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Tab methylcobalamin: Methylcobalamin vitamin B12 Uses, Side Effects & Warnings

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Methylcobalamin vitamin B12 Uses, Side Effects & Warnings

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Generic name: methylcobalamin (vitamin B12) oral/injection [ METH-il-koe-BAL-a-min ]
Brand names: Methyl B-12, Vitamin B12 Methylcobalamin
Dosage forms: injectable solution (1 mg/mL; 10 mg/mL; 5 mg/mL), oral capsule (2000 mcg), oral lozenge (1 mg; 500 mcg), oral tablet, disintegrating (1 mg), sublingual tablet (5000 mcg)
Drug class: Vitamins

Medically reviewed by Drugs.com on Sep 28, 2022. Written by Cerner Multum.

What is methylcobalamin?

Methylcobalamin is used to treat vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamin B12 is important for the brain and nerves, and for the production of red blood cells.

Methylcobalamin is sometimes used in people with pernicious anemia, diabetes, and other conditions.

Methylcobalamin may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

Warnings

Follow all directions on your medicine label and package. Tell each of your healthcare providers about all your medical conditions, allergies, and all medicines you use.

Before taking this medicine

You should not use methylcobalamin if you are allergic to vitamin B12 or cobalt.

Tell your doctor if you have ever had:

  • Leber’s disease or other form of optic nerve damage;

  • an iron or folic acid deficiency; or

  • low levels of potassium in your blood.

Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Do not give methylcobalamin to a child without medical advice.

How should I use methylcobalamin?

Use exactly as directed on the label, or as prescribed by your doctor.

Methylcobalamin oral is taken by mouth.

Methylcobalamin injection is injected into a muscle, usually 1 to 3 times per week. A healthcare provider can teach you how to properly use the medication by yourself.

Read and carefully follow any Instructions for Use provided with your medicine. Ask your doctor or pharmacist if you don’t understand all instructions.

Do not swallow a lozenge, disintegrating tablet, or sublingual tablet whole. Allow it to dissolve in your mouth without chewing. The sublingual tablet should be placed under your tongue.

Your dose needs may change if you become pregnant, if you breastfeed, or if you eat a vegetarian diet. Tell your doctor about any changes in your diet or medical condition.

For more information you may also consult the Office of Dietary Supplements of the National Institutes of Health, or the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Dietary Reference Intakes (formerly “Recommended Daily Allowances”) listings for more information.

Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat.

What happens if I miss a dose?

Use the medicine as soon as you can, but skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next dose. Do not use two doses at one time.

What happens if I overdose?

Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222.

What should I avoid while taking methylcobalamin?

Avoid drinking large amounts of alcohol. Heavy drinking can make it harder for your body to absorb methylcobalamin.

Methylcobalamin side effects

Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.

Common side effects of methylcobalamin may include:

  • nausea, vomiting, diarrhea;

  • loss of appetite; or

  • headache.

This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

What other drugs will affect methylcobalamin?

Tell your doctor about all your other medicines, especially:

  • chloramphenicol;

  • colchicine

  • antibiotic medicine;

  • oral diabetes medicine that contains metformin; or

  • medicines that reduce stomach acid, such as cimetidine, omeprazole, lansoprazole, Nexium, Prevacid, Prilosec, Zantac, and others.

This list is not complete. Other drugs may affect methylcobalamin, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Not all possible drug interactions are listed here.

More about methylcobalamin

  • Check interactions
  • Compare alternatives
  • Reviews (2)
  • Side effects
  • Drug class: vitamins

Patient resources

  • Patient Information

Professional resources

  • Advanced Reading

Related treatment guides

  • Dietary Supplementation

Further information

Remember, keep this and all other medicines out of the reach of children, never share your medicines with others, and use this medication only for the indication prescribed.

Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.

Medical Disclaimer

Copyright 1996-2023 Cerner Multum, Inc. Version: 3.01.

Methylcobalamin (Vitamin B12 Methylcobalamin) – Side Effects, Interactions, Uses, Dosage, Warnings

Reviewed:

Methylcobalamin is used to treat vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamin B12 is important for the brain and nerves, and for the production of red blood cells.

