Hamstring injury – NHS

A hamstring injury is a strain or tear to the tendons or large muscles at the back of the thigh.

It’s a common injury in athletes and can happen in different severities. The 3 grades of hamstring injury are:

• grade 1 – a mild muscle pull or strain
• grade 2 – a partial muscle tear
• grade 3 – a complete muscle tear

The length of time it takes to recover from a hamstring strain or tear will depend on how severe the injury is.

A minor muscle pull or strain (grade 1) may take a few days to heal, whereas it could take weeks or months to recover from a muscle tear (grade 2 or 3).

The hamstrings

The hamstrings are tendons (strong bands of tissue) at the back of the thighs that attach the large thigh muscle to the bone.

The term “hamstring” also refers to the group of 3 muscles that run along the back of your thigh, from your hip to just below your knee.

The hamstring muscles are not used much while standing or walking, but they’re very active during activities that involve bending the knee, such as running, jumping and climbing.

What causes hamstring injuries?

A hamstring injury often happens during sudden, powerful movements, such as sprinting, lunging or jumping that overstretch your tendons or muscles. The injury can also happen gradually during slower movements.

Recurring injury is common in athletes and sportsmen, as you’re more likely to injure your hamstring if you’ve injured it before.

Regularly doing stretching and strengthening exercises, and warming up before exercise, may help reduce the risk of injuring your hamstring.

How do I know if I’ve injured my hamstring?

Mild hamstring strains (grade 1) will usually cause sudden pain and tenderness at the back of your thigh. It may be painful to move your leg, but the strength of the muscle should not be affected.

Partial hamstring tears (grade 2) are usually more painful and tender. There may also be some swelling and bruising at the back of your thigh and you may have lost some strength in your leg.

Severe hamstring tears (grade 3) will usually be very painful, tender, swollen and bruised, making it difficult to walk and stand. There may have been a “popping” sensation at the time of the injury and you’ll be unable to use the affected leg.

When to see a GP

Most hamstring injuries can be cared for at home.

See a GP if you have any concerns about your injury, particularly if you think it’s a severe injury, it’s not healing, or your symptoms are getting worse.

The GP can also advise you about when you can return to your normal activities and what exercises you should do to aid your recovery in the meantime. They may also refer you for a scan or to a physiotherapist for specialist treatment in some cases.

Rest and recovery from a hamstring injury

Recovering from a hamstring injury may take days, weeks or months, depending on how severe it is.

A completely torn hamstring may take several months to heal and you’ll be unable to resume training or play sport during this time.

Initial treatment

During the first 2 or 3 days, you should care for your injury using RICE therapy:

• Rest – rest your leg as much as possible.
• Ice – apply cold packs (a bag of frozen peas wrapped in a tea towel will also work) to your hamstring for up to 20 minutes every 2 to 3 hours during the day. Do not apply ice directly to your skin.
• Compression – compress or bandage the thigh to limit any swelling and movement that could cause further damage. You can use a simple elastic bandage or elasticated tubular bandage available from a pharmacy.
• Elevation – keep your leg raised and supported on a pillow as much as possible, to help reduce any swelling.

Regular painkillers, such as paracetamol or a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) cream or gel, may also help relieve the pain.

Short-term use of oral NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen tablets, can also help reduce swelling and inflammation. However, these are not suitable for everyone. Check the leaflet that comes with your medicine to see if you can take it.

The GP may recommend you wear a knee splint for a brief time. This will help stop your leg moving to help it heal.

Gentle exercises and stretches

Returning to strenuous exercise too quickly could make your injury worse, but avoiding exercise for too long can cause your hamstring muscles to shrink and scar tissue to form around the tear.

To avoid this, you should start doing gentle hamstring stretches after a few days, when the pain has started to subside.

This should be followed by a programme of gentle exercise, such as walking and cycling, and hamstring strengthening exercises.

The GP can give you further advice and, if necessary, refer you to a physiotherapist for a suitable exercise programme.

To avoid injuring yourself again, you should only return to a full level of activity when your hamstring muscles are strong enough. Your physiotherapist or GP will be able to advise you about this.

Many people need to avoid sports for at least a few weeks, but the length of time you need off will depend on the severity of your injury.

Page last reviewed: 03 November 2021
Next review due: 03 November 2024

Hamstring Muscle Injuries – OrthoInfo

Hamstring muscle injuries — such as a “pulled hamstring” — occur frequently in athletes. They are especially common in athletes who participate in sports that require sprinting, such as track, soccer, and basketball.

A pulled hamstring or strain is an injury to one or more of the muscles at the back of the thigh. Most hamstring injuries respond well to simple, nonsurgical treatments.

The hamstring muscles run down the back of the thigh. There are three hamstring muscles:

• Semitendinosus
• Semimembranosus
• Biceps femoris

They start at the bottom of the pelvis at a place called the ischial tuberosity. They cross the knee joint and end at the lower leg. Hamstring muscle fibers join with the tough, connective tissue of the hamstring tendons near the points where the tendons attach to bones.

The hamstring muscle group helps you extend your leg straight back and bend your knee.

Normal hamstring anatomy. The three hamstring muscles start at the bottom of the pelvis and end near the top of the lower leg.

A hamstring strain can be a pull, a partial tear, or a complete tear.

Muscle strains are graded according to their severity. A grade 1 strain is mild and usually heals readily; a grade 3 strain is a complete tear of the muscle that may take months to heal.

Most hamstring injuries occur in the thick, central part of the muscle (the muscle belly) or where the muscle fibers join tendon fibers.

In the most severe hamstring injuries, the tendon tears completely away from the bone. It may even pull a piece of bone away with it. This is called an avulsion injury.

A severe hamstring injury where the tendon has been torn from the bone.

Muscle Overload

Muscle overload is the main cause of hamstring muscle strain. This can happen when the muscle is stretched beyond its capacity or challenged with a sudden load.

Hamstring muscle strains often occur when the muscle lengthens as it contracts, or shortens. Although it sounds contradictory, this happens when you extend a muscle while it is weighted, or loaded. This is called an “eccentric contraction.”

During sprinting, the hamstring muscles contract eccentrically as the back leg is straightened and the toes are used to push off and move forward. The hamstring muscles are not only lengthened at this point in the stride, but they are also loaded — with body weight as well as the force required for forward motion.

Like strains, hamstring tendon avulsions are also caused by large, sudden loads.

During sprinting, the hamstring muscles are lengthened and loaded as the back leg pushes off to propel the runner forward.

Courtesy Thinkstock © 2015

Risk Factors

Several factors can make it more likely you will have a muscle strain, including:

Muscle tightness. Tight muscles are vulnerable to strain. Athletes should follow a year-round program of daily stretching exercises.

Muscle imbalance. When one muscle group is much stronger than its opposing muscle group, the imbalance can lead to a strain. This frequently happens with the hamstring muscles. The quadriceps muscles at the front of the thigh are usually more powerful. During high-speed activities, the hamstring may become fatigued faster than the quadriceps. This fatigue can lead to a strain.

Poor conditioning. If your muscles are weak, they are less able to cope with the stress of exercise and are more likely to be injured.

Muscle fatigue. Fatigue reduces the energy-absorbing capabilities of muscle, making them more susceptible to injury.

Choice of activity. Anyone can experience hamstring strain, but those especially at risk are:

• Athletes who participate in sports like football, soccer, basketball
• Runners or sprinters
• Dancers
• Older athletes whose exercise program is primarily walking
• Adolescent athletes who are still growing

Hamstring strains occur more often in adolescents because bones and muscles do not grow at the same rate. During a growth spurt, a child’s bones may grow faster than the muscles. The growing bone pulls the muscle tight. A sudden jump, stretch, or impact can tear the muscle away from its connection to the bone.

If you strain your hamstring while sprinting in full stride, you will notice a sudden, sharp pain in the back of your thigh. It will cause you to come to a quick stop, and either hop on your good leg or fall.

Additional symptoms may include:

• Swelling during the first few hours after injury
• Bruising or discoloration of the back of your leg below the knee over the first few days
• Weakness in your hamstring that can persist for weeks

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Patient History and Physical Examination

People with hamstring strains often see a doctor because of a sudden pain in the back of the thigh that occurred when exercising.

During the physical examination, your doctor will ask about the injury and check your thigh for tenderness or bruising. He or she will palpate, or press, the back of your thigh to see if there is pain, weakness, swelling, or a more severe muscle injury.

In this severe tear of the hamstring tendon away from the bone, the muscle has balled up at the back of the thigh.

Reproduced from Frank RN, Walton DM, Erickson B, Nho SJ, Bush-Joseph CA, Verma NN: Acute proximal hamstring rupture: surgical technique. Orthopaedic Knowledge Online Journal 2014. Accessed July 2015.

Imaging Tests

Imaging tests that may help your doctor confirm your diagnosis include:

X-rays. An X-ray can show your doctor whether you have a hamstring tendon avulsion. This is when the injured tendon has pulled away a small piece of bone.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). This study can create better images of soft tissues like the hamstring muscles. It can help your doctor determine the degree of your injury.

Treatment of hamstring strains will vary depending on the type of injury you have, its severity, and your own needs and expectations.

The goal of any treatment — nonsurgical or surgical — is to help you return to all the activities you enjoy. Following your doctor’s treatment plan will restore your abilities faster, and help you prevent further problems in the future.

Nonsurgical Treatment

Most hamstring strains heal very well with simple, nonsurgical treatment.

RICE. The RICE protocol is effective for most sports-related injuries. RICE stands for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation.

• Rest. Take a break from the activity that caused the strain. Your doctor may recommend that you use crutches to avoid putting weight on your leg.
• Ice. Use cold packs for 20 minutes at a time, several times a day. Do not apply ice directly to the skin.
• Compression. To prevent additional swelling and blood loss, wear an elastic compression bandage.
• Elevation. To reduce swelling, recline and put your leg up higher than your heart while resting.

Immobilization. Your doctor may recommend you wear a knee splint for a brief time. This will keep your leg in a neutral position to help it heal.

Physical therapy. Once the initial pain and swelling has settled down, physical therapy can begin. Specific exercises can restore range of motion and strength.

A therapy program focuses first on flexibility. Gentle stretches will improve your range of motion. As healing progresses, strengthening exercises will gradually be added to your program. Your doctor will discuss with you when it is safe to return to sports activity.

Surgical Treatment

Surgery is most often performed for tendon avulsion injuries, where the tendon has pulled completely away from the bone. Tears from the pelvis (proximal tendon avulsions) are more common than tears from the shinbone (distal tendon avulsions).

Surgery is not commonly performed for tears within the muscle belly.

Procedure. To repair a tendon avulsion, your surgeon must pull the hamstring tendon back into place and remove any scar tissue. Then the tendon is reattached to the bone using small devices called anchors.

Rehabilitation. After surgery, you will need to keep weight off of your leg to protect the repair. In addition to using crutches, you may need a brace that keeps your hamstring in a relaxed position. How long you will need these aids will depend on the type of injury you have.

Your physical therapy program will begin with gentle stretches to improve flexibility and range of motion. Strengthening exercises will gradually be added to your plan.

Rehabilitation for a proximal hamstring reattachment typically takes at least 6 months, due to the severity of the injury. Distal hamstring reattachments require approximately 3 months of rehabilitation before returning to athletic activities. Your doctor will tell you when it is safe to return to sports.

Most people who injure their hamstrings will recover full function after completing a rehabilitation plan. Early treatment with a plan that includes the RICE protocol and physical therapy has been shown to result in better function and quicker return to sports.

To prevent reinjuring your hamstring, be sure to follow your doctor’s treatment plan. Return to sports only after your doctor has given you the go-ahead. Reinjuring your hamstring increases your risk of permanent damage. This can result in a chronic condition.

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is currently being investigated for its effectiveness in speeding the healing of hamstring muscle injuries. PRP is a preparation developed from a patient’s own blood. It contains a high concentration of proteins called growth factors that are very important in the healing of injuries.

Many treatment centers across the country are incorporating PRP injections into the nonsurgical treatment regimen for some hamstring muscle injuries. However, this method is still under investigation and more research is necessary to prove PRP’s effectiveness.

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How to Diagnose a Hamstring Injury : Initial diagnosis of a hamstring injury will require an MRI of the hip and/or CT of the knee followed by a consultation with an orthopedist.

Which doctor treats sprained hip muscles : In case of symptoms of sprained muscles of the hip joints, you should first consult an orthopedist, based on the results of the initial examination, the doctor may prescribe an additional consultation with the surgeon.

The muscles of the hamstring are located on the back of the thigh, starting from the thigh and ending at the knee. The tendons of the muscles of the back of the thigh attach them to the bones of the pelvis, knee and lower leg. The muscles of the hamstrings include the biceps femoris, the semimembranosus, and the semitendinosus. The biceps femoris is the muscle closest to the outside of the body. The function of this hamstring muscle is to flex the knee, extend the hip, and rotate the lower leg from side to side while flexing the knee. Semicondylar tendon – a tendon located closer to the middle of the body. This tendon flexes the knee joint, extends the femur at the hip joint, and provides medial rotation of the femur and tibia. Semitendon located between the semitendon and the biceps femoris. The function of this hamstring is the same as that of the semitendinosus muscle. With the help of muscles, movement, climbing stairs, squats are carried out. These muscles are very prone to injury, especially in runners and sprinters. A sudden stop, slowdown or change in direction of movement puts a lot of stress on these muscles. Extending the leg while running also overstresses these structures.

Symptoms of hamstring injury

The hamstring muscles perform many functions, including:

• knee flexion
• hip extension
• rotation of the hip joint.

Therefore, if they are damaged, the movement of both the knee and hip joints can be limited. Pain can be felt in the hip, hip and knee. A hamstring injury is often referred to as a “hamstring strain” and is associated with a popping sound and sharp pain in the knee.

Injuries to the muscles of the hamstrings causing:

• abnormal bump or depression behind the thigh
• bruising or discoloration of the skin on the back of the leg
• Burning or tingling behind the thigh, sometimes called sciatica
• Difficulty shifting weight onto the leg
• hamstring muscle weakness
• inability to bend the knee, resulting in walking with a rigid straight leg
• tingling sensation in the back of the thigh
• sudden sharp pain in the back of the thigh
• swelling immediately after injury.

Hamstring injury

Hamstring strain

Hamstring strain is the result of overextension of muscle fibers. The strain ranges from mild to severe:

• Grade 1 strain: The muscle fibers are overstretched but not torn. The patient may feel a slight pain in the popliteal muscle or swelling. Leg movement is not difficult
• stage 2 sprain: One or more hamstring muscles are partially torn. Pain and swelling interfere with leg movement
• Stage 3 sprain: Muscle tissue is detached or torn from a tendon or bone. Sometimes a tendon ruptures. Swelling and pain are severe; patients have difficulty using their legs.

Hamstring injuries

Hamstring injuries are the most common sports injury. They account for about 37% of all football injuries, according to one study. Injuries to the hamstring muscles are common in athletes who run at high speeds. These include sprinters and athletes playing football, basketball. They also occur in skiers, skaters, dancers, and other athletes who often bend their knees into deep squats. The risk of developing hamstring injuries is increased in the following patients:

• young athlete
• had a previous hamstring injury
• has muscle weakness in the hamstrings
• has weak or tight hamstrings or quads
• does not properly warm up and stretch before class.

Diagnosis of hamstring injury

An orthopedic traumatologist is responsible for the diagnosis and treatment of hamstring injury. The patient should immediately consult a doctor if he:

• cannot move his leg
• hip pain persists for more than 3 days
• has constant difficulty walking
• feel numbness in your lower back, thighs, or legs.

The initial diagnosis of the injury will require a complete orthopedic examination. According to its results, the doctor may additionally prescribe an MRI of the hip joint

• MRI of the knee joint
• Ultrasound of the knee joint.

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Author: Viktor Evgenievich Tolnikov

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Literature

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2. Buachidze O.Sh. Surgery of the hip joint / O.Sh. Buachidze and others – M., 2002.-135 p.
3. Voronovich A.I. Endoprosthesis replacement of the hip joint in acetabular defects: Dis. .cand. honey. Sciences. Minsk, 1999. -132 p.
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Types of injury and damage.

The most common tendon injuries include:

• Tendinitis is a disease in which there is inflammation and degeneration of tendon tissue. The disease most often affects those tendons that regularly and with frequent repetition experience constant physical activity.
• Sprains – the most common injury in which tendons and muscle fibers are damaged due to physical impact, but their integrity is not violated
• Partial tendon rupture, soft tissue integrity partially preserved
• Complete tendon rupture

The main causes of trauma.

• Frequent exercise on the same muscle group
• Age over 40-45 years old
• Domestic injuries, falls
• Tendon weakness caused by a number of factors: tendonitis, chronic diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, gout, diabetes, infections, etc.), prolonged immobility, steroid hormones, etc.

Trauma symptoms.

A characteristic and primary symptom for all types of tendon injuries is the appearance of sudden severe pain. The following features are added to it:

• redness and swelling in the area of ​​injury
• increased sensitivity at the site of injury
• muscle cramps
• hemorrhage
• characteristic crunch at the moment of injury
• limited movement of the injured limb
• Complete tears are characterized by the appearance of dips when walking

Diagnostics.

Diagnosis of these types of injuries includes:

• initial examination and collection of complaints by a traumatologist
• appointment of X-ray examination (X-ray in lateral and direct projections)
• ultrasound (to detect partial or complete tears)
• CT and MRI

To sign up for a consultation and examination in Moscow, you can contact the following specialists of the NCC No.