficiency |
| E55.0 | Rickets active |
| M83 | Osteomalacia in adults |
| M90 | Osteopathy in diseases classified elsewhere |
| R29.0 | Tetanya |
Dosage regimen
The method of administration and dosing regimen of a particular drug depends on its form of release and other factors. The optimal dosage regimen is determined by the doctor. Compliance of the dosage form of a particular drug with indications for use and dosing regimen should be strictly observed.
Individual, depending on the indication, the dosage form used and the age of the patient.
Side effects
Symptoms due to hypercalcemia and/or hypercalciuria are most likely in case of hypersensitivity to colecalciferol and overdose: anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, cardiac disturbances, muscle and joint pain, weakness, irritability, depression, weight loss, intense thirst, polyuria, kidney stones, nephrocalcinosis, soft tissue calcification.
Contraindications for use
Hypervitaminosis D, hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, urolithiasis with calcium stones, sarcoidosis, renal failure, hypersensitivity to cholecalciferol.
Use in pregnancy and lactation
Should not be used in high doses during pregnancy.
When used in high doses in a nursing mother, overdose symptoms may develop in the child.
Renal impairment
Contraindicated in renal failure.
Use in children
When used in children, it is not recommended to exceed a dose of 400,000-600,000 IU per year. For children in conditions of increased insolation, a single and, accordingly, a course dose should be reduced.
Use in elderly patients
Use with caution in elderly patients.
Special instructions
May be used in combination with calcium carbonate.
Use with caution in elderly patients, as well as in patients with prolonged immobilization.
When used in children, it is not recommended to exceed a dose of 400,000-600,000 IU per year. For children in conditions of increased insolation, a single and, accordingly, a course dose should be reduced.
When used simultaneously with thiazide diuretics, the level of calcium in the blood and urine should be monitored every 3-6 months.
Drug interactions
When used simultaneously with anticonvulsants, rifampicin, cholestyramine, the absorption of cholecalciferol decreases.
When used simultaneously with cardiac glycosides, it is possible to increase the toxic effect of cardiac glycosides (increased risk of developing cardiac arrhythmias).
When used simultaneously with thiazide diuretics, the risk of developing hypercalcemia increases.
Keep
If you want to place a link to the description of this drug – use this code
Vitamin D3 . Description of the drug in the reference book Vidal.
instructions for use, composition, dosage, side effects
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