Intertrigo: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment of Skin Fold Infections

04.11.197820.11.2021 by alexxlab

What is intertrigo. How does it develop in skin folds. What are the common symptoms of intertrigo. Which parts of the body are most susceptible to intertrigo. How is intertrigo diagnosed and treated. Can intertrigo lead to secondary infections. Who is at higher risk for developing intertrigo.

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Understanding Intertrigo: A Common Inflammatory Skin Condition

Intertrigo is a prevalent inflammatory skin condition that occurs when skin-to-skin friction is exacerbated by heat and moisture. This condition typically manifests as a reddish rash in areas where skin folds or creases come into contact with each other. The combination of trapped moisture, often from perspiration, and increased friction leads to skin damage and inflammation.

Is intertrigo an infection? No, intertrigo itself is not an infection but rather an inflammatory condition. However, it can create an environment conducive to secondary bacterial or fungal infections. The warm, moist conditions and damaged skin provide an ideal breeding ground for microorganisms normally present on the skin’s surface to proliferate.

Infants are particularly susceptible to intertrigo due to their delicate skin and increased likelihood of moisture retention. In babies, intertrigo commonly appears as diaper rash or in neck folds and skin creases on the arms and legs.

Types of Intertrigo: From Acute to Chronic

Healthcare providers may use various terms to describe intertrigo based on its duration, location, and complications:

Acute intertrigo: Recently developed cases
Recurrent intertrigo: Multiple occurrences over time
Chronic intertrigo: Cases lasting six weeks or more
Uncomplicated intertrigo: No secondary infection present
Interdigital intertrigo: Occurring between fingers or toes
Candidal intertrigo: Secondary infection caused by Candida yeast
Diaper rash: A form of intertrigo in infants

Can intertrigo spread to other parts of the body? While intertrigo itself does not spread, it can occur simultaneously in multiple areas where skin-to-skin contact is present. However, if a secondary infection develops, it has the potential to spread and cause more serious complications.

Risk Factors and Prevalence of Intertrigo

Intertrigo can affect individuals of all ages, but certain factors increase the likelihood of developing this condition:

Obesity
Diabetes
Weakened immune system
Hot and humid environments
Summer season

How common is intertrigo? It is a relatively common skin condition, with increased prevalence in warmer climates and during summer months. The exact incidence rate varies depending on the population studied and environmental factors.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Intertrigo

Identifying intertrigo early can help prevent complications and facilitate prompt treatment. Common symptoms include:

Redness in skin folds or creases
Itching or burning sensation
Skin breakdown or maceration
Unpleasant odor
Pain or discomfort in affected areas

In cases of secondary infection, additional symptoms may appear, such as:

Increased redness and swelling
Pustules or small blisters
Oozing or discharge
Worsening pain or itching

Diagnosis and Treatment Approaches for Intertrigo

How is intertrigo diagnosed? Healthcare providers typically diagnose intertrigo through a physical examination and assessment of symptoms. In some cases, they may take skin scrapings or swabs to identify any secondary infections.

Treatment for intertrigo focuses on reducing moisture, minimizing friction, and addressing any secondary infections. Common treatment approaches include:

Keeping the affected area clean and dry
Using barrier creams or powders to reduce friction
Applying topical antifungal or antibacterial medications if infection is present
Utilizing mild corticosteroid creams to reduce inflammation
Implementing lifestyle changes to prevent recurrence

In severe cases or those resistant to initial treatment, oral medications may be prescribed to address underlying infections or inflammation.

Preventing Intertrigo: Strategies for Skin Health

While not always preventable, several strategies can help reduce the risk of developing intertrigo:

Maintaining good hygiene practices
Keeping skin folds clean and dry
Wearing breathable, moisture-wicking clothing
Using antiperspirants in prone areas
Losing weight if obesity is a contributing factor
Managing underlying conditions like diabetes

For individuals prone to recurrent intertrigo, regular use of barrier creams or powders in susceptible areas may help prevent flare-ups.

Complications and Secondary Infections Associated with Intertrigo

When left untreated or poorly managed, intertrigo can lead to various complications:

Bacterial infections (e.g., cellulitis)
Fungal infections (e.g., candidiasis)
Chronic skin changes
Systemic infections in severe cases

How can secondary infections be identified? Signs of secondary infection may include increased redness, warmth, pain, swelling, or the presence of pus. If these symptoms occur, prompt medical attention is crucial to prevent further complications.

Special Considerations for Intertrigo in Different Populations

Certain groups may require specialized care or face unique challenges when dealing with intertrigo:

Infants and Young Children

In infants, intertrigo often manifests as diaper rash. Prevention and treatment strategies include:

Frequent diaper changes
Use of barrier creams
Allowing skin to air dry when possible
Avoiding tight-fitting clothing or diapers

Elderly Individuals

Older adults may be more susceptible to intertrigo due to decreased skin elasticity and mobility issues. Care strategies include:

Regular skin inspections
Assistance with hygiene if needed
Use of moisture-absorbing fabrics
Prompt treatment of any skin irritations

Individuals with Obesity

People with obesity face an increased risk of intertrigo due to more extensive skin folds. Management approaches may include:

Weight loss programs
Use of absorbent fabrics or powders in skin folds
Regular skin fold cleaning and drying
Consultation with a dermatologist for personalized care plans

By understanding the unique needs of different populations, healthcare providers can tailor prevention and treatment strategies to maximize effectiveness and improve patient outcomes.

Emerging Research and Future Directions in Intertrigo Management

As our understanding of intertrigo continues to evolve, researchers are exploring new avenues for prevention and treatment:

Microbiome-Based Approaches

Recent studies have begun to investigate the role of the skin microbiome in intertrigo development and progression. This research may lead to novel therapies that focus on restoring a healthy balance of skin microorganisms to prevent or treat intertrigo.

Advanced Barrier Technologies

Innovations in material science are driving the development of new barrier creams and fabrics designed specifically for intertrigo prevention. These advanced products aim to provide superior moisture management and friction reduction in skin fold areas.

Personalized Treatment Protocols

As genetic and environmental factors contributing to intertrigo susceptibility become better understood, there is growing interest in developing personalized treatment protocols. These tailored approaches would consider individual risk factors, skin characteristics, and lifestyle factors to optimize prevention and management strategies.

Immunomodulatory Therapies

For cases of chronic or recurrent intertrigo, researchers are exploring the potential of immunomodulatory therapies. These treatments aim to regulate the immune response in affected skin areas, potentially reducing inflammation and preventing secondary infections.

What impact might these emerging approaches have on intertrigo management? While still in various stages of research and development, these innovative strategies hold promise for improving outcomes and quality of life for individuals prone to intertrigo. As studies progress, healthcare providers may soon have access to a broader range of tools for addressing this common and often challenging skin condition.

Living with Intertrigo: Practical Tips for Daily Management

For individuals dealing with recurrent or chronic intertrigo, incorporating certain practices into daily life can help manage symptoms and prevent flare-ups:

Clothing and Fabric Choices

Opt for loose-fitting, breathable clothing made from natural fibers like cotton
Consider moisture-wicking fabrics for activities that involve sweating
Change out of damp or sweaty clothes promptly

Hygiene and Skin Care Routines

Develop a consistent cleansing routine for affected areas, using gentle, fragrance-free products
Pat skin dry thoroughly after bathing or swimming
Apply barrier creams or powders as recommended by your healthcare provider

Environmental Considerations

Use air conditioning or fans to reduce ambient humidity when possible
Take breaks to air out skin folds during hot weather
Consider using absorbent pads or liners in areas prone to excessive sweating

Activity Modifications

Plan outdoor activities during cooler parts of the day to minimize sweating
Take regular breaks during exercise to dry off and allow skin to breathe
Use appropriate protective gear for sports or activities that may increase friction in susceptible areas

How can these lifestyle adjustments impact the management of intertrigo? By incorporating these practices into daily routines, individuals with intertrigo can significantly reduce the frequency and severity of flare-ups, improving their overall quality of life and skin health.

The Psychological Impact of Intertrigo: Addressing Mental Health Aspects

While often viewed primarily as a physical condition, intertrigo can have significant psychological effects on those who experience it. Understanding and addressing these mental health aspects is crucial for comprehensive care:

Body Image and Self-Esteem

Visible skin changes and persistent discomfort can impact an individual’s body image and self-esteem. Healthcare providers should be sensitive to these concerns and offer support or referrals to mental health professionals when needed.

Social Anxiety and Isolation

Fear of odor, visible symptoms, or discomfort may lead some individuals to avoid social situations or intimate relationships. Encouraging open communication and providing strategies for symptom management can help alleviate these concerns.

Stress and Anxiety

The chronic nature of intertrigo and the need for ongoing management can be a source of stress and anxiety for some individuals. Teaching stress reduction techniques and promoting a positive outlook on treatment can be beneficial.

Depression

In severe or persistent cases, some individuals may experience symptoms of depression related to their skin condition. Recognizing signs of depression and providing appropriate support or referrals is an important aspect of comprehensive care.

How can healthcare providers address the psychological impact of intertrigo? A holistic approach that considers both physical and mental health aspects can lead to better overall outcomes. This may include:

Providing education about the condition and its management to empower patients
Offering resources for support groups or counseling services
Encouraging open dialogue about the emotional impact of the condition
Collaborating with mental health professionals when needed

By addressing both the physical and psychological aspects of intertrigo, healthcare providers can help patients achieve better overall well-being and quality of life.

What Is It, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

Overview

What is intertrigo?

Intertrigo is a common inflammatory skin condition that is caused by skin-to-skin friction (rubbing) that is intensified by heat and moisture. It usually looks like a reddish rash. Trapped moisture, which is usually due to sweating, causes the surfaces of your skin to stick together in your skin folds. The moisture increases the friction, which leads to skin damage and inflammation.

In many cases of intertrigo, damage to the skin allows bacteria and/or fungus normally present on the surface of your skin to overgrow. The warmth, trapped moisture and friction-induced skin damage create an ideal environment for bacteria and fungi to grow and multiply. This overgrowth of bacteria and/or fungi triggers your immune system to respond, which results in secondary inflammation and a visible rash. In more severe cases, the bacterial and/or fungal overgrowth is significant enough to cause a secondary infection.

Is intertrigo a fungal infection?

Intertrigo itself is not an infection. It’s an inflammatory skin condition. However, intertrigo often leads to a fungal or bacterial infection. This is known as a secondary infection. Candida — a type of yeast, or fungus — is the most common cause of secondary infection related to intertrigo.

What parts of the body get intertrigo?

Intertrigo can appear in between any skin areas that are in close contact with each other, such as skin folds, and that are often moist.

The most common places that intertrigo occurs include:

In the crease(s) of your neck.
In your armpits.
Beneath or between your breasts.
Between your belly folds.
Between your buttocks.
In your groin at your scrotum.
In your inner thighs.
Between your toes and fingers.