Methylcobalamin is sometimes used in people with pernicious anemia, diabetes, and other conditions.

Methylcobalamin may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

warnings

What is the most important information I should know about Methylcobalamin (Vitamin B12 Methylcobalamin)?

You should not use methylcobalamin if you are allergic to vitamin B12 or cobalt.

Tell your doctor if you have ever had:

  • Leber’s disease or other form of optic nerve damage;
  • an iron or folic acid deficiency; or
  • low levels of potassium in your blood.

Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Do not give this medicine to a child without medical advice.

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Side Effects

What are the side effects of Methylcobalamin (Vitamin B12 Methylcobalamin)?

Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.

Common side effects may include:

  • nausea, vomiting, diarrhea;
  • loss of appetite; or
  • headache.

This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding

Can I take Methylcobalamin (Vitamin B12 Methylcobalamin) if I’m pregnant or breastfeeding?

Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Interactions

What drugs and food should I avoid while taking Methylcobalamin (Vitamin B12 Methylcobalamin)?

Avoid drinking large amounts of alcohol. Heavy drinking can make it harder for your body to absorb methylcobalamin.

Dosage Guidelines & Tips

How to take Methylcobalamin (Vitamin B12 Methylcobalamin)?

Use Methylcobalamin (Vitamin B12 Methylcobalamin) exactly as directed on the label, or as prescribed by your doctor. Do not use in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended.

What should I do if I missed a dose of Methylcobalamin (Vitamin B12 Methylcobalamin)?

Use the medicine as soon as you can, but skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next dose. Do not use two doses at one time.

Overdose Signs

What happens if I overdose on Methylcobalamin (Vitamin B12 Methylcobalamin)?

If you think you or someone else may have overdosed on: Methylcobalamin (Vitamin B12 Methylcobalamin),  call your doctor or the Poison Control center

(800) 222-1222

If someone collapses or isn’t breathing after taking Methylcobalamin (Vitamin B12 Methylcobalamin), call 911

911

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Medical Disclaimer

Drugs A-Z provides drug information from Everyday Health and our partners, as well as ratings from our members, all in one place. Cerner Multum™ provides the data within some of the Overview, Uses, Warnings, Side Effects, Pregnancy, Interactions, Dosage, Overdose, and Images sections. The information within all other sections is proprietary to Everyday Health. 

OstroVit Vitamin B12 Methylcobalamin 200 tablets

Product form:

tablets

Number of servings:

800

Number of pieces:

200

Net weight:

38 g

Dominant component:

vitamin B12

EAN code: 90 005

5

3

6

Buying this product you will receive: 18.90 pkt.

Product price in stores: 378 pkt.

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OstroVit Vitamin B12 Methylcobalamin 200 tablets

OstroVit Vitamin B12 Methylcobalamin is a dietary supplement from the line of professional vitamins. The product is intended for everyone who wants to supplement their daily diet with vitamin B12.

Vitamin B12 Methylcobalamin

Methylcobalamin is the biologically active form of vitamin B12 recommended for all people who are struggling with the absorption of the non-methyl forms of the vitamin most commonly found in supplements. Methylcobalamin is easily absorbed, stays in tissues longer and does not contain harmful cyanide. Unlike the synthetic form of vitamin B12, it does not convert to methyl directly in the body.

Properties OstroVit Vitamin B12 Methylcobalamin:

  • COMPLEX EFFECT – Without enough vitamin B12, our body cannot function properly. Vitamin B12 supports the production of red blood cells and also affects the nervous system, thereby helping you maintain memory and concentration.
  • METHYLCOBALAMIN VITAMIN – Methylcobalamin is the best form of vitamin B12 on the market. Compared to the commonly used cyanocobalamin tablets, it is absorbed faster and stays in the body longer. This is a ready-made active substance that does not transform into a simpler form.
  • HIGH DOSE – One OstroVit supplement tablet contains 400 micrograms of vitamin B12, equal to four daily doses. With regular use, a package of this supplement lasts for many months.
  • VEGAN PRODUCT – If you are a vegetarian, vegan, or rarely eat meat or animal products, vitamin B12 is recommended.

