How does hypothyroidism affect men differently than women. What are the unique symptoms of thyroid issues in men. Why is hypothyroidism less common in males. How is underactive thyroid diagnosed and treated in men. What are the long-term effects of untreated hypothyroidism in men.

The Gender Disparity in Hypothyroidism: Why Men Are Less Affected

Hypothyroidism, an underactive thyroid condition, is significantly less prevalent in men compared to women. Dr. Mario Skugor, an endocrinologist at the Cleveland Clinic, explains that hypothyroidism is approximately eight to ten times less common in males. This stark difference is primarily attributed to the fact that 80% of hypothyroidism cases are caused by autoimmune diseases, which have a higher incidence in women.

The primary autoimmune condition responsible for hypothyroidism in both genders is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. This disorder affects about 14 million Americans, with only about two million being men. In Hashimoto’s, the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, leading to decreased hormone production.

Other Causes of Hypothyroidism in Men

• Thyroid gland damage
• Surgical removal of the thyroid due to tumors
• Overtreatment of hyperthyroidism
• Graves’ disease (indirectly, through treatment)

Is there a genetic component to the gender disparity in hypothyroidism? While research is ongoing, current evidence suggests that hormonal differences and genetic factors may play a role in the increased susceptibility of women to autoimmune thyroid disorders.

Recognizing the Symptoms: How Hypothyroidism Manifests in Men

Despite the lower incidence, it’s crucial for men to be aware of the symptoms of hypothyroidism. The condition affects the entire metabolism, leading to a wide range of symptoms that can impact various organ systems.

Common Symptoms of Hypothyroidism in Men

1. Increased sensitivity to cold
2. Persistent fatigue
3. Dry skin and brittle nails
4. Chronic constipation
5. Depression and mood changes
6. Difficulty concentrating
7. Muscle soreness and weakness
8. Unexplained weight gain
9. Thyroid gland swelling (goiter)
10. Reduced libido and erectile dysfunction

Do men experience unique symptoms of hypothyroidism? While most symptoms are similar across genders, men may be more likely to report reduced libido and erectile dysfunction. A study published in the Urology Journal compared 24 men with hypothyroidism to 66 men without the condition, using the International Index of Erectile Function Questionnaire. The results showed that men with hypothyroidism scored significantly lower (11.75 on average) compared to those without the condition (20.81 on average), indicating a higher prevalence of erectile dysfunction in hypothyroid men.

Diagnosing Hypothyroidism in Men: Challenges and Considerations

Diagnosing hypothyroidism in men can be challenging due to its lower prevalence and the gradual onset of symptoms. Dr. Skugor emphasizes that most symptoms of hypothyroidism do not develop immediately, as the thyroid hormone levels must be significantly low before noticeable effects occur.

Key Diagnostic Tools for Hypothyroidism

• Physical examination
• Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) test
• Free T4 and T3 tests
• Thyroid antibody tests

The most reliable diagnostic test for hypothyroidism is the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) test. This hormone, produced by the pituitary gland, increases when the thyroid becomes underactive, making it an excellent indicator of thyroid function.

Are there any specific diagnostic considerations for men with suspected hypothyroidism? While the diagnostic process is generally similar for both genders, healthcare providers should be aware of the potential for delayed diagnosis in men due to the condition’s lower prevalence and potentially different symptom presentation.

Treatment Approaches: Managing Hypothyroidism in Men

The primary treatment for hypothyroidism in men is thyroid hormone replacement therapy. This involves taking synthetic thyroid hormones to restore normal hormone levels and alleviate symptoms.

Key Aspects of Hypothyroidism Treatment in Men

• Levothyroxine (synthetic T4) as the primary medication
• Dosage based on body weight and individual response
• Regular monitoring and dose adjustments
• Potential use of combination therapy (T4 and T3) in some cases

Dr. Skugor notes that men may require higher doses of thyroid hormone replacement than women due to their generally larger body mass. He also emphasizes that thyroid hormone replacement is more akin to a supplement, replacing something the body naturally needs, rather than a traditional medication.

How long does it take for hypothyroidism treatment to show effects in men? While some symptoms may improve within a few weeks of starting treatment, it can take several months for full symptom resolution and hormone level stabilization. Patience and regular follow-ups with healthcare providers are essential for optimal management.

Long-Term Management and Lifestyle Considerations for Men with Hypothyroidism

Managing hypothyroidism is typically a lifelong process. Once diagnosed, men usually need to continue thyroid hormone replacement therapy indefinitely. However, with proper treatment and lifestyle adjustments, most men with hypothyroidism can lead healthy, normal lives.

Lifestyle Recommendations for Men with Hypothyroidism

1. Maintain a balanced, nutrient-rich diet
2. Engage in regular physical activity
3. Manage stress through relaxation techniques
4. Ensure adequate sleep and rest
5. Avoid excessive iodine intake
6. Consider selenium supplementation (under medical supervision)
7. Monitor and manage weight

Can men with hypothyroidism benefit from specific dietary changes? While there’s no specific “thyroid diet,” some dietary considerations may help support thyroid function and overall health. These include ensuring adequate iodine intake (but avoiding excess), consuming selenium-rich foods, and maintaining a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains.

Complications and Risks: The Importance of Timely Treatment for Men

Untreated or poorly managed hypothyroidism can lead to various complications in men. These risks underscore the importance of early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Potential Complications of Untreated Hypothyroidism in Men

• Cardiovascular problems (increased risk of heart disease and stroke)
• Fertility issues and reduced sperm quality
• Mental health disorders (depression, cognitive decline)
• Myxedema (severe hypothyroidism leading to coma)
• Peripheral neuropathy
• Anemia

Does hypothyroidism affect male fertility? Yes, untreated hypothyroidism can impact male fertility by reducing sperm count, motility, and quality. However, with proper treatment, these effects can often be reversed, restoring normal fertility in most cases.

Breaking the Stigma: Encouraging Men to Seek Thyroid Health Care

Despite the lower prevalence of hypothyroidism in men, it’s crucial to raise awareness about the condition and encourage men to seek medical attention if they experience symptoms. The stigma surrounding men’s health issues, particularly those related to hormones and metabolism, can sometimes prevent timely diagnosis and treatment.

Strategies to Promote Thyroid Health Awareness in Men

1. Education campaigns targeting men’s health
2. Inclusion of thyroid screening in routine health check-ups
3. Encouraging open discussions about hormonal health
4. Training healthcare providers to recognize thyroid issues in men
5. Supporting research on gender differences in thyroid disorders

How can healthcare providers better address thyroid health in male patients? Healthcare professionals should consider thyroid function tests as part of routine health screenings for men, especially those with risk factors or symptoms suggestive of thyroid dysfunction. Additionally, fostering open communication about hormonal health can help reduce stigma and encourage men to seek timely care.

Emerging Research: New Insights into Male Hypothyroidism

As our understanding of thyroid disorders evolves, researchers are uncovering new insights into how hypothyroidism affects men specifically. These findings may lead to improved diagnostic and treatment strategies tailored to male patients.

Recent Developments in Male Hypothyroidism Research

• Exploration of genetic factors influencing thyroid function in men
• Investigation of thyroid hormone’s role in male reproductive health
• Studies on the impact of hypothyroidism on male muscle mass and strength
• Research into potential links between hypothyroidism and male pattern baldness
• Evaluation of thyroid hormone’s influence on prostate health

What promising new treatments for hypothyroidism are on the horizon? While levothyroxine remains the gold standard for hypothyroidism treatment, researchers are exploring novel approaches such as thyroid hormone analogs, targeted immunotherapies for autoimmune thyroid disorders, and personalized medicine strategies based on genetic profiles. These developments may offer more tailored and effective treatments for men with hypothyroidism in the future.

In conclusion, while hypothyroidism is less common in men, it remains a significant health concern that requires attention, awareness, and proper management. By understanding the unique aspects of how this condition affects men, both patients and healthcare providers can work together to ensure timely diagnosis, effective treatment, and optimal long-term health outcomes. As research continues to uncover new insights into thyroid function and gender differences, we can look forward to increasingly personalized and effective approaches to managing hypothyroidism in men.

Hypothyroidism in Men – Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

Why Is Hypothyroidism Less Common in Men?

“Hypothyroidism is about eight to 10 times less common in men. That’s because 80 percent of hypothyroidism is caused by autoimmune disease, and autoimmune diseases are more common in women. If I knew why autoimmune diseases are more common in women, I would win the Nobel Prize,” said Mario Skugor, MD, an endocrinologist at the Cleveland Clinic.

An autoimmune disease happens when your body’s defense system, called your immune system, mistakes normal parts of your body for foreign invaders and attacks them. The autoimmune disease that usually causes hypothyroidism in women and men is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

In Hashimoto’s, your immune system attacks your thyroid gland. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis affects about 14 million Americans, of which about two million are men.

“Other causes of hypothyroidism in men include damage to the thyroid or removal of the thyroid during surgery for thyroid tumors, and treatments for an overactive thyroid that result in an underactive thyroid.

“Graves’ disease is a cause of hyperthyroidism that may require treatments that leave a person with hypothyroidism. Graves disease is also more common in women,” said Dr. Skugor.

Symptoms of Hypothyroidism in Men

“The symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of hypothyroidism in men are about the same as in women. Hypothyroidism slows down your whole metabolism, so symptoms can affect any organ system,” Skugor said.

The most common symptoms are:

• Feeling cold
• Tiring easily
• Dry skin and brittle nails
• Constipation
• Depression
• Trouble concentrating
• Sore muscles
• Weight gain
• Swelling of the thyroid gland, called a goiter

Loss of interest in sex and trouble having erections are symptoms that some men may have. “If you are tired and low on energy, it’s not surprising that you will have some loss of interest in sex,” says Skugor.

A recent study published in the Urology Journal compared 24 men with hypothyroidism to 66 men without hypothyroidism.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) was evaluated using the International Index of Erectile Function Questionnaire, which rates ED on a scale from 5 (severe ED) to 25 (no ED).

The men with hypothyroidism had an average score of 11.75 compared to men without hypothyroidism who averaged 20.81.

Getting the Diagnosis and Treatment You Need

“Most symptoms of hypothyroidism do not develop right away. The thyroid hormone level must be overly low,” said Skugor. Men and their doctors need to be aware of the possibility of hypothyroidism in men so that getting a diagnosis isn’t delayed.

Your doctor may suspect hypothyroidism if you have symptoms and signs during a physical examination. The most reliable test for diagnosing hypothyroidism is thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). This hormone tells your thyroid to make more thyroid hormone if your thyroid is becoming underactive.

“Treatment for hypothyroidism is replacement of thyroid hormone. Some men may not want to take medication, but thyroid hormone is more like a supplement. It is something your body naturally needs. The amount you need to take is based on your weight, so men may need to take higher doses than women,” said Skugor.

If you have symptoms of hypothyroidism, talk to your doctor. Men get hypothyroidism less than women, but you need to get treated just the same. Once you have hypothyroidism, you usually have it for life. With early diagnosis and treatment, thyroid hormone replacement is a safe and effective treatment that can manage your symptoms and prevent complications.

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What Are Underactive Thyroid Symptoms? ​| Men’s Health

When I was 22 years old, I was eating healthy and working out five days a week—and I still put on 50 pounds in a six-month period.

Weight gain is one of the telltale symptoms of hypothyroidism, or underactive thyroid, a condition that occurs when your thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough of some important hormones. Because it’s more common in women, my then-boyfriend suggested I head to my doctor to get it checked out.

I did, and my doctor diagnosed me with hypothyroidism, which I’ve controlled with a daily regimen of medication.

Then, nearly 20 years later, my now-husband found himself growing frustrated with a whole batch of seemingly unconnected symptoms: two tiny bald spots, one on his beard and the other on the side of his head, dry skin, and the gut that he couldn’t shake despite working out five days a week—including three double sessions.

He thought his testosterone levels were to blame, but tests for T checked out just fine. It was another test that showed the answer—it was a thyroid problem.

More specifically, his results indicated Hashimoto’s disease, an autoimmune condition where your own immune system attacks your thyroid gland and damages it, resulting in symptoms of hypothyroidism.

Hypothyroidism is different from hyperthyroidism, or an overactive thyroid, which occurs when your gland produces too much of the thyroid hormone. As a result, with overactive thyroid, guys can experience symptoms like weight loss, heart palpitations, anxiety, tremors, hair loss, and elevated testosterone levels.

Both kinds of thyroid issues are more common in women than men. In fact, according to Deena Adimoolam, M.D., spokesperson for Endocrine Society’s Hormone Health Network, men are guys are five to eight times less likely than women to have thyroid problems.

But that doesn’t mean men are in the clear—as my husband’s case proven, guys can get it too. And as Dr. Adimoolam says, it’s possible that men are under-diagnosed, since they tend to go to the doctor less than women.

Your move? Familiarize yourself with the signs of an underactive thyroid. Check out these 9 signs of hypothyroidism in men below, and if any seem familiar, make an appointment with your doctor.

Underactive thyroid sign: You gain weight

It’s no surprise that this was one of the first signs that showed up for both my husband and myself. Hypothyroidism causes a generalized slowing of your body’s metabolic processes, which directly affect your ability to lose weight—and makes it easier to pack on the pounds.

This is why my husband was working twice as hard to maintain his current weight, when his regular exercise routine used to be enough to easily lose a few pounds and lose that gut.

There’s no real set amount of weight can you can see with an underactive thyroid, but the more severe your hypothyroidism is, the more weight you can gain, says Dr. Adimoolam.

Related: The 21-Day Metashred From Men’s Health—an At-Home Workout Plan That Fries Fat Fast

Underactive thyroid sign: You feel cold all the time

It used to be your girlfriend who was constantly upping the heat in your home. But if your thyroid isn’t producing enough hormones, you may start to feel more sensitive to the cold.

“Thyroid hormone basically runs the body’s furnace,” Leonard Wartofsky, M.D., a professor of medicine at Georgetown University’s School of Medicine and past president of both the Endocrine Society and the American Thyroid Association. “It is what generates heat and burns calories with our metabolism.”

Heat is produced as a byproduct of your body breaking down food. So if your furnace is not running up to par, you’re not burning as many calories—meaning you’re not producing as much heat, either.

“It’s not just that they feel cold,” Dr. Wartofsky says. “They are cold. Normal body temperature is 98.6 degrees, but instead, a hypothyroid patient could have a body temperature of 97.6.”

Related: Does Cold Weather Really Make You Sick?

Underactive thyroid sign: Your mood is off

Physical symptoms aren’t the only signs to watch out for. The slowing of your metabolism with can affect your cognition, too, which can result in symptoms of depression, loss of ambition, and even forgetfulness or issues with memory or alertness.

The mechanism behind hypothyroidism and its affects on your brain aren’t exactly clear, says Dr. Adimoolam, but studies have given us a couple theories as to what can be driving the relationship. It’s possible that hypothyroidism can lead to decreased blood flow in the brain, potentially causing cognition issues.

The science is much clearer on depression and hypothyroidism. Your body’s adrenal glands, located at the top of each kidney, produce hormones we can’t live without, including sex hormones and cortisol—the infamous stress hormone.

“The adrenal steroid gland is what we depend on for energy,” Dr. Wartofsky says. “When your adrenal glands are hypothyroid, so to speak, they are sluggish. You get low levels of energy, your brain function is low, your body temperature is low, and there is a tendency for depression.”

Just like weight gain, the more severe your hypothyroidism, the more pronounced the effects on depression can be, says Dr. Wartofsky.

A 2015 study from Germany of over 2,100 people found that those with untreated hypothyroidism scored significantly higher on a scale that measured depression. They were also more likely to have symptoms of anxiety, too. And this 2011 Italian study on depressive symptoms in hypothyroid patients found the prevalence to be a whopping 64 percent.

Related: 7 Surprising Signs Of Depression In Men

Underactive thyroid sign: Your skin is dry

Hallmarks of an underactive thyroid include dry, rough, cool, and even pale skin. That’s what my husband experienced, and the itch that comes with that dry skin could be unbearable at times.

“This is partially due to decreased blood flow and a slower turnover of skin cells,” says Izabella Wentz, Pharm.D., licensed pharmacist and author of Hashimoto’s Protocol: A 90-Day Plan for Reversing Thyroid Symptoms and Getting Your Life Back. “Patients often see a reduction in sweating, as the body’s metabolic fat burning is turned off.”

So why does this happen? The short answer is that lower levels of thyroid hormones compromise your sweat glands and causes a glitch in the skin’s growth and replacement cycle. This is why guys with Hashimoto’s disease and hypothyroidism end up with peeling, cracking, and flaking skin. Moisturizer can help, but not eliminate, the problem.

But don’t go running to your doctor in a panic at the first sign of dry skin, warns Dr. Adimoolam.

“It is important to recognize dry skin as one symptom of hypothyroidism,” she says. “Men should be aware of all symptoms and look at the whole. When one has dry skin along with other symptoms of hypothyroidism, that is when one should go and see their doctor.”

Related: 6 Cheap Moisturizers That Will Make Your Face Look Younger

Underactive thyroid sign: You can’t poop

Hypothyroidism results in decreased gut motility, or a slowing of the gut contractions that help move your waste through your digestive tract and out of your body.

As the contractions—called peristalsis—slow, your body has more time to reabsorb water from the stool your system hasn’t passed yet, making it harder in the process, says Dr. Adimoolam.

Slowing gut contractions can result in constipation. You may also end up having a harder time pooping simply because your stool is harder than it should be.

Related: 10 Reasons You Just Can’t Poop

Underactive thyroid sign: Your muscles cramp

Muscle cramps are never fun to deal with, and if you have an underactive thyroid, the chances are you’ll be dealing with them more often.

“Muscular skeletal symptoms can occur in men,” says Dr. Adimoolam. “Symptoms can include weakness, cramps, and muscle pain.”

Increased levels of an enzyme called creatine kinase may be to blame, she adds.

Related: How to Stop a Charley Horse In the Middle of the Night

Underactive thyroid sign: Your sex life suffers

For guys, hypothyroidism is associated with low libido, erectile dysfunction—the inability to get and keep an erection firm enough for sex—and possibly premature or delayed ejaculation.

There’s a lot of misinformation out there blaming low levels of T as being the reason, but Dr. Adimoolam says that’s just not the case. Low T levels, she adds, are rarely seen with hypothyroidism in men (Here are 8 sneaky signs your testosterone is too low).

So, if low levels of T aren’t behind the dip in the action between the sheets, what is?

“It’s all about brain function and energy level, and an overall sense of wellbeing. If you feel lousy, all you want to do is lie down and feel better. You’re just not going to be that interested in sex,” says Dr. Wartofsky.

“It’s kind of like depression,” he explains. “You just feel lousy. Testosterone is not the only thing governing your interests.”

6 Things Every Man Should Know About His Penis:

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Underactive thyroid sign: You have trouble growing facial hair

My husband is in no danger of going bald anytime soon, but he now understands that the seemingly random bald spot in his beard—along with the one he noticed on the side of his head—is a result of Hashimoto’s.

“Hair may be coarse, hair loss is common, and the nails become brittle due to slower turnover of cells, reduced blood flow and access to nutrients,” Wentz says, noting that hair loss specific to the outer third area of the eyebrow is reason enough to warrant a visit to your physician.

Thinning hair, or difficulty growing it, is more common in hypothyroidism than in those with overactive thyroids, says Dr. Adimoolam.

“In order for hair to be maintained, you need to have a balance between hair rest and hair growth,” She says. “ In hypothyroidism, you get an imbalance leading to thinning hair.”

Related: The Best Haircuts For Men With Thinning Hair

Underactive thyroid sign: You have a relative with a thyroid condition

Thyroid conditions have a genetic component, especially when talking about Hashimoto’s disease, and a parent with thyroid condition can raise your risk of having one, too.

Generally speaking, the parent with the thyroid condition will most likely be your mother because women are more likely to suffer from autoimmune conditions, says Dr. Adimoolam.

“If a man has a family history it is important to be aware of symptoms of thyroid disease so you can be screened earlier,” she says, adding that all you need is a simple blood test.

Related: 6 Essential Blood Tests You Should Have

Bottom line on thyroid disease

Don’t panic if you just have dry skin or are dealing with thinning hair. It’s the presence of multiple symptoms of underactive thyroid that should warrant concern and a doctor’s appointment, says Dr. Adimoolam.

If you suspect an underactive thyroid, say so when you make the appointment, and specifically request a blood test to measure your body’s thyroid hormone levels.

The good news is, if you are diagnosed with hypothyroidism, the condition is treatable with thyroid hormone replacement medication, which replace the thyroid hormone you body can no longer produce on its own.

And when you treat your thyroid, the symptoms should improve, says Dr. Adimoolam.

Symptoms of thyroid disease, signs of thyroid pathology

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Diseases of the thyroid gland are not only accompanied by many unpleasant symptoms, but also cause a number of problems, such as sleep disturbances, loss of appetite, slowing down of metabolic processes, and a general deterioration in the patient’s well-being. In women, pathological disorders of the activity of thyroid disease occur five to eight times more often than in men.

The thyroid gland can change its structure and volume under the influence of various factors, primarily during the period of hormonal changes – puberty, menopause.

In women, the risk of pathologies is associated with hormonal imbalance, deficiency or excess of iodine.

Causes of thyroid pathologies in women

Thyroid-stimulating hormone is the main regulator of the activity of the body, it supports the production of thyroid hormones that control metabolic processes. Violation of the synthesis of hormones leads to the development of endocrine diseases. The reasons include:

• hereditary predisposition – if close relatives of the patient suffered from similar pathologies, the risk of developing the disease is significantly increased;
• disorders in the work of the pituitary gland and hypothalamus;
• prolonged exposure of the body to radiation or various toxic substances;
• transferred infectious diseases;
• prolonged exposure to direct sunlight;
• living or working in adverse environmental conditions;
• severe stress;
• nutritional errors.

During pregnancy, the risk of developing organ pathologies increases significantly. This is due to the increased load on the body of the expectant mother and changes in the hormonal background of a pregnant woman. The production of thyroid hormones slows down, the woman experiences an iodine deficiency. Expectant mothers with a predisposition to changes in the thyroid gland should be under the supervision of a doctor, since the lack of thyroid hormones negatively affects the development of the fetus.

In women during menopause, hormonal changes in the body are also noted, which negatively affects the production of thyroid hormones. As a result, the risk of pathologies after the age of 50-55 increases several times.

What indicates a malfunction of the thyroid gland

The first signs of the disease are often ignored or explained by overwork, lack of sleep, premenstrual syndrome. These include:

• bad mood, irritability;
• excessive sweating;
• poor sleep;
• pallor of the skin;
• digestive disorders – frequent constipation;
• weight loss due to increased appetite;
• tremor of limbs;
• malfunctions of the heart, jumps in blood pressure;
• muscle weakness, lack of coordination;
• impairment of memory and attention;
• depressive states, apathy.

Patients present with some or all of the following symptoms. Having noticed a number of symptoms in herself, a woman should check the thyroid gland by consulting a doctor.

Diseases of the thyroid gland

Timely access to a doctor allows you to make a diagnosis and start treatment. Consider what diseases are in the thyroid gland.

Hypothyroidism

A pathological condition caused by a lack of production of thyroid hormones can be primary and secondary. In the first case, it occurs due to exposure to strong radiation, in the presence of anomalies in the structure of the gland, under the influence of trauma or surgery. Iodine deficiency is also included in the list of causes of the disease.

Secondary hypothyroidism occurs as a result of disturbances in the activity of the pituitary gland.

Signs of the disease include:

• sudden weight loss not related to diet;
• feeling hot and sweating;
• irritability, mood swings, tearfulness;
• palpitations associated with normal physical activity;
• unreasonable feeling of fear and anxiety.

Because the disease has no specific symptoms, it can be difficult to diagnose.

Thyroiditis

This is the name of a group of diseases caused by inflammatory processes. Symptoms of inflammation of the thyroid gland are:

• organ enlargement;
• difficulty swallowing;
• muscle pain;
• fever;
• disorders in the digestive tract;
• general weakness, increased fatigue.

Thyroiditis often occurs as a complication after ARVI and other infectious diseases.

Diffuse toxic goiter

Excess thyroid hormones due to autoimmune and endocrine disorders, trauma and severe infections worsen the thyroid gland. The disease occurs mainly in women aged 20-50 years.

The manifestation of clinical signs of changes in the thyroid gland is varied, but the cardiovascular system suffers first of all. The disease manifests itself with the following symptoms:

• palpitations;
• bulging eyes and chronic conjunctivitis;
• leaching of calcium from the bone – provokes the processes of destruction of bone tissue;
• muscle weakness;
• fatty degeneration of the liver;
• violation of thermoregulation of the body;
• depressive states, insomnia.

This condition is dangerous with the risk of complications, among them severe heart failure and pronounced nervous excitability, turning into psychosis. In severe cases, there is a risk of death.

Diffuse non-toxic goiter

The most common cause of the disease is iodine deficiency. At the same time, there is an increase in the thyroid gland, often without violating its functionality. If the growth of the organ occurs without failures in its activity, pathological processes in the body are not observed. But if left untreated, hypothyroidism can develop.

Benign and malignant neoplasms

In the presence of goiter, a general increase in the organ is noted. The appearance of a seal provokes the growth of only a separate part of the gland.

Adenoma is a benign tumor. It is manifested by the formation of a node, often without violating the functionality of the organ. The disease in many cases is asymptomatic, sometimes tachycardia, digestive disorders, and excessive sweating are possible. Adenoma most often occurs in patients aged 45-55 years.

Despite the fact that an adenoma may not bother a woman for a long time, it poses a health hazard, since it tends to turn into a malignant form.

Thyroid cancer is the formation of a malignant nodule. The reasons may be chronic inflammatory processes, hereditary predisposition, some diseases of the endocrine system, complicated adenoma. After the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the number of cases of malignant tumors of the thyroid gland increased dramatically, including among children, although the risk of the disease usually falls on the age period after 50 years. The reason for the surge in the disease was the accumulation of radioactive iodine by the thyroid gland.

The symptoms of the disease include:

• swollen lymph nodes;
• difficulty swallowing;
• hoarseness of voice;
• pain in the neck;
• increased weakness;
• loss of appetite, weight loss.

Timely treatment can achieve stable remission in 85-90% of cases.

If in childhood, changes in the thyroid gland manifest themselves insignificantly, then in women after 50 years, a rapid progression of the pathology is often observed. This is manifested by the formation of metastases in the lungs, brain, adrenal glands, bone tissue.

Disorders of the parathyroid glands

They are also called parathyroid glands, since they are located on the surface of the organ and are responsible for the synthesis of calcitonin. This substance is necessary for the normal activity of the heart muscle, the transmission of nerve impulses, the formation and development of bone tissue.

Violation in the production of the active substance by the thyroid gland reduces the level of calcium in the blood, increases the risk of injury, causes disorders of the digestive system, and the development of kidney failure. The patient is at high risk for fractures.

How the thyroid gland is diagnosed

It is often difficult to determine the pathology, due to the absence of specific signs of the disease and the blurred nature of the course.

Diagnostic measures include:

• palpation of the gland in order to determine its size, structure and location, the accuracy of the method does not exceed 40%;
• laboratory tests – measurement of hormone levels, blood lipid levels;
• instrumental methods – ultrasound diagnostics, scintigraphy, CT and MRI;
• performing a puncture biopsy – is prescribed when nodes with a diameter of more than 1 cm are detected by palpation.

The norm of thyroid-stimulating hormone produced by the thyroid gland is 0.4-4.0 mU / l.

Ultrasound is the most common and informative method for diagnosing thyroid diseases. The procedure allows you to determine the location of the organ, its structure and volume, the presence of inflammation and other pathological processes in it.

An important indicator is the volume of the body. It may vary by age and gender. In adult women, the norm is 9-18 ml; in adolescents, this figure should not be more than 15 ml.

Treatment

An endocrinologist deals with the treatment of thyroid diseases. If symptoms of disorders of other organs and systems appear, additional consultations of related specialists are possible; therapist, ophthalmologist, neurologist.

The thyroid gland is treated mainly with medication. The main task of treatment is the normalization of hormonal balance. With a deficiency of thyroid hormones, the patient is prescribed hormone-containing drugs that accelerate metabolic processes in the body. With an excess, drugs called thyreostatics are shown.

To correct the condition caused by iodine deficiency, patients are prescribed drugs containing this active substance.

Malignant tumors, severe forms of hypothyroidism, nodular goiter are treated surgically. Sometimes the operation is prescribed for pregnant women if there are contraindications to taking medications. Surgery is necessary if a woman has difficulty swallowing.

The operation involves the partial or complete removal of the gland along with nearby lymph nodes. In the presence of cysts or other benign formations, the affected tissues are excised.

The prognosis after the operation is favorable. It usually resolves without complications. Perhaps partial hoarseness and a change in voice.

Prophylaxis

The main preventive method to protect the thyroid gland is the elimination of iodine deficiency. It provides for the addition of iodized salt to foods and dishes, as well as the intake of special vitamin complexes containing iodine.

When the first signs of thyroid disease appear, you should consult a doctor. Treatment at an early stage gives good results at any age. Persons living in regions with unfavorable environmental conditions or working in hazardous industries should be especially attentive to their health.

A good way to prevent iodine deficiency is to follow a diet. The menu should include fish, seafood, seaweed, spinach, tomatoes, eggplant, legumes. These products are best consumed boiled or stewed.

hormones, symptoms and treatment of diseases in men and women

Contents

• 1 Thyroid gland: hormonal disorders and symptoms in women and men
  • 1.1 Anatomy and functions of the thyroid gland background in humans: the importance of the thyroid gland
    • 1.2.1 Hormones produced by the thyroid gland
  • 1.3 Thyroid gland: hormones, symptoms and treatment of diseases in men and women
    • 1.3.1 The role of the thyroid gland in metabolism
  • 1.4 Various thyroid diseases
  • 1.5 Thyroid diseases: causes and risk factors
    • 1.5.1 Hormonal imbalance
    • 1.5.2 Heredity
    • 1.5.3 Vitamin deficiency s
    • 1.5.4 Stress and other factors
  • 1.6 Symptoms of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism
    • 1. 6.1 Hyperthyroidism
    • 1.6.2 Hypothyroidism
  • 1.7 Ultrasound diagnosis of thyroid diseases
  • 1.8 Treatment of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism
    • 1.8.1 Hyperthyroidism
    • 1.8.2 Hypothyroidism
  • 1.9 Surgical treatment of thyroid diseases
    • 1.8. 9.1 Surgery for goiter
    • 1.9.2 Radical removal of the thyroid gland
    • 1.9. 3 Minimally invasive surgeries
  • 1.10 Impact of thyroid disease on reproductive function in women
  • 1.11 How to maintain a healthy thyroid gland?
    • 1.11.1 Maintaining proper nutrition
    • 1.11.2 Exercise
    • 1.11.3 Diagnosing diseases
    • 1.11.4 Avoid thyroid damage
    • 1.11.5 Maintaining a healthy lifestyle 900 23
  • 1.12 Related videos:
  • 1.13 Q&A:
    • • 1.13.0.1 How can thyroid disease be diagnosed?
      • 1.13.0.2 What symptoms may indicate a thyroid problem?
      • 1. 13.0.3 What thyroid diseases can men have?
      • 1.13.0.4 Can the functioning of the thyroid gland affect hair growth?
      • 1.13.0.5 What can cause thyroid problems?
      • 1.13.0.6 What treatments can be used for thyroid disorders?

An article about thyroid diseases in men and women, their symptoms and hormones that regulate the work of this important organ of the human body.

The thyroid gland is a very important organ located in the neck region and produces hormones involved in the regulation of metabolism and many other processes in the body. It follows that, like other organs, the thyroid gland can become diseased and cause the claimed overwork of producing thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which control the amount of oxygen and calories used in the body. However, if you are aware of the signs and symptoms of diseases, you can identify these problems in the early stages and treat them successfully.

Regardless of your gender, everyone should be aware of their thyroid gland and be regularly tested for its functionality in order to timely detect possible malfunction of the organ and prevent its negative consequences. Read on to learn more about the thyroid gland and its symptoms and treatment.

Anatomy and function of the thyroid gland

The thyroid gland is one of the most important organs in the human body. It is located in the front of the neck, under the thyroid cartilage, and secretes hormones that control most of the body’s processes.

The main hormones secreted by the thyroid gland are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). They are part of a group of hormones that control the rate of metabolism in the body. Thyroxine and triiodothyronine regulate body temperature, growth, metabolism, and heart and brain function. The thyroid gland also secretes the hormone calcitonin, which regulates calcium levels in the bones.

It is important to understand that thyroid function is directly related to the level of iodine in the body. Iodine deficiency can lead to various thyroid problems such as hypothyroidism, goiter and other diseases.

Human Hormones: Importance of the Thyroid

Hormones Produced by the Thyroid

The thyroid gland plays a key role in the regulation of many important biological functions in humans through its ability to secrete hormones. The main thyroid hormones are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are produced on the basis of iodine.

Under ideal conditions, hormone levels should be in harmony with tissue and organ requirements. In the case of a lack or excess of hormones, an imbalance occurs that negatively affects human health and can cause a wide range of diseases.

• Hypothyroidism – insufficient secretion of thyroid hormones, leading to weight gain, weakness, sleep disturbances and emotional instability;
• Hyperthyroidism – an excess of thyroid hormones, which can cause malfunctions of the cardiovascular system, disorders of the nervous system and increased irritability;
• Autoimmune thyroiditis – a disease when the human immune system begins to attack the cells of the thyroid gland, causing a decrease in its functions;
• Other thyroid disorders eg thyroid cancer or diffuse toxic goiter.

A variety of treatments may be prescribed to improve patient health and normalize thyroid hormone levels, including medication and surgery in difficult cases.

Thyroid gland: hormones, symptoms and treatment of diseases in men and women

The role of the thyroid gland in metabolism

The thyroid gland is one of the most important organs responsible for the processing of substances in the human body. It produces several hormones that regulate the metabolism and metabolism of cells.

Thyroid hormones are capable of influencing many physiological processes, including body temperature, pulse, blood pressure, energy consumption and other bodily functions. In addition, they take part in the growth and development of tissues.

Some thyroid disorders produce too much or too little thyroid hormone. This can lead to metabolic disorders and various symptoms such as fatigue, weight changes, mood changes, and others. Treatment for these conditions may include hormone therapy or surgery.

1. Thyroid hormones play an important role in metabolism and metabolism
2. They influence many physiological processes in the human body
3. Thyroid disorders can interfere with hormone production and cause various symptoms
4. Treatment of thyroid diseases may include taking hormonal drugs or surgery

Various thyroid disorders

Hypothyroidism: is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones. The main symptoms of hypothyroidism: fatigue, increased drowsiness, constipation, feeling cold, voice change, hair losing shine, dry and pale skin. Treatment consists of taking medications containing synthetic thyroid hormones.

Hyperthyroidism: in this case, the thyroid gland produces too many hormones. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism: increased heart rate, weight loss, excitement, nervousness, excessive sweating, infrequent and painful menstruation in women. Treatment may include medication, radioactive iodine, or surgical removal of the thyroid gland.

Thyroiditis: is an inflammatory disease of the thyroid gland. Symptoms of thyroiditis: swelling of the thyroid gland, sore throat, fever, fatigue, weight loss or weight gain. Treatment may include antibiotics and other medications, depending on the type of thyroiditis.

• Thyroid Cancer: Thyroid cancer is a rare type of cancer, but it can cause serious problems if not detected early. Thyroid cancer symptoms: Enlarged thyroid, thyroid nodules, voice changes, trouble swallowing or breathing. Treatment may include surgery, radioactive iodine, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

Thyroid diseases: causes and risk factors

Hormonal imbalance

The thyroid gland is responsible for the production of hormones that regulate metabolism, metabolism and body growth. However, when hormone imbalances occur, it can lead to glandular diseases. For example, hypothyroidism is caused by a lack of thyroid hormones, while hyperthyroidism is associated with their excessive secretion.

Heredity

Some thyroid diseases can be inherited. For example, diffuse toxic goiter (Basedow’s disease) often occurs in families with a history of the disease, and genetic mutations can lead to various forms of gland dysfunction.

Vitamin deficiencies

Vitamins and minerals are essential for the normal functioning of the body, including the thyroid gland. Lack of iodine, vitamin D, selenium, and other nutrients can lead to various thyroid related diseases.

Stress and other factors

Stress, bad habits, unhealthy diet and other factors can affect the functioning of the thyroid gland. For example, stress can cause the gland to enlarge or shrink, and smoking can increase the risk of developing diseases.

It must be understood that causes and risk factors may vary from person to person and only a physician can determine the exact cause of thyroid disease. Regular examinations and consultations with a specialist will help to identify and prevent problems with the gland in a timely manner.

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism

Hyperthyroidism

• Severe sweating, excessive sweating;
• Excitability and irritability;
• Increased blood pressure and heart rate, palpitations;
• Loss of weight despite a rich diet;
• Increased fatigue, drowsiness;
• Diarrhea;
• Anxiety, restlessness;
• Feeling warm, frequent urination;
• Absence or irregularity of menstruation;

Hypothyroidism

• Drowsiness, fatigue, weakness;
• Increased sensitivity to cold and decrease in body temperature;
• Decreased blood pressure and heart rate, palpitations;
• Overweight despite diet and exercise;
• Decreased heart rate and bradycardia;
• Constipation;
• Decreased mood, depression;
• Muscle pain and weakness;
• Decreased sexual desire;

Ultrasound diagnosis of thyroid diseases

The thyroid gland is an important organ responsible for the production of thyroid hormones that affect the metabolism and function of all human organs. Diseases of the thyroid gland can lead to a violation of these functions and occur for various reasons. To accurately determine the diagnosis and prescribe treatment, ultrasound diagnostics are often used.

Ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland allows you to see its structure and size, identify the presence of nodular formations, determine their size and nature, if necessary, perform a biopsy. This is a painless and safe study that does not require special preparation. During the procedure, a gel is applied to the skin at the site of the neck examination, then an ultrasound device sensor is placed on it, which sends signals and receives an image in real time.

Ultrasound diagnostics allows you to identify a number of thyroid diseases, including thyroiditis, dysfunction of the gland, adenoma, cancer, and others. Based on the results of the study, the doctor may prescribe outpatient treatment or hospitalization, as well as conduct deeper studies to determine the causes of the disease, if necessary.

Treatment of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism

Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland produces more hormones than the body needs. Treatment of hyperthyroidism is aimed at lowering the level of thyroid hormones in the blood. The following methods can be used for this:

• Thyrostatic preparations. They block the synthesis of thyroid hormones and reduce their level in the blood.
• Radioiodine therapy. The introduction of radioactive iodine, which destroys the cells of the thyroid gland, reduces its activity and, as a result, a decrease in the production of hormones.
• Surgical removal of the thyroid gland. This is a method of last resort when drug treatment and radioiodine therapy are not effective.
• Diet adjustment. It is important to control the intake of iodine and vitamin D in food, as these substances affect the thyroid gland.

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones. Treatment of hypothyroidism is aimed at increasing the level of thyroid hormones in the blood. Treatment options may include the following:

• Thyroid hormone preparations. They are prescribed to replace the missing thyroid hormones in the body.
• Diet adjustment. It is important to include foods that improve thyroid function, such as yogurt, nuts, seafood, etc. in the diet.
• Treatment of concomitant diseases. Hypothyroidism may be accompanied by other diseases such as diabetes mellitus, gastrointestinal disorders, etc. Treatment of these diseases also helps eliminate hypothyroidism.
• Prevention. To prevent hypothyroidism, it is necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle, including proper nutrition, maintaining an active lifestyle, avoiding stress, etc.

Surgical treatment of thyroid diseases

Surgery for goiter

Goiter is one of the most common diseases of the thyroid gland. When conservative treatment does not give the desired result, surgical intervention is indicated. Surgery for goiter has several methods that are prescribed depending on the degree and form of the disease. One of the main advantages of surgical treatment is the ability to avoid further development of goiter and related complications.

Radical removal of the thyroid gland

Radical removal of the thyroid gland is performed for malignant tumors, including thyroid cancer. The operation involves the removal of the entire gland or a significant part of it. After such an operation, the patient needs lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy, which helps to avoid the development of possible complications.

Minimally invasive surgery

Minimally invasive surgery is performed to treat thyroid meningiomas or hyperparathyroidism. These types of operations allow you to save the maximum amount of gland tissue. Due to the fact that the operations are performed minimally invasively, patients recover faster after them and early discharge from the hospital is possible.

• Thyroid surgery is a high-tech and effective treatment of disease complications;
• Surgery is indicated when other treatments fail;
• Each type of operation is developed individually depending on the degree and form of the disease;
• In most cases, surgical treatment avoids possible complications associated with malignant thyroid tumors.

Influence of thyroid diseases on reproductive function in women

The thyroid gland plays an important role in the regulation of reproductive function in women. It releases hormones that control the menstrual cycle and affect a woman’s ability to conceive and bear a child. If the thyroid gland does not function properly and produces insufficient or excessive hormones, then this can negatively affect the reproductive system of a woman.

Hypothyroidism, or an underactive thyroid gland, can lead to menstrual irregularities, infertility, and premature birth. Women with hypothyroidism may also have an increased risk of miscarriage, abnormal fetal development, and other pregnancy complications.

Hyperthyroidism, or an overactive thyroid gland, can lead to irregular periods, heavy or prolonged periods, and an increased risk of miscarriage and premature birth. Women with hyperthyroidism may also have reduced ovarian function and infertility.

• If you suspect a thyroid disease, you should contact an endocrinologist for diagnosis and treatment.
• Treatment of thyroid disorders may include hormone therapy and surgery in some cases.
• With the right treatment of thyroid diseases, women’s reproductive function is restored and the chances of a successful pregnancy and healthy childbearing are increased.

How to keep your thyroid healthy?

Eating right

Nutrition is a key ingredient in helping to maintain thyroid health. Eat foods rich in iodine such as seafood, iodized salt, and seaweed. Include fruits and vegetables rich in antioxidants in your diet, such as berries, citrus fruits, spinach, pumpkin. Limit your intake of excess gluten, red meat, alcohol, coffee, and foods high in sugar.

Exercise

Exercise is a great way to keep your thyroid healthy. Physical exercise such as running, swimming, yoga helps to improve metabolism, which positively affects the health of the thyroid gland. However, remember that excessive exercise can harm your health. Find a moderate exercise regimen with your doctor.

Diagnosis of diseases

Regular medical examinations will help to detect the presence of diseases of the thyroid gland. If you have questions or concerns about your thyroid, be sure to see your doctor for diagnosis and treatment.

Avoid damage to the thyroid gland

To avoid damage to the thyroid gland, do not expose it to excessive amounts of radiation. Try to use protection when working with radioactive materials and avoid receiving unnecessary doses of radiation, such as in CT scans.

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle

A healthy lifestyle includes healthy sleep, minimizing stress, avoiding nicotine products and moderate alcohol consumption. Try to get enough sleep and practice relaxation techniques such as meditation or deep breathing to avoid damaging your thyroid.

Related videos:

Q&A:

How can thyroid disease be diagnosed?

Blood tests for hormone levels, ultrasound, and radioisotope testing are commonly used to diagnose thyroid disease. Sometimes a biopsy may be needed.

What symptoms may indicate a thyroid problem?

The main symptoms of thyroid problems are: increased fatigue, swelling, changes in body weight, hair loss, menstrual irregularities, memory problems, etc. However, each case is individual and may have its own characteristics.