Babies are especially at risk for intertrigo because their skin is delicate and they’re more likely to have moist skin from drooling or from wearing diapers. The most common places for babies to have intertrigo include:

On their buttocks or in their groin area (often referred to simply as diaper rash).
In between their neck folds.
In the creases of their skin rolls or folds on their arms and legs.

Are there different kinds of intertrigo?

There are a few names for intertrigo (also known as intertriginous dermatitis) depending on certain factors such as where it appears and if it’s caused an infection or not. Your healthcare provider may use one or more of these terms to describe your intertrigo:

Acute intertrigo: If your intertrigo just recently appeared, it’s called acute intertrigo.
Recurrent intertrigo: If you’ve had multiple cases of intertrigo over time, it’s called recurrent (relapsing) intertrigo.
Chronic intertrigo: If your case of intertrigo has lasted six weeks or more, it’s called chronic intertrigo.
Uncomplicated intertrigo: Uncomplicated intertrigo means your intertrigo has not caused an infection.
Interdigital intertrigo: Intertrigo between your fingers or toes is called interdigital intertrigo.
Candidal intertrigo: Candidal intertrigo happens when your intertrigo becomes infected by the yeast (fungus) Candida. Candida is the most common cause of intertrigo infections.
Diaper rash: Also known as diaper dermatitis, diaper rash is a form of intertrigo.

Can intertrigo spread to other parts of my body?

You can have intertrigo in more than one place on your body at the same time, but intertrigo does not spread to other parts of your body. This is because a key contributing factor for intertrigo is friction from skin-to-skin rubbing, so only places on your body where your skin rubs together can have intertrigo.

If you get an infection from your intertrigo, the infection can spread to other parts of your body and can cause serious complications. It’s important to see your healthcare provider as soon as possible if you have signs of an infection.

Who gets intertrigo?

Anyone at any age can get intertrigo. Babies often get diaper rash (diaper dermatitis), which is a form of intertrigo. People who have obesity, diabetes and/or a weakened immune system due to underlying disease or medication are more likely to get intertrigo.

How common is intertrigo?

Intertrigo is a common skin condition. It’s most common in hot and humid environments and during the summer.

Symptoms and Causes

What causes intertrigo?

Intertrigo is caused by skin-to-skin friction that is made worse by heat and moisture. This most commonly happens between skin folds or creases and between your toes or fingers.

The trapped moisture — often due to sweating — causes your skin surfaces to stick together. This increases the friction between your skin surfaces, which causes skin damage, bacterial and/or fungal overgrowth and inflammation. In many cases of intertrigo, the skin breaks open from the friction, which allows bacteria and/or fungus to get into your skin, causing an infection. The moisture and warmth make a perfect environment for bacteria and fungi to multiply. If the affected area comes in contact with sweat, pee or poop, it can make your intertrigo worse.

Different kinds of fungi and bacteria that can cause secondary infections include:

Candida: Candida, a type of yeast and fungus, is the most common cause of secondary infections in intertrigo cases.
Dermatophytes: Dermatophytes are fungi that require keratin (a type of protein) for growth. These fungi can cause infections in your skin and nails. Dermatophyte fungi often cause secondary infections from intertrigo in between your fingers or toes.
Staphylococcus aureus: This bacteria — often called staph — is a common cause of intertrigo bacterial infections.

What are the signs and symptoms of intertrigo?

Signs and symptoms of intertrigo depend on how severe it is and if there is an infection or not.

Early symptoms of intertrigo without infection can include:

Having a somewhat symmetrical red or reddish-brown rash with small bumps in an area where your skin rubs against itself.
Having itching, stinging and/or burning in the affected area.
Feeling uncomfortable or experiencing pain in the affected area.

If intertrigo is not treated in its early phase, you can develop the following symptoms:

Feeling like your affected skin is raw.
Having cracks in your affected skin.
Experiencing bleeding or oozing from your affected skin.
Having skin that is crusted over and/or scaly in the affected area.

Symptoms of intertrigo with an infection can include:

Having a foul smell in the affected area.
Having bumps on your affected skin that contain pus.
Having raised, tender bumps on your affected skin.

If you have signs of an infection, it’s important to see your healthcare provider or go to the nearest hospital as soon as possible. Infections need proper medical treatment and can lead to serious complications if they’re left untreated.

Is intertrigo contagious?

Intertrigo is not contagious. You can’t get it from another person or spread it to another person.

Diagnosis and Tests

How is intertrigo diagnosed?

Even though intertrigo is a common condition, it can be difficult to diagnose because it can look like other skin conditions that can affect skin folds. Your healthcare provider will ask you thorough questions about your history, focusing on any skin conditions you currently have or have had in the past. They’ll also ask you questions about medications you take, allergies and sensitivities you may have and if you’ve used certain kinds of topical ointments or soaps. They’ll then do a visual examination of your affected skin.

If your provider suspects you have an infection from your intertrigo, they may perform certain tests such as a skin scraping to see what kind of organism is causing the infection.

What tests will be done to diagnose intertrigo?

There’s currently no formal test or assessment tool to diagnose intertrigo. Your healthcare provider will diagnose your intertrigo based on thorough questions about your history and a visual exam of your affected skin.

If your healthcare provider thinks you may have an infection from your intertrigo, they may perform one or more of the following tests:

Wood’s lamp examination: A Wood’s lamp is a small tool that uses black light to illuminate areas of your skin. Your healthcare provider will hold the tool over your affected skin in a darkened room. If a certain kind of bacteria or fungi is causing your infection, the light will cause the affected area of your skin to change color.
Skin scraping: Your healthcare provider will use a tool to scrape and remove some of your affected skin. They will then look at the skin sample under a microscope to see what kind of fungus or bacteria is causing your infection.
Skin biopsy: Your healthcare provider will use local anesthesia and a biopsy tool to remove a small piece of your skin. A laboratory technician or a pathologist will then examine it under a microscope to ensure an accurate diagnosis.

Management and Treatment

How is intertrigo treated?

The main way to treat intertrigo that hasn’t caused an infection is by keeping the affected area dry, clean and cool.

Ways you can keep your intertrigo dry, clean and cool at home include:

Dry yourself thoroughly with a clean towel after you take a shower. Dry the affected area by patting it with a towel, not rubbing it.
Use a fan or a hairdryer on the “cool” setting over the affected area multiple times a day.
Wear loose clothing and breathable fabrics, such as cotton.
Use a mild antiperspirant (deodorant) in your armpits or under your breasts to minimize sweating.
Use a powder drying agent, such as talcum powder, on your affected area. If you use an ointment for your intertrigo, do not use it and powder at the same time. They will create a tacky paste.

Other things you can do to treat uninfected intertrigo include:

Use skin barrier creams or anti-chafing gels: Creams or ointments with zinc oxide and/or petrolatum can help reduce friction between your affected skin by creating a barrier.
Use fiber skin barriers: Use materials such as clean gauze or cotton to separate the affected skin that is touching can help reduce friction.
Use a topical steroid cream: Your healthcare provider may recommend a topical steroid cream to help with inflammation. You can buy mild steroid creams at your local pharmacy without a prescription.
Use topical anti-fungal and/or anti-bacterial creams: Your healthcare provider may recommend a topical steroid cream to help combat fungal and bacterial overgrowth that contributes to inflammation. You can buy anti-fungal and anti-bacterial creams at your local pharmacy without a prescription.

Treatment for intertrigo that has caused an infection depends on what caused it. Your healthcare provider will need to find out what kind of bacteria or fungi have caused your infection in order to give you proper treatment.

Treatment for infected intertrigo can include:

Antifungal cream: If you have an infection that’s caused by a fungus, your healthcare provider may have you use a specific topical antifungal cream or ointment on the affected area.
Antibiotic cream: If you have an infection that’s caused by bacteria, your provider may have you use a specific topical antibacterial cream or ointment on the affected area.
Oral medication: Your provider may prescribe you one or more oral medications (pills) in order to treat your infection. These could include antibiotics or antifungal medications.

Prevention

What are the risk factors for getting intertrigo?

Risk factors for getting intertrigo include:

Obesity: Intertrigo is strongly associated with having obesity. People who have obesity usually have more pronounced skin folds and increased sweating. It can also be more difficult for people with obesity to properly clean and care for their skin folds.
Diabetes: Having diabetes can cause increased sweating, which helps contribute to intertrigo. In addition, having diabetes and chronic high blood sugar can increase your skin surface pH, which makes it more ideal for bacteria and fungi to grow and multiply. This can put people with diabetes at a higher risk of getting an infection from intertrigo.
Incontinence: People who have urinary incontinence (not being able to control their bladder) and/or fecal incontinence (not being able to control their bowel movements) are at higher risk for intertrigo because pee and/or poop in an absorbent undergarment creates a warm and moist environment. If you already have intertrigo, contact with sweat, pee or poop can make your intertrigo worse.
Excessive sweating: Excessive sweating (known as hyperhidrosis) can put you at a higher risk of intertrigo.
Excess skin from significant weight loss: People who have excess skin from significant weight loss are more likely to get intertrigo due to the skin folds rubbing together.
Living in a hot and humid environment: Intertrigo is caused by skin friction due to trapped moisture, so living in a hot and humid environment, where you are more likely to sweat, puts you at a higher risk of getting intertrigo.
Your age: Intertrigo is more common in babies and older people. Babies are at a higher risk for intertrigo because their skin is sensitive and they often have moist skin from drooling or from wearing diapers. It can be more difficult for older people to bathe and care for their skin routinely, so they’re at a higher risk for intertrigo.

What can I do to prevent intertrigo?

There are several things you can do to try to prevent getting intertrigo, including:

Keep your skin cool, dry and clean, especially areas where your skin rubs together.
Shower and dry off completely every day and especially after you exercise or sweat.
Avoid wearing tight clothes or shoes.
Wear clothes that are made of breathable and absorbent fabrics, such as cotton, and avoiding clothes made of synthetic materials.
Use a skin barrier protectant cream if you have incontinence.
Change your child’s diaper frequently to prevent diaper rash (a form of intertrigo).

If you’ve had repeated cases of intertrigo, the following actions may help to prevent future cases:

Have a structured skincare routine: Talk to your healthcare provider or a dermatologist about a skincare routine that could help prevent intertrigo. The plan could include gentle cleansing, moisturizing and using a skin barrier protectant such as zinc oxide or petroleum jelly.
Lose weight: If you have obesity, losing weight could help prevent future cases of intertrigo. See your healthcare provider and/or a registered dietician to discuss ways you can healthily and safely lose weight.
Have a breast reduction: If you’ve had cases of intertrigo under your breasts, a breast reduction could help. Talk to your healthcare provider.
Have body contouring surgery: If you’ve had cases of intertrigo due to having excess skin from significant weight loss, talk to your provider about body contouring surgeries, such as tummy tuck (abdominoplasty) and brachioplasty, to remove extra skin.

Outlook / Prognosis

What is the outlook for intertrigo?

While intertrigo can be unpleasant and painful, it is treatable. The prognosis (outlook) for intertrigo depends on the person’s overall health. In most cases, people recover well from intertrigo if it’s treated properly.

