Types, Causes, Treatment & Prevention

Overview

What is a sprain?

A sprain happens when a ligament is stretched or torn. A ligament is a strong, fibrous band of rope-like tissue that connects two or more bones at a joint. When you have a sprain, you may have injured one or more ligaments. A sprain is different from a strain, even though sometimes the terms can get used interchangeably. A strain is a stretch, pull or tear of where a muscle attaches to a bone. Think of it as a strain is muscle to bone and a sprain is bone to bone. When you have a sprain, it directly impacts the joint involved. The severity of a sprain can range from the ligament being stretched, partially torn or completely torn. How bad the injury is depends on both the degree of sprain and how many ligaments are involved.

Where do sprains occur?

You can have a sprain in any joint in the body but the most vulnerable spots include those at higher risk of injury from falls and trauma within both the upper and lower parts of the body. The three most common spots for sprains are the ankle, knee and wrist.

• Ankle sprain: This type of sprain typically happens when the foot turns inward as you run, turn or land on the ankle after a jump.
• Knee sprain: Typically, this occurs after a blow to the knee or a fall. Sudden twisting of the knee may result in a sprain.
• Wrist sprain: This sprain often happens when you fall and land on an outstretched hand.

Who is at risk for sprains?

Anyone can be at risk for a sprain. A sprain can happen to both the young and old, as well as the athletic and those doing typical daily activities. You may be at an increased risk if:

• You have a history of sprains
• You are in poor physical condition or are overweight.
• You participate in a lot of physical activity that happens on uneven surfaces.
• You are fatigued — tired muscles are less likely to provide good support.

Symptoms and Causes

What causes a sprain?

A sprain is caused by either a direct or indirect injury (trauma) that knocks the joint out of position and overstretches, sometimes tearing the supporting ligaments. Examples of injuries that cause a sprain can include:

• Rolling your ankle — either while running, changing direction or landing from a jump.
• Falling or slipping on a wet surface or uneven ground.
• Taking a blow to the body, including contact sports that cause a direct hit or a shift in balance and falls.

What are the signs and symptoms of sprains?

Signs and symptoms may vary due to severity of injury. They may include:

• Pain.
• Swelling, which can indicate underlying inflammation within the joint or within the soft tissue surrounding the joint.
• Bruising.
• Instability, especially noted on weight bearing joints like the knee or ankle.
• Loss of the ability to move and use the joint.

Diagnosis and Tests

How is a sprain diagnosed?

A sprain can be diagnosed in several ways, including:

• Through your doctor: Your doctor will take a history and do a physical exam to see if the history and exam are consistent with an injury to the joint which could have injured one or more ligaments. They will check for swelling, range of motion and stability of the joint.
• Through imaging tests: Orthopaedic or Sports Medicine specialists will start with an X-ray to make sure that there is not a broken bone. Although a ligament cannot be seen on an X-ray, it can be important to look at the spacing of the joint and to rule out a fracture. Depending on their exam or your response to initial treatment, higher imaging like an ultrasound or MRI may be required to further evaluate your injury.

Are there different degrees of sprain?

Yes, similar to other injuries, there are different degrees of severity with sprains. The degrees are determined by how badly the ligaments in the ankle or wrist are injured.

• Mild sprain: There is only a little stretching of the ligaments.
• Moderate sprain: There is a combination of stretching and a little tearing of the ligament.
• Severe sprain: There is a complete tear of the ligament.

Management and Treatment

How are sprains treated?

Your healthcare provider will advise you to follow the PRICE method for the first 24 to 48 hours after the injury. PRICE stands for:

• Protection: Try to immobilize an area of concern or stay off a weight bearing joint to prevent further motion and restore alignment. You may be advised to use a brace/splint or crutches to stay off the injured area.
• Rest: Cut back your regular exercises and activities of daily living. An injury like a sprain requires a change in your normal routine to let the area heal.
• Ice: Apply an ice pack to the injured area for 10 minutes. Do this four to eight times a day. You can use a cold pack, ice bag or plastic bag filled with ice wrapped in a towel. An even better way to ice the area of concern is to use an ice massage method — you can use an ice cube held in a washcloth or put water in a Dixie® cup into the freezer. After the cup is frozen, peel back the top of the cup so it is like a frozen push pop. Use a circular motion or back and forth motion over the area of concern. You only need three to five minutes to ice this because it will penetrate deeply into the area of concern. To avoid frost bite and cold injury, do not apply the ice for longer than 20 minutes at a time. Once you start to feel numb or uncomfortable — you should stop icing.
• Compression: Compression (continuous pressure) of the injured area my help reduce swelling. Using an ACE bandage, you can wrap the affected area always from fingers towards the shoulder (on the upper body) or from your toes to your groin (lower body). This prevents swelling distal (away from the middle of your body) to where the injury is wrapped. A bandage should feel snug, but not so tight it is uncomfortable or cuts off your circulation. You can adjust as needed. An easier way to apply compression from your knee down is with compression stockings. These can be easily purchased online or over-the-counter.
• Elevation: In order to help decrease swelling, keep the injured area elevated on a pillow. You should try to keep the injury above the level of your heart.

Do you ever need surgery for a sprain?

Depending on the joint involved and severity of sprain, sometimes surgery is needed to treat a sprain. If a surgery consult is recommended, they will evaluate the injury, the potential to heal both with and without surgery and make recommendations for the best recovery based on your age, activity level and risk factors involved with surgery.

Will I need to go to physical therapy for a sprain?

Often, physical therapy is recommended after suffering a sprain. This kind of injury can take time to heal and may change the dynamics of the joint. The degree of sprain will determine the steps you will need to take in the recovery process. A physical therapist will work with you to regain strength and mobility in your joint. The therapist will teach you exercises, as well as give you a home exercise program, to prevent the injured joint from becoming stiff. Exercises to build strength and balance (in ankle and knee sprains) will be increased over time until you are back at a pre-injury level of activity. Your physical therapy can help with a return to exercise, sports programs and get the affected joint even stronger than it was to begin with. If you have suffered repeated sprains (such as an ankle sprain) or were immobilized for a while as the area healed (like in a boot or cast), physical therapy will be strongly recommended to reduce the chance of getting injured again.

Prevention

How can I help prevent sprains?

Though sprains can happen to anyone, there are a few ways you can reduce the risk of a sprain. These tips include:

• Avoid exercising or playing sports when tired or in pain.
• Maintain a healthy weight and well-balanced diet to keep muscles strong.
• Wear shoes that fit properly and be sure any sports equipment is also fitting well.
• Practice safety measures to prevent falls.
• Do stretching exercises daily or prior physical therapy exercises to maintain strength and balance.
• Warm up and stretch before doing any physical activity.

Outlook / Prognosis

How long does it take to recover from a sprain?

The length of your recovery from a sprain will depend on the severity of your injury. In mild sprains, your recovery may only be a few short weeks. In more severe sprains, it could take up 12 weeks to recover. Surgical repairs of completely torn ligaments will have the longest recovery, the healing and post-operative plan for return to activities would be outlined by your surgeon if you had surgery. Talk to your healthcare provider about the severity of your sprain and a timeline for your recovery.

Living With

When should I see a healthcare provider for a sprain?

You should see your healthcare provider if:

• You have a concern about your injury. Sometimes what seems like a mild sprain can take longer than you think to heal. Seeing your doctor can be helpful to answer questions, get a brace, an order for physical therapy or for reassurance.
• You have severe pain and cannot put weight on the injured joint.
• The injured area looks crooked, has lumps and bumps (other than swelling) that you do not see on the uninjured joint. You may notice asymmetry between the affected/injured joint and the normal joint.
• You cannot move the injured joint.
• There is numbness in any part of the injured area.
• You see redness or red streaks spread out from the injury. This is especially a concern if the skin is broken or there could be a possible infection.
• You injure an area that has been injured before.
• You have pain, swelling or redness over a bony part of your foot.

A note from Cleveland Clinic

As we move around each day and do our normal activities, there’s always a risk of tripping, falling and getting injured. If you experience a sprain, reach to your healthcare provider. It’s usually a good idea to make sure it’s only a sprain and not a more severe injury. You can also get a treatment plan that will get you up and moving again.

How to Prevent and Treat Muscle Sprains and Strains

Sprains and strains, while sometimes used interchangeably, are not the same thing. A sprain is an injury to a ligament, the tough, fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bone. Ligament injuries involve a stretching or a tearing of this tissue.

A strain, on the other hand, is an injury to either a muscle or a tendon, the tissue that connects muscles to bones. Depending on the severity of the injury, a strain may be a simple overstretch of the muscle or tendon, or it can result in a partial or complete tear.

Sprains

A sprain typically occurs when people fall and land on an outstretched arm, slide into a base, land on the side of their foot, or twist a knee with the foot planted firmly on the ground. This results in an overstretch or tear of the ligament(s) supporting that joint.

Common types of sprains include:

• Ankle Sprains: The ankle is one of the most common injuries in professional and recreational sports and activities. Most ankle sprains happen when the foot abruptly turns inward (inversion) or is pointed down (plantar flexion), which typically results in rolling on the outside of the foot and ankle. This can happen as an athlete runs, turns, falls, or lands after a jump. One or more of the lateral ligaments are injured, typically the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL).
• Knee Sprains: A knee sprain can occur from a fall, tackle, or other contact injuries. The most common sports-related knee sprains involve the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) or medial collateral ligament (MCL). 
• Wrist Sprains: Wrists are often sprained after a fall in which the athlete lands on an outstretched hand.

Sprain Signs and Symptoms

The usual signs and symptoms of a ligament sprain include pain, swelling, bruising, and the loss of functional mobility. Sometimes people feel a pop or tear when the injury happens. However, these signs and symptoms can vary in intensity, depending on the severity of the sprain.

Sprain Severity Scale

• Grade I Sprain: A grade I (mild) sprain causes overstretching or slight tearing of the ligaments with no joint instability. A person with a mild sprain usually experiences minimal pain, swelling, and little or no loss of functional mobility. Bruising is absent or slight, and the person is usually able to put weight on the affected joint.
• Grade II Sprain: A grade II (moderate) sprain causes partial tearing of the ligament and is characterized by bruising, moderate pain, and swelling. A person with a moderate sprain usually has some difficulty putting weight on the affected joint and experiences some loss of function.
• Grade III Sprain: A grade III (severe) sprain results in a complete tear or ruptures a ligament. Pain, swelling, and bruising are usually severe, and the patient is unable to put weight on the joint. An x-ray is usually taken to rule out a broken bone. This type of ligament sprain often requires immobilization and possibly surgery. It can also increase the risk of an athlete having future injuries in that area.

When diagnosing any sprain, the doctor will ask the patient to explain how the injury happened. The doctor will examine the affected joint, check its stability and its ability to move and bear weight. The doctor may also order an MRI to confirm a ligament sprain.

Strains

A strain is caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon. Strains can be acute or chronic. An acute strain is caused by trauma or an injury such as a blow to the body; it can also be caused by improperly lifting heavy objects or over-stressing the muscles. Chronic strains are usually the result of overuse—prolonged, repetitive movement of the muscles and tendons.

Common types of strains include:

Contact sports such as soccer, football, hockey, boxing, and wrestling put people at risk for strains. Gymnastics, tennis, rowing, golf and other sports that require extensive gripping can increase the risk of hand and forearm strains. Elbow strains sometimes occur in people who participate in racket sports, throwing, and contact sports.

Two common elbow strains include:

• Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)
• Golfer’s elbow (medial epicondylitis)

Strain Signs and Symptoms

Typically, people with a strain experience pain, muscle spasm and muscle weakness. They can also have localized swelling, cramping, or inflammation and, with a more severe strain, some loss of muscle function. Patients typically have pain in the injured area and the general weakness of the muscle when they attempt to move it. Severe strains that partially or completely tear the muscle or tendon are often very painful and disabling.

Strain Severity Scale

Strains are categorized in a similar manner to sprains:

• Grade I Strain: This is a mild strain and only some muscle fibers have been damaged. Healing occurs within two to three weeks.
• Grade II Strain: This is a moderate strain with more extensive damage to muscle fibers, but the muscle is not completely ruptured. Healing occurs within three to six weeks.
• Grade III Strain: This is a severe injury with a complete rupture of a muscle. This typically requires a surgical repair of the muscle; the healing period can be up to three months.

When to See a Doctor for a Sprain or Strain

• You have severe pain and cannot put any weight on the injured joint.
• The area over the injured joint or next to it is very tender when you touch it.
• The injured area looks crooked or has lumps and bumps that you do not see on the uninjured joint.
• You cannot move the injured joint.
• You cannot walk more than four steps without significant pain.
• Your limb buckles or gives way when you try to use the joint.
• You have numbness in any part of the injured area.
• You see redness or red streaks spreading out from the injury.
• You injure an area that has been injured several times before.
• You have pain, swelling, or redness over a bony part of your foot.

Treatment for Sprains and Strains

The treatment of muscle sprains and strains has two main goals. The first goal is to reduce swelling and pain; the second is to speed recovery and rehabilitation.

To reduce swelling it is recommended to follow use R.I.C.E. therapy (Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation) for the first 24 to 48 hours after the injury.

An OTC (or prescription) anti-inflammatory medication may also help decrease pain and inflammation.

R.I.C.E. Therapy

Rest: Reduce regular exercise or other activities as much as you can. Your doctor may advise you to put no weight on an injured area for 48 hours. If you cannot put weight on an ankle or knee, crutches may help. If you use a cane or one crutch for an ankle injury, use it on the uninjured side to help you lean away and relieve weight on the injured ankle.

Ice: Apply an ice pack to the injured area for 20 minutes at a time, four to eight times a day. A cold pack, ice bag, or plastic bag filled with crushed ice and wrapped in a towel can be used. To avoid cold injury and frostbite, do not apply the ice for more than 20 minutes.

Compression: Compression of an injured ankle, knee, or wrist may help reduce swelling. Examples of compression bandages are elastic wraps, special boots, air casts, and splints. Ask your doctor for advice on which one to use.

Elevation: If possible, keep the injured ankle, knee, elbow, or wrist elevated on a pillow, above the level of the heart, to help decrease swelling.

Rehabilitation

The second stage of treating a sprain or strain is rehabilitation to restore normal function. When the pain and swelling are reduced you can generally begin gentle exercise. A custom program is often created by a physical therapist that prevents stiffness, improves range of motion, improves flexibility and builds strength. Depending on the type of injury you have, you may go to physical therapy for several weeks, or do the exercises at home.