Directions for use

Take 1 serving (1/4 tablet) per day. This product is intended for adults.

Do not exceed the recommended daily allowance. The food supplement should not be used as a substitute (replacement) for a varied diet. A balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle are recommended. Do not use if you are allergic to any of the ingredients in the product. The product should not be used by children and nursing mothers. Keep out of the reach of small children.

Nutrition information

Composition

Filler: microcrystalline cellulose; starch; anti-caking agents: magnesium salts of fatty acids, silicon dioxide; methylcobalamin (vitamin B12).

Product may contain milk (including lactose), soy, peanuts, other nuts, sesame, gluten-containing cereals, eggs, shellfish, fish.

Nutrition facts

Net weight of product: 38 g

Servings per pack: 800

Serving size: 1/4 tablet Active ingredients 1/4 tablet % RDA* 1 tablet % RDA* Vitamin B12 100 mcg 4000 400 mcg 16 000

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Nurokind FORTE – instructions for use, dosage, composition, analogues, side effects / Pillintrip

Page reviewed by pharmacist Fedorchenko Olga Valerievna Last update 2022-05-25

Attention!
The information on this page is for healthcare professionals only!
The information is collected from open sources and may contain significant errors!
Be careful and double-check all the information on this page!

Top 20 drugs with the same ingredients:

Biocobal ForteNurokind FORTE

Name of the medicine

Description The name of the medicine Nurokind FORTE is an automatic translation from the original language.
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This description may contain numerous errors due to automatic translation!
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Nurokind FORTE

Therapeutic indications

Description Therapeutic indications Nurokind FORTE is an automatic translation from the original language.
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This description may contain numerous errors due to automatic translation!
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Indication is a term used to list a condition or symptom or illness for which a drug is prescribed or used by a patient. For example, acetaminophen or paracetamol is used by a patient for a fever, or a doctor prescribes it for a headache or body aches. Currently, fever, headache and body aches are signs of paracetamol. The patient must be aware of the indications of the drugs used for general conditions because they can be taken over the counter in the sense of a pharmacy without a doctor’s prescription.

Insert: Treatment of peripheral neuropathies. Trauma: megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B 12 deficiency, peripheral neuropathies.

Indication is a term used to list a condition or symptom or disease for which a drug is prescribed or used by a patient. For example, acetaminophen or paracetamol is used by a patient for a fever, or a doctor prescribes it for a headache or body aches. Currently, fever, headache and body aches are signs of paracetamol. The patient must be aware of the indications of the drugs used for general conditions because they can be taken over the counter in the sense of a pharmacy without a doctor’s prescription.

In order to avoid and correct the deficiency of vitamins, which can be

The result of an unbalanced or special diet, disturbed by

Absorption, anorexia, weight loss, pathological intestines

flora, exhausting disease or therapy with existing preparations

as vitamin antagonists.

Nicotinamide (Nurokind FORTE) syrup meets increased vitamin requirements

during periods of intensive growth and in the diet

Supplements for preterm and neonates.

Indication is a term used to list a condition or symptom or disease for which a drug is prescribed or used by a patient. For example, acetaminophen or paracetamol is used by a patient for a fever, or a doctor prescribes it for a headache or body aches. Currently, fever, headache and body aches are signs of paracetamol. The patient must be aware of the indications of the drugs used for general conditions because they can be taken over the counter in the sense of a pharmacy without a doctor’s prescription.

* Sideroblastic anemia

* Treatment and prevention of vitamin B6 deficiency (Nurokind FORTE)

Methylcobalamin (Nurokind FORTE) is a form of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is important for the brain and nerves, as well as for the production of red blood cells.

Methylcobalamin (Nurokind FORTE) is used to treat vitamin B12 deficiency. Methylcobalamin (Nurokind FORTE) is sometimes used in people with pernicious anemia, diabetes, and other conditions.