Intertrigo can become chronic (long-lasting) or recurrent (occurring often), so it’s important to take care of yourself and follow a proper hygiene routine to prevent your intertrigo from coming back.

Can intertrigo cause complications?

If intertrigo is not treated properly, it can cause complications, including:

Nail fungal infections: If a fungal infection from intertrigo that is between your toes or fingers is not treated properly, it can cause a fungal infection in your toenails or fingernails.
Cellulitis: Cellulitis is a deep infection of the skin and soft tissue caused by bacteria. If cellulitis is not treated properly, it can be life-threatening. This complication is more common in people who have diabetes and intertrigo.
Sepsis: If you have an infection caused by intertrigo that is not treated, it could lead to sepsis. Sepsis is a medical emergency caused by the body’s response to systemic infection. It can be life-threatening.

Living With

When should I see my healthcare provider?

If you have a skin rash that isn’t going away or suddenly gets worse, it’s important to see your healthcare provider. There are many different kinds of skin rashes — many of which look very similar —so your provider will want to make sure your rash is in fact intertrigo and not something else.

If you have been diagnosed with intertrigo and your intertrigo doesn’t seem to be getting better with treatment, contact your healthcare provider.

If you have signs of an infection from your intertrigo — such as a foul smell in the affected area or pus—be sure to see your healthcare provider as soon as possible or go to the nearest hospital. Infections need proper medical treatment.

If you’ve had multiple cases of intertrigo over time (recurrent intertrigo), talk to your healthcare provider about how you can prevent it from coming back and more permanent solutions for prevention.

A note from Cleveland Clinic

While intertrigo can be unpleasant and painful, the good news is that it’s treatable and often preventable. Try your best to prevent intertrigo by keeping your skin clean, dry and cool, especially if you’re at a higher risk of getting it. If you have symptoms of intertrigo, be sure to contact your healthcare provider. You will receive a proper diagnosis and a treatment plan so that you can feel better soon.

What Is It, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

Overview

What is intertrigo?

Is intertrigo a fungal infection?

What parts of the body get intertrigo?

Intertrigo can appear in between any skin areas that are in close contact with each other, such as skin folds, and that are often moist.

The most common places that intertrigo occurs include:

In the crease(s) of your neck.
In your armpits.
Beneath or between your breasts.
Between your belly folds.
Between your buttocks.
In your groin at your scrotum.
In your inner thighs.
Between your toes and fingers.

On their buttocks or in their groin area (often referred to simply as diaper rash).
In between their neck folds.
In the creases of their skin rolls or folds on their arms and legs.

Are there different kinds of intertrigo?

Acute intertrigo: If your intertrigo just recently appeared, it’s called acute intertrigo.
Recurrent intertrigo: If you’ve had multiple cases of intertrigo over time, it’s called recurrent (relapsing) intertrigo.
Chronic intertrigo: If your case of intertrigo has lasted six weeks or more, it’s called chronic intertrigo.
Uncomplicated intertrigo: Uncomplicated intertrigo means your intertrigo has not caused an infection.
Interdigital intertrigo: Intertrigo between your fingers or toes is called interdigital intertrigo.
Candidal intertrigo: Candidal intertrigo happens when your intertrigo becomes infected by the yeast (fungus) Candida. Candida is the most common cause of intertrigo infections.
Diaper rash: Also known as diaper dermatitis, diaper rash is a form of intertrigo.

Can intertrigo spread to other parts of my body?

Who gets intertrigo?

How common is intertrigo?

Intertrigo is a common skin condition. It’s most common in hot and humid environments and during the summer.

Symptoms and Causes

What causes intertrigo?

Intertrigo is caused by skin-to-skin friction that is made worse by heat and moisture. This most commonly happens between skin folds or creases and between your toes or fingers.

Different kinds of fungi and bacteria that can cause secondary infections include:

Candida: Candida, a type of yeast and fungus, is the most common cause of secondary infections in intertrigo cases.
Dermatophytes: Dermatophytes are fungi that require keratin (a type of protein) for growth. These fungi can cause infections in your skin and nails. Dermatophyte fungi often cause secondary infections from intertrigo in between your fingers or toes.
Staphylococcus aureus: This bacteria — often called staph — is a common cause of intertrigo bacterial infections.

What are the signs and symptoms of intertrigo?

Signs and symptoms of intertrigo depend on how severe it is and if there is an infection or not.

Early symptoms of intertrigo without infection can include:

Having a somewhat symmetrical red or reddish-brown rash with small bumps in an area where your skin rubs against itself.
Having itching, stinging and/or burning in the affected area.
Feeling uncomfortable or experiencing pain in the affected area.

If intertrigo is not treated in its early phase, you can develop the following symptoms:

Feeling like your affected skin is raw.
Having cracks in your affected skin.
Experiencing bleeding or oozing from your affected skin.
Having skin that is crusted over and/or scaly in the affected area.

Symptoms of intertrigo with an infection can include:

Having a foul smell in the affected area.
Having bumps on your affected skin that contain pus.
Having raised, tender bumps on your affected skin.

Is intertrigo contagious?

Intertrigo is not contagious. You can’t get it from another person or spread it to another person.

Diagnosis and Tests

How is intertrigo diagnosed?

If your provider suspects you have an infection from your intertrigo, they may perform certain tests such as a skin scraping to see what kind of organism is causing the infection.

What tests will be done to diagnose intertrigo?

If your healthcare provider thinks you may have an infection from your intertrigo, they may perform one or more of the following tests:

Wood’s lamp examination: A Wood’s lamp is a small tool that uses black light to illuminate areas of your skin. Your healthcare provider will hold the tool over your affected skin in a darkened room. If a certain kind of bacteria or fungi is causing your infection, the light will cause the affected area of your skin to change color.
Skin scraping: Your healthcare provider will use a tool to scrape and remove some of your affected skin. They will then look at the skin sample under a microscope to see what kind of fungus or bacteria is causing your infection.
Skin biopsy: Your healthcare provider will use local anesthesia and a biopsy tool to remove a small piece of your skin. A laboratory technician or a pathologist will then examine it under a microscope to ensure an accurate diagnosis.

Management and Treatment

How is intertrigo treated?

The main way to treat intertrigo that hasn’t caused an infection is by keeping the affected area dry, clean and cool.

Ways you can keep your intertrigo dry, clean and cool at home include:

Dry yourself thoroughly with a clean towel after you take a shower. Dry the affected area by patting it with a towel, not rubbing it.
Use a fan or a hairdryer on the “cool” setting over the affected area multiple times a day.
Wear loose clothing and breathable fabrics, such as cotton.
Use a mild antiperspirant (deodorant) in your armpits or under your breasts to minimize sweating.
Use a powder drying agent, such as talcum powder, on your affected area. If you use an ointment for your intertrigo, do not use it and powder at the same time. They will create a tacky paste.

Other things you can do to treat uninfected intertrigo include:

Use skin barrier creams or anti-chafing gels: Creams or ointments with zinc oxide and/or petrolatum can help reduce friction between your affected skin by creating a barrier.
Use fiber skin barriers: Use materials such as clean gauze or cotton to separate the affected skin that is touching can help reduce friction.
Use a topical steroid cream: Your healthcare provider may recommend a topical steroid cream to help with inflammation. You can buy mild steroid creams at your local pharmacy without a prescription.
Use topical anti-fungal and/or anti-bacterial creams: Your healthcare provider may recommend a topical steroid cream to help combat fungal and bacterial overgrowth that contributes to inflammation. You can buy anti-fungal and anti-bacterial creams at your local pharmacy without a prescription.

Treatment for infected intertrigo can include:

Antifungal cream: If you have an infection that’s caused by a fungus, your healthcare provider may have you use a specific topical antifungal cream or ointment on the affected area.
Antibiotic cream: If you have an infection that’s caused by bacteria, your provider may have you use a specific topical antibacterial cream or ointment on the affected area.
Oral medication: Your provider may prescribe you one or more oral medications (pills) in order to treat your infection. These could include antibiotics or antifungal medications.

Prevention

What are the risk factors for getting intertrigo?

Risk factors for getting intertrigo include:

Obesity: Intertrigo is strongly associated with having obesity. People who have obesity usually have more pronounced skin folds and increased sweating. It can also be more difficult for people with obesity to properly clean and care for their skin folds.
Diabetes: Having diabetes can cause increased sweating, which helps contribute to intertrigo. In addition, having diabetes and chronic high blood sugar can increase your skin surface pH, which makes it more ideal for bacteria and fungi to grow and multiply. This can put people with diabetes at a higher risk of getting an infection from intertrigo.
Incontinence: People who have urinary incontinence (not being able to control their bladder) and/or fecal incontinence (not being able to control their bowel movements) are at higher risk for intertrigo because pee and/or poop in an absorbent undergarment creates a warm and moist environment. If you already have intertrigo, contact with sweat, pee or poop can make your intertrigo worse.
Excessive sweating: Excessive sweating (known as hyperhidrosis) can put you at a higher risk of intertrigo.
Excess skin from significant weight loss: People who have excess skin from significant weight loss are more likely to get intertrigo due to the skin folds rubbing together.
Living in a hot and humid environment: Intertrigo is caused by skin friction due to trapped moisture, so living in a hot and humid environment, where you are more likely to sweat, puts you at a higher risk of getting intertrigo.
Your age: Intertrigo is more common in babies and older people. Babies are at a higher risk for intertrigo because their skin is sensitive and they often have moist skin from drooling or from wearing diapers. It can be more difficult for older people to bathe and care for their skin routinely, so they’re at a higher risk for intertrigo.

What can I do to prevent intertrigo?

There are several things you can do to try to prevent getting intertrigo, including:

Keep your skin cool, dry and clean, especially areas where your skin rubs together.
Shower and dry off completely every day and especially after you exercise or sweat.
Avoid wearing tight clothes or shoes.
Wear clothes that are made of breathable and absorbent fabrics, such as cotton, and avoiding clothes made of synthetic materials.
Use a skin barrier protectant cream if you have incontinence.
Change your child’s diaper frequently to prevent diaper rash (a form of intertrigo).

If you’ve had repeated cases of intertrigo, the following actions may help to prevent future cases:

Have a structured skincare routine: Talk to your healthcare provider or a dermatologist about a skincare routine that could help prevent intertrigo. The plan could include gentle cleansing, moisturizing and using a skin barrier protectant such as zinc oxide or petroleum jelly.
Lose weight: If you have obesity, losing weight could help prevent future cases of intertrigo. See your healthcare provider and/or a registered dietician to discuss ways you can healthily and safely lose weight.
Have a breast reduction: If you’ve had cases of intertrigo under your breasts, a breast reduction could help. Talk to your healthcare provider.
Have body contouring surgery: If you’ve had cases of intertrigo due to having excess skin from significant weight loss, talk to your provider about body contouring surgeries, such as tummy tuck (abdominoplasty) and brachioplasty, to remove extra skin.

Outlook / Prognosis

What is the outlook for intertrigo?

Can intertrigo cause complications?

