What is splenomegaly? How can I recognize the signs and symptoms of an enlarged spleen? What causes an enlarged spleen, and how is it treated? Find answers to these questions and more in our in-depth guide on splenomegaly.

Understanding Splenomegaly: The Basics

Splenomegaly refers to the condition of an enlarged spleen, a vital organ located in the upper left part of the abdomen. The spleen plays a crucial role in the body’s immune system, filtering blood and removing old or damaged red blood cells. When the spleen becomes enlarged, it can indicate an underlying medical condition that requires prompt attention.

Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms of Splenomegaly

The most common symptom of splenomegaly is a noticeable enlargement or swelling in the upper left part of the abdomen. Other signs and symptoms may include:

• Feeling full or experiencing a sense of pressure or pain in the upper left abdomen
• Difficulty eating large meals due to the enlarged spleen pressing on the stomach
• Unexplained weight loss
• Fatigue or weakness
• Easy bruising or bleeding

It’s important to note that some individuals with splenomegaly may not experience any visible symptoms, and the condition may only be detected during a routine medical examination or imaging test.

Causes of Splenomegaly

Splenomegaly can have a variety of underlying causes, including:

1. Blood disorders: Conditions such as leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloproliferative disorders can lead to an enlarged spleen.
2. Infections: Viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections, including malaria, hepatitis, and infectious mononucleosis, can cause splenomegaly.
3. Liver disease: Conditions like cirrhosis or portal hypertension can lead to an enlarged spleen.
4. Autoimmune disorders: Certain autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, can contribute to splenomegaly.
5. Trauma: Injury to the abdomen or spleen can result in an enlarged spleen.

Diagnosing and Treating Splenomegaly

To diagnose splenomegaly, healthcare providers may use a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as abdominal ultrasound or CT scan. Once the underlying cause is identified, appropriate treatment can be recommended, which may include:

• Medication: Certain medications, such as hydroxyurea or corticosteroids, can help reduce the size of the spleen.
• Radiotherapy: In some cases, radiation therapy may be used to shrink an enlarged spleen.
• Splenectomy: If the spleen is significantly enlarged or causing severe symptoms, a surgical removal of the spleen (splenectomy) may be recommended.

It’s important to work closely with your healthcare provider to develop a treatment plan that addresses the root cause of your splenomegaly and manages any associated symptoms effectively.

Preventing and Managing Splenomegaly

While some causes of splenomegaly may be unavoidable, there are steps you can take to help prevent or manage the condition:

1. Maintain a healthy lifestyle: Eat a balanced diet, exercise regularly, and avoid excessive alcohol consumption to support overall organ health.
2. Manage underlying conditions: If you have a medical condition that can lead to splenomegaly, work closely with your healthcare provider to manage it effectively.
3. Avoid activities that can cause abdominal trauma: Be cautious during sports or activities that could potentially harm the spleen.
4. Seek prompt medical attention: If you experience any symptoms of splenomegaly, don’t hesitate to consult with your healthcare provider.

Living with Splenomegaly

Coping with splenomegaly can be a challenge, but with the right support and management, many individuals are able to lead active and fulfilling lives. Here are some tips for managing life with an enlarged spleen:

• Work closely with your healthcare team to develop a comprehensive care plan.
• Be mindful of your physical limitations and adjust your activities accordingly.
• Maintain good hygiene and avoid exposure to infections to minimize the risk of complications.
• Seek emotional support from loved ones, support groups, or mental health professionals if needed.
• Stay informed about the latest advancements in splenomegaly treatment and management.

Conclusion

Splenomegaly is a condition that requires prompt medical attention and appropriate treatment. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and management strategies, individuals with an enlarged spleen can take proactive steps to maintain their health and improve their quality of life. Remember to work closely with your healthcare provider and stay vigilant about any changes in your condition.