People with an ankle sprain may start with a range of motion exercises, such as writing the alphabet in the air with the big toe. An athlete with an injured knee or foot will work on weight-bearing and balancing exercises. The length of this stage depends on the extent of the injury, but it is often several weeks.

Rebuilding strength is a slow and gradual process, and only when done correctly can the athlete consider returning to sports. It’s tempting to resume full activity despite pain or muscle soreness, but returning to full activity soon increases the chance of re-injury and may lead to a chronic problem.

The amount of rehabilitation and the time needed for full recovery after a muscle strain or ligament sprain depends on the severity of the injury and individual rates of healing. A moderate ankle sprain may require three to six weeks of rehabilitation and severe sprain can take eight to 12 months to rehab completely and avoid re-injury. Patience and learning to cope with an injury are essential to recovery.

Preventing Sprains and Strains

There are many things athletes can do to help lower their risk of muscle strains and ligament sprains. Start by reviewing tips for safe workouts to prevent injury.

• Perform balance and proprioception exercises.
• Practice rehabilitation exercises.
• Wear shoes that fit properly.
• Replace athletic shoes as soon as the tread wears out or the heel wears down on one side.
• Ease into any fitness routine and get into proper physical condition to play a sport.
• Warm up before participating in any sports or exercise.
• Wear protective equipment when playing.
• Avoid exercising or playing sports when tired or in pain.
• Run on even surfaces.
• Do “prehab” for your specific sport or activity. Learn the ideal mobility, strengthening, and conditioning exercises that help to meet the demands of your physical activity.

How to Prevent Sprains and Strains in the Workplace

Did you know that sprains and strains are the leading injury category in the manufacturing environment? It’s true.

Not only that, but according to workers’ compensation data, strains are the top accident category in manufacturing by claims frequency and severity. The data tells us that sprains and strains are common and costly in industry today. They are costly (and unacceptable) for businesses, they are costly (and painful) for workers and they are costly (and frustrating) for safety professionals.

If this situation rings true at your company, it’s time to make a decision to take proactive steps to take on these common and costly problems.

You’ll be happy to hear that sprains and strains are preventable in every workplace. It’s a simple matter of identifying risk factors and systematically implementing control measures. The hard part is deciding to reduce all risk factors, gaining 100 percent leadership commitment and instituting a process that persists over the course of time.

The Causes of Sprains and Strains

Sprains and strains can happen suddenly or develop over the course of days, weeks or months. When a worker is exposed to causative risk factors, they are more likely to develop a sprain or strain. There are two general categories of risk factors: ergonomic (workplace) risk factors and individual risk factors.

Ergonomic risk factors include:

• Excessive force. Many work tasks require high force loads on the human body. Muscle effort increases in response to high force requirements, increasing associated fatigue which can lead to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs).
• Excessive repetition. Many work tasks and cycles are repetitive in nature, and are frequently controlled by hourly or daily production targets and work processes. High task repetition, when combined with other risk factors such as high force and/or awkward postures, can contribute to the formation of MSDs. A job is considered highly repetitive if the cycle time is 30 seconds or less.
• Awkward posture. Awkward postures place excessive force on joints and overload the muscles and tendons around the effected joint. Joints of the body are most efficient when they operate closest to the mid-range motion of the joint. Risk of MSDs is increased when joints are worked outside of this mid-range repetitively or for sustained periods of time without adequate recovery time.
• Other environmental factors. Slip, trip and fall hazards increase risk of a sudden, acute soft tissue injury.

Individual risk factors include:

• Poor work practices. Workers who use poor work practices, body mechanics and lifting techniques are introducing unnecessary risk factors that can contribute to MSDs. These poor practices create unnecessary stress on their bodies that increases fatigue and decreases their body’s ability to properly recover.
• Poor overall health habits. Workers who smoke, drink excessively, are obese, or exhibit numerous other poor health habits are putting themselves at risk for not only musculoskeletal disorders, but also for other chronic diseases that will shorten their life and health span.
• Poor rest and recovery. MSDs develop when fatigue overcomes the worker’s recovery system, causing a musculoskeletal imbalance. Workers who do not get adequate rest and recovery put themselves at higher risk.
• Poor nutrition, fitness and hydration. For a country as developed as the United States, an alarming number of people are malnourished, dehydrated and at such a poor level of physical fitness that climbing one flight of stairs puts many people out of breath. Workers who do not take care of their bodies are putting themselves at a higher risk of developing musculoskeletal and chronic health problems.
• No recognition of early signs and symptoms. Many MSDs develop over the course of time. At the first signs of excessive fatigue or discomfort, the worker has an opportunity to recognize the early signs and symptoms and proactively use recommended injury prevention tools and principles. Not recognizing early warning signs lends to a reactive approach and it’s only a matter of time until these signs and symptoms develop into a musculoskeletal injury.

A Proactive Approach to Sprains and Strains in the Workplace

Prevention is, of course, better than treatment. Sprains and strains are a painful and unnecessary experience that we want to prevent from happening. To do that, you need a comprehensive prevention process to systematically identify and remove the risk factors present in your workplace and workforce through the use of controls.

There are two primary types of controls: ergonomic controls to reduce or remove ergonomic risk factors and individual controls to reduce or remove individual risk factors.

Ergonomic controls include:

• Engineering controls that eliminate or reduce awkward postures with ergonomic modifications that seek to maintain joint range of motion to accomplish work tasks within the mid-range of motion positions for vulnerable joints. Proper ergonomic tools should be utilized that allow workers to maintain optimal joint positions.
• Administrative controls include work practice controls, job rotation and counteractive stretch breaks.

Individual controls include:

• Education and training. Employees should be trained on all aspects of human performance, including ergonomics, MSD prevention principles and individual health and wellness. Formal classroom training and one-on-one follow up ensures the message is getting through.
• Early intervention. The early warning signs of future injuries are present in your workforce today. Early intervention is a proactive strategy designed to discover early warning signs of MSDs and prevent the early warning signs from developing into an injury. These one-on-one consultations with individual workers are often the last line of defense between risk factors present and an injury.

A Partnership Between Employers and Employees

The strategy outlined above is a simple one—identify and control all contributing risk factors.

Putting ergonomic controls in place is part of the company’s responsibility to provide a safe workplace for its people. In many cases, individual controls fall under the individual responsibility of the worker to keep his or her body fit for work and use proper work practices.

The most successful companies in preventing sprains and strains in a manufacturing environment have created a culture of safety, health and wellness. This culture is the result of each side of this partnership for prevention (the company and individual workers) taking responsibility for their role.

Companies take responsibility for providing a workplace within the capabilities and limitations of workers through a systematic ergonomics improvement process and by instituting ergonomic design standards for new work tasks and processes.

Workers take responsibility for keeping their bodies fit for the work they have chosen to do and to practice proper work practices and technique.

Mark Middlesworth is the president and owner of Ergonomics Plus, a workplace wellness and ergonomic consulting service based in Sweetser, Ind.

Copyright 2014 © Ergonomics Plus. All rights reserved.​

Sprains: Causes, Treatment & Prevention

A sprain happens when the ligaments of the body become stretched or torn. A ligament is a fibrous band of tissue that connects the bones at a joint. This is why sprains are localized around joints such as ankles, knees and shoulders. 

Causes & symptoms

Normally, the ligament can expand and snap back into place when a person moves. Sometimes, though, the ligament is pushed beyond its normal capabilities and causes a sprain. Any joint can be affected by a sprain if the ligament is suddenly pushed, twisted or impacted. The most common type of sprain is an ankle sprain, according to the Mayo Clinic.

People who are involved in sports are more likely to injure their ligaments, though anyone can experience a sprain. For example, if someone stumbles and catches the fall with their hands, they can sprain their wrists. Twisting a knee while dancing, running or just going up a flight of stairs can cause a knee sprain. A person can even sprain fingers and thumbs. 

Symptoms of a sprain include a popping sound during the injury, bruising, pain, swelling and limited movement for the affected joint.

A sprain can also lead to long-lasting health problems. For example, a sprain in the wrist can lead to carpel tunnel syndrome (CTS). Symptoms of CTS can start with nighttime numbness or tingling, along with hand pain and those affected should seek medical attention, according to Dr. Shari Liberman, a hand and upper extremity orthopedic surgeon at Houston Methodist Hospital. “Usually, the patient will wake up at night with those symptoms and has to shake out their hands to relieve the pain,” said Liberman. “The symptoms can progress to daytime numbness or tingling and pain.”

A sprained ankle can get bruised and swollen. (Image credit: J HIME/Shutterstock
)

Sprain and strains

Sprains and strains have many of the same symptoms, but they are not the same thing. A strain is when a tendon stretches or tears, while a sprain affects ligaments. Tendons are cords of tissue that connect bones to muscles in the body. 

Whiplash is a condition that often involves both sprains and strains. Whiplash is any injury of the neck’s soft tissues resulting from forced movement, often caused by a car accident. It can affect muscles, joints, discs, nerves, ligaments and tendons, according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Whiplash is often classified as a secondary injury of a concussion, Kenneth Podell, a neuropsychologist at Houston Methodist Hospital, told Live Science.

Treatment

A medical professional typically performs a physical inspection of the injured area to look for symptoms of a sprain. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to see determine how badly the ligament is affected. If the bone could be broken, the medical professional may order an X-ray.

There are three types of sprains, rated by their severity. According to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons the three types of strains are:

• Grade 1 sprain (mild): This includes a slight stretching and some damage to the fibers of the ligament.
• Grade 2 sprain (moderate): This includes the partial tearing of the ligament. 
• Grade 3 sprain (severe): This involves a complete tearing of the ligament. 

Mild sprains usually only need time to heal, rest and a little care. Remember the RICE procedure: rest, ice, compression and elevation. Over-the-counter pain reliever such as ibuprofen (Motrin IB, Advil) or acetaminophen (Tylenol) can be used to lessen the pain, and ice packs can be applied to reduce swelling. An ice pack should be placed on the area 20 minutes four to eight times a day, according to the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. The area should also be elevated and compression should be applied using a compression bandage.

In more severe cases, a medical professional may immobilize the area with a brace. If there is a torn ligament or ruptured muscle, surgery may be needed to correct the problem, according to the Mayo Clinic. 

Prevention

Muscle training, stretching and stability training are all important steps to preventing strains because they keep the muscles strong and flexible. A medical professional should be consulted for the best exercises. The medical professional will take into consideration the type of sports and activities an individual is interested in for the best training recommendation. 

Warm-up exercises, such as light jogging, before a strenuous activity can also help avoid sprains. Also, avoid running, exercising or playing a sport when tired or in pain.

Additional resources

How to Prevent & Rehab Common Sprains & Strains

Sprains and strains are among the most common work-related injuries, and don’t only occur in the manufacturing industry. Any employee, regardless of the scope of their job, can suffer from painful muscle/tendon strain – even those who work behind a desk. 

These types of injuries can be expensive for employers. Not only is the injured employee not working, but the company is more than likely responsible for the medical bills, along with all or partial lost wages. Strain and sprain prevention at work is important for both the employer and employee. To successfully prevent and overcome these common injuries, both parties need to work together. 

Strains and Sprains Prevention Guide

Employers and employees need to take a proactive approach toward preventing strains and sprains. Most steps are easy to implement and follow. Others may take some getting used to, and will result in major improvements in the long run. Here are some simple things you can do in an employee strain and sprain prevention program. 

Create Ergonomic Workspaces

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There are certain controls that can be put in place to help minimize stress and strain on joints and muscles. Standing desks are an option for office employees, along with ergonomic keyboards and chairs. 

The placement of mechanical tools that are used repetitively should also be placed with the worker’s safe reach and proper body mechanics comfort in mind. Here are some simple things you can do in an employee strain and sprain prevention program. Carts, turntables and other assistive devices should be implemented to prevent overreaching, and maintained in good working order. Thick rubber mats on concrete factory and warehouse floors will not only improve traction, but also prevent foot, ankle, knee, and back fatigue that can lead to strain.

Employee Training

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Companies should train all employees on the importance of good ergonomic practices. This means taking regular breaks from repetitive tasks, stretching and using microbreaks at intervals, and having good posture and body mechanics.. 

Training and reminder posters around the workplace can help emphasize the importance of practicing good posture, biomechanics and other preventative tips for musculoskeletal pain. 

Create an Employee Health Space

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Employees can stand up and stretch at their desks or workstations, but having a designated place to go is the best option. This should be a safe place where stretching employees don’t have to worry about getting in someone’s way. 

Not all companies or corporations can afford to install a fitness center. However, almost all can allot some space for employees to stretch out the kinks and strains that come with performing their jobs. 

Employees Need to Take Care of Their Health

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Workers cannot be forced by an employer to eat healthily or exercise regularly. However, a healthy lifestyle at home and work will help prevent strains and sprains. Stretching regularly and taking microbreaks relieves some of the stressors that causes strains. Employees will also want to take advantage of any wellness programs the company might offer. 

It has to be a joint effort between employers and employees if a company’s strain and sprain prevention program is going to be effective. 

Rehabbing Musculoskeletal Strain

No matter how many programs a company has implemented, musculoskeletal strain can still happen. There are a few things employees can do at home or with the company’s help to speed up recovery from a strain or sprain. Remember the RICE principle:

• Rest the injured area. It’s better to lose a little time with a short recovery, then to suffer longer under constant strain and re-injury.
• ‍Icing the swollen area, though not directly on the skin, will reduce pain and swelling. Anything from ice cubes wrapped in a towel to a bag of frozen peas can be effective. 
• Compression wraps or another type of supportive bandage/wrapping will help reduce swelling and provide a mental reminder to treat the area with extra precaution while it heals.
• Elevating the injured area will help reduce swelling. 

If the strain or sprain is severe or pain persists for several days, the employee will need to see a healthcare professional. 

Be Prepared For Accidents

Strains and sprains can happen at work, no matter how careful management and employees are. A package could be accidentally left out and tripped over resulting in a sprain, or an overworked employee might have pain from back, neck, or knee stressors. 

When accidents happen, it’s important to understand that employees need time to recover from their injury. 

Having a team of athletic trainers as a resource for your employees is a huge benefit for prevention, education, and for injury recovery in the event of an accident. Work-Fit is a dedicated team of wellness professionals applying sports medicine techniques in the workplace. Whether your company already has a strain and sprain prevention program in place and wants to improve it, or you would like to get one started, contact the experts at Work-Fit today.

Preventing Overexertion Injuries at Work and Home

Overexertion is the leading cause of workplace injuries. It causes about 34% of lost-time claims. The actions that result in overexertion are simple. Workers in nearly every industry do them daily. However, they can result in strains and sprains.

Strains and sprains can cause continued problems for employees. What kind of tasks lead to these kinds of injuries? How can employers prevent them on the job?

On this episode of the WorkSAFE Podcast, we sit down with Tara Swaney. She is a physical therapist and Work Strategies Coordinator at Select Medical. Swaney has over 20 years of experience. She has worked in outpatient settings and treated injuries in a work comp clinic. Her passion is mentoring clinicians on how to treat work comp injuries, like sprains and strains. She also partners with employers to prevent injuries from happening on the job.

First, we’ll talk about what overexertion injuries are and how they happen. Then, we’ll explain how employers can prevent them. Finally, we’ll talk about rehabilitating strains and sprains.

Listen to this episode on the WorkSAFE Podcast, or read the show notes below.

Strains and sprains: What is an overexertion injury?

Overexertion happens when an employee’s daily tasks are greater than the ability of their body. These tasks can even be a part of their job description. Tired muscles can’t keep up with the work. As a result, damage happens to soft tissue. Strains and sprains happen to ligaments, tendons, and cartilage.

The actions involved seem harmless: lifting a box, reaching for a tool, working on an assembly line. Above all, the risk of overexertion is present in all industries. Some fields, such as healthcare, maintenance, and warehousing, face a higher risk. But even sitting at a computer can result in an overexertion injury.

There are three common types of overexertion injuries:

1. Injuries from excessive physical effort. These happen when an employee uses intense force. They can be trying to lift, pull, or throw an object.
2. Injuries from repetitive motion. These happen when an employee does the same task every day, often for years.
3. Injuries from free bodily motion. These happen when employees do everyday motions with the wrong form or too suddenly. Twisting or kneeling too quickly are common ways to get hurt.

Does overexertion only happen on the job?

“Overexertion is basically just overexerting force with a muscle strain or a ligament sprain. It’s a repetitive use injury,” Swaney explained. Pulling, pushing, lifting, and holding all carry the risk of overexertion. These tasks aren’t only found on the job.

Carrying loads of laundry, or even stooping to pick up kids’ shoes, can cause a strain or sprain. Swaney added that lifting just 35 pounds every day can increase your risk of injury. Many people carry this kind of weight without realizing it. Picking up children, a load of groceries, or front door deliveries are daily tasks for most. “If you’re lifting incorrectly, you’re going to develop an injury sooner rather than later.”

How can employers prevent strains and sprains?

For Swaney, there are several actions employers can take to prevent strains and sprains. They include:

• Educate. Teach employees how to lift properly. Unsafe lifting can put them at serious risk for a back injury.
• Form a safety committee. Employees should receive regular safety education. In addition, sharing the responsibility for it helps keep them accountable.
• Create a stretching program. Swaney encourages employers to create a stretching program. First, a physical therapist assesses employees while they work. Then, they recommend several exercises to help keep employees safe and fit. Finally, a few employees are chosen to lead others in those stretches each day.
• Do ergonomic assessments. Make sure work areas are set up for success. For example, are tools easy to reach? Are desks tall enough to stand or sit at? Learn how you can make your work space a better fit for employees.

What if a strain or sprain happens on the job?

Being proactive is key to preventing strains and sprains. However, they do still happen on the job. Older employees are even more at risk. If your employee gets a strain or sprain, then it is important to act quickly. Swaney recommends using the RICE method. It can help reduce the impact of a strain or sprain.

• Rest. When a strain or sprain happens, rest the injury. This helps avoid causing further damage.
• Ice. Put a cold compress on the area. This eases pain. In addition, it can also help reduce swelling.
• Compress. Wrap the injury in an elastic bandage. Make sure not to wrap it too tightly. That can affect blood flow.
• Elevate. Raise the injured area to reduce further swelling.

Early symptom intervention programs

Select Medical partners with employers to tackle injuries early. This is done through an early symptom intervention program. First aid is applied to a strain or sprain. Workers receive ice, heat, massage, and tape. They are also educated on how to prevent further injury. The program prevents simple strains and sprain from getting worse.

Stretches are a great way to provide relief. If an employer has a stretching program, then stretches can be added to the first aid routine. However, if they don’t, the stretches are considered treatment. The stretches are then only given after the injury is reported.

Above all, the program is an intervention. Select Medical limits employees to 3-4 visits. If there are no improvements, they arrange further medical care.

Surgical intervention for strains and sprains

Some strains and sprains need surgical intervention. For example, employees sometimes suffer in silence. They don’t speak up about sore backs or knees. As a result, the injury gets worse over time. Others simply run out of treatment options.

Select Medical communicates directly with claims adjusters. If an employee isn’t getting better, then they continue to work with them until surgery can be scheduled. “Even if someone has an injury where surgical intervention is required, they can still do range of motion exercises,” Swaney explained. “They can still do some sort of strengthening.”

Support employees at home and work

COVID-19 changes the way work looks in many industries. Strains and sprains are still a risk at home and at work. Employees spend more of the day sitting. They are at increased risk for neck and back pain. Make sure your employees have what they need to be successful.

Encourage them to set up an ergonomically correct work station. Stress the importance of rest breaks. Simple stretches help keep the body relaxed. If your employees are spending a lot of time in front of screens, then share tips for computer users. Whether at home or at work, employers can help prevent overexertion injuries.

Want to learn more about preventing overexertion injuries? Listen to our interview with Doug Davis, a licensed professional engineer specializing in workplace safety and team member, on the WorkSAFE Podcast. Then, check out free safety policies, posters, and starter kits at our Resource Library.

Tips for Preventing Sports-Related Strains and Sprains

Athletes work hard and play hard, and this makes them susceptible to injury. In fact, each year more than 10 million sports injuries occur. Common injuries in athletes range from broken bones to torn tendons and strained muscles. Athletes are particularly susceptible to dealing with strains and sprains, injuries that happen more easily than more serious situations, such as a broken bone. However, athletes can take still preventive measures to reduce their risk of losing time playing their sport due to strains and sprains.

Types of Strains

A strain, or pulled muscle, takes place when someone tears or stretches muscle fibers. The three degrees of strains include:

• First-Degree Strain– Only approximately 10% of the muscle fibers have been torn.
• Second-Degree Strain– Between 10-90% of muscle fibers have been torn.
• Third-Degree Strain– The muscle fibers have been completely ruptured.

Types of Sprains

Sprains take place when someone tears or overstretches a ligament. The three different degrees of sprains  include:

• First-Degree Sprain– A first-degree sprain involves a stretched ligament without tearing. This may cause bruising and mild pain, as well as limited range of motion and stiffness.
• Second-Degree Sprain– Second-degree sprains are the most common and include a partial tear of the ligament. Symptoms include loss of use of the joint, bruising, swelling, and moderate pain.
• Third-Degree Sprain– This involves the ligament completely tearing and symptoms include joint instability, severe loss of motion, extreme swelling and extreme pain, particularly when using the joint.

Common Strains and Sprains in Athletes

Strains often occur in athletes when they throw, jump, or run, which is very common in sports like baseball, football, and basketball. Slipping on ice can commonly cause strains in hockey players. Chronic strains can occur in athletes who are involved in sports that require repetitive movements of muscles, including sports like golf, tennis, gymnastics, and rowing. Some of the most common sprains that occur for athletes include:

• Knee Sprain– Often occur when quickly pivoting during athletic activities.
• Ankle Sprain– May occur when exercising on uneven surfaces.
• Thumb Sprain– Overextension when playing various racquet sports or skiing may cause thumb sprains.
• Wrist Sprain– Commonly occur when landing on a hand that is outstretched during a bad fall.

Risk Factors for Strains and Sprains

Certain risk factors can increase the likelihood that an athlete will sustain a strain or sprain. Risk factors include:

• Fatigue– If muscles become overly tired, they don’t provide as much support for joints. It’s easier to succumb to the forces that may overextend muscles or stress joints when tired.
• Poor Equipment– Footwear that doesn’t fit right or is poorly maintained can increase the risk of sustaining a strain or sprain, as can using other poorly maintained or poorly fitting sports equipment.
• Poor Conditioning– If an athlete has been slacking off in conditioning, muscles can be left weak, making a sustained strain or sprain more likely.
• Failing to Warm Up Properly– When muscles are tight, they don’t have as much range of motion and they are more prone to tears and trauma.

Preventing Strains and Sprains

While one can’t prevent every sports-related injury, there are many things one can do to reduce one’s risk of sustaining strains and sprains. Excellent prevention tips include:

• Stretch and Warm Up– This should be done before participating in any type of exercise and sport. Warming up and stretching loosens muscles and prepares them for activity so there’s less of a chance of injury.
• Train for the Sport– This doesn’t mean one should go out and just play the sport – it means spend time training one’s body so one can be in peak physical condition to play. Being in the best possible shape and training regularly for a particular sport can reduce the chance of incurring strains, sprains, and other injuries.
• Know When to Stop Pushing– Pushing oneself hard is part of being an athlete, but an athlete also needs to know when to stop pushing in order to avoid injury. Know your limits and avoid playing sports when you’re overly tired to reduce the risk of strains and sprains.
• Eat a Healthy Diet– A diet that’s packed with important nutrients helps keep muscle strong, and strong muscles are less prone to injury.
• Ensure Shoes Fit Properly– You should have a good fit when wearing athletic shoes to prevent ankle sprains. As soon as the tread wears out or begins to wear too much on one side, replace your shoes.

Sometimes an injury occurs while playing sports, no matter what one does to prevent it. If you do sustain a strain or sprain and it causes severe pain, make sure you see a physician. While rest usually is the best treatment for strains and sprains, severe strains and sprains may require physical therapy, casts, braces, or even surgery.

Are you interested in learning more about exercise science and other professions that will allow you to faithfully, wholeheartedly fulfill your life’s calling? Want to find out more about the Christ-centered, biblically based education we offer at OKWU? We would be happy to introduce you to our Christian perspectives that are a part of any field of study at OKWU. To learn more about how we can help you pursue your goals and answer your calling, email Oklahoma Wesleyan University at [email protected] or call us today for more information at 918-335-6200.

90,000 Sprain. Treatment and prevention

What should be done when the ligaments are stretched, if the muscle does not “obey” at all? After first aid for sprains, you should immediately contact a medical facility in order to exclude a possible complete rupture of any of the muscles, in which case the injured person will need surgery. When the muscle is stretched, it continues to function, however, you feel pain and experience some discomfort.In sports, sprains of the thigh muscles and muscles of the groin area are most common. In everyday life, you can add the spine to these two zones.
Rehabilitation for sprains depends on the severity of the injury and the age of the victim. There are quite severe sprains – rehabilitation in these cases can take a long time, up to a year.

Ankle sprain.

Ankle sprains or ankle sprains are one of the most serious sprains.Intensive treatment is prescribed because in severe cases, its absence can lead to a decrease or even disability for life. The same applies to inappropriate treatment. At the same time, the statement that the sprain of the ligaments of the foot is worse than the fracture of its bones is incorrect: in most cases, with qualified medical care, the prognosis is favorable.
The question also arises of how to treat ankle sprain when the diagnosis itself is in doubt? The fact is that any sprain of the ligaments of the foot with no fracture on the X-ray is defined by many surgeons as a sprain.In fact, in many cases, against the background of an ankle ligament sprain, there is also a dislocation of the joint, which is often combined with a bone fracture. Even 10-15 years ago, the prevailing point of view in medicine was that dislocation of the ankle joint, fracture of the bones of this joint and sprain of the ankle ligaments occur most often at the same time. Currently, this point of view has been refuted, since light sprains of the ankle joint (and even its dislocations) are transferred by patients on their legs; the diagnosis is made much later, when serious consequences can arise in the form of repeated dislocations of the joint.
A distinction should be made between two types of ankle sprains. The first type is damage to several fibers of the external ligament, while the stability of the joint is preserved. The second type is a dislocation of the joint, caused by the separation of the anterior and middle groups of fibers of the external ligament from the ankle bone, which causes instability of the supracalcaneus, which comes out of the articular fork with each tucking of the foot. The second type can be diagnosed only on the basis of clinical trial materials.
The most common mechanism for stretching the ankle is by tucking the foot in or out.It happens more often in winter on ice, icy steps and sidewalks, on a flat surface when “drunk”, etc. Similar damage is also possible when jumping, during sports related to jumping, for example, parkour, parachuting, etc.
The external ligaments of the ankle are most often damaged. This occurs with awkward movements, often in women with inept walking in high heels. In this case, stretching the ligaments of the foot can damage the ligament between the talus and fibula, as well as between the calcaneus and fibula.

The very structure of the ankle joint and the peculiarities of human movement in comparison with other mammals predispose to stretching the ligaments of the ankle joint. The ankle from the lateral side is connected by three ligaments: the anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular and peroneal calcaneal. When the ankle is stretched, the anterior talofibular ligament is most often torn first. Only then is it possible to damage the peroneal-calcaneal ligament. Thus, if the anterior talofibular ligament is intact, it can be assumed that the peroneal-calcaneal ligament is also intact.When stretching the ligaments of the foot with damage to the anterior talofibular ligament, it is necessary to pay attention to the condition of the peroneal-calcaneal ligament. In most cases, isolated damage to the anterior talofibular ligament is noted, and joint damage to the anterior talofibular ligament and the lateral peroneal-calcaneal ligament is much less common, while ruptures of the posterior talofibular ligament occur in isolated cases.
There are times when the ligament comes off completely along with a piece of bone tissue to which it is attached.This area of ​​bone is visible on an x-ray.
A predisposing factor for ankle sprain is sometimes the weakness of the peroneal muscles, which may be associated with pathologies of the lower levels of the intervertebral disc. This pathology leads to damage to the peroneal nerve. The second possible predisposing factor is the peculiarities of the installation of the forefoot, which create a tendency to turn it outward, which is unconsciously compensated for by turning inward in the subtalar joint when walking.In some people, a predisposition to ankle sprains is caused by the congenital so-called varus deformity of the subtalar joint, that is, one of the forms of flat feet, which is characterized by the reduced position of the foot. Internal deflection of the foot above 0 ° causes varus deformity of the foot (pes varus).

Ankle sprain. Symptoms

Signs of ankle sprain are: pain on palpation in the areas of attachment to the bone of those ligaments that may have been damaged; in this case, the pain increases with repetition of joint movements, similar to those that led to the injury.In the area of ​​damage, there is swelling, bruising in the ankle joint. Hemorrhage into the joint cavity is also observed.

Ankle sprains, Treatment.

Before treating an ankle sprain, it is necessary to first establish the severity of the injury. For ankle sprains, treatment depends on the severity of the sprain. With light sprains on the ankle and foot, it is enough to apply an elastic bandage, apply ice containers to the injury area, fix the ankle joint in an elevated position.As the condition improves and the pain decreases, physical activity increases, and its duration also increases.Since the integrity of the musculoskeletal system is compromised by sprains of the ankle ligaments, treatment should be directed towards restoring mobility, which cannot be achieved without the participation of the patient himself.

In the case of a sprained ankle, treatment includes both a special support caliper and anti-inflammatory drugs: ultrasound, manual therapy and other methods. Overuse of the support is undesirable as it can weaken the joint and ligaments.As soon as the pain subsides, you should start walking with a crutch, partially leaning on the sore leg, gradually transferring an increasing load to the joint, while it is pointless to treat an ankle sprain without increasing mobility. When stretching the ligaments of the foot, treatment with alternative methods is also possible: when stretching the ligaments of the ankle, ointments with a warming effect are shown at the stage of developing the joint, but not in first aid.
For moderate sprains, a fixation device is applied for up to 3 weeks.This allows the person to lean on the fixed injured ankle. For severe sprains, surgery may be necessary. A number of surgeons adhere to the point of view that surgical restoration of severely damaged and torn ligaments is unnecessary, no different from conservative treatment. Before a person can move normally and engage in labor activity, he needs to undergo a course of physiotherapy, physiotherapy exercises, which will help to acquire normal motor activity, strengthen muscles and tendons, and restore balance.

Sprain of the knee ligaments.

If the sprain of the ligaments of the knee joint is accompanied by hemarthrosis of the knee joint, this leads to the appearance of elastic swelling in the area of ​​the anterolateral angle of the joint; when this swelling is felt, a swelling is felt. If the external or internal lateral ligament is torn completely, gait disturbances are noticeable: the leg becomes unstable in the joint, this is manifested by lameness or tucking of the lower leg. When examining the joint, in this case, hemarthrosis is usually not observed, only edema is visible, the bruise becomes noticeable later.If there is a rupture of the lateral ligaments, excessive mobility (instability) of the lower leg is traced when it is deflected by force.
Under these conditions, the diagnosis of cruciate ligament rupture in the early stages is complicated by the inability to study the symptom of the drawer, which is usually traced with sprains or ruptures of the cruciate ligaments. The study of this symptom becomes possible only after a few days, when the hemorrhage goes away on its own, or after a puncture of the joint and evacuation of blood.
In case of incomplete rupture of the ligaments (stretching of the ligaments of the knee joint), which does not cause severe pain and hemarthrosis, treatment usually consists of applying a tight bandage in the shape of a figure eight and exposure to cold (first), and after 1-2 days – heat. UHF is also used, electrophoresis on the damaged area.
When knee ligaments are stretched, a rupture of the patella’s own ligament or injury to the quadriceps tendon is characterized by a sharp violation of gait: the victim’s leg bends when trying to lean on it; with a full break, it is impossible to raise the leg straight: the thigh rises, and the lower leg sags.Hemarthrosis does not occur with this injury. With this form of stretching of the knee ligaments, treatment should be carried out by a surgeon.
The most typical complication in this type of injury is hemarthrosis – hemorrhage into the joint. In this case, the knee ligaments are stretched, puncture of the knee joint cavity is indicated in order to remove blood from it. To reduce swelling and hemorrhage in the area of ​​knee injury, UHF therapy is prescribed. A good result is given by warm baths, exercise therapy, massage of the muscles of the injured limb, tight bandaging or other methods of fixation.These procedures are required for the first three weeks after injury. If, after that, what is called “drawer” by physicians, ie, instability of the knee cap, then, apparently, it is necessary to treat the sprain of the knee joint in the form of a surgical intervention.
In severe cases, with a rupture of the cruciate ligament and meniscus ligaments, an operation is allowed to eliminate the defect that has arisen by arthroscopy. Surgical treatment is also indicated for complete rupture of the lateral ligament.Often, even an experienced surgeon is not able to make an accurate diagnosis, complete or incomplete rupture, without X-ray diagnostics. Conservative treatment involves, first of all, the use of plaster clamps, which hold the joint at an angle of 170 °.
In case of sprains of the knee ligaments, which are not complicated by pain and hemarthrosis, the ability to work is usually restored after 7-10 days.

Elbow joint ligament sprain.

Tennis Elbow.A complication that arises from constant sports stress on the joint is expressed by a sensation of pain along the outer surface of the elbow joint. The name is due to the fact that very often this pathology occurs in professional tennis players. Because the muscle is attached to the base of the metacarpus of the middle toe, any forceful resistance movement of the middle toe immediately causes pain in the elbow and forearm.
Golfer’s Elbow. The complication is formed as a result of permanent ruptures of the fibers of the tendons of the flexor muscles of the forearm and the ligaments of the elbow joint, which is directly related to the stretching of the ligaments of the elbow joint.
Baseball elbow. Complication as a result of systematic repetitive movements of the elbow in a trajectory similar to throwing a ball. In the victim, micro-tears of the muscle tendons are noted.
Prevention: in order to prevent sprains of the elbow joint, avoid full extension of the elbow “all the way” during training, there should be a small reserve, especially during throwing or shock movements.

Sprain of the ligaments of the shoulder joint, stretching of the ligaments of the arm.
The shoulder joint consists of the following parts: the humerus, the scapula and the clavicle.The rotator cuff connects the scapula to the humerus. Formed by the tendons of the following muscles: infraspinatus, supraspinatus, subscapularis, small round. Tendons attach the muscles to the bones of the shoulder. Ligament sprains should not be confused with tendon injuries, which can cause the collarbone to tear. In the glenoid cavity of the scapula, or glenoid cavity (second name), the head of the humerus is fixed by these muscles. The glenoid cavity is shallow and flat in shape. The articular capsule itself is a closed connective tissue sac, it is located around the articular ends of the bones.The cavity of the capsule is filled with synovial fluid, the function of which is to moisturize the articular surfaces. The joint capsule is reinforced with ligaments on the outside. The joint capsule of the shoulder joint differs from others in greater freedom, due to which the shoulder can perform a wide variety of movements. Ligaments prevent excessive angular deviations of the upper limb. If the limit of their strength is exceeded, the ligaments of the hand are stretched, which is often combined with a dislocation.
Indirect impact usually becomes the cause of shoulder ligament sprain.The clinical picture depends on the degree of damage. Sprains of the shoulder joint differs from other sprains in the absence of pronounced edema.
Treatment: novocaine is injected into the stretch zone of the arm. The Dezo bandage is used to immobilize the hand. In case of significant damage, the limb is placed on the abduction splint. After three days from the moment of injury, physiotherapy and exercise therapy are prescribed. Initially, analgesic therapy with joint immobilization is indicated. Then suction massage and hydrokinesitherapy are prescribed.
Sprains of the shoulder ligaments can lead to instability. If it is complicated by dislocation or subluxation of the shoulder joint, the result may be a dystrophic process in the soft tissues of the periarticular zone. This process is called humeral periarthrosis.

Sprain of the ligaments of the neck and lower back

Sprains of the ligaments of the neck or lower back are often combined with stretching of the back muscles. Since these injuries are rather difficult to distinguish by symptoms from each other (in the medical literature, the general term “soft tissue injury” of the back is often used).
In the case of injuries to the lower part of the spine, a risk factor is the weak development of the muscles of the lower part of the trunk, which can be caused both by previous injuries or pathologies, and by banal lack of training. Increased body weight also plays a negative role. The increased load on the lower spine associated with obesity, less often with pregnancy, leads to the appearance of chronic compensatory curvature of the lower back.
Sprains of the ligaments of the neck and lower back, according to statistics, is the most common cause of back pain in initially healthy people who do not suffer from chronic pathologies.Since the ligaments, especially the spine, are poorly supplied with blood, their healing process takes at least one and a half months, in rare cases stretching for up to a year.
Treatment of spinal ligament sprain is most often conservative, primarily associated with the use of analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs, physiotherapy. Rest is mandatory, in some cases it is shown to fix the affected spine, neck or lower back, using a corset, including during rehabilitation therapy.

90,000 Sprain – what is it, causes, symptoms and physiotherapy treatment

Before talking about stretching the ligaments, let’s define what they actually are.

Ligaments are dense fibers of fibrous tissue, they are composed of proteins – collagen and elastin – and connect parts of the skeleton or internal organs. Ligaments strengthen all the joints in our body, from the smallest (interphalangeal joints of the fingers) to the largest (hip, knee joints), keeping them in the correct position and regulating the range of motion in them.

This article will focus on stretching the skeletal ligaments.

When, due to the influence of any factors (mainly traumatic), the ligament experiences a load exceeding its margin of safety, damage occurs – a rupture or sprain of the ligament. It is not entirely correct to talk about the stretching of the ligaments, since with any damage to them, there is a violation of the integrity of the collagen and elastin fibers that make up them. Simply, when all the fibers of the ligament are damaged, we are talking about its rupture, and when the damage is partial, about stretching the ligaments of the corresponding joint.That is, a sprain of a ligament is, in fact, its incomplete rupture, often subject to treatment.

Causes of sprain

The leading cause of damage to skeletal ligaments is injuries, often sports, less often – household. Stretching occurs when an abrupt and / or non-physiological movement is made in the joint, which is fixed by the ligaments (a sharp turn, “twisting” in the joint). Therefore, strength and active sports (weightlifting, volleyball, football, basketball) are the cause of frequent sprains.

With excessive force of the pathological effect, a sharply stretched ligament can even entail a part of the bone to which it is attached – a so-called avulsion fracture occurs.

Fortunately, fractures during ligament sprain do not always occur, but ligament sprain in fractures and articular dislocations is a frequent occurrence.

Much less common are degenerative sprains of the ligaments, that is, damage when a ligament that has lost due to age-related changes or diseases can rupture even with physiological habitual movement.

The main symptoms of sprains

• Sharp pain at the site of the sprain, aggravated by trying to move in the damaged joint and pressing on the damaged ligament. It arises because when the ligaments are stretched, the small nerve fibers that intertwine it are also torn. For the same reason, a feeling of numbness in the area of ​​injury, inherent in stretching, may appear.
• Edema of the injured limb, which is localized in the projection of the injured joint and grows rapidly.Also, in this zone, redness and an increase in the temperature of the skin can be noted – these are nonspecific signs of aseptic (without the participation of pathogenic microbes) inflammation, characteristic of stretching and developing in response to injury.
• Restricted movement. It is due to the fact that when the ligaments are stretched, the architectonics of the joint is disturbed to one degree or another, that is, the correct comparison of the elements that make up it. In addition, movements are limited by reflex spasm of skeletal muscles in the area of ​​injury, which occurs in order to protect the limb from further dangerous movements.So, when the ligaments of the ankle joint are stretched, it will be difficult and painful for a person to stand on his leg, in case of injury to the ligaments of the shoulder joint, it will be to raise his arm.
• The appearance of a hematoma in the area of ​​the ligament sprain. A hematoma is formed as a result of rupture of small blood vessels that penetrate the ligament, accompanied by hemorrhage into the subcutaneous fat, the intermuscular space or the joint cavity (depending on the localization of the ligament). When the ligaments are stretched, unlike rupture, hematomas are not always formed, more often they look like subcutaneous bruises (intermuscular bruises are rare, intra-articular ones are extremely rare).A hematoma can appear not only at the time of trauma associated with stretching, but also gradually “flow” within 2-3 days after its occurrence.
• The characteristic pop sound that occurs when a ligament is damaged. Basically, this sound is heard with a complete rupture of the ligament. It can also occur when stretched, but less frequently.

The symptoms of a sprain are very similar to those of a fracture, so it is easy to confuse the symptoms without a special examination. The hallmark of a fracture is shortening and deformation of the affected limb, accompanied by a violation of its axis.

The following instrumental diagnostic methods will help the treating specialist to diagnose sprains of the ligaments:

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the damaged joint;
• Ultrasound examination (US) of the joint and the surrounding soft tissues;
• X-ray of the joint (unlike MRI and ultrasound, X-ray examination does not make it possible to visualize the ligamentous apparatus, but helps to exclude a fracture and see indirect signs of stretching).

Sprain: Treatment

The symptoms of sprains dictate the tactics of treating this injury: eliminate pain, reduce swelling and restore mobility by performing treatment for sprains.

Non-steroidal drugs (NSAIDs) have a good analgesic effect along with anti-inflammatory in the treatment of stretching. Depending on the intensity of the pain syndrome, they can be used in the treatment of sprains locally (gels, ointments, creams) or internally (tablets, suppositories, powders, solutions for intramuscular injections).The duration of the course of treatment with these remedies for stretching is usually 6-8 days. As a rule, such treatment is sufficient to stop the inflammatory process, and longer use can lead to the development of undesirable side effects (the formation of ulcers and erosions of the gastric mucosa, impaired liver and kidney function).

You can reduce swelling by applying ice wrapped in a towel for 10-15 minutes every 3-4 hours. Also, in order to reduce edema in the first days after injury, it is recommended to give the affected limb an elevated position.

In the case of the formation of an extensive hematoma, therapy for sprains may also include the appointment of creams and ointments containing direct anticoagulants (drugs that reduce blood clotting). Their use contributes to a more rapid resorption of hematoma, normalization of microcirculation and prevention of the formation of venous thrombi in the damaged area. But you should not use such funds if there is a tendency to increased bleeding, the integrity of the skin is broken, or there are some skin diseases at the site of the intended application.

In the treatment of sprains, an important point is the immobilization of the joint in which the ligament was torn. It is achieved by applying a special device that fixes the joint in the anatomically correct position – an orthosis.

For sprains not accompanied by significant movement disorders in the joint, treatment can be limited to a soft or semi-rigid (with the addition of lateral fixation plates) orthosis or elastic bandaging of the limb.When applying an orthosis or a bandage, it is important that, while performing a reliable fixation, they at the same time do not squeeze soft tissues, since when tightened tightly, blood circulation is disturbed and edema increases even more. The terms of immobilization are determined individually by the doctor, depending on the severity of the injury, and can vary from one to four weeks.

How else can sprain be treated

In recent years, as a method of treating sprains, kinesiological taping is actively used – the application of special tissue tapes on an adhesive basis to the damaged area using a special technique.The mechanism of the positive effect of taping during stretching is based on improving microcirculation and lymph outflow in the affected area, adjusting the direction of movement in the joint, and reducing muscle hypertonicity.

An unconditional plus of taping is that when the joint is stabilized, the possibility of movement in it is preserved at the same time. At the same time, the procedure has certain disadvantages: tapes are quite expensive material; they can only be applied by a specialist who has undergone special training; taping treatment should not be carried out in the presence of skin diseases at the site of application, deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities, severe pathology of the kidneys and cardiovascular system, complicated forms of diabetes mellitus.

Rehabilitation procedures for sprains begin after acute symptoms and inflammation have subsided. They involve carrying out special exercises of physiotherapy exercises (LFK) , which help to normalize the tone of muscles weakened during the period of immobilization and restore the original range of motion in the joint. It must be remembered that it is advisable to conduct exercise therapy classes under the guidance of a doctor-instructor, since improper exercise can not only be of no benefit, but also cause harm when stretching the ligaments.

In order to restore motor activity as soon as possible after stopping inflammation during ligament sprain, it is also advisable to apply medical massage with a course of 8-10 procedures. In order to avoid undesirable consequences, the procedure should be carried out by a specialist with medical education who has undergone special training.

Separately, I would like to say about the use of physiotherapy for sprains. Physiotherapy is an excellent answer to the question “how to cure a sprain quickly.”They help reduce swelling and pain during sprains, promote faster hematoma resorption, accelerate the healing process of damaged tissues, shorten the immobilization period and restore skeletal muscle tone, thereby accelerating the treatment of sprains.

The main rule for carrying out physiotherapy during stretching: they should begin no earlier than 3 days from the moment of injury. This is due to the fact that in the first 3 days a hematoma is formed in the area of ​​damage, therefore, any manipulations that improve peripheral blood flow can provoke an increase in hematoma in size.

When stretching the ligaments, a number of physiotherapy procedures are used. But most often, traumatologists prescribe magnetic therapy to patients on the affected area. And it is no coincidence: the analgesic, decongestant and anti-inflammatory effects of magnetotherapy in sprains have long been known and proven by the results of medical research.

Modern medicine makes it possible to conduct magnetotherapy sessions not only on the basis of a polyclinic or hospital, but also at home.In medical equipment stores or a pharmacy chain, a patient can purchase a portable magnetic therapy device and use it independently at home to treat sprains. Thus, a very important problem is solved: a person who is sometimes unable to move without assistance or special means of support due to trauma, no longer needs to experience discomfort when getting to a medical institution!

In addition to compact magnetotherapy devices, there are also portable cryotherapy devices that allow you to carry out physiotherapy for sprains at home.

Cryotherapy is a physiotherapy method based on the beneficial effects of cold on the body. As mentioned above, from the first minutes of injury, it is advisable to apply an ice pack to the injured limb in order to reduce local swelling and pain. But this is extremely inconvenient – ice is not always at hand, it melts quickly, and it is inconvenient to hold it. Imagine that there is an apparatus for local contact cooling of soft tissues, which can constantly maintain a temperature similar to that of ice.The principle of operation of the apparatus is based on the so-called Peltier effect: if a direct current is passed through a chain of two dissimilar materials, then one of them begins to heat up, and the other cools.

Cooling the damaged area contributes to the development of analgesic, decongestant, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic (hemostatic) effects, which is important for the treatment of sprains.

It must be remembered that carrying out procedures using portable devices for magnetic and cryotherapy at home does not require special training and special skills on the part of the patient, however (like any physiotherapy in general) it has a number of contraindications.Therefore, in order to avoid undesirable consequences, it is advisable to consult a doctor before purchasing the device.

A distinctive feature of both methods is the possibility of their application in the acute period.

In the subacute period of ligament sprain (when the loose “pasty” edema subsides), it is also possible to use phonophoresis with hydrocortisone, this method enhances the effect of magnetotherapy. During the recovery period, while maintaining the pain syndrome, shock wave therapy is used, which promotes the regeneration of damaged tissues and relieves the residual pain syndrome characteristic of sprains.

In conclusion, I would like to note that it is better to prevent the development of injury than to treat sprains later. In order not to face such an unpleasant condition as rupture of ligaments, wear comfortable shoes, avoid sudden movements and extreme loads.

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Ligament sprains – symptoms, treatment, prevention, causes, first signs

General information

Depending on the intensity of the traumatic force, partial violation of the integrity of individual fibers is possible, rupture with a complete break of the ligament along the length of the ends and separation, if the ligament comes off at the site of attachment to the bone.Sometimes, together with the ligament, a bone fragment comes off – an avulsion fracture.

In children in a situation similar to adults, a bone fracture occurs more often, and the ligaments remain intact.

In most cases, rupture of individual fibers of the ligament occurs as a result of movement in the joint, exceeding its physiological limits. The area around the damaged joint is swollen and sore, especially with movement.

Sprains most often occur in the ankle and knee joints, finger joints, and wrists.In some cases, a bone displacement, crack, or fracture is mistaken for a strong sprain. Therefore, if in doubt, you should consult a doctor in order to accurately diagnose and obtain adequate therapy.

Causes of sprained ligaments

Severe sprained or ruptured ligament in a sudden jerk (eg, an ankle dislocation) or severe injury from a fall or slide.

Symptoms of sprain

• Joint pain;
• swelling and redness;
• restriction or inability to move due to severe pain;
• in severe cases, joint deformity.

Complications

• Damage to tendons (a tough fibrous structure that connects muscles to bones) or muscles;

90,099 cracks or fractures of bones;

• with repeated sprains, a weakened joint.

First aid for sprains

After injury, place an ice pack on the injured joint as soon as possible to reduce swelling and pain. Wrap an elastic bandage around the joint.

Lift the injured joint above the level of the heart, while the swelling will subside and the pain will ease. Take your regular pain relievers.

When the swelling subsides, you can start making baths with warm water.

When the pain has passed, begin to gently knead the joint (rotate, move from side to side). But do not load it while there is pain and swelling. Healing takes from 6 weeks to 6 months. Vigorous movement of the joint before recovery often leads to repeated stretching.

Consult your doctor if:

• you suspect a bone displacement or fracture,
• if pain and swelling persist for more than 3 days, despite all measures,
• if there is deformation of the joint or discoloration of the skin above it.

What a doctor can do

The doctor will order an X-ray of the joint to detect a bone displacement or fracture, and will correctly fix the joint to ensure that the joint remains immobile while the injury is healing.Surgery is performed to repair severely torn ligaments or tendons.

Preventive Measures

• When playing sports, wear suitable and comfortable clothing (eg low rubber basketball boots).
• Try not to wear high-heeled shoes.
• Watch your feet when walking on rough or chipped surfaces.
• Maintain a healthy weight. Excess weight causes increased stress on the joints.
• Do regular exercise to strengthen your ligaments and muscles.

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90,000 💊 Symptoms of sprains and sprains, treatment, first aid, prevention

Stretch and Strain Facts

• Sprains and strains are common orthopedic injuries. A sprain is damage to a ligament, while a sprain is damage to a muscle or tendon.
• Sprains are usually caused by trauma to the joint.Tension is usually the result of overexertion or overuse of muscles and tendons.

90,099 People at higher risk of sprains and strains include athletes, people who have previously had sprains and strains, and people who are overweight.

• Signs and symptoms of sprains and sprains include pain, swelling, bruising, and decreased range of motion.
• The main treatment (first aid) for all sprains and strains is RICE: rest, ice, compression and lifting.
• Home remedies may include over-the-counter pain relievers. Physical therapy or massage may also be prescribed.
• Most sprains and sprains will heal completely with adequate treatment, although you have an increased risk of re-injury to the same area.
• Prevent sprains and strains by stretching and preparing, wearing suitable footwear for sports and maintaining a healthy weight.

What are

symptoms and signs and signs of sprains and deformities ?

Sprains have symptoms that are more localized to the damaged joint.When a joint is damaged, you may feel a tear or crack in the joint. The pain is usually immediate, and depending on the severity of the injury, it may not be possible to use the joint. Sprains signs and symptoms include

• pain,
• edema,
• bruising,
• joint instability, and
• reduced range of motion.

In strains, acute or chronic, symptoms are localized to damaged muscle groups or tendons.The pain can affect a small area or a large area, such as a muscle group. The pain can be immediate with acute exertion, or it can be delayed in the event of excessive injury. Strain signs and symptoms include

• pain,
• inflammation,
• muscle spasm,
• muscle spasms,
• muscle weakness and
• bruising may appear, but may be delayed for several days.

What are stretching and stretching?

• Sprains and strains are common orthopedic injuries.
• A sprain is a damage to a ligament, which is a strip of tissue that connects one bone to another.
• Tension is an injury to a muscle or tendon, which is a strip of tissue that connects muscle to bone.
• Straining is also sometimes referred to as “torn muscle” or “muscle strain”.

These injuries can occur anywhere on the body, but are most common in the lower and upper extremities, such as the ankle, knee, elbow, or wrist.The most common site for sprains is the ankle. It is estimated that over 23,000 ankle dislocations occur every day in the United States. Ankle sprains can occur when the leg falls inward (inversion) or when the leg is arching (arching). The most common areas of muscle strain are the lumbar spine (lower back) and the hamstring muscles in the back of the thigh. Several strains and strains can occur together during the same trauma process.

What causes sprain and deformity?

Sprains are usually caused by trauma to the joint (the space between the bones). Twisting or overstraining the ligaments (such as hyperextension or hyperflexion) can lead to tears in the ligament tissue, which can range from mild to severe depending on the degree of damage. Sprains can occur when people twist their ankle or knee, or fall on their elbow or shoulder.Tension is usually the result of overexertion or overuse of muscles and tendons. Acute tension can result from sudden twisting or injury to muscles or tendons. Chronic stress is the result of overuse of muscles and tendons, for example, in athletes who train constantly and do not rest well.

What are the risk factors for strains and sprains?

Anyone can get sprains or strains, however, some people may be at higher risk, including the following:

• Athletes
  • Sports jumping (eg basketball, volleyball) carries a greater risk of foot, knee and ankle deformities and sprains.
  • Gymnastics, tennis and golf carry a greater risk of hands, wrists, elbows, rotator cuffs, and arm sprains and sprains.
  • Contact sports (such as ice hockey and football) carry a higher risk of sprains and deformities of any type, including but not limited to fingers, thumbs, toes and neck.
  • Endurance sports such as running and triathlon carry a higher risk of overexertion. Common areas for sprains and deformities in endurance athletes include the thighs, calves, hamstrings, quadruplets, and other parts of the legs.
• Those with a history of previous sprains or deformations

90 099 Overweight people 90 100
90 099 People starting physical activity or exercise programs for the first time 90 100

• People with neurological problems or imbalance may be at greater risk of strain and strain injuries.

First aid for impacts, bruises, sprains and deformities

Which specialists treat sprains and sprains?

• A primary care provider such as a family doctor, general practitioner, or pediatrician can diagnose a sprain or sprain.
• You can also see an emergency medical specialist in the hospital emergency department.
• If your stress or strain is caused by a sports injury, you may want to see a sports medicine specialist.
• If the dislocation or the strain is serious, you can refer to a podiatrist, a specialist in trauma and musculoskeletal diseases.
• Physiotherapists may also be involved in rehabilitation.

How do healthcare professionals diagnose sprains and sprains?

Most sprains and strains are diagnosed by history and physical examination.The doctor will examine the joint or muscle group and guide it through its normal range of motion, looking for pain, tenderness, weakness, or instability.

If there is a likelihood of injury or bone fracture, an X-ray can be ordered. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is sometimes needed to determine the exact extent of damage because deformities and sprains occur in soft tissue and are not found on conventional x-rays.

The doctor will determine the degree of sprain or deformity of the injury by degree or degree.

Grades / grades of sprain, mild to severe

• First degree (1 degree, mild): limited pain or swelling in the joint, no instability 90 100
• Second degree (grade 2, moderate): moderate pain, swelling and bruising and some instability during movement 90 100
• Third degree (3 degree, severe): severe pain, swelling and bruising; the joint is unstable; ligament torn or completely torn 90 100

Grades / grades of stress, mild to severe

• First degree (grade 1, low): limited pain, mild tenderness 90 100
• Second degree (grade 2, moderate): moderate pain; limited range of motion; swelling and bruising possible 90 100
• Third degree (grade 3, high): severe pain, limited or no movement, muscle tissue severely damaged and torn 90 100

Are there

treatments and home remedies for sprains and sprains?

Mild sprains and sprains can be treated conservatively with home remedies and over-the-counter medications.

The main treatment (first aid) for all sprains and strains is RICE: rest, ice, compression and lifting. More severe sprains or deformities may require evaluation by a doctor. Splitting of the joint or limb or immobilization may be required. Some severe sprains and strains may require surgery.

Certain sprains and strains may require physical therapy to help tissue heal and maintain and strengthen muscles and tendons.

Over-the-counter pain relievers may be helpful for pain.

• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) help reduce pain, inflammation, and swelling (use varies in children; discuss with pediatrician)
  • Aspirin (caution; do not use in children) 90 100
  • Naproxen (Aleve)
  • Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)
• Acetaminophen (Tylenol) 90 100
• Pain relief creams such as Aspercreme and Biofreeze

There are also some complementary therapies and home remedies that can help reduce inflammation and relieve pain.Check with your doctor before using any home remedy as many have not been scientifically tested or proven to be effective.

• Glucosamine and Chondroitin 90 100
• Vitamin C and beta-carotene 90 100
• zinc
• herbs
  • Turmeric (turmeric long )
  • White willow ( Salix alba )
• Homeopathic remedies
  • Arnica
  • Rhesusodendron
  • Ruta

Acupuncture, chiropractic, cupping and massage are all other treatments that can help someone recover from a sprain or strain.Check with a doctor to see if these additional treatments are recommended.

What is the recovery time after treatment for a sprain or deformity?

• Mild sprains or strains may take two to six weeks to heal, while severe sprains or strains may take six months to a year to heal.
• Grade 1 mild strain requires two to three weeks of rest to recover.
• Grade 2 strains are more extensive and usually take three to six weeks to recover.
• Grade 3 strain is a complete muscle rupture and may require surgery to recover, with at least three months of rehabilitation.
• If there are other associated bone injuries or surgery is required, healing time and complications will increase.
• Complications of sprains and deformities include joint misalignment, pain and recurrent swelling, muscle rupture, or cartilage injury.

How can

prevent sprain or deformity?

Many strains and strains can be prevented. The American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons suggests the following to help reduce your risk of injury:

• Participate in a training program to build muscle strength.
• Do stretching exercises daily.
• Always wear the right footwear.
• Nourish your muscles with a balanced diet.
• Warm up before any sporting activity, including training.
• Use or wear protective equipment suitable for the sport.

In addition to the above suggestions, prevent future sprains and deformities by

• Maintaining a healthy weight;
• Wearing suitable footwear for specific activities;
• providing safety in living quarters to prevent falls; and also
• I do not play sports or exercise if I am excessively tired or in pain.

What is the prediction for strains and strains?

The prognosis of a sprain or strain injury depends on the severity and location of the injury. Most sprains and deformities heal completely with adequate treatment, although there is a higher risk of re-injury to the same area.

90,000 Dislocation of the foot: treatment and prevention

The legs are the support of our body, which has a lot of pressure every day. Even more pressure falls on the feet, and this is probably why ankle dislocations are being treated more often abroad.

Ankle health is important not only for those involved in sports, but also for those who value their wellness. After all, such injuries can play a cruel joke in the future. Therefore, it is important to cure them today.

Symptoms of a dislocation of the foot and first aid

A dislocation of the ankle is characterized by a displacement of the articular surfaces of the bones, in which the capsule breaks and the tissues nearby are damaged. Therefore, treatment is always aimed at restoring the natural position of the joints.

What evidences that the person got a dislocation?

• Slight crunch when injured.
• There is a sharp, sharp pain that worsens with any attempt to move the leg.
• Instant swelling 90 100
• Bruising
• Cyanosis 90 100
• The Achilles tendon is under severe tension.
• Obvious deformity in the ankle joint 90 100
• Sharp tissue edema with transition to other parts of the extremities.
• A hematoma appears.

As you can see from the symptoms, it is initially very difficult to determine the person has received a fracture or dislocation and this complicates the situation.

If a person dislocates his foot and has the above symptoms, then he needs first aid. You can provide first aid as follows:

• Put down the injured person (attempts to seat a person can result in an increase in swelling, and this will happen very quickly.It is important to ensure that there is no movement of the limb, as this will minimize pain).
• Raise the injured leg (will help minimize swelling).
• Apply cold to the sore spot (Duration should not exceed 10 minutes, after half an hour the procedure can be repeated. This action helps to reduce swelling and hemorrhage. Ice or frozen food, cooling spray or cooling ointment are suitable as cold).
• Rebind the leg (You can pre-apply a fixing splint.However, a soft material such as cotton wool should be used between the foot and the splint. This should be done starting with the fingers towards the middle of the lower leg. An elastic bandage is used, placing it crosswise and rigidly fixing it).
• Under no circumstances should you try to adjust the injured area yourself (this will be very painful and dangerous).

First aid has been provided at this stage, but that’s not all. When providing first aid, it is necessary to relieve pain.And this can be done medically by means of Solpadein, Tempalgin and other drugs.

If an injury is received in winter, then we can assume that this is a special injury and you should not take off your shoes yourself. This injury can be complicated by tissue cooling.

Immediately after first aid is provided, it is necessary to go for a consultation with a traumatologist in order to exclude a leg fracture.

Then the specialist performs X-ray and necessarily MRI, this will help to choose the right treatment system.

Treatment of ankle dislocation

Ankle dislocation is quite common. Treatment of such an injury is complex.

First, the doctor sets the displaced joint, preliminarily anesthetizing the limb. Then the ankle is fixed with a rigid bandage. The leg must be fixed within 3 days.

After the lock is released, you can take slow walks. This will give a good service, as it will reduce puffiness, especially if you apply ice bandages at the same time as walking.

Drug treatment is also worth adding. This is usually done under the full supervision of a physician. Often, the doctor will refer the patient to physiotherapy treatments such as UHF, electrophoresis, magnetotherapy, and thermal treatments.

Types of dislocation of the foot

There are several types of dislocation of the foot:

• Full (in this case, the head of the bone and the articular cavity cease to contact)
• Incomplete or subluxation (the interaction of the head of the bone and the articular cavity is partially preserved).

Also exist:

• Open (in this case, the skin is damaged)
• Closed (no visible wounds).

In the classification of dislocations, signs play a special role. Therefore, dislocations occur:

• Fresh (no more than 3 days after injury),
• Stale (after the injury took place from 3 to 21 days),
• Elderly (more than 3 weeks have passed since the injury).

Diagnosis of dislocation of the foot at CMC Hospital

Diagnosis of dislocation of the foot is necessary, because this is the only way to choose the right treatment and avoid complications. Therefore, the diagnosis of a dislocated foot will be most effective at CMC Hospital.

A professional traumatologist at CMC Hospital will perform X-rays and MRIs and will be able to draw conclusions based on the results obtained.

Diagnostics is always based on the implementation of palpation of the injured area.In addition, a survey of the injured person is conducted. CT will be especially helpful in diagnosing severe cases.

After completing the above procedures, the specialist proceeds to the use of local anesthesia, further reduction of the joint. In difficult cases, the specialist uses a plaster cast, and sometimes surgery occurs.

Modern CMC Hospital equipment allows for X-ray examination, which will help to exclude a fracture, confirm displacement, and MRI, which will assess the condition of the soft tissues around the damaged joint.

Treatment of dislocation of the foot

Treatment of dislocation of the foot takes place in several stages:

• Reduction (this procedure is necessarily performed under anesthesia, which has a relaxing effect on the muscles of the joint).
• Immobilization (This stage of treatment is relevant after the bones are returned to their original position. Immobilization occurs with a plaster cast. How long immobilization will take depends on the specific type of dislocation, the degree of damage to nerves, soft tissues and, of course, blood vessels) …
• Drug therapy (This step is necessary to reduce pain and muscle tone).
• Rehabilitation (begins after removal of the cast. Rehabilitation is necessary in order to restore the range of motion of the joint and is carried out through physiotherapy and massage).

Surgical intervention is worth highlighting. This method of treatment will be relevant in the case when it is impossible to correct the dislocation.In addition, surgery is performed when blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments near the joint are damaged. If the dislocation recurs, they also resort to surgical intervention.

Rehabilitation is a very important stage of treatment. Rehabilitation is characterized by physiotherapy, massage, cryotherapy. These are very important methods that help improve joint mobility and normalize muscle tone.
Physiotherapy is carried out in order to relieve pain, eliminate edema, restore trophism and blood flow.Physiotherapy will be useful not only after removing the cast, but also during the immobilization phase.
Physiotherapy includes the following procedures:

• UHF (the electromagnetic field affects the damaged area, thereby reducing pain, improving blood circulation and eliminating inflammation).
• Applications (realized with the help of heated paraffin and ozokerite, which have a thermal effect on the injured area, also improving blood flow and lymph circulation).
• Magnetotherapy (the magnetic field has a therapeutic effect, improves lymphatic drainage, activates blood flow and relieves inflammation).
• Laser therapy (performed on the area around the joint, improving lymphatic drainage, also stopping inflammation and activating blood flow).
• Cryotherapy (treatment is carried out with cooled air or liquid nitrogen, which relax and dilate blood vessels).

Dislocation of the foot is very common and very dangerous, therefore it is impossible to stop on providing first aid.If such an injury is received, it is necessary to continue treatment, diagnosing your unique case with the help of advanced medical equipment from CMC Hospital. 90,000 home treatment, first aid, causes, symptoms, rehabilitation

With an awkward, sudden movement, injuries caused by stretching, as well as partial or complete rupture of the tissues connecting the bones and joints, are possible.

Ankle sprains are not considered a serious problem, for some categories of people, for example, professional athletes, this is a common thing that can be dealt with on your own after providing first aid for an ankle sprain.

However, with frequent injuries, the stability of the joint is reduced, which can have serious consequences. Therefore, it is necessary to correctly and timely treat ankle sprain.

Causes of Stretching

Stretching occurs when walking in heels, when slipping, in beginner athletes who have not yet worked out the correct training technique.

The likelihood of sprains is higher when the following factors are present:

• uncomfortable shoes;
• too large or low instep;
• sedentary or hyperactive lifestyle;
• arthritis, arthrosis, history of diabetes mellitus;
• overweight.

Stretching ratios

There are three degrees of injury:

1. With a slight sprain, only some of the fibers are injured, the pain is mild, quickly passing after first aid for spraining the ankle ligaments. The joint is functioning normally. The working capacity is restored within 1-2 weeks.
2. When the muscles of moderate severity are stretched, about half of the muscle fibers are damaged, the pain is sharp, strong, constant, edema and hematomas are possible.Joint performance is impaired. Treatment until complete recovery takes up to 4–5 weeks.
3. In the case of a severe, severe sprain of the ankle ligaments, almost all muscle fibers are destroyed, acute pain does not go away for a long time, the joint is disabled. Depending on how the ankle sprain is treated, the recovery period takes from three months to six months.

Symptoms

Sprains can be identified by sudden, sharp pain.Then, edema forms in the damaged area, reddening of the tissues is observed. With a rupture of the ligaments, there is a strong mobility of the joint. At the site of injury, numbness or tingling is felt, and the temperature rises.

First Aid

Since no one is immune from injury, you need to know what to do when the ankle is stretched.

As a first aid for stretching the ankle, you must:

• Free the foot from the shoe;
• ask the victim to take a comfortable position;
• Raise the leg to reduce swelling;
• apply a cold compress to the sore spot for two to three hours to relieve swelling, taking half-hour breaks to avoid the risk of hypothermia;
• Ensure fixation of the damaged area by applying a bandage;
• An over-the-counter pain reliever can be given to relieve pain.Anti-inflammatory drugs and ointments can only be taken as directed by a doctor.

Treatment

With a mild degree of sprain, it is enough to provide the victim with qualified quick assistance. For more severe injuries, you need to call a doctor – only he will determine how to treat ankle sprain effectively and safely.

Therapy consists of taking medications with analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. After eliminating the edema, the doctor will recommend taking medications that improve blood microcirculation, applying absorbable ointments and warming drugs.

Stretch recovery

The rehabilitation period for ankle sprains depends on the severity of the injury, the age and physical condition of the patient. On average, the healing period can last for 1–5 months.

This period can be roughly divided into three stages:

1. Reduction of symptoms of the acute period. Physiotherapy treatments and massage of the ankle and calf muscles are shown to speed healing.
2. Prevention of muscle atrophy and joint contracture. Exercising in water helps to increase the range of motion of the joint.
3. Preparing the patient for normal stress. For this, the exercise therapy complex includes strength exercises, active exercises in the gym.

Prevention of sprain

Preventive measures are very simple and can be taken regardless of the level of physical activity:

• choose comfortable shoes for everyday wear and sports;
• regularly engage in moderate physical activity to maintain muscle tone and strengthen the ligamentous apparatus;
• Avoid injury and falls.

Shoe selection

Sprains are common among women who like high-heeled shoes that do not support the foot well. To avoid this, it is recommended to wear comfortable shoes with low heels (up to 6-7 cm), be sure to have a set of sports shoes and accessories for sports.

General recommendations

When actively playing sports, it is advisable to always have pain relievers and an elastic bandage on hand to fix the joint in case of sprain.Self-locking bandages of varying degrees of elongation work best.

When you need medical help

It is necessary to urgently seek medical help with increasing pain and an increase in overall body temperature. It should be remembered that moderate to severe sprains have similar symptoms to a fracture, so you need to go to the emergency room as soon as possible.

Complications and prognosis

No injuries pass without a trace, especially with regard to damage to the ligaments, because the latter are very slowly recovering.Even a minor injury is fraught with serious complications, but after more severe injuries, they occur even more often. These include:

• ankle dislocation;
• flat feet;
• arthritis and arthrosis;
• tendonitis – inflammation of the tendons.

After sprains of mild to moderate severity, the prognosis is generally favorable. In especially severe cases, there is a high probability of an unfavorable prognosis, for example, the development of lameness.

Treatment of ankle arthrosis | ortoped-klinik.com

Treatment of ankle arthrosis

Ankle arthrosis is a thinning of the cartilage layer, often caused by deformities of the talus (Talus). In this regard, there are a number of specific treatments aimed at preserving it. © www.ortoped.klinik.com

si

Osteoarthritis (wear) of the ankle joint is usually observed in young patients.However, this joint is less affected by arthrosis than the hip or knee joints.

Therefore, this disease most often occurs for specific reasons (eg accident, injury). And only 5% -10% of all arthrosis of the ankle are formed without obvious reasons (primary arthrosis).

What are the complaints of ankle arthrosis?

With this disease, the patient experiences a starting pain that begins after a state of rest, and then disappears when moving.The joint “rusts” and often looks swollen. In progressive stages, mobility is limited, and after physical exertion, the patient feels pain in the foot even after a few days. When walking, pain in the ankle joint increases, which indicates a gradual deterioration in the quality of human life.

Movements associated with uneven loads on the joint (eg running or tennis) become completely unbearable. The pain gets worse and the joint is very hard.

Osteoarthritis of the upper ankle is also a common disease and is treated at the highest level by the foot specialists at our clinic in Freiburg.One of the main clinical symptoms of the last stage of arthrosis is pain in the joint, as well as a decrease in its mobility. In this case, our specialists in Freiburg perform endoprosthetics or arthrodesis, an operation to create complete immobility of the joint. This treatment helps patients suffering from severe disease to maintain mobility in their daily life.

Causes of arthrosis: Deformity or the result of trauma

Osteoarthritis is a wear-and-tear condition affecting both the upper and lower ankle joints.Unlike arthrosis of the knee and hip joints, this type of arthrosis occurs as a result of previous injuries to the ankle.

For this reason, more than 90% of arthrosis of the ankle occurs already in the traumatized state, that is, after the trauma. In this case, we are talking about a secondary type of arthrosis of the ankle joint, characterized by a gradual loss of cartilage resistance and an increase in the load on it.

In this article we will tell you about the most important causes of ankle arthrosis.

In addition, we would like to present to your attention the treatment, with the help of which our specialists have repeatedly managed to stop or significantly slow down the process of joint wear. The treatment offered at our clinic in Freiburg is aimed at preserving and improving the quality of life of our patients.

The treatment of accidental injuries allows us more and more to provide high-quality therapies aimed at preserving the ankle joints.

Modern treatment with high-tech equipment contributes to the restoration of even the initial damage to the cartilage, as well as the cessation of its wear. Thus, our specialists in Freiburg offer highly effective methods for the regeneration of cartilage tissue, aimed at restoring the patient’s health.

Investigations in arthrosis of the ankle joints:

• Articular cartilage: One of the main functions of the articular cartilage is to ensure the sliding of the articular surfaces, as well as the even distribution of the load under the influence of various mechanical factors.
• Along with the cartilage, the bone tissue underneath changes as well.
• Tendons and ligaments that connect muscles to bones and provide joint stability.
• Axial load and deformations of the foot bones – primarily the talus and calcaneus, as well as the “fork” of the ankle joints, formed by the lateral and medial ankle
• Synovial membrane (synovial membrane that produces viscoelastic lubrication in the joint).
• Joint gap.

Osteoarthritis is a collective term used to describe wear and tear in the joints.

When we have a stomach ache, for example, we do not know the cause of the pain that has arisen. Likewise in the case of arthrosis of the ankle: The term Arthrosis of the ankle does not give any information about the causes of the disease. However, the treatment at our clinic in Freiburg is at such a high level that our foot specialists are able to determine the cause of the pain.Among the most common causes of this disease, our doctors note intra-articular mouse (arthremphitis), axial deformity, as well as sprain.

Thus, this type of arthrosis can occur in humans for various reasons. All these different causes of arthrosis and the clinical picture of arthrosis are united by the end stage of the disease: The fact of wear in the ankle joint due to degeneration and destruction of cartilage tissue on the articular surfaces.

Who suffers from ankle arthrosis?

How often do sports injuries cause ankle deformities?

• Volleyball 40% 90 100
• Basketball 39% 90 100
• Football 36% 90 100
• Springboard 31% 90 100
• Running / Walking 30% 90 100 90 109

  Osteoarthritis of the ankle joints is a rather rare disease.Compared to arthrosis of the hip and knee joints, cases of arthrosis of the ankle joints are less common. Increasingly, young patients suffer from this ailment. Ankle arthrosis is less common in older patients. In most cases, ankle arthrosis is caused by trauma. In addition, deformities are noted in patients with this disease, as well as Joint Hypermobility Syndrome (HMS). For this reason, the treatment of this disease is carried out by experienced and qualified orthopedic doctors and traumatologists in our clinic, who have repeatedly proved that orthopedics and traumatology in Germany are at the highest level.In order for the treatment of arthrosis to be successful, our specialists carry out an accurate analysis of the deformities of the ankle joints, as well as the restoration of the axial load.

  We draw your attention to the fact that without an accurate diagnosis of the causes of arthrosis, we can only treat the symptoms of the disease, that is, only to alleviate the pain caused by arthrosis.

  Rice. 2 The ankle joint is made up of three bones: peroneal, tibial and talus. The connection between the distal fibula and tibia (ankle) is called the tibiofibular syndesmosis and is made by ligaments.Together, the shin bones form the ankle fork and grip the talus. In the lower part of the ankle joint, the talus plays the main role: from below it is connected to the calcaneus, and in front – to the scaphoid. With the help of these joints, the talus (lat. Talus) transfers body weight to the entire foot. Like the articular surfaces of the fibula and tibia, the talus of the foot is covered with articular cartilage. Deformation of the talus (lat. Talus) increases the likelihood of arthrosis.The stability of the ankle joints is very important. © Viewmedica

  Osteoarthritis of the ankle is a consequence of injuries

  Causes of arthrosis in the ankle joint

  • Deformities due to rupture of ligaments 90 100
  • Damage to bones and articular cartilage due to rupture of ligaments 90 100
  • Excessive stress on the joint due to sports or being overweight
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Injuries and violations of the axis of the lower extremities due to foot deformities (clubfoot, flat feet).
  • Deformities of the foot after traumas
  • Inflammatory processes (rheumatism).
  • Neurological reasons, e.g. polyneuropathy or nerve damage.
  • Metabolic disorders: Gout, hemochromatosis, diabetes mellitus 90 100 90 109

    The upper ankle joint is affected by arthrosis most often due to injuries resulting from an accident. Such injuries include injuries of the upper ankle ligaments after dislocation, as well as injuries of the ankle joints after fracture.Osteoarthritis can also occur as a result of improper fusion of bone fractures distant from the ankle. For this reason, excessive pressure is exerted on the articular cartilage. Typically, these injuries accumulate over the years.

    In addition to the acquired causes of arthrosis, there are genetically determined abnormalities: Congenital clubfoot, flat feet, or a hollow foot.

    Osteoarthritis of the ankle due to rupture of the external ligaments

    Rice. 3 In case of complaints of pain in the foot, we first of all carry out a test to determine the direction of instability.With instability of the lateral lateral ligaments, the talus is displaced and subjected to improper loads. Often, in order to test how successful conservative treatment will be, this clinical test is not performed after a rupture of the lateral lateral ligaments. © Gelenk-Klinik

    Today, the treatment of ruptures of the external ligaments of the ankle joint is carried out using the method of immobilization with a special orthopedic prosthesis. For about 20% of patients, this treatment does not bring the desired result, and ligament instability remains.It is the rupture of the external ligaments that leads to instability of rotation of the talus, which can cause arthrosis of the ankle joint in patients leading a sports lifestyle. However, in order for the treatment of arthrosis to be successful, this diagnosis must be carried out long before the beginning of the patient’s complaints. Despite this, this clinical test is an important element of treatment for patients already suffering from arthrosis.

    Rice. 4 Strengthening the posterior tibial artery in case of instability of the external ligaments using Terra-Band – simulators for physical methods of rehabilitation and functional training.With this exercise, as well as other exercises, effective treatment and prevention of arthrosis is ensured. © Gelenk-Klinik

    In most cases, surgical treatment of this ailment is not necessary. The most suitable treatment for ankle lateral ligament instability is physical therapy, as well as self-training. Only in some cases, our specialists carry out surgical treatment.

    Unfortunately, patients who choose conservative treatment for ruptures of the lateral lateral ligaments very often exclude additional examinations necessary to diagnose residual instability when therapeutic treatment is still possible.

    The central role of the ligaments in the functionality of the talus

    Below is a schematic representation of the talus (top view). The tibia and fibula are marked in yellow. The talus takes on the weight of a person’s body while walking. However, not a single tendon is attached to it, and it does not have a muscle sheath. The position of the talus is held only with the help of ligaments. Only the position of the ligaments and joints surrounding the bone plays a decisive role in restoring its functionality.Therefore, when diagnosing arthrosis of the ankle joint, we pay special attention to patients and take special care.

    Purple: Talus; yellow left: fibula; yellow right: Tibia.

    Rice. 5 The position of the talus (purple: talus, yellow: fibula and tibia) is also determined by the ligaments surrounding the ankle. © Gelenk-Klinik

    Rice. 6: Rupture of the lateral lateral ligament destabilizes the talus and results in a protrusion on the lateral (outer) surface of the talus body.(purple: talus, yellow: fibula and tibia) © Gelenk-Klinik

    Rice. 7: Rupture of the tibial collateral ligament destabilizes the talus and results in a protrusion of the deltoid (medial) malleolus. © Gelenk-Klinik

    Rice. 8: The most dramatic change in the biomechanics of the talus is caused by the simultaneous rupture of the internal and external collateral ligaments. © Gelenk-Klinik

    Stages and morphology of ankle arthrosis

    Why is ligament instability a cause of arthrosis?
    Loose ligaments and tendons are often the source of chronic pain and joint weakness.The optimal position of the articular surfaces relative to each other is violated. At some points, the articular cartilage is overloaded and worn out. Due to the loss of the joint space, the deformity increases, the patient falls into the so-called “vicious circle”.

    As in other cases, wear and tear of the joints leads to degeneration of cartilaginous tissue and, thus, to a narrowing of the joint space.

    The joint gap is an element of the joints that is invisible on the radiograph. With sufficient development of the joint space, the bones that form the ankle joint are at a distance from each other, that is, they form the joint space.

    In the event of the disappearance of the joint space due to arthrosis and abrasion of the articular cartilage, the load on the adjacent bone tissue increases, and the process of cartilage wear is accelerated. Despite the fact that this ailment does not pose a threat to the patient’s life, it is one of the main causes of premature disability, as well as chronic pain, which significantly reduces the quality of life of patients.

    The cushioning function of the articular cartilage of the ankle joint is gradually deteriorating.For this reason, the patient begins to develop inflammation accompanied by swelling of the ankle.

    As a result, the bones begin to touch each other in the place where the joints covered them, friction between them increases, and their movement relative to each other is accompanied by a specific crackle, which leads to excessive osteogenesis (bone spur or osteophytes – bone growths) on the ankle joint.

    The above mentioned bone spurs are the result of trauma to the articular cartilage and indicate the onset of arthrosis of the ankle joint.

    Why are cases of arthrosis of the ankle joint less common than cases of arthrosis of the knee joints?

    • The articular cartilage of the ankle is more resistant to destructive changes.
    • The articular cartilage of the ankle regenerates slightly better than the articular cartilage in the knee joint.
    • The talus is in close contact with the articular surface of the ankle fork, which is a fundamentally important fact for load distribution.Joints with high congruence are more stable.

    Conservative treatment (treatment without surgery) is aimed at slowing down the course of the disease. Basically, this treatment is a means of restoring joint stability. Physiotherapy treatment of arthrosis, especially in a specialized orthopedic or trauma room, with the help of a special set of exercises, helps to improve the condition of the ankle. In addition, physiotherapy accelerates the regeneration of cartilage after damage.

    Another effective method is the use of special orthopedic shoes, which reduce pain, compensate for gait disorders and optimize joint positions.

    Depending on the diagnosis, our specialists use various surgical treatments that can slow down the development of the disease or eliminate existing damage.

    Stages of cartilage wear in case of ankle arthrosis

    Cartilage changes in the case of arthrosis in the ankle

    • Stage 0: Smooth and slippery healthy cartilage.
    • 1st stage: Chondromalacia (softening) of the articular cartilage, disorders of the cartilage structure.
    • Stage 2: Moderate disorders of the connective tissue of the articular cartilage
    • Stage 3: Cracks on the articular surface, tuberosity.
    • Stage 4: Cartilage thinning to the point of disappearance, cartilage fragmentation.

    Osteoarthritis of the upper ankle joint develops over several years.At the initial stage of arthrosis, damage to the articular cartilage is observed, which gradually reduces the ability of the joints to take on certain loads.

    The surface of unhealthy cartilage is more bumpy than that of healthy cartilage, which leads to its more rapid thinning in the joint. The articular cartilage changes in color – instead of white, it becomes yellowish.

    At the initial stage of arthrosis, limited endurance of the joints is noticeable only under such strong loads as, for example, football, tennis or contact sports.In the progressive stages of arthrosis, the abrasion of cartilage can also begin as a result of normal daily activities.

    Friction of smooth surfaces of cartilage in a healthy joint is only a small fraction of friction when sliding two ice cubes.

    With the appearance of tuberosity or complete destruction of the articular surface, friction increases significantly. Over time, in addition to the sliding function, the articular cartilage also loses its shock-absorbing function.

    Since, due to the inflammatory reaction in the joint, the damage to the cartilage progresses, its detached particles support the wear process.

    Weakening cartilage poorly absorbs the load and does not provide sliding, as a result of which bone growths (osteophytes) form on the ankle joint, limiting its mobility.

    Classification: Primary and Secondary Ankle Arthrosis

    There are two types of ankle arthrosis in modern medicine:

    • Primary arthrosis
    • Secondary arthrosis

    Classification for reasons:

    • Postponed accidents.
    • Rheumatic diseases.
    • Infectious diseases.
    • Loss of motor ability (paralysis).

    Primary arthrosis occurs for no apparent reason and is a fairly rare disease. The causes of primary arthrosis remain unclear to this day. Perhaps, in this case, the disease occurs as a result of traumatic injuries and degenerative changes in the articular cartilage.

    Much more often than with arthrosis of large joints (eg.knee or hip), the appearance of arthrosis of the ankle has a specific cause.
    Secondary arthrosis can occur for various reasons, but most cases of arthrosis of the ankle are preceded by trauma.

    Clinical diagnosis of arthrosis of the ankle joint: Conversation with a doctor, examination and treatment

    Symptoms of arthrosis of the ankle joint

    • Pain at the beginning of movements (warm-up / warm-up of the joints).
    • Morning pains at rest.
    • Rapid fatigue and weakness during physical exertion.
    • Decrease walking distance.
    • Friction noise in the joint.
    • Impaired motor functions (impingement syndrome).
    • Increased stiffness in the joint.
    • Swelling and inflammation.
    • Joint deformity.
    • Blocked joints due to entrapment of soft tissues, articular cartilage and bone particles in the joint.
    • Pain while walking on uneven ground.

    Ankle pain and swelling are the most common reasons for a patient to see a doctor.The appearance of pain after physical exertion, that is, immediately after playing sports or walking, indicates the initial stage of arthrosis in the ankle joint. Pain at rest or prolonged pain in the joint indicates a progressive stage of arthrosis of the ankle joint.

    An additional sign of ankle arthrosis is premature fatigue after physical exertion.

    With diseases of the ankle joints, the patient feels only short-term pain after playing sports or after walking.Complaints only increase over time. In addition, patients experience a significant decrease in physical endurance. In addition, repeated inflammation of the joint capsule negatively affects the mobility of the joints, as a result of which the patient begins to limp so that his weight mainly falls on the healthy leg.

    Depending on the extent of the ankle injury, the patient may experience various complaints. Usually, at the initial stage of arthrosis, the patient occasionally experiences pain and fatigue in the joint.

    Pain in the ankle joint after a long rest is a fairly typical phenomenon. Only at the progressive stage of arthrosis of the ankle joint pain occurs after physical exertion or at rest at night.

    In addition, diseases of the ankle joints gradually reduce the quality of life of patients. This disease can lead to the fact that the patient will not be able to stay on his feet for a long time and play sports as before. Also, people suffering from arthrosis of the ankle joints, unfortunately, cannot take an active part, both in daily and professional life.Due to the limited mobility of the ankle, as well as the content of the ankle joint at rest, pain begins to be given to the foot or to the lower leg.

    Examination of the axis of the lower extremities and the axis of the ankle joint

    Hallux valgus:
    Deformity of the hind foot, that is, the heel.
    Plosovalgus deformity of the foot:
    This is an inward curvature of an initially straight axis starting from the lower leg to the foot, after which the height of the arches of the foot itself decreases, and the heels and toes deviate outward.The middle longitudinal inner arch of the foot practically disappears.

    In order to prescribe the correct treatment, during the clinical examination, the doctor conducts a thorough examination of the axis of the lower extremities.

    To establish an accurate diagnosis, our specialists offering foot treatment will pay special attention to deformities in the ankle joint, as well as pronation of the calcaneus, i.e. eversion of the foot inward or outward. In addition, the condition of the arch of the foot is examined.

    Plovalgus deformity is accompanied by eversion of the calcaneus (valgus position of the hindfoot).Thus, congenital or acquired after trauma deformities can contribute to the occurrence of arthrosis of the ankle joint. Therefore, the doctor will definitely ask you about the past accidents, injuries, or about the presence.

    pain in the foot. And only when the specialist receives all the necessary information, he will be able to prescribe targeted treatment for you.

    The X-ray shows the joint space, as well as problems with the axis of the lower extremities and deformities

    To diagnose arthrosis in the ankle joint, an X-ray is performed under the load of the leg.Disease assessment based on no-load imaging of the lower extremities, inaccurate. The necessary X-ray images show the position of the axes relative to each other, as well as the distribution of cartilage damage in the ankle joint. In addition, these images allow conclusions to be drawn regarding the causes of arthrosis.

    X-ray of the axis of the lower extremities and ankle

    In order to assess the role of deformities of the hindfoot, it is necessary to take an X-ray image of Zaltsman, on the basis of which the structure of the calcaneus is judged and a decision is made on the need for simultaneous correction of the limb from the back.

    Rice. 14 Deformation of the ankle fork leads to excessive movement of the ankle. Arrows show the missing correspondence between the tibia and fibula after rupture of the syndesmosis. © Dr. Thomas schneider

    Then an X-ray of the foot is taken under stress, which allows assessing the degree of development of existing arthrosis of the adjacent joints. In this case, the position of the longitudinal arch of the foot also plays an important role: Flattening of the arch of the foot with flat feet or the opposite change with a hollow foot affects the health of the upper ankle joint.

    Images of the entire leg to assess the state of the axis of the lower extremities and its effect on the ankle joint are necessary both before displacement osteotomy and before arthroplasty

    What helps a doctor recognize arthrosis on a radiograph?

    Rice. 15: Deformation of the ankle fork increases the distance between the tibia and fibula. The arrows indicate the missing articular surface correspondence. Late treatment of this deformity can lead to arthrosis in the ankle joint.© Dr. Thomas schneider

    Computed tomography is an excellent addition to the diagnosis of concomitant arthrosis.
    The SPECT examination helps the doctor to conclude about the process of bone metaplasia after stress distribution.

    X-ray signs of progressive arthrosis of the ankle joint

    The joint gap gradually disappears, and the bones adjacent to the joint become more and more dense, until a bony protrusion (osteophyte) is formed under the influence of a strong load on the extreme region of the bone.An increase in pressure in the bone can lead to its disintegration – the so-called bone cyst (bone cyst) – a disease during which a cavity is formed in the bone, which occurs due to its necrosis (osteonecrosis). The last sign indicating arthrosis in the ankle joint is deformation of the articular surfaces, due to a change in the load line in the joint.

    On the upper ankle joint, “flattening” of the talus is quite often observed, as well as repeated cases of bone slipping.

    The above changes may lead to certain restrictions, which in the future may have a negative impact on adjacent joints.

    Conservative treatment is aimed not only at reducing pain

    Treatment of ankle arthrosis: General principles

    • Treatment by improving metabolism promotes the regeneration of articular cartilage.
    • Treatment by improving proprioception (feeling the position of parts of your own body relative to each other) helps to prevent eversion and leg injuries.
    • Muscle strengthening treatment improves joint stability.
    • Treatment by straightening the axes of the lower extremities helps to reduce loads that have a negative effect on the articular cartilage.
    • Treatment by correcting deformities of the hindfoot prevents unilateral wear of the cartilage layer.
    • Treatment of pain and inflammation treatment improves the course of inflammation damaging cartilage in active arthrosis in the ankle joint 90 100 90 109

      First of all, our specialists try to carry out treatment without surgery.The treatment that will be offered to the patient depends on the stage of arthrosis, and its goal is to stop or suspend the course of the disease.

      In order to understand the principles by which conservative treatment operates, it is necessary to pay attention to the causes of the disease mentioned above. We carry out conservative treatment not only to pretend that we are doing something. To a greater extent, our foot treatment specialists try to influence the mechanisms of arthrosis occurrence.Thus, each conservative treatment makes sense in the general concept of the treatment of the disease.

      When discussing the treatment of ankle arthrosis, we do not recommend making a distinction between conservative and surgical treatment. Conservative treatment and surgical treatment work according to the same principle: Improving congruence and stability in the ankle joint in order to slow down or completely stop arthrosis.

      Example exercise on the Balance Board balance trainer:

      Purpose of exercise: To improve coordination and self-preservation in the ankle

      Starting position: Stand hip-width apart.

      Exercise: Balance your weight on the machine.

      Fig. 17: Ankle training with the Balance-Board. You can familiarize yourself with other exercise concepts by visiting our website on the Internet.

      Please note that we recommend independent exercises to restore joint stability and eliminate pain at home only after a thorough examination by a specialist, as well as after diagnostics and recommendations of our physiotherapists.We must make sure 100% that this ankle treatment is appropriate for your individual case.

      A specially designed exercise plan will be given to you by one of our experienced physiotherapists. © 2014 Dr. Thomas Schneider,

      Conservative treatment of ankle arthrosis

      Conservative treatment.

      • Orthopedic shoes
      • Chondroprotective treatment for the preservation of articular cartilage.
      • Special orthosis designed to relieve injured joints in varus or hallux valgus.
      • A set of exercises for muscle recovery.
      • Acupuncture
      • Therapeutic gymnastics
      • Physiotherapy

      Also, in our clinic, drug treatment is carried out using anti-inflammatory drugs, the so-called antirheumatic drugs or non-steroidal antirheumatic drugs (NSAR).Painkillers and anti-inflammatory drugs should not be taken constantly or in the morning. We recommend taking these medications when the pain is just beginning.

      In addition to this, we offer physiotherapy treatment, as well as the use of special orthopedic devices (eg orthopedic insoles, half insoles, foot and toe correctors).

      In addition, we are trying to slow down the process of degeneration of cartilage tissue by injecting special preparations for the restoration of articular cartilage.First of all, this treatment is recommended in the early stages of arthrosis of the ankle joint: To achieve optimal results, this procedure is performed using ultrasound equipment.

      If conservative treatment has not brought the desired results, we offer surgical treatment. However, in most cases, conservative treatment of arthrosis in the ankle joint is successful.

      For more serious ankle problems, our trained orthopedic surgeons will immediately plan surgical treatment.However, even after a successful operation, the patient may need long-term conservative treatment, as well as physiotherapy.

      Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation

      After ligament injury, 20% of patients experience chronic instability in the ankle joint. First of all, this condition can harm athletes, since the tendency to injury in this case increases. Ankle ligament instability puts you at risk of re-stretching from injury.Low congruence of the articular surfaces, which causes injuries and arthrosis of the ankle joints, can also lead to degeneration of the ankle joint. Occasionally, special training to maintain protective reflexes can help prevent further sprains. In addition to the “balance board” (see above), modern treatment offers a variety of exercises that promote muscle recovery, improve self-awareness and long-term stabilization.Please note that special exercises to stabilize the ankle joints must be performed after surgical reconstruction of the ligaments.

      Orthopedic products for the treatment of ankle arthrosis

      Orthopedic shoes and orthopedic insoles create conditions for the correct load on the joint. Deformations can be corrected by increasing the height of the outer or inner edge of the shoe. Thus, ergonomic footwear helps to reduce joint pain and stops the development of the disease.

      In addition, with the help of a special ankle orthosis (derotation boot), the foot is fixed in a predetermined position (correction of internal or external rotation). First of all, at the initial stage of the disease, orthopedic products help reduce pain and improve joint mobility.

      Surgical treatment of the ankle

      Rice. 19: Calcaneus valgus (X-valgus of the foot, toes and heel turned outward) is a typical deformity of the ankle resulting in arthrosis.© ortoped-klinik.com

      As well as conservative treatment, surgical treatment is aimed at improving stability in the ankle joint and treating the causes of arthrosis of the ankle joint.

      High-quality treatment of arthrosis of the ankle joint in our clinic is the use of all the most modern technologies and surgical techniques that help to improve the centering of the mechanical axis of the joints with the help of muscles and tendons. We have already talked about the fact that arthrosis of the ankle joints is formed as a result of curvature of the axis of the lower extremities or other deformities of the ankle joint.

      Surgical methods aimed at restoring the axis of the ankle joint or eliminating the asymmetry of the talus in the ankle fork help to restore the joints or stop the development of arthrosis.

      Ankle surgery

      Rice. 19: Ankle prosthesis (x-ray)

      • 
        Arthroscopic joint clearing of the ankle: Removing loose bodies from the joint
      • Arthroscopic release of joints from free articular bodies (articular mouse) between the articular surfaces.
      • Abrasive arthroplasty: Removal of destroyed surfaces of articular cartilage and its roughness.
      • Retrograde drilling or microfracture technique for damage to the talus cartilage.
      • Articular cartilage transplant in the ankle joint: Transplantation of autologous cartilage cells that are grown outside the joints.
      • Correction of the tibia or heel axis (Corrective Osteotomy): The bone structures to be corrected are artificially broken by the orthopedic surgeon, and then at the desired angle and position they are fixed.Thus, deformations are eliminated.
      • Ligament reconstruction: The stability of the external ligaments is important for the functionality of the joints.
      • Ankle Replacement Surgery: A surgical treatment that helps to restore the original gait and normal sequence of movements in the joint.
      • Ankle immobilization (arthrodesis): In this operation, the orthopedic surgeon removes the articular surfaces, matches the treated surfaces of the tibia and talus, and then fixes them.

      Today, ankle arthroplasty is a more effective method of treating arthrosis than the previously used method of immobilizing joints (arthrodesis).

      Ankle Arthroscopy: Arthrosis Surgery

      Arthroscopic treatment of arthrosis is …

      • Ligament restoration.
      • Ligament plasty and refixation.
      • Articular cartilage transplantation.
      • Treatment of articular cartilage.
      • Removal of free articular bodies (articular mouse – detached cartilage fragments) 90 100
      • Removal of bone spurs.
      • Treatment of inflammation of the synovial membrane of the joints (synovitis).
      • Treatment of infringement of the bone or soft tissue structure between the articular surfaces (treatment of impingement syndrome).

      One of the most effective methods of treating arthrosis of the ankle joints is arthroscopic minimally invasive treatment, which has wide diagnostic capabilities.During the “keyhole operation”, the surgeon makes only a small incision near the ankle, approx. 1 cm, into which a microcamera (endoscope) and surgical instruments are inserted.

      Using this method, our specialists can assess the condition of joints, ligaments, bones and articular cartilage: The camera transmits an image of what is happening on a large monitor, on which the orthopedic surgeon can fully see the patient’s joint.

      Wound healing after this intervention occurs very quickly, the likelihood of scar formation is minimal.This method allows for a gentle and effective treatment of arthrosis of the ankle joint and provides patients with such advantages as, for example, a relatively short rehabilitation period.

      Rice. 21: LEFT: Deviation of the talus (talus) disrupts the fixation of the articular components of the ankle. The bulk of the weight falls on the edge of the talus. Due to chronic reboot, arthrosis is formed. RIGHT: Condition after osteotomy (surgical transection of the bone to correct deformities) of the tibia.Normalization of the load on the articular surfaces, restoration of mobility and reduction of the progression of joint degeneration. Depending on the initial situation, the development of arthrosis of the ankle joint stops or is delayed for many years. © www.ortoped-klinik.com

      Accompanying interventions are intended for the preservation and replacement of joints

      Joint preservation or replacement?

      The third generation durable endoprostheses were invented in the 90s.Many years have passed, and modern specialists who offer the treatment of arthrosis of the ankle joint have learned a lot of useful information about what contributes to the long-term preservation of the installed endoprosthesis.

      Orthopedic surgeons constantly improved their knowledge and before the operation of ankle prosthetics performed the so-called accompanying operations, helping to eliminate any inaccuracies. Then it became known that patients who had previously been recommended an operation to immobilize the joints (arthrodesis) can undergo joint-preserving ankle surgery.With the help of accompanying interventions, our specialists can help patients with arthrosis restore their natural mobility for many years.

      A decisive factor for both preservation and replacement of joints is the correction of associated injuries, which are most often the cause of arthrosis of the ankle joint.

      Such injuries (deformities, ligament injuries or ankle fork correction) can be treated without complications during arthroplasty: Surgical corrections of this kind can prevent premature weakening of the endoprosthesis.

      After the accompanying surgical interventions, unstable and deformed joints can still be cured with arthroplasty.

      Treatment of the negative effects of foot deformities on the upper ankle joint prosthesis requires high professionalism and long-term experience of the attending physician.

      In case of foot deformity (planovalgus deformity), we perform surgical treatment aimed at correcting the tarsal bones (osteotomy).

      During the osteotomy, the surgeon forms the longitudinal arch of the foot with pin fixation and a plaster cast bandage. When pronating the calcaneus, a transverse osteotomy of the tarsal bones is performed at the level where the sphenoid bones are located. The longitudinal arch of the foot is formed by the formation of a wedge-shaped regenerate with the base outward and upward.

      Surgical preservation of joints or endoprosthetics?

      Before deciding which treatment is most appropriate for a patient, the doctor takes into account the following factors.

      • Complexity of the deformity of the ankle joint.
      • Patient weight.
      • Degree of activity.
      • Frequency of physical activity.
      • Age.

      Correction of concomitant changes in the ankle joint has a positive effect on arthrosis. The potential of joint preservation surgeries along with modern possibilities of osteosynthesis (bone grafting) and treatment of articular cartilage (cartilage transplantation in the ankle joint) is significantly increasing.

      As a rule, the treatment of concomitant diseases helps patients to do without endoprosthetics or arthrodesis. The desire to avoid or delay joint replacement surgery can have a positive impact on the patient’s health.

      Ligament stabilization or ligament repair reduces the likelihood of arthrosis

      Preservation of the ankle joint implies …

      • elimination of interfering factors (free articular bodies, inflammation of the synovial membrane of the joints)
      • stabilization and regeneration of damaged cartilaginous surfaces.
      • stabilization and plastic ligaments.
      • restoration of the natural position of the axis of the lower extremities by osteotomy of the calcaneus or talus.

      In addition to the stability of the ligaments and tendons, congruence is an important aspect – the exact position of the talus and ankle fork. If the talus is one of the bones of the tarsus that forms the lower part of the ankle joints; insufficiently compacted, there is a possibility of rebooting to some departments of these components.No load is exerted on other parts of the ankle joint. In overloaded areas, long-term damage to the articular cartilage is observed, and arthrosis develops in the area of ​​mechanically overloaded surfaces.

      Our clinic offers treatment of ankle arthrosis at the highest level! Please contact our specialists.

      → More about modern ankle prosthesis surgery

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