If intertrigo is not treated properly, it can cause complications, including:

Nail fungal infections: If a fungal infection from intertrigo that is between your toes or fingers is not treated properly, it can cause a fungal infection in your toenails or fingernails.
Cellulitis: Cellulitis is a deep infection of the skin and soft tissue caused by bacteria. If cellulitis is not treated properly, it can be life-threatening. This complication is more common in people who have diabetes and intertrigo.
Sepsis: If you have an infection caused by intertrigo that is not treated, it could lead to sepsis. Sepsis is a medical emergency caused by the body’s response to systemic infection. It can be life-threatening.

Living With

When should I see my healthcare provider?

If you have been diagnosed with intertrigo and your intertrigo doesn’t seem to be getting better with treatment, contact your healthcare provider.

A note from Cleveland Clinic

Causes, Images, and More — DermNet

Author: Hon A/Prof Amanda Oakley, Dermatologist, Hamilton, New Zealand, 1998. Revised and updated August 2015. Updated by Janet Dennis, November 2018. Technical Editor: Mary Elaine Luther, Medical Student, Ross University, Barbados. DermNet Editor in Chief: Adjunct A/Prof Amanda Oakley, Dermatologist, Hamilton, New Zealand. Copy edited by Gus Mitchell. January 2020.

What is intertrigo?

Intertrigo describes a rash in the flexures, such as behind the ears, in the folds of the neck, under the arms, under a protruding abdomen, in the groin, between the buttocks, in the finger webs, or in the toe spaces. Although intertrigo can affect only one skin fold, intertrigo commonly involves multiple sites. Intertrigo is a sign of inflammation or infection.

Who gets intertrigo?

Intertrigo can affect males or females of any age. Intertrigo is particularly common in people who are overweight or obese (see metabolic syndrome).

Other contributing factors are:

In infants, napkin dermatitis is a type of intertrigo that primarily occurs due to skin exposure to sweat, urine, and faeces in the diaper area.

Toe-web intertrigo is associated with closed-toe or tight-fitting shoes. Lymphoedema is also a cause for toe-web intertrigo.

What are the clinical features of intertrigo?

Intertrigo can be acute (recent onset), relapsing (recurrent), or chronic (present for more than six weeks). The exact appearance and behaviour depend on the underlying cause(s).

The skin affected by intertrigo is inflamed, reddened, and uncomfortable. The affected skin can become moist and macerated, leading to fissuring (cracks) and peeling.

Intertrigo with secondary bacterial infection (eg, pseudomonas) can cause a foul odour.

What causes intertrigo?

Intertrigo is due to genetic and environmental factors.

Flexural skin has a relatively high surface temperature.
Moisture from insensible water loss and sweating cannot evaporate due to occlusion.
Friction from the movement of adjacent skin results in chafing.
Intertrigo occurs more easily in environments that are hot and humid.
Diabetes, alcohol, and smoking increase the likelihood of intertrigo, especially the infectious form.

The microbiome (microorganisms normally resident on the skin) on flexural skin includes Corynebacterium, other bacteria, and yeasts. Microbiome overgrowth in warm moist environments can cause intertrigo.

Intertrigo is classified into infectious and inflammatory origins, but they often overlap.

Infections tend to be unilateral and asymmetrical.
Atopic dermatitis is usually bilateral and symmetrical, affecting the flexures of the neck, knees and elbows.
Other inflammatory disorders also tend to be symmetrical affecting the armpits, groins, under the breasts, and the abdominal folds.

Infections causing intertrigo

Thrush: Candida albicans

Characterised by its rapid development
Itchy, moist, peeling, red and white skin
Small superficial papules and pustules

Candida albicans

Erythrasma: Corynebacterium minutissimum

Persistent brown patches
Minimal scale
Asymptomatic (painless and non-itchy)

Erythrasma

Tinea: Trichophyton rubrum + T. interdigitale

Tinea cruris (groin) and athletes foot (between toes)
Slowly spreads over weeks to months
Irregular annular plaques
Peeling, scaling

Tinea cruris

Impetigo: Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes

Rapid development
Moist blisters and crusts on a red base
Contagious, so other family members may also be affected

Impetigo

Boils: Staphylococcus aureus

Rapid development
Very painful follicular papules and nodules
Central pustule or abscess

Boil

Folliculitis: Staphylococcus aureus

Acute or chronic
Superficial tender red papules
Pustules centred on hair follicles
Can be provoked by shaving, waxing, epilation.

Folliculitis

Skin inflammations causing intertrigo

Flexural psoriasis

Well-defined, smooth or shiny red patches
Very persistent
Common in submammary and groin creases
Symmetrical involvement
May fissure (crack) in the crease
Red patches on other sites are scaly

Flexural psoriasis

Seborrhoeic dermatitis

Ill-defined salmon-pink thin patches
Common in axilla and groin creases
Fluctuates in severity
May be asymmetrical
Often unnoticed
Red patches on the face and scalp tend to be flaky.

Seborrhoeic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis

First occurs in infancy
Common in elbow and knee creases
Characterised by flares
Very itchy
Acute eczema is red, blistered, swollen
Chronic eczema is dry, thickened, lined (lichenified).

Atopic dermatitis

Contact irritant dermatitis

Acute, relapsing or chronic

Irritants include:

Body fluids: sweat, urine
Friction due to movement and clothing
Dryness due to antiperspirant
Soap
Excessive washing.

Irritant contact dermatitis

Contact allergic dermatitis

Acute or relapsing
The allergen may be:
- Fragrance, preservative or medicament in deodorant, wet-wipe or other product
- Component of underwear (rubber in elastic, nickel in bra wire).

Allergic contact dermatitis

Hidradenitis suppurativa

Chronic disorder
Boil-like follicular papules and nodules
Discharging sinuses and scars

Hidradenitis suppurativa

Hailey-Hailey disease

Intermittent painful shallow blisters that quickly break down
Rare inherited condition
Often starts age 20–40 years
Most troublesome during summer months

Hailey-Hailey disease

Granular parakeratosis

Red-brown scaly rash
Can be itchy
Rare
A biopsy is essential for diagnosis.

Granular parakeratosis

Fox-Fordyce disease

Dome-shaped follicular papules in armpits
Often persistent
Asymptomatic or itchy
Reduced sweating
Excoriations and lichenification eventually occur as a result of scratching.

Fox-Fordyce disease

Toe-web intertrigo

Common in persons wearing tight-fitting shoes
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common organism
Mild toe-web intertrigo presents with erythema and scaling (athlete’s foot)
Chronic intertrigo (longer than six months) causes burning pain, exudation, maceration, and inability to move the toes
A serious complication is cellulitis, often spreading to ankles and knees.

Toe-web intertrigo

What investigations should be done?

Investigations may be necessary to determine the cause of intertrigo.

What is the treatment for intertrigo?

Skin Folds – an overview

Supraclavicular Exposure and Definition of Lesions

Our approach is supraclavicular transverse, about 1 cm above the palpable clavicle, within a skin fold to get a smooth skin scar. The incision starts a bit medial to the palpable lateral border of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle and extends 1 cm beyond the external jugular vein. Subcutaneous tissue and platysma are divided and the external jugular vein and the lateral border of the SCM muscle are dissected free; sometimes the most lateral insertions of the SCM onto the clavicle are divided, too, to get a more confortable access into the medial inferior corner. Under the lateral border of the SCM muscle, the dissection of the adipolymphatic tissue is carried out onto the internal jugular vein, which is the medial border of our field. From this vein and the omohyoid muscle distally, the adipolymphatic tissue is dissected en bloc with careful hemostasis of little lymphatic vessels (to avoid a lymph fistula) and turned outward on a lateral hinge to discover the anterior scalenus muscle and the interscalenic triangle, where some nerve structures and scarred adherences might be seen.

Onto the anterior scalenus muscle, the phrenic nerve is identified, stimulated, and dissected free proximally until the small contributions from the C5 root, which we try to respect. More proximally, the root C4 and the lateral sensitive branches running into the adipolymphatic paddle are recognized; the latter might be used as supplementary nerve grafts.

Now, the dissection continues into the interscalenic triangle (between the anterior and middle scalenus muscle) to define the upper and middle trunks of the bp. Here, scarring is variably present and one needs to work either from distal (omohyoid muscle or below, even under the clavicle) or proximal (starting sometimes at the level of the identified C4 root) to dissect step by step the upper roots and trunks. Most frequently, a neuroma involving the upper (and middle) trunk is found and progressively freed from local adherences onto the muscle borders. When trying to free the roots in a circumferential manner, one must be careful to preserve the proximal motor collateral branches contributing to the long thoracic nerve, running into the middle scalenus muscle afterwards. The posterior aspects of C6 and C7 and the upper and middle trunk especially might be very adherent (frequently damaged, with secondary neuromatous bridges into the nearby muscle bulk) and microdissection has to be carried out carefully to separate still conducting longitudinal nerve conduits from scarred surroundings.

Distally, although the omohyoid muscle marks a distal frontier, the dissection has to be continued in extended upper and total lesions to remove supra- and retroclavicular adherences and to dissect the distal parts of the upper and middle trunk, and more medially the lower trunk and the subclavian artery, which marks the distal-medial border. The transverse cervical artery exits the subclavian artery close to the C8 root; it might be preserved in upper and middle trunk neuromas, but for an extensive dissection of the lower trunk and in the presence of a retroclavicular neuroma it should be safely divided using hemostatic clamps.

Under the clavicle, the distal part of the lesion is dissected free to mobilize the structures more proximally and to transform that way a retroclavicular lesion into a supraclavicular one, more accessible to local grafting. If the lesion extends far distally, either the clavicle has to be divided after section of the subclavian muscle, or a second, more distal deltopectoral approach is carried out and the dissection starts at the cord level to move more proximally from that side.

At the end of dissection, a complete investigation of all four roots (C5-C8; Th2 being invisible under the first rib) and the three trunks on loops must be possible. Neuromas are excised and when primary coaptations are normally not feasible, sural nerve grafts (and eventually the superficial sensory branches from C4) are prepared for grafting.

We always perform neuropathological examination of the proximal and distal nerve stumps, and thus take transverse slices (one side ink marked) to assess the nerve quality before grafting. That way, we add morphological arguments in choosing proximal root stumps as nerve graft targets.

C5 is normally monofascicular and rather small. C6 and/or C7 often provide good quality nerve roots (although C7 contains much more sensitive fibers) and C8 is rarely available. The intraplexic reconstruction is performed using the available roots for the distal targets: lower trunk (hand) first, upper trunk next, middle trunk (ubiquitous) as a last option.

Finally, the spinal accessory nerve is identified laterally and followed on its course down into the trapezius muscle; we always try to respect the most proximal motor branch, thus preserving the horizontal part of the trapezius muscle, and cut the main trunk most distally to allow a direct coaptation onto the proximal suprascapular nerve (which might be dissected out carefully from an upper trunk neuroma extending onto the trifurcation).