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Organ

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-cartoons und -symboleMoulis-en-Medoc : castle Chateau de Chasse- Spleen, vineyard of Medoc.illustration of an obese woman’s spleen – splenomegaly stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symboleantike illustration: milz – splenomegaly stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symboleillustration of a man’s spleen – splenomegaly stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbolehuman spleen, illustration – splenomegaly stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbolesatz von menschlichen organen und anatomie verwandte linie symbole. umrisssymbolsammlung, bearbeitbarer strich – splenomegaly stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbolemenschliche anatomie icons – serie smart line – splenomegaly stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symbolemedical hemangioma tumor – splenomegaly stock-fotos und bildermale anatomy, artwork – splenomegaly stock-grafiken, -clipart, -cartoons und -symboleverdauungssystem-gallbladder – splenomegaly stock-fotos und bilderinnere organe – gliederungssymbole 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Why do we need a spleen and is it possible to live without it

Likbez

Health

June 18, 2021

This organ is important for protecting against infections.

What is the spleen and where is it located? It is adjacent to the left kidney, the flexure of the colon, the stomach, and the tail of the pancreas. The size of the spleen depends on the sex, age and height of a person and averages from 106 to 142 mm.

Why the spleen is needed

This organ performs many important tasks: In the fetus during fetal development, all blood cells are formed in the spleen. After birth, only lymphocytes are produced in the organ. But if a person has myeloid leukemia, a form of blood cancer, or the bone marrow is destroyed, then hematopoiesis can resume in the spleen.

Immune reactions. After absorption of these antigens, the spleen enhances the formation of protective blood cells – lymphocytes.

Why the spleen can be removed

There can be several reasons for surgery:

• Some types of cancer. These may be Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, or metastases of any other tumor to the spleen.
• Diseases of the blood. These include thrombocytopenic purpura, where there are not enough platelets in the blood, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia, where there is increased breakdown of red blood cells. If medical treatment does not help, surgery is done.
• Hypersplenism. This is the name given to a condition in which the spleen destroys too many platelets or other blood cells.
• Splenomegaly. This is an enlargement of the spleen. Sometimes the organ becomes so large that it causes pain or pressure on the stomach, causing a person to quickly fill up. Therefore, the spleen is removed to eliminate the symptoms and determine the cause of their appearance.
• Serious injury. In some cases, the spleen is so damaged that severe and life-threatening bleeding occurs. If it cannot be stopped, the organ has to be removed.
• Infection. Very rarely, microorganisms penetrate the tissues, which lead to the appearance of an abscess – an abscess.

How to live without a spleen

Although this organ performs important functions, one can live without it. The bone marrow will provide storage for red blood cells. The main part of the work will be taken over by the liver. For example, it will protect a person from infectious diseases and help destroy old blood cells. Other organs of the immune system, such as lymph nodes, lymphoid tissue, and tissue macrophage cells that have previously fought infection, will simply begin to work harder. But people with weakened immune systems have a slightly increased risk of infection.

Everything else is fine. A person with a spleen removed does not need a special diet or lifestyle.

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Splenomegaly – Zoovet Veterinary Center in Moscow

Splenomegaly is the growth of the spleen when it is involved in third-party pathological processes.

Definition.
The mass of the spleen, even in the norm, can vary to a greater extent than that of another organ, increasing by 2 times. Therefore, the establishment of the threshold from which an enlarged spleen should be considered splenomegaly is always somewhat arbitrary. Normally, the mass of the spleen in an adult is 100-150 g. Splenomegaly is a symptom that is detected mainly by palpation and with the help of percussion. A normal spleen percutere does not exceed 7 cm diagonally. Enlargement of the spleen is present in cases where:
“Its dimensions exceed this value,
“Splenic dullness abnormally intense,
The spleen is accessible to palpation. no, with splenomegaly it is determined (symptom of Ragosa).0003

Non-enlarged spleen is palpable only under special circumstances (very soft abdominal integuments). Best of all, the spleen is palpated on the left side when the patient is positioned on the right side with legs held high. If the spleen is palpable, it is necessary, especially if it is not painful on palpation, to determine its nature. The degree of splenomegaly, the consistency of the organ, the homogeneity of the structure depend on the underlying disease that caused the enlargement of the organs. A dense spleen indicates a longer process, a very soft one is observed, first of all, with septic swelling of the spleen. A particularly dense spleen is noted in leukemic processes, lymphogranulomatosis, leishmaniasis, as well as in prolonged septic endocarditis. The spleen is less dense with hepatolienal lesions (with the exception of cholangitis) and with hemolytic jaundice.

Splenomegaly, or enlargement of the spleen, is a characteristic response of the organ to many pathological conditions. However, an enlargement of the spleen can also be a consequence of its fulfillment, a consequence of its fulfillment of its normal function, i.e. working hypertrophy is observed. The spleen performs a triple function in the body: firstly, it is the thinnest filter of the blood; secondly, it is the largest conglomerate of reticuloendothelial tissue, and thirdly, it is the largest lymph node in our body. Thus, the most common cause of splenomegaly in clinical practice is working hypertrophy, when the spleen intensively performs its normal filtering, phagocytic, and immune functions in acute infections, hemolytic anemia, and immune complex diseases. “Congestive” splenomegaly is also common, since the spleen’s unique microcirculation system, which provides its filtering function, contributes to an increase in the spleen in response to increased pressure in the portal system. The fourth function of the spleen is embryonic hematopoiesis, which can be restored after the birth of a child, forming a focus of extramedullary hematopoiesis in some myeloproliferative diseases. Other causes of splenomegaly include tumors, infiltration, trauma, and developmental defects.
Detection of minor splenomegaly can be difficult, especially in overweight individuals. To study the state of the spleen using ultrasound, computed tomography. These methods allow to detect changes in the structure of the spleen – tumors, cysts, heart attacks, as well as additional structures, such as an additional spleen (a congenital feature), enlarged lymph nodes. Enlargement of the spleen, detected only by instrumental methods, has diagnostic value in the interpretation of many syndromes, both hematological and caused by various other pathologies. Sometimes it is just such a small splenomegaly that serves as an impetus for an in-depth examination and allows early diagnosis of serious diseases.

Main mechanisms of splenomegaly development.
1. Activation of the immune and reticuloendothelial systems at
autoimmune and infectious diseases.
2. Hyperplasia of the reticuloendothelial system occurs in diseases associated with the destruction of abnormal blood cells.
3. Changes in blood flow through the spleen in cirrhosis of the liver, thrombosis of the hepatic, splenic and portal veins. Overflow of the spleen with blood due to increased pressure in the portal system causes hyperplasia of the connective tissue in the spleen.
4. Malignant neoplasms. Primary lesion of the spleen
with lymphomas, hemoblastoses or angiosarcomas, metastases are possible
tumors in the spleen.
5. Extramedullary hematopoiesis in myelo- and lymphoproliferative diseases.
6. Infiltration of the spleen with macrophages filled with non-metabolized lipids or other metabolic products. This may be the cause of splenomegaly in storage diseases – Gaucher’s disease, Niemann-Pick disease, which are based on a deficiency of enzymes that ensure lipid utilization. This is the same mechanism of splenomegaly at
amyloidosis, various forms of hemochromatosis.
7. Volumetric lesions – cysts, hemangiomas.

The main causes of splenomegaly.
“Working hypertrophy” of the spleen
Immune response
Hypertrophy in response to destruction of blood cells
Congestive splenomegaly
Myeloproliferative splenomegaly
Splenomegaly in tumors
Splenomegaly in storage diseases

Other causes
Acute infections: viral (hepatitis, cytomegalovirus), bacterial (salmonellosis, septicemia), parasitic (toxoplasmosis). Subacute infections: bacterial endocarditis, tuberculosis, malaria, fungal infections.
Toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus infection, septicemia, bacterial endocarditis, typhoid, tularemia, purulent abscess, serum sickness. Chronic diseases: tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, brucellosis, malaria, histoplasmosis, Felty’s syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus.
Congenital spherocytosis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia and other hemoglobinopathies, pernicious anemia (sometimes), autoimmune neutropenia, autoimmune thrombocytopenia (rarely), chronic hemodialysis.

Causes of splenomegaly are grouped according to the above pathogenetic mechanisms. As can be seen from the table, splenomegaly usually occurs in response to a systemic disease, only sometimes – to a primary disease of the spleen.

Clinical picture.
May be asymptomatic, sometimes manifested by a feeling of heaviness in the left hypochondrium; on palpation – pain and enlargement of the spleen.

Diagnostically significant clinical symptoms.
The following clinical symptoms are of particular importance in elucidating the causes of splenomegaly.
1. A plethoric appearance, possibly with acrocyanosis, indicates the presence of polycythemia vera.
2. Generalized lymphadenopathy speaks of infectious diseases, chronic lymphocytic leukemia or collagenosis such as systemic lupus erythematosus. Local enlargement of the lymph nodes may be a sign of infectious mononucleosis or lymphoma.
3. Symptoms of persistent or recent infections or inflammatory processes (fever, pharyngitis) indicate the development of splenomegaly due to “working hypertrophy”.
4. An increase in the size of the heart, murmurs over the region of the heart, additional heart sounds may indicate congestive cirrhosis of the liver with splenomegaly or “working hypertrophy” of the spleen, or bacterial endocarditis.
5. Signs of cirrhosis of the liver or portal hypertension in the form of an enlarged or reduced dense liver, varicose veins of the esophagus, ascites, spider veins, hyperemic palms, testicular atrophy indicates the possibility of congestive splenomegaly caused by cirrhosis of the liver (Banti’s syndrome).
6. Pallor, tachycardia, shortness of breath, especially during exercise, are a sign of anemia caused by autoimmune hemolysis or other causes, such as leukemia.
7. Rheumatoid arthritis is a companion of splenomegaly. If they are found, one should think about the possibility of a patient with Felty’s syndrome.
8. Petechiae and purpura are signs of thrombocytopenia, which can be caused by hypersplenism itself. It is most pronounced and is combined with blood clotting disorders, such as cirrhosis of the liver or leukemia.

Dyspepsia, pain, feeling of heaviness in the right hypochondrium are frequent companions of liver diseases: chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. A serious complication of liver cirrhosis is bleeding from varicose veins of the esophagus.
When collecting an anamnesis in a patient with splenomegaly, it is necessary to pay attention to possibly past viral hepatitis or malaria. Note that in some patients, viral hepatitis may be asymptomatic, and chronic hepatitis in the stage of liver cirrhosis is immediately diagnosed (especially in the case of hepatitis C).

Frequent companions of spleen enlargement are anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia in various combinations. In many cases, these are manifestations of hypersplenism that accompanies an enlarged spleen, regardless of the cause that caused this enlargement.

Hypersplenism.
The spleen has a hormonal, inhibitory effect on the bone marrow, mainly blocking the release of cells, as well as accelerating the death of old blood cells through their phagocytosis. An increase in these functions in splenomegaly creates a picture of hypersplenism, recognized on the basis of the following symptoms: in the foreground – cytopenia, depending on the predominant suppression of one or another system, either leukopenia with neutropenia, or thrombocytopenia, or (less often) non-hemolytic anemia prevails. If all three systems are inhibited in the same way, pancytopenia occurs. The phenomena of hypersplenism can occur as a consequence of all forms of splenomegaly.

Diagnosis of hypersplenism
o On physical examination, enlargement of the spleen
o Peripheral blood test
o Anemia, often normocytic or macrocytic (after repeated bleeding – hypochromic microcytic with moderate reticulocytosis)
o Leukopenia with neutropenia and lymphomonocytopenia
o Thrombocytopenia – with a decrease in platelets to 30-50×109 / l, clinical manifestations of hemorrhagic syndrome occur
o Compensatory hyperplasia of the bone marrow with a predominance of immature precursors of erythrocytes and platelets (delayed maturation).