Methylcobalamin (Nurokind FORTE) may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

Follow all directions on the medicine label and package. Tell each of your healthcare providers about all of your medical conditions, allergies, and any medications you use.

Pyridoxine yes Vitamin B6 (Nurokind FORT) Vitamins occur naturally in foods such as meat, poultry, nuts, whole grains, bananas and avocados. Vitamin B6 (Nurokind FORTE) is important for many processes in the body.

Pyridoxine is used to treat or prevent vitamin B6 deficiency (Nurokind FORTE). It is also used to treat a certain type of anemia (lack of red blood cells). Pyridoxine injection is also used to treat certain types of seizures in children.

Pyridoxine taken by mouth (by mouth) is available without a prescription. Injectable pyridoxine must be provided by a healthcare professional.

Pyridoxine may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

Dosage and Administration

Description Dosage and Administration Nurokind FORTE is an automatic translation from the original language.
Do not use this information for any medical prescription or manipulation under any circumstances.
Be sure to read the original instructions for the medicine from the package.
This description may contain numerous errors due to automatic translation!
Keep this in mind and do not use this description!

more. ..

Tablet: Adults: Usual daily dose: 3 tablets, equivalent to 1500 micrograms of mecobalamin administered orally in 3 divided doses. The dose should be adjusted according to the age of the patient and the severity of the symptoms.

Injection: Peripheral neuropathies: The usual adult dose is 1 amp, which is equivalent to 500 micrograms of mecobalamin given IM or IV 3 times a week. The dosage should be adjusted according to the age of the patient and the severity of the symptoms.

Megaloblastic anemia : The usual adult dose is 1 amp, which is equivalent to 500 mcg of mecobalamin given IM or IV 3 times a week. After approximately 2 months of medication, the dose should be reduced to a single dose of 1 amp at intervals of 1 to 3 months for maintenance therapy.

Oral

Treatment and prevention of nicotinic acid deficiency

Adult: Up to 500 mg daily in divided doses. May also be given via IM or slow IV trauma.

Actual / skin

Light or moderate inflammatory acne

Adult: in the form of 4% gel: apply a bet, reduce to once a day or on different days if irritation occurs.

Contraindications

Description Contraindications Nurokind FORTE is an automatic translation from the original language.
Do not use this information for any medical prescription or manipulation under any circumstances.
Be sure to read the original instructions for the medicine from the package.
This description may contain numerous errors due to automatic translation!
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is contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to any of its ingredients.

See also:
What is the most important information I should know about vitamin B6 (Nurokind FORTE)?

Vitamin B6 (Nurokind FORTE) Contraindications (Vitamin B6 (Nurokind FORTE))

Vitamin B6 (Nurokind FORTE) is contraindicated in those who are hypersensitive to any component of the product containing vitamin B6 (Nurokind FORTE).

Special warnings and precautions

Description Special warnings and precautions Nurokind FORTE is an automatic translation from the original language.
Do not use this information for any medical prescription or manipulation under any circumstances.
Be sure to read the original instructions for the medicine from the package.
This description may contain numerous errors due to automatic translation!
Keep this in mind and do not use this description!

more…

Follow all directions on your prescription label. Do not use this medicine in larger or smaller amounts, or for longer than recommended.

Pyridoxine tablets are taken by mouth. Injectable pyridoxine is injected into a muscle or into a vein through a drip. You may be shown how to use the injections at home. Do not inject this medicine yourself if you do not understand how to inject, and properly dispose of used needles, IV tubing, and other items used to administer the medicine.

The recommended dietary allowance for pyridoxine increases with age. Follow your healthcare provider’s instructions. You can also refer to the National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements or the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Nutrient Lists (formerly “Recommended Daily Allowances”) for more information.

Pyridoxine is only part of a complete treatment program which may also include a special diet. It is very important to follow the diet plan created for you by your doctor or nutritional consultant. You should be familiar with the list of foods you should eat or avoid to help control your condition.

Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat.

There are both specific and general uses of a drug or drug. A medicine can be used to prevent a disease, treat a disease for a period, or treat a disease. It can also be used to treat a specific symptom of a disease. The use of the drug depends on the form that the patient takes. It may be more useful in the form of an injection or sometimes in the form of a tablet. The drug may be used for a single alarm symptom or life-threatening condition. While some medications can be stopped after a few days, some medications must be continued for a long period of time to benefit from them.

Methylcobalamin (Nurokind FORTE) is the active form of vitamin B12, which is used to treat anemia as well as nerve damage such as numbness, tingling, and pain in a variety of neurological disorders.

There are both specific and general uses of a drug or drug. A medicine can be used to prevent a disease, treat a disease for a period, or treat a disease. It can also be used to treat a specific symptom of a disease. The use of the drug depends on the form that the patient takes. It may be more useful in the form of an injection or sometimes in the form of a tablet. The drug may be used for a single alarm symptom or life-threatening condition. While some medications can be stopped after a few days, some medications must be continued for a long period of time to benefit from them.

Nicotinamide (Nurokind FORTE) is used to treat vitamin B3 deficiency and inflammatory skin conditions such as acne and pellagra.

There are both specific and general uses of a drug or drug. A medicine can be used to prevent a disease, treat a disease for a period, or treat a disease. It can also be used to treat a specific symptom of a disease. The use of the drug depends on the form that the patient takes. It may be more useful in the form of an injection or sometimes in the form of a tablet. The drug may be used for a single alarm symptom or life-threatening condition. While some medications can be stopped after a few days, some medications must be continued for a long period of time to benefit from them.

It is used to treat and prevent vitamin B6 deficiency (Nurokind FORTE). It is important for the breakdown of protein, fats and carbohydrates from food.

Interactions with other drugs

Description Interactions with other drugs Nurokind FORTE is an automatic translation from the original language.
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Nicotinamide (Nurokind FORTE): Clearance of primidone and carbamazepine may be reduced when nicotinamide (Nurokind FORTE) is co-administered.

Zinc oxide: Absorption of quinolones or tetracyclines may be reduced by concomitant use of zinc.

Copper oxide: concomitant use of penicillamine and copper may reduce the absorption of both substances.

See also:
What other drugs will affect vitamin B6 (Nurokind FORTE)?

Interaction with vitamin B6 (Nurokind FORTE) (vitamin B6 (Nurokind FORTE))

Amiodarone: Concomitant use of vitamin B6 (Nurokind FORTE) and amiodarone may increase the photosensitivity reactions caused by amiodarone. Doses of vitamin B6 (Nurokind FORT) should be avoided when taking amiodarone carbamazepine more than 5-10 milligrams per day: chronic use of carbamazepine can lead to a significant decrease in plasma 5-phosphate levels. Cycloserine: Cycloserine can react with pyridoxal 5-phosphate to form a metabolically inactive oxime, which can lead to functional vitamin B6 deficiency (Nurokind FORT) ethionamide: use of ethionamide may increase vitamin B6 (Nurokind FORT) requirements Fosphenytoin: high doses of vitamin B6 (Nurokind FORT) may reduce plasma phenytoin levels. Fosphenytoin is a prodrug of phenytoin. Hydralazine: Use of hydralazine may increase vitamin B6 requirements (Nurokind FORTE) Isoniazid: (isonicotinic acid, INH). Isoniazid reacts with pyridoxal 5-phosphate to form metabolically inactive hydrazone, which can lead to functional vitamin B6 deficiency (Nurokind FORTE). Levodopa: Co-administration of levodopa and vitamin B6 (Nurokind FORTE) at doses of 5 milligrams or more per day may reverse the therapeutic effects of levodopa. Vitamin B6 (Nurokind FORTE) does not reverse the therapeutic effect of levodopa when levodopa is taken concomitantly with the levodopa decarboxylase inhibitor carbidopa. Levodopa is usually administered as a combination product with carbidopa