Intertrigo Treatment In Gainesville, FL

Skin rashes are among the most common types of skin conditions experienced by patients of all ages. Often irritating and sometimes painful, certain rashes may require medical attention for treatment. If you’re suffering from a skin problem, contact us to schedule an appointment with a trusted dermatologist in Gainesville. Gainesville Dermatology & Skin Surgery offers personalized, clinical remedies for a wide range of skin conditions treated, including intertrigo. Call our office today to learn more about our available treatments and to schedule a dermatologist appointment.

What Is Intertrigo?

Intertrigo is a rash (dermatitis) that usually develops within the folds of the skin, or flexures, where the skin rubs together, such as behind the ears, in the folds of the neck, under the arms, below a protruding abdomen, in the armpits, in the groin, and areas of skin located between the buttocks, fingers, and toes. When the skin rubs together, this friction causes a breakdown of the skin’s top layers, causing the skin to become inflamed and develop a rash. In addition, the breakdown of skin and the presence of moisture make it easier for fungi, yeast, and bacteria to develop in the area, which can worsen the rash significantly.

Intertrigo Causes

The primary cause of intertrigo is the irritation of skin rubbing against skin. These skin areas are often moist, warm, and lack adequate air exposure, making them the ideal breeding grounds for microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. Secondary intertrigo infections may include fungi, bacteria, and viruses. In some cases, intertrigo may occur as a side effect of cancer treatment with chemotherapy.

Fungi

Secondary intertrigo infections in the fungus group are commonly classified as candidal intertrigo. Candida is also referred to as yeast. Approximately 90&percnt; of all skin-related yeast infections are caused by candida albicans, commonly known as thrush. The vast majority of people have some minor amount of candida albicans present on their skin. As a result, when friction from skin-on-skin rubbing creates irritation, the yeast naturally found on the skin can take advantage of skin breaks and increase in the area. Candida rashes appear as inflamed patches of skin that are very bright in color and appear raw.

Bacteria

Bacteria commonly associated with intertrigo include the following.

Staphylococcus Aureus (Staph Infections)

Proteus Vulgaris

Proteus Mirabilis

Group A Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Viruses

The following comprises the most common virus strains associated with intertrigo.

Parvovirus

Togavirus

Herpes Virus

Retrovirus (HIV)

Poxvirus

Papillomavirus (HPV)

Picornavirus

Intertrigo Symptoms

Intertrigo is most commonly seen in skin folds. For obese patients, the affected skin may become inflamed in their neck creases, on their skin behind the knee or in front of the elbows, in the thigh and groin folds, or under the breast or stomach folds. Persistent, bright redness, breaks in the skin, and superficial reddening of the skin in patches (erythema intertrigo) are also common symptoms of intertrigo. In addition, the area may ooze or become sore, further inflamed, and itchy. Intertrigo usually starts as redness or small bumps or spots in skin folds.

The rash can feel itchy, painful, tingling, burning, uncomfortable, and itchy. The intertrigo appears on both sides of the skin fold, almost as a mirror image of the opposing side. If the rash is not infected, it is typically symmetrical. Those with a secondary infection, such as bacteria or fungi, may experience a foul intertrigo smell, greater inflammation, and a lack of rash symmetry in the affected areas. You may develop intertrigo in more than one area of the skin. Small skin folds, such as folds on the eyelids or around the chin, can be affected.

Who Gets Intertrigo?

Intertrigo can affect people of all ages. However, this skin condition is most frequently seen in people with obesity or those who are overweight, as well as those with diabetes. Intertrigo also affects immobile patients, those who use diapers, and anyone with incontinence issues. Likewise, it may occur in patients wearing or using any garment or device that causes friction or holds and retains moisture against the skin’s surface. Patients with a weakened immune system, excess skin, poor hygiene habits are also susceptible to developing intertrigo. Infants are at a high risk of developing this condition, as their skin is highly sensitive. Young children and babies are likely to have skin rubbing against itself, such as in folds of the neck, and are more likely to have damp skin from drooling or wearing diapers.

Intertrigo Treatment

When intertrigo is only inflammatory, and no secondary infection signs are present, treatment is typically straightforward. In these cases, dermatologists instruct patients to keep the affected areas dry and clean and follow the intertrigo home treatment instructions provided by their doctor. Your dermatologist may suggest one or more of several solutions to help control the intertrigo, such as using a zinc oxide intertrigo cream, petroleum jelly, talcum powder, or aluminum sulfate. Patients with an infection within the intertrigo likely require the use of topical creams, such as topical antibiotics, topical antifungals, and topical steroids, as prescribed by our dermatology associates. The exact treatment plan for infected intertrigo will depend on the cause of the condition and the type of infection you have. For more information about your options for intertrigo treatment, please contact our office.

Preventing Intertrigo

For most patients who experience intertrigo, the condition may come and go many times over. Being able to identify and understand your predisposition to intertrigo, however, can help you take certain precautions to prevent the development of intertrigo and any secondary infections. Preventative measures that may help you avoid intertrigo include the following.

Keep areas between skin folds clean, dry, and aerated.

Maintain a healthy skin care regimen suitable for your skin’s needs.

Use fragrance-free cleansers, moisturizers, and sun protection to minimize irritation.

Use a dermatologist-recommended powder on the area 1–2 times daily.

Avoid being in high heat; use an air conditioner.

Keep any preexisting conditions, like diabetes, under control.

Wear fabrics, and use linens and towels made with 100% cotton.

Dry off and cool down following any exercise.

Use a dehumidifier to control indoor moisture levels.

Minimize your exposure to sweat and urine.

Fungal infections in skin folds

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Skin Fold Dermatitis in Dogs and Cats

Summary

Skin fold dermatitis is a dermatologic condition specific to dogs and cats whose conformation allows for infection-prone folds in the skin (“wrinkles”). These abnormal conformations are most common in breeds with pronounced facial, tail and vulvar folds, in particular, though any deep skin fold anywhere in the body can yield skin fold dermatitis.

This condition occurs when skin folds are deep, causing abnormal rubbing and retaining moisture in an area that’s both warm and not well-aerated. These conditions are ideal for the overgrowth of normal skin inhabitants like yeast and bacteria. The resulting skin inflammation, called dermatitis, typically leads to a skin infection, called pyoderma. Chronic pyoderma is typical in cases of skin fold pyoderma.

Though not a genetic disease, per se, conformations that yield deep skin folds are selected for in certain breeds. In pets already predisposed to skin fold dermatitis, obesity will exacerbate the condition. Underlying skin disease (such as allergic skin disease) will also aggravate the condition, often severely.

Symptoms and Identification

Skin fold dermatitis is easily identified as typically hairless (alopecic), reddened and malodorous skin fold interiors. In the case of deep facial folds (typical to brachycephalic dogs and cats), facial staining with the porphyrin pigments found in tears will make these folds look even more pronounced.

Tail fold dermatitis (typical to dogs with corkscrew tails), when especially severe, can lead to deep fistulas that can even enter the body cavity and lead to deadly systemic infections. These deep tail folds are typically identified by probing the tail base with a cotton-tipped swab to determine its depth.

Vulvar tail fold dermatitis is an equally insidious and often overlooked condition common to breeds that suffer deeply recessed vulvas. Urinary tract infection as the result of ascending bacterial infections is a common sequela to this form of skin fold pyoderma.

Affected Breeds

All brachycephalic (short-nosed) breeds that are predisposed to facial folds are similarly predisposed to skin fold dermatitis of this area (Bulldogs, Pugs, Shih-tzus, etc). “Wrinkly” dogs like Shar-peis and Bloodhounds are also affected. Likewise, dogs with corkscrew tails (English Bulldogs, for example) and any breed that propagates a deeply recessed vulvar conformation.

Treatment

Treatment for all versions of skin fold dermatitis is undertaken through assiduous cleaning of the affected areas and frequent use of topical or systemic antimicrobials to manage the resulting pyodermas.

Surgical intervention in moderate to severely affected animals is strongly recommended. Removing the abnormal skin folds in these cases will in many cases yield a complete cure.

Treating any underlying skin disease and achieving weight loss will many times reduce the severity or even eliminate skin fold dermatitis.

Veterinary Cost

The cost of chronic drug and topical treatment runs an average of $30 to $50 every month for those who must continuously clean and medicate the affected areas. Surgical intervention, because it often requires the expertise of a board-certified veterinary surgeon for best results, is an undeniably expensive proposition. Nonetheless, this approach is strongly recommended for pets who would otherwise suffer a lifetime with a surgically curable disease.

Surgical treatment of folds can range from $500 to $2,500, depending on the size and sensitivity of the location of the area in question.

Prevention

Preventing skin infections with careful cleaning will reduce the worst symptoms. Weight management and concurrent skin disease management is crucial as well. Breeding away from extreme conformations, however, is the only way to prevent more pets from suffering this completely preventable disease of abnormal conformation.

References

Sasaki A, Shimizu A, Kawano J, et al. Characteristics of Staphylococcus intermedius isolates from diseased and healthy dogs. J Vet Med Sci. 2005;67:103-106.

Mason IS, Mason KV, Lloyd DH. A review of the biology of canine skin with respect to the commensals Staphylococcus intermedius, Demodex canis and Malassezia pachydermatis. Vet Dermatol. 1996;7:119-132.

90,000 Treatment of fungal skin infections in Moscow. Prices. Reviews. Photo.

What are fungal infections of the skin?

The most common fungal infections of the skin include dermatophytosis, candidiasis and pityriasis versicolor.

There are yeast fungi – unicellular, multiplying by budding, and multicellular, forming mycelium filaments – hyphae. The latter include pathogens of dermatophytosis. Their hyphae grow into keratin, which can be seen on microscopic scrapings of the affected skin, hair and nails.When cultivated on nutrient media, these fungi form vegetative spores (conidia), the shape of which helps to establish the genus and type of the pathogen. For microscopy and cultivation, if fungal infections are suspected, scales are taken from the lesion on the skin or fragments of nails.

Yeast-like fungi , to which the genus Candida belongs, do not form mycelium, but multiply by separating cells (budding). With systemic fungal infections (deep mycoses), the subcutaneous tissue and internal organs are affected.However, with them, skin lesions with subsequent hematogenous dissemination are also possible, so that the correct assessment of skin changes can be of decisive importance in the diagnosis.

Fungal infections are often accompanied by itching. Sometimes, especially with dermatophytosis of smooth skin, foci of fungal infection have scaly edges that rise above the skin level, while their central part is free from scales.

From adolescence, the prevalence of dermatophytosis of the feet and fungal infections of the nails (onychomycosis) gradually increases.Inguinal dermatophytosis occurs almost exclusively in men.

Microsporia caused by the zoophilic fungus Microsporum canis (the causative agent of microsporia in cats and dogs) occurs mainly in children, and in case of immunity disorders – at any age. The disease is highly contagious. A typical example is the infection of a whole group of tourists from a stray kitten they picked up, which they warmed in their sleeping bags.

DERMATOPHYTHIA

Dermatophytosis occurs quite often.The incidence increases with age. It is especially often infected in public pools and showers, which is why it is common among industrial workers. Sometimes there is also dermatophytosis of the hands.

