Test to check gallbladder. Comprehensive Guide to Gallbladder Disease Diagnosis: Tests, Symptoms, and Imaging Techniques
What are the common symptoms of gallbladder disease. How are diagnostic tests used to identify gallbladder problems. Which imaging techniques are most effective for detecting gallstones and inflammation. What blood tests can help diagnose gallbladder issues.
Understanding Gallbladder Disease: Symptoms and Causes
Gallbladder disease encompasses a range of conditions affecting this small organ located near the liver. The gallbladder serves as a storage space for bile, but it can be susceptible to various problems, including cancer, inflammation (cholecystitis), and gallstones. Interestingly, up to 90% of people with gallstones may not experience any symptoms, making diagnosis challenging in some cases.
When symptoms do occur, they can include:
- Severe pain in the right upper abdomen, chest, or back
- Pain after eating, particularly high-fat foods
- Fever with shaking and chills
- Nausea and vomiting
- Heartburn and indigestion
- Abdominal fullness or excess gas
When to Seek Diagnostic Tests for Gallbladder Problems
Diagnostic tests for gallbladder issues are typically performed when a person experiences symptoms. However, in some cases, doctors may discover signs of gallbladder problems during tests for other health conditions. It’s important to note that the absence of symptoms doesn’t necessarