Osteochondroma of the Rib: a rare radiological apeareance

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Pain Under Both Ribs | 8 Possible Causes

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis, or TB, is a lung infection caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In some cases, it can affect other organs such as the brain or kidneys.

The disease spreads when an infected person exhales, speaks, or coughs and someone else inhales the bacteria. Tuberculosis is not transmitted any other way. Some patients carry TB without ever showing symptoms, though the disease may become active if something happens to weaken the immune system.

Most susceptible are those with weakened immune systems; infected with HIV; living or working in homeless shelters, correctional facilities, or nursing homes; and children under age 5.

Symptoms include severe cough that may bring up sputum and/or blood; chest pain; weakness; weight loss; fever; chills, and night sweats.

Diagnosis is made through skin tests, blood tests, sputum tests, and chest x-ray.

Treatment involves a course of specialized antibiotics under close medical supervision, along with rest and supportive care.

There is a vaccine for tuberculosis, but it is not entirely effective and not routinely given in the United States.

Rarity: Rare

Top Symptoms: fatigue, cough, shortness of breath, rib pain, dry cough

Urgency: In-person visit

Pulmonary embolism

An embolus is a blood clot that forms in the bloodstream, breaks loose, and is carried by the blood to become lodged elsewhere in the circulatory system. If this clot (embolus) blocks part of the bloodstream in the lungs (pulmonary system,) this condition is called pulmonary embolism.

It is most often caused by blood clots in the deep veins of the legs, which can form after long periods of inactivity or bedrest.

Other risk factors include smoking, obesity, and female hormone replacement therapy.

Symptoms include sudden difficulty breathing; chest pain; coughing, sometimes with blood; anxiety; lightheadedness; and fast, irregular heartbeat.

Pulmonary embolism is a life-threatening medical emergency, because it causes high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries and lack of oxygen in the blood. Take the patient to the emergency room or call 9-1-1.

Diagnosis is made through patient history, physical examination, blood tests, and chest x-ray.

Treatment involves anticoagulants, or blood thinners; “clot-busting” medications; and surgery to implant a filter to help prevent clots from traveling through the bloodstream.

Panic disorder

Panic disorder means a generalized set of symptoms involving sudden, unexplained feelings of anxiety and overwhelming fear. The physical symptoms are very real and consist of sweating, pounding heart, and shortness of breath.

The cause is not known. It may involve changes in brain chemistry that cause a person to perceive danger where there actually is none. Severe and ongoing stress, as well as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be factors.

Panic disorder is most common among women. It can affect anyone, however, especially with a family history.

This condition does not improve on its own. If left untreated, the patient may become isolated and even suicidal.

A doctor will do a complete workup, including blood tests, to rule out any physical causes for the symptoms. A psychological workup will also be done.

The first line of treatment is talking with a professional who can help with coping and stress management. Medication, including some antidepressants and calming drugs, may be used temporarily but can cause dependence and unpleasant side effects if used for too long.

Normal occurence of chest pain

Sometimes chest pain is not a sign of a heart attack. The following symptoms are usually typical of more benign conditions:

If the pain is brief, like a short shock, and subsides right away, it is most likely from an injury such as a broken rib or pulled muscle in the chest.

Sharp pain in the chest that improves with exercise is probably from acid reflux or a similar condition, and will be eased with antacids.

A small, sharp pain anywhere in the chest that actually feels worse on breathing is probably from a lung inflammation such as pneumonia or asthma.

An actual heart attack involves intense, radiating chest pain that lasts for several minutes; worsens with activity; and is accompanied by nausea, shortness of breath, dizziness, and pain in the arms, back, or jaw. Take the patient to the emergency room or call 9-1-1.

If there is any question as to whether the symptoms are serious or not, a medical provider should be seen as soon as possible.

Rarity: Common

Top Symptoms: chest pain, rib pain

Symptoms that always occur with normal occurrence of chest pain: chest pain

Symptoms that never occur with normal occurrence of chest pain: being severely ill, shortness of breath, fainting, severe chest pain, crushing chest pain, excessive sweating, nausea or vomiting

Urgency: Phone call or in-person visit

Hypertensive crisis

Hypertensive crisis, also called malignant hypertension, means there has been a sudden increase in blood pressure to dangerously high levels. Any reading higher than 180/120 is enough to cause serious health problems.

High blood pressure, or hypertension, can be due to stress, poor diet, lack of exercise, obesity, sleep apnea, or use of illegal drugs. Untreated hypertension can lead to a hypertensive crisis.

Symptoms of dangerously high blood pressure can include chest pain, severe headache, blurred vision, nausea and vomiting, shortness of breath, and blacking out.

Blood pressure at these high readings, with these symptoms, can damage blood vessels and cause a stroke. Take the patient to the emergency room or call 9-1-1.

Diagnosis is made through physical examination and blood pressure measurement.

Treatment involves oral medication to reduce the blood pressure. Hospitalization is usually not required unless the medication is not effective, in which case intravenous medicine will be used.

The best prevention involves proper use of blood pressure medication along with lifestyle changes to reduce stress and improve physical fitness.

Bacterial pneumonia

Bacterial pneumonia is an infection of the lungs caused by one of several different bacteria, often Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pneumonia is often contracted in hospitals or nursing homes.

Symptoms include fatigue, fever, chills, painful and difficult breathing, and cough that brings up mucus. Elderly patients may have low body temperature and confusion.

Pneumonia can be a medical emergency for very young children or those over age 65, as well as anyone with a weakened immune system or a chronic heart or lung condition.

Complications may include organ failure and respiratory failure. Take the patient to the emergency room or call 9-1-1.

Diagnosis is made through blood tests and chest x-ray.

With bacterial pneumonia, the treatment is antibiotics. Be sure to finish all the medication, even if you start to feel better. Hospitalization may be necessary for higher-risk cases.

Some types of bacterial pneumonia can be prevented through vaccination. Flu shots help, too, by preventing another illness from taking hold. Keep the immune system healthy through good diet and sleep habits, not smoking, and frequent handwashing.

Rarity: Common

Top Symptoms: fatigue, cough, headache, loss of appetite, shortness of breath

Symptoms that always occur with bacterial pneumonia: cough

Urgency: In-person visit

Atypical chest pain

Atypical chest pain describes the situation when someone’s chest pain is unlikely to be related to heart or lung disease. There are many other possible causes that could explain chest pain, like sore chest wall muscles or psychological factors like stress and anxiety.

It looks like your chest pain is atypical, however further testing might be needed. Therefore, you should schedule an appointment within two days with your primary care physician who can coordinate these further tests. These will likely include a stress EKG (electrocardiogram), which is a readout of the heart’s electrical activity during exercise.

Rarity: Common

Top Symptoms: chest pain, shortness of breath

Symptoms that always occur with atypical chest pain: chest pain

Symptoms that never occur with atypical chest pain: fever

Urgency: Primary care doctor

Acute costochondritis (chest wall syndrome)

Acute costochondritis is also called anterior chest wall syndrome. It is an inflammation of the flexible cartilage that connects each rib to the breastbone.

Costochondritis is caused by excessive coughing or by straining the upper body, as with weightlifting. It is a common occurrence and is seen in children, teenagers, and adults.

Symptoms include a sudden, sharp, aching pain anywhere in the chest wall, especially near the breastbone where it connects to the ribs. The pain gets worse with deep breathing or with almost any movement.

Any sort of chest pain should be seen by a medical provider, especially if the person is over 35 and/or has had any cardiopulmonary symptoms. Heart attack symptoms can be mistaken for costochondritis in some cases.

Diagnosis is made through physical examination. X-rays or CT scans may be done to rule out any other causes for the pain.

Treatment involves rest along with over-the-counter, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Injection of corticosteroid medication to ease pain and inflammation is occasionally done.

When it is an emergency

You should seek immediate medical attention if your rib pain is associated with any of the following symptoms or factors:

• Difficulty breathing
• Leg or calf pain and/or swelling
• Pain that radiates to the shoulder or arm
• Coughing up blood
• Cold or flu-like symptoms with persistent fevers, chills and/or night sweats
• Nausea or vomiting
• Severe headache

Prevention

While many causes of rib pain cannot be prevented, the following healthy practices can reduce the chances of rib pain from preventable causes like a muscle strain or infection.

• Stretching: Try stretching especially after heavy lifting or exertion of the chest muscles.
• Frequent hand washing or sanitizing: This can prevent the spread of germs that cause infections of the lung or airway which can lead to coughing and rib pain, especially in the colder months.
• Tobacco cessation: Tobacco use is related to multiple serious medical conditions including cancer. To reduce the risk of cancer-related causes of rib pain, start a tobacco cessation plan today if you do currently use tobacco.

• What makes your chest pain hurt more?
• Do you have a cough?
• Any fever today or during the last week?
• How would you explain why your chest hurts?

Self-diagnose with our free Buoy Assistant if you answer yes on any of these questions.

ultrasound of the cervical lymph nodes in St. Petersburg – the price is 1200 rubles in the center for ultrasound diagnostics “Affordable Medicine”

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• Prices
• Description
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• Execution time
  30 minutes

Description

In the human lymphatic system, the destruction of pathogenic microflora and the decomposition of toxins and decay products. The system includes lymphatic vessels and about 300 lymph nodes. The cervical lymph nodes filter the lymph coming from the head and neck. Therefore, the increase in nodes here is primarily associated with inflammatory and oncological pathologies of the ENT organs and the brain.

However, due to the peculiarities of the structure of the lymphoid system, pathological cells from the mammary glands or even organs of the gastrointestinal tract can enter the neck area. Therefore, an increase in cervical lymph nodes requires immediate medical attention. The first, along with laboratory blood tests, is usually an ultrasound scan. It acts as a screening examination, while its reliability reaches 99%.

Indications for ultrasound of the cervical lymph nodes

Indications for diagnosis will be based on the following complaints of the patient:

• Painless enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes, which the patient felt with his fingers;
• Lymph nodes swollen, hot and painful;
• There is a fever, aches, weakness.

The doctor will also pay attention to the following symptoms:

• The patient recently had a viral illness;
• There are chronic diseases of the teeth, gums, sinuses;
• There is a suspicion or already diagnosed oncological pathologies;
• General decrease in immunity, systemic immune diseases.

What can be seen on an ultrasound examination of the cervical lymph nodes

Enlarged lymph nodes in the neck differ from healthy ones:

• They are larger and rounded;
• The substance of the node has grown homogeneously, or vice versa – inhomogeneously;
• There were areas of liquefaction, necrosis;
• More dense, hyperechoic areas may be observed, which is characteristic of metastatic cells;
• Blood flow changed;
• The sheath is fused with the surrounding tissues, but this is not necessary.

Preparation for ultrasound of the lymph nodes

No special preparation is required for neck lymph nodes. The patient removes hair and jewelry, relaxes the collar, sits down on a chair and turns the right side to the doctor in turn. The uzist runs a sensor along the skin of the neck and may ask to turn, tilt or throw back the head. Diagnosis can also be carried out in the supine position. Together with writing the conclusion, the procedure takes about half an hour.

Contraindications for ultrasonography of lymph nodes

There are no contraindications.

Prices

Addresses of diagnostic centers “Affordable Medicine”

St. Petersburg, m. Vosstaniya Square, st. 1st Sovetskaya, 8

How to get there?

St. Petersburg, Narvskaya metro station, Stachek Square, 9

How to get there?

Saint-Petersburg, m. Prosveshcheniya, Engels prospekt, 138 building 1

+7 (812) 380-83-84
info@domedica24. ru

HOW TO PUT ON AND WEAR A RIGID KNEE BRACE?

Orthoses should be worn on a bare leg, thin seamless thermal underwear or neoprene stockings. It is acceptable to wear an orthosis on a wetsuit, but definitely not on sweatpants, jeans and other outerwear.

It is very important to learn how to put on the orthosis correctly the first time. Even a fit but not properly fastened brace can push, slip, and cause other discomfort. The system of straps and pads allows you to adjust the serial product to your individual leg proportions, for this you should use the following instructions. It must be said right away that the belts should be tightened tightly, but not pinched to the point of discomfort.

So let’s go!

Sit on the edge of a hard, stable chair.

Bend your knee to 45 degrees and place your foot on the floor.

Insert the leg into the orthosis with the straps open.

Place the center of the hinges 2.5 cm above the patella (Fig. 2A).

Slightly move the joint back behind the middle of the knee (Fig. 2B).

Fasten the anti-migration straps around the leg. The strap should be in full contact with the leg and not protrude beyond the edges of the brace.

Do not fasten outer belt #4

before step #5.

Fasten the belt #1 tightly (Fig. 4a)

Fasten the upper hip belt #2, if the belt is too tight, the orthosis may slide down (Fig. 4B).

Fasten the #3 lower hip belt tightly (Figure 5A).

Fasten the #4 upper anterior calf strap very tightly, which is important for patients with ACL (Fig. 5B).

Fasten the rear calf strap #5 without excessive tension.

After initially attaching this strap, you should not touch it as it will hold the anti-migration straps in place.

The orthosis must fit snugly on the leg.

The lock must be directly behind the middle of the knee. The pillows should be in full contact with the leg.

If the lock “slid” forward, loosen all straps, push the lock back and lift up. Retighten all straps.

The locks should be slightly higher than the middle of the kneecap. The pillows should be in full contact with the leg.

If the lock is lower, loosen all straps, raise the lock higher.

Retighten all straps.

There should be no large gaps between the knee and the orthosis. The pads are tight to the knee.

If a gap occurs, add an extra cushion.

Quite often, patients ask themselves questions like “How long can I wear a knee brace during the day?” “How long do you wear an orthosis?” and even “Should the orthosis be removed at night?”. All these questions should be clarified with the orthopedist who recommended wearing the orthosis, however, it should be noted that wearing a rigid knee orthosis, discussed in this article, as a rule, is of a periodic nature associated with sports loads, or a post-traumatic / postoperative period requiring adaptation and restoration of the joint .