With the lesion in dermatophytosis of the interdigital spaces, which is accompanied by itching and wetness, doctors are well acquainted. Less known is the dry type of dermatophytosis – dry scaly lesions on the soles and back of the foot.
Dermatophytosis of the hands. On the hands, there are usually well-defined dry lesions with scaly edges.

Dermatophytosis is manifested by itchy foci of erythema with well-defined scaly edges. With groin dermatophytosis, the infection spreads to the adjacent areas of the skin of the thighs and abdomen. For candidiasis of skin folds, itching and rash of papules and pustules along the outer edge of the affected area are characteristic. In the armpits, erythrasma, an infection caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum, is more likely.

Pityriasis versicolor

Pityriasis versicolor usually appears in fair-skinned individuals after exposure to the sun.Its rashes are localized on the upper back, chest and arms and are clearly defined spots covered with delicate scales; inflammation and formation of vesicles are not accompanied. On tanned skin, pityriasis lichen eruptions have the appearance of white plaques; on areas covered with clothing – light brown (hence one of the names of the disease – versicolor versicolor). The spots are only partially depigmented (unlike vitiligo, in which the affected areas are completely devoid of pigment).

The causative agent of pityriasis versicolor, the yeast-like fungus Pityrosporum orbiculare, causes a disease when, for some unknown reason, it begins to multiply intensively, forming mycelium (previously this form was considered a special type of Malassezia furfur).The fungus is easily identified by microscopy of superficial scrapings from the skin.

CANDIDOSIS

Candidiasis is caused by the yeast Candida albicans. Candidiasis affects the folds of the skin, particularly under the mammary glands and in the abdomen. It is observed mainly in infants, old people, lying patients. For candidiasis, the symmetry of the lesion and rash of papules and pustules along its outer edge is characteristic. Yeast fungi are found on the oral mucosa (manifested by erythema and white patches) and vagina.Severe chronic diseases, immunodeficiency states, diabetes mellitus, endocrine disorders predispose to it. Candidal vaginitis is often observed in healthy young women and is manifested by itching, mucosal vulnerability, and small discharge.

Cost of treatment

Consultation of a dermatovenerologist / cosmetologist, primary (up to 60 min.)	2500
Consultation of a dermatovenerologist / cosmetologist repeated (up to 30 min.)	1500
Consultation of a dermatovenerologist / cosmetologist, initial – repeated after 20.00.	3500
Consultation of a dermatovenerologist / cosmetologist doctor of medical sciences / professor	6000
Primary consultation	6000
Repeated consultation	3000
Complex 3D skin diagnostics	5000
3D skin scanning	3500
Laser treatment of nail fungus.Treatment of onychomycosis with Q-Switched / Nd: YAG 1064 Fungus Nd: YAG laser. One nail plate	3000
Laser treatment of nail fungus. Treatment of onychomycosis with Q-Switched / Nd: YAG 1064 Fungus Nd: YAG laser. Two nail plates	4500
Laser treatment of nail fungus. Treatment of onychomycosis with Q-Switched / Nd: YAG 1064 Fungus Nd: YAG laser. Three nail plates	6100
Laser treatment of nail fungus.Treatment of onychomycosis with Q-Switched / Nd: YAG 1064 Fungus Nd: YAG laser. Four nail plates	8000
Laser treatment of nail fungus. Treatment of onychomycosis with Q-Switched / Nd: YAG 1064 Fungus Nd: YAG laser. Five nail plates	9700
Laser treatment of nail fungus. Treatment of onychomycosis with Q-Switched / Nd: YAG 1064 Fungus Nd: YAG laser. 6 to 10 nail plates	11000
Laser treatment of nail fungus.Treatment of onychomycosis with Q-Switched / Nd: YAG 1064 Fungus Nd: YAG laser. From 11 to 20 nail plates	18400
Gas-vacuum-liquid treatment of the nail bed (1-3 nail plates)	2000
Gas-vacuum-liquid treatment of the nail bed (4-6 nail plates)	3000
Gas-vacuum-liquid treatment of the nail bed (7-10 nail plates)	4000
Gas-vacuum-liquid treatment of the nail bed (11-20 nail plates)	8000
Removal of one corns	1500
Hardware processing of nails uncomplicated (hands)	3700
Hardware processing of nails uncomplicated (hands and feet)	7300
Hardware processing of nails uncomplicated (legs)	4300
Hardware processing of nails complicated (legs)	5000
Hardware treatment of nails in case of onychomycosis, hypotension of the nail plates (legs)	6100
Correction of an ingrown nail Podofikc	3700
Hardware correction of one nail plate	2000
nail bed means (5 min)	3500
Nail extension with gel (1-2 nails)	5000
Nail extension with gel (more than 2 nails)	2000
Hardware correction one nail roller	1000
Sanding the foot	2000

See the full price list

* The cost is indicated in the complex procedure

*** The final cost of the procedure will be determined only after consultation with specialists of our clinic.

PresidentMed guarantees its patients the best value for money!

Doctors of the Clinic

Nezgovorova Oksana Ivanovna

Doctor – cosmetologist, doctor – dermatovenerologist.
Experience in the field of medical cosmetology and dermatology since 2006.

Skorodumova Olga Evgenievna

Doctor – cosmetologist, doctor – dermatovenerologist.
Experience in the field of medical cosmetology and dermatology since 2000.

Kirilyuk Tatyana Igorevna

Graduated from the Medical Academy named after S.I. Georgievsky FGAOU VO “KFU named after IN AND. Vernadsky “(General Medicine). Red diploma.

Grishanova Natalya Aleksandrovna

Doctor – cosmetologist, doctor – dermatovenerologist. Experience in the field of medical cosmetology and dermatology since 2003

Oleinikova (Alekseeva) Svetlana Mikhailovna

Doctor – cosmetologist, doctor – dermatovenerologist. Experience in the field of medical cosmetology and dermatology since 2004

Patient reviews

Natalia Ivanova, 28.04.17

The clinic has modern equipment and medical supplies. I am very pleased with the work of the doctors. Thanks! Best regards, Natalia

Fever and skin diseases. Recommendations of the chief freelance specialist in dermatovenerology and cosmetology of the Ministry of Health of Chuvashia Nadezhda Krasnova

In hot conditions, there is an increase in the incidence of skin diseases such as prickly heat, pustular skin infections, contact allergic dermatitis, exacerbation of eczema and fungal diseases.

The main cause of these diseases is skin irritation due to increased sweating. In a humid environment, microorganisms multiply faster, and their number on the skin increases. The accumulation of dust and dirt particles, the secretion of the sebaceous and sweat glands can provoke the development of inflammatory processes. At the same time, frequent bathing with detergents that disrupt the normal ph-level of the skin increases the risk of developing skin diseases.

The clinical picture of skin diseases is diverse: rashes can appear on any part of the skin, more often in the skin folds.As a rule, these are small itchy rashes that can merge and be complicated by pustular skin diseases.

In order to prevent it, it is necessary to fight sweating and take proper care of the skin, often change underwear. It is recommended to wear cotton or linen clothing that provides ventilation and prevents excessive perspiration. Shoes should be loose and comfortable. Air baths, frequent ventilation of the premises are useful, in the absence of intolerance – water procedures in the form of baths with decoctions of herbs (oak bark, calendula, chamomile, string).The skin of the folds after the bath must be thoroughly dried, powdered with talcum powder and zinc oxide, you can also wipe it (if there are no wet areas) with a 1% salicylic alcohol solution or a calendula solution (1 tablespoon per glass of boiled water).

When the first signs of the disease appear, you should consult a dermatovenerologist. Only a qualified specialist can prescribe the appropriate therapy.

90,000 Dermatitis of skin folds in dogs

Dermatitis of the skin folds is an inflammatory condition that occurs in skin that is in close contact with adjacent skin.

Dermatitis of the folds of the skin in the area of the lips, muzzle, trunk, genital fissure and tail are caused by an inflammatory process that occurs if a skin area is in close contact with another area. In this case, there is local damage to the skin due to friction, inflammation, which leads to swelling and secondary infection.

Clinical manifestations

Lip fold dermatitis occurs when excess skin on the lower lip overlaps.Excess skin forms cracks that trap food particles and saliva, creating an ideal environment for bacterial growth. The resulting superficial skin infection creates a foul-smelling odor that most owners mistake for odor due to dental disease.
Dermatitis of the muzzle folds is more common in Pekingese, English Bulldogs and Pugs. The areas between the folds of the skin in the nasal region and under the eyes become swollen and inflamed due to lacrimation or accumulation of secretions of the sebaceous and apocrine glands.Secondary bacterial infection may occur.
Genital fold dermatitis is more common in obese animals that have small vulva deep within folds of nearby skin. Urination causes irritation and maceration of the surrounding skin, leading to severe inflammation, secondary bacterial infection, and sometimes ulceration. Affected animals exhibit increased licking of the external genitalia and this is usually the primary concern of the owner.
Dermatitis of the tail folds is more common in English Bulldogs, Boston Terriers and Pugs. This dermatitis results from the pressure and movement of their curved tail against the skin, as well as the swelling that can occur in the folds of skin around the tail.
Dermatitis of the folds of the body occurs in those animals that have excess skin that gathers in folds (for example, Basset Hound and Shar Pei). The folds are most often found in the paws and trunk. As with other fold dermatitis, chafing of superficial secretions leads to inflammation and secondary skin infection.

Treatment and prognosis

A weight loss program should be initiated if the dog is obese.
Cleansing wipes (eg baby wipes, tampons, chlorhexidine content, other antimicrobial wipes) applied every 12 to 72 hours work very well.
Alternatively, standard topical treatments can be used to control skin problems. In the presence of dermatitis of the facial, caudal, folds of the lips and vulva, the damaged area should be cleaned every 1-3 days, as needed, with antibacterial shampoos containing chlorhexidine, benzoyl peroxide or ethyl lactate.
Topical application of antibiotic ointments, solutions, or sprays every 24 hours for the first 5–7 days may be helpful.
Any concomitant medical condition (eg corneal ulcer, dental disease, gingivitis, urinary tract infection) must be treated.
Surgical removal of excess folds in the muzzle, lips, or vulva, or tail amputation in the presence of tail fold dermatitis is usually effective.
Prognosis is good, but life-long local treatment may be necessary if surgical correction is not performed.

Scarlet fever: prevention, symptoms and treatment

A lecture on the topic “Scarlet fever in children” was held in the children’s polyclinic No. 23. It was conducted by the head of the department, Ksenia Batrak. The lecture discussed symptoms, treatment and preventive measures.

Scarlet fever is an acute infectious disease, a distinctive feature of which is a combination of sore throat and small-point rash on the skin. The duration of the incubation period is from 1 to 10 days.

Symptoms

sharp rise in temperature,

headache and general weakness

tachycardia,

apathy and drowsiness or, on the contrary, increased mobility

nausea,

sore throat

rash and others.

The latent period of scarlet fever lasts from 3 to 7 days. The disease begins acutely with a sharp disruption of the child’s well-being: he becomes lethargic, drowsy, complains of severe headache and chills.Body temperature quickly reaches high numbers (38-40 ° C, depending on the severity of the disease). Often in the initial period of the disease, nausea and vomiting are noted. However, it should be noted that today scarlet fever in children, as well as in adulthood, can occur against a background of subfebrile temperature up to 37 ° C.

With scarlet fever, after a few hours, a specific rash appears on the skin of children in the form of small bright pink dots on the reddened skin. The rash is more pronounced on the face, lateral surfaces of the body and in places of natural skin folds (groin, axillary, gluteal).A characteristic sign of scarlet fever is a sharp contrast between bright red “flaming” cheeks and a pale nasolabial triangle, on the skin of which elements of the rash are absent. The child’s appearance also attracts attention: in addition to the color contrast, his face is puffy, his eyes shine feverishly.

Treatment

Most often, treatment is carried out at home. The sick child is isolated. In severe cases of infection, hospitalization is indicated for a period of at least 10 days.Then, within 12 days, the child must be at home, he must not be allowed into the children’s team. During treatment, the child should be kept to bed and eat properly. Preference is given to pureed, easily digestible food, steamed or boiled. It should be consumed in small portions, at least 4 times a day. Doctors recommend adhering to Pevzner’s therapeutic diet number 13, and two weeks later – diet number 7. It is also necessary to follow the drinking regimen.

Prevention of scarlet fever

avoid contact with the carrier of the disease,

strengthen the child’s immune system,

· observe the rules of personal hygiene.

If an outbreak of the disease occurs in the children’s collective, quarantine is imposed for a week. During this period, adults and children who have been in contact with the patient are examined daily. Children who have been in contact with a patient with scarlet fever are not allowed into kindergarten or the first two classes of school for 7 days.

If there is a child with scarlet fever in the family, the following rules must be observed:

the child must be in a separate room,

should be wet cleaned daily using chloramine solution,

Only one family member can take care of the patient, who must minimize contact with other people,

· the patient should use separate dishes and personal hygiene items; his linen and clothing must also be washed separately, using disinfectants or boiling and ironing on both sides.

· toys the child played with should be thoroughly washed with a disinfectant solution and rinsed with running water. Stuffed toys should be washed or discarded altogether.

After recovery, the child should be under medical supervision for a month. Then a control analysis of blood and urine is performed. In the absence of pathogenic bacteria in the body, the patient is removed from the dispensary.

Children with scarlet fever should not attend child care.

If symptoms occur, consult a doctor.

Address: Bolshoi Sampsonievsky pr., 62

Phone: 596-39-80

Website: http://dgp11.spb.ru/

Mycoses of feet

Itching, redness and flaking of the skin are possible signs of fungal infections, especially if there is a high risk of infection. If such symptoms appear, you should immediately clarify the diagnosis and take measures to destroy the infection.Only in this case it will be possible to prevent its further spread and protect yourself from possible complications.

Infection occurs very easily, since when peeling, the scales freely “leave” the host and quickly settle on the skin of a healthy person. The transmission of infection can also occur in another way, for example, through common household items or hygiene items – shoes (slippers), bath accessories, etc. sauna, on the beach and even while trying on shoes in a store.

Risk factors

Violation of the rules of personal hygiene
Skin damage (trauma, cracks, abrasions, calluses)
Wearing tight and out of season warm shoes
Climatic factors (very hot or cold weather)
Elderly age
Comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, foot pathologies, immunodeficiency states)
Taking certain medications (antimicrobial, hormonal)

The most widespread dermatomycosis are fungal diseases of the skin and scalp caused by microorganisms of the genera Trichophyton , Microsporum canis , Epidermophyton ﬂ occosum , etc.The favorite parts of the body of mushrooms are the feet, although any other areas can become an object of attack. Having penetrated into skin cells, pathogens remain active for a long time, and all this time they pose a danger to others.

The fungal infection develops gradually, in stages. At the initial stage, there is an increase in sweating of the feet, weeping interdigital spaces, itching and burning. If you start treatment immediately at this stage, you can get rid of the infection relatively quickly.

The disease, which has developed in full force, gives a picture of full-fledged inflammation with pronounced redness of the skin and the formation of deep cracks, for the healing of which a rather long-term treatment is required. To get rid of the symptoms of fungal diseases, it is important to complete the treatment course to the end. If a patient does not follow medical recommendations and stops using prescribed drugs, he continues to be a source of infection for the people around him.

If a customer complains of peeling, redness, itching, burning feet, and perhaps even the appearance of blisters and ulcers, offer naftifine or terbinafine.These derivatives of allylamine cause the death of the fungus, providing a primary fungicidal effect. They help to deal with a wide range of skin infections and skin folds. By the way, drugs based on naftifine, in addition to antifungal, also have anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. Medicines in the form of a spray are better suited for mycoses with oozing, cream and ointments are preferred for dry skin.

If onychomycosis of the nail plates joins the fungal infection of the feet, systemic drugs (itraconazole) are added to the topical preparations in the form of a solution.

* Burzykowski T et al. High prevalence of foot diseases in Europe: results of the Achilles Project // Mycoses. 2003 Dec; 46 (11-12): 496-505.

Irina Khrustaleva

The magazine “Russian pharmacies” №8, 2016

Prevention of fungal diseases .. Articles of the company “LLC” LAVERNA “”

Prevention of fungal diseases.

Pathogenic fungi are constant human companions. Like any uninvited guest, once rooted in the skin or its appendages, a fungal infection does not give up its position without a fight.Fungal infections are so widespread that it is safe to say that all people during their life probably have contact with their pathogens – fungi.

Knowledge of the characteristics of a fungal disease is necessary not only in order to be cured, but also to prevent it. You need to have an idea of the sources of infection, how the fungal infection is transmitted, who and where can infect you, how you can protect yourself from infection.

Human infectious diseases caused by fungi are collectively called mycoses.The etiology, pathogenesis and clinical picture of mycoses are extremely diverse, however, in almost all cases of these diseases, the skin is involved in the pathological process. Fungal diseases are characterized by damage to the skin and its appendages (hair, nails). Less often, mycosis is localized on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and genitals. Mycosis affects 10-20% of the adult population, their prevalence is significant in older age groups. Patients with mycoses are a reservoir and a constant source of the spread of infection, especially through the intrafamilial type of transmission (common shoes, household items).

According to the WHO, every fifth inhabitant of the planet suffers from mycoses, in Ukraine 25-30% of the population is affected. More often mycoses are found in miners, metallurgists, military personnel, athletes. The contributing factors in these cases are the isolation of production areas, shared showers and changing rooms, as well as the wearing of special clothing and footwear. Epidemiological studies have revealed that 25-28% of patients with mycoses are infected in public places. Unfortunately, dermatophyte fungi are often found in saunas, swimming pools on wooden floors, as well as in places of stagnation and accumulation of water, on the floor in changing rooms of gyms, fitness centers, beauty and spa salons.

The causative agents of mycoses are fungal parasites, about 500 species of fungi pathogenic for humans are known, including dermatomycetes of the genus Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epsdermophyton, which cause fungal lesions of the skin and its appendages. These microorganisms can survive in the environment for more than 2 years. They are common in our environment and are found in the ground, sand, stones, including coastal pebbles, as well as on old or diseased trees, etc.

Susceptibility to fungal infection varies from person to person.In the absence of damaged skin for a long time, there can only be a carrier of a fungal infection. The penetration of pathogenic fungi into the skin depends on many factors (the massiveness of the infectious dose of the fungus, the timing of its survival in the environment, the state of the skin, the acidic reaction of the skin, and others). Fortunately, the disease does not develop in all people who come into contact with fungi, but only in those who, due to physiological characteristics, have a predisposition to this infection (for example, flat feet, increased sweating), or at the time of contact there are any special favorable external conditions for the development of the process (for example, high humidity, infection in public places).In other cases, predisposing factors may be some concomitant diseases (including diabetes mellitus, AIDS) or even treatment for other reasons (for example, the use of antibiotics or cytostatics).

Children and the elderly are more susceptible to infection with fungal infections. Mycoses of the scalp are mainly observed in children, adults often suffer from mycoses of the feet and pityriasis versicolor. Sensitivity to some types of fungi depends on the sex of the person.Chronic “black dot” trichophytosis of the scalp is almost exclusively observed in adult women. In men, mycoses of the feet are more common.

There are two main ways of spreading fungi – direct and indirect. Direct infection occurs through direct contact of a healthy person with a sick person. Indirect – it is observed much more often, it is realized through various objects contaminated with infectious material (skin scales, nails, hair, etc.) containing pathogenic fungi.

Direct infection occurs when shaking hands, using other people’s towels, combs, in contact with lesions in a common bed, during sexual intercourse (mycosis of folds), when kissing, as well as in public baths or a bath when using it by sick and healthy people, in saunas , beauty salons, hairdressing salons, spa salons, etc.

People who have domestic or professional contacts with sick animals often become infected, and animals can be not only a source of infection, but also a carrier of an infectious principle from sick people to healthy people.

Features of infection largely depends on the localization of mycosis on the body of a sick person. With mycoses of the feet, infection most often occurs in saunas, showers, swimming pools, gyms, as well as through shoes (sports, hospital, special, etc.), socks, stockings. With mycoses of the scalp, the most dangerous for infection are the patient’s clothing, in particular hats, fur collars, outerwear, as well as combs, brushes, and children’s toys.Infection can occur in hairdressing salons – when cutting, shaving, manicure, pedicure, etc. Cases of direct infection can also occur here if hairdressers have fungal infections of the hands, especially onychomycosis.

Schools, kindergartens are the most frequent places where mycoses of the scalp are spread in children. Infection here is facilitated by overcrowding of children, their close contact with each other, the use of shared books, notebooks, which can be infected.

Laundries can be a source of spread of fungal infection.Poorly washed, insufficiently boiled and dried linen, on which fungi remain, becomes a factor of fungal infection.

According to the existing classification of fungal infections, it is customary to subdivide them into several main groups. Some types of fungi affect the most superficial, the so-called stratum corneum of the skin. Such diseases are called keratomycosis. It is this layer that we see when we look at our skin. An example of keratomycosis is the extremely widespread pityriasis versicolor versicolor.Since with this disease the most superficial layer of the skin is affected, where there are no sensitive receptors, the owners of this infection do not feel anything. They can only notice a cosmetic defect, the appearance of brown merging spots on the torso, shoulders, and in the neck. At the same time, the shades of brown are very diverse, and in addition, these spots, when scraped, peel off with the separation of scales resembling bran. Hence the two names for this disease, pityriasis versicolor versicolor.As a rule, people do not notice brown spots, and pay attention to their illness only when, after exposure to the sun, instead of a beautiful uniform tan, white spots remain on the places affected by the fungus. In fact, these are not white spots, but skin of a normal color, but not tanned, since the fungus that loosens the surface layer of the skin does not allow ultraviolet rays to penetrate into those layers where the melanin pigment is contained. Going to the doctor during this period with a request to relieve the patient of “white” spots is doomed to failure, because even with the most successful treatment of fungi, the spots will disappear only after the tan disappears and the skin color evens out.Therefore, it is important to treat such patients before they start to sunbathe. Then there will be no cosmetic disappointments. It is interesting that pityriasis versicolor, being an unconditionally contagious disease, manifests its pathological essence not in everyone who gets on the skin, but only in people susceptible to it. The main role in this is played by the nature of sweating, and not only the abundance of the resulting sweat, but also its composition. This is also associated with the peculiarities of the course of the infection, the appearance of rashes in the places of the most active sweating, that is, on the upper half of the body, neck, shoulders, as well as the curious fact that even with many years of contact with this fungus, the disease may not develop.For example, one spouse may have it, while the other does not. The secret is simple, spouses sweat differently.

Another common infectious disease, erythrasma, associated with damage to the stratum corneum, but in deep folds (usually in the groin or axillary region), is conventionally referred to as keratomycosis. This disease only outwardly resembles a fungal pathology with the appearance of brown itchy spots, but is caused by bacteria, not fungi, and therefore is considered pseudomycosis.

Another group of fungal diseases includes dermatomycosis, in which all layers of the skin are affected, including its appendages – hair and nails. This is a very extensive group of fungal infections, and it is customary to subdivide it into 2 subgroups – epidermomycosis, in which the entire thickness of the epidermis is affected (the upper layer of the skin), incl. nails and trichomycosis

(from Greek Trichos – hair) – hair is affected.

Among epidermomycosis, epidermophytosis (groin and foot) and rubromycosis are distinguished.Infection with these fungi occurs as a result of direct contact, or through infected objects, such as someone else’s shoes. It is these fungi that most often cause damage to the nails (onychomycosis, from the Greek Onychosis – nail), which at the same time thicken, crumble, turn yellow. Both fingernails and toenails can be affected. But more often – all the same on their feet. If the process affects only the skin of the feet – the most common variant of epidermomycosis, then the process is accompanied by the appearance of itchy scaly rashes in the interdigital region or on the soles (squamous form of epidermophytosis).Often with this form, bubbles appear and weeping in the interdigital region (usually in 3-4 interdigital folds – an intertrigious form of athlete’s foot) or on the soles (dyshidrotic form of athlete’s foot or the so-called “Athlete’s foot”).

In case of rubromycosis, the process on the feet is, on the contrary, dry, the skin becomes thickened, dry, and in the skin folds there is an abundance of very small, easily falling scales, which gives the impression that a person has stepped into flour.Therefore, the phenomenon has received the name “mucous peeling”. “Flour” in this case is nothing more than numerous spores of the fungus, which can easily infect other people. With rubromycosis, other areas of the skin may be affected, for example, on the lower leg or trunk. Then there are bizarre reddening foci clearly limited from healthy skin.

Among trichophytosis, there are microsporia, or as it is more popularly called “ringworm”), trichophytosis and favus (scab).Microsporia and trichophytosis can be contracted both from a sick person

(anthropophilic forms) and from an animal (zoophilic forms).

Microsporia infects people from small pets (dogs and cats).

Trichophytosis people can be infected from cattle. Therefore, the zoophilic form of this disease is less common than microsporia.

Anthropophilic forms are much easier than zoophilic ones. Any hair is affected, that is, not only long hair on the head, but also vellus hair on the body.With the defeat of vellus hair, the appearance of the foci with trichophytosis and microsporia is the same, ring-shaped itchy formations with enlightenment in the center and an inflammatory roller along the edges. On the scalp, as a result of damage to the hair by a fungus, bald patches appear.With microsporia, baldness looks like a trimmed under a typewriter, according to how many hair breaks off at the same height (2-3 mm), and with trichophytosis, the hair can be broken off at different heights, from which in the area of the bald head, the so-called “hemp of a burnt forest” are determined.There are also very severe forms of trichophytosis associated with the defeat of the zoophilic pathogen. Then the head becomes covered with purulent crusts, after which you can see baldness.

A separate group is lesions of the skin and mucous membranes with yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida. These diseases are called candidiasis. The causative agent is classified as conditionally pathogenic. This means that the very fact of its presence on the skin or mucous membrane is not an indication for its immediate elimination.However, in some cases, when for some reason especially favorable conditions are created for this infection, a disease may occur, better known as thrush. Among the most common reasons for the development of thrush is called irrational antibiotic therapy. After the appointment of potent antibiotics, the growth of microorganisms is suppressed, and since antibiotics do not work on fungi, they are able to take the place of “destroyed neighbors”. Another reason for the uncontrolled growth of a normal inhabitant of the human body may be the presence of special conditions on the skin or mucous membranes, conducive to the growth of fungi.This can be an increased level of glucose in diabetic patients or malocclusion due to the absence of teeth in infants and old people, etc. One of the important reasons contributing to the development of candidiasis is immunodeficiency states. So, with AIDS, patients have very severe generalized candidal lesions not only of the skin, but also of internal organs, in particular of various parts of the intestine. When the process is localized on the mucous cavities of the mouth or vagina, a curdled plaque appears, which can be easily removed, exposing erosion underneath.All this is accompanied by a feeling of itching and burning. It is also possible that this fungus can damage interdigital folds, nails, and the corner of the mouth (candidal seizure).

As for the group of so-called deep mycoses, this is a special group of diseases (chromomycosis, blastomycosis, actinomycosis, etc.), which stands apart from other fungal pathologies. When infected with these fungi, a severe pathology occurs with damage to the skin and internal organs, which, as a rule, is subject to surgical treatment.

Treatment of fungal infections must be carried out by a specialist.But there are certain principles that it would not hurt to know. It would seem that such a wide variety of fungal diseases should require completely different approaches to therapy. Of course, the principles of treatment of mycoses differ depending on the nature of the lesion. You can not equally approach the treatment of lesions of mucous membranes and nails, or hair, or smooth skin. Nevertheless, modern antifungal drugs have a high degree of versatility, since their action is based on suppressing the development of the cell wall.However, there are and are still widely used drugs that are effective only against certain types of fungi. Of course, there are situations when the effect cannot be achieved without general systemic treatment. It is usually associated with immunodeficiency, extensive multifocal lesions. Then antimicrobial drugs are prescribed by mouth. But in such cases, of course, treatment should be carried out under the vigilant supervision of a specialist doctor with control of the liver condition and taking into account all possible contraindications.

Prevention of fungal diseases will cost less and will not take much time. Preventive measures include:

– after visiting the pool, sauna, skin treatment with antiseptics is mandatory;

– in public places (saunas, swimming pool), it is mandatory to use personal rubber slippers;

– use of personal towels, underwear and shoes. If the infection does occur, a separate towel must be allocated for the affected area;

– increased sweating and microtraumatism of the skin of the feet are also provoking factors in the development of mycoses, the reduction of hyperhidrosis is achieved by daily washing the skin of the feet with cool water or wiping them with a damp towel followed by thorough drying;

– patients who have been cured of fungi should remember that in order to avoid the risk of re-infection, they should disinfect their clothes and shoes that have come into contact with the affected skin;

– when visiting and working in hairdressing salons, beauty salons, spa salons, you must not forget – different people come for beauty.Unfortunately, among them there may be patients or carriers of fungal diseases. But many cosmetic procedures and manipulations are associated with a violation of the integrity of the skin, contamination of instruments with particles of skin and hair, which does not exclude the possibility of transmitting a fungal infection. The area of serious risk is pedicure and manicure. You need to be 100% sure that the disinfection processes, i.e. disinfection at the enterprise of the beauty industry at the proper level. Carrying out disinfection measures in cosmetologists in terms of importance and organization of performance does not differ from traditional clinical medicine.

Prophylactic disinfection is carried out in the institution during routine and general cleaning. It includes disinfection of surfaces of premises, furniture, equipment, air, tools, linen, overalls and other items used in work. It is for such purposes that disinfectants based on polyguanidines, tertiary amines are intended, or a combination of these active components with quaternary ammonium compounds, “Duasept” “Izapin”, “Incrasept”, “Peroxin”, “Surfanios Lemon Fresh”, “Terralin” – an example disinfectants with a wide range of antimicrobial action, incl.including fungicidal, that is, destroying fungi.

Recommended antiseptics – disinfectants for hands and skin.

Intertrigo: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment of Skin Fold Infections

Understanding Intertrigo: A Common Inflammatory Skin Condition

Common Sites for Intertrigo Development

Types of Intertrigo: From Acute to Chronic

Risk Factors and Prevalence of Intertrigo

Recognizing the Symptoms of Intertrigo

Diagnosis and Treatment Approaches for Intertrigo

Preventing Intertrigo: Strategies for Skin Health

Complications and Secondary Infections Associated with Intertrigo

Special Considerations for Intertrigo in Different Populations

Infants and Young Children

Elderly Individuals

Individuals with Obesity

Emerging Research and Future Directions in Intertrigo Management

Microbiome-Based Approaches

Advanced Barrier Technologies

Personalized Treatment Protocols

Immunomodulatory Therapies

Living with Intertrigo: Practical Tips for Daily Management

Clothing and Fabric Choices

Hygiene and Skin Care Routines

Environmental Considerations

Activity Modifications

The Psychological Impact of Intertrigo: Addressing Mental Health Aspects

Body Image and Self-Esteem

Social Anxiety and Isolation

Stress and Anxiety

Depression

What Is It, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

Overview

What is intertrigo?

Is intertrigo a fungal infection?

What parts of the body get intertrigo?

Are there different kinds of intertrigo?

Can intertrigo spread to other parts of my body?

Who gets intertrigo?

How common is intertrigo?

Symptoms and Causes

What causes intertrigo?

What are the signs and symptoms of intertrigo?

Is intertrigo contagious?

Diagnosis and Tests

How is intertrigo diagnosed?

What tests will be done to diagnose intertrigo?

Management and Treatment

How is intertrigo treated?

Prevention

What are the risk factors for getting intertrigo?

What can I do to prevent intertrigo?

Outlook / Prognosis

What is the outlook for intertrigo?

Can intertrigo cause complications?

Living With

When should I see my healthcare provider?

What Is It, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

Overview

What is intertrigo?

Is intertrigo a fungal infection?

What parts of the body get intertrigo?

Are there different kinds of intertrigo?

Can intertrigo spread to other parts of my body?

Who gets intertrigo?

How common is intertrigo?

Symptoms and Causes

What causes intertrigo?

What are the signs and symptoms of intertrigo?

Is intertrigo contagious?

Diagnosis and Tests

How is intertrigo diagnosed?

What tests will be done to diagnose intertrigo?

Management and Treatment

How is intertrigo treated?

Prevention

What are the risk factors for getting intertrigo?

What can I do to prevent intertrigo?

Outlook / Prognosis

What is the outlook for intertrigo?

Can intertrigo cause complications?

Living With

When should I see my healthcare provider?