Oral contraceptives: The use of oral contraceptives may increase the requirements for vitamin B6 (Nurokind FORTE). This was more the case with older high dose estrogen/progestin oral contraceptives. This does not seem to be the case with the newer low-dose estrogen/progestin products. Penicillamine can react with pyridoxal 5-phosphate to form a metabolically inactive thiazolidine, which can lead to functional vitamin B6 (Nurokind FORT) deficiency Phenelzine: Phenelzine can react with pyridoxal 5-phosphate to produce a metabolically inactive hydrazone compound Phenobarbital: High doses of vitamin B6 (Nurokind FORT) can reduce phenytoin phenobarbital levels in plasma: high doses of vitamin B6 (Nurokind FORT) may reduce plasma levels of phenytoin Theophylline: Theophylline may react with pyridoxal 5-phosphate resulting in low plasma coenzyme levels. This may increase the risk of seizures caused by theophylline. Valproic acid: Chronic use of valproic acid can lead to a significant decrease in plasma pyridoxal 5-phosphate levels.

Side effects

Description Side effects Nurokind FORTE is an automatic translation from the original language.
Do not use this information for any medical prescription or manipulation under any circumstances.
Be sure to read the original instructions for the medicine from the package.
This description may contain numerous errors due to automatic translation!
Keep this in mind and do not use this description!

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See also:
What are the possible side effects of methylcobalamin (Nurokind FORTE)?

Tablet: gastrointestinal: Symptoms such as anorexia, nausea or diarrhea may occur infrequently.

Dermatological: Skin rash may rarely occur.

Others: Long-term use of higher doses of methylcobalamin (Nurokind FORTE) is not recommended for patients whose occupations involve handling mercury or mercury compounds.

Injection: hypersensitivity Use of methylcobalamin (Nurokind FORTE) should be discontinued if hypersensitivity symptoms such as eruption occur.

Others: Pain and induration may occur infrequently at the IM injection site, and headache, sweating, or a feeling of warmth may rarely occur.

Allergic sensitization has been reported rarely after oral and parenteral administration of folic acid.

At recommended doses, nicotinamide (Nurokind FORTE) is expected to be well tolerated. Gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea or vomiting have been associated with administration of nicotinamide (Nurokind FORTE) or zinc at doses in excess of the recommended dose of nicotinamide (Nurokind FORTE)

Nicotinamide (Nurokind FORTE): Dizziness, headache, hyperglycemia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, increased liver function, hepatotoxicity, blurred vision, flushing, rash.

See also:
What are the possible side effects of vitamin B6 (Nurokind FORTE)?

Refers to pyridoxine: capsule, injectable, solution, tablet, enteric-coated tablet, extended release tablet help.

Severity: Moderate

If any of the following side effects occur while taking pyridoxine, talk to your doctor or nurse as soon as possible:

Large doses

  • numbness of arms or legs
  • Composition

    Description Composition Nurokind FORTE is an automatic translation from the original language.
    Do not use this information for any medical prescription or manipulation under any circumstances.
    Be sure to read the original instructions for the medicine from the package.
    This description may contain numerous errors due to automatic translation!
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    more. ..

    Each ampoule also contains D-mannitol 50 mg as an additive. pH 5.3-7.3. Osmotic pressure (in saline): approximately 1.

    Mecobalamin is α-(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolyl)-Co-methylcobamide.

    Molecular formula: C 63 H 91 CoN 13 O 14 P.

    Molecular weight: 1344.4.

    Mecobalamin occurs as a dark red, odorless and almost tasteless crystalline or crystalline powder. It is sparingly soluble in water, methanol and ethanol and practically insoluble in acetone, ether and chloroform. Mecobalamin is hygroscopic and decomposes on exposure to light.

    An important compound that functions as a component of the NAD coenzyme. Its main value lies in the prevention and / or treatment of black tongue and pellagra. Most animals cannot produce this compound in sufficient quantities to prevent nutritional deficiencies, and so it must be supplemented by dietary intake. [PubChem]

    A form of vitamin B 6 from 4 methanol that is converted to pyridoxal phosphate, which is a coenzyme for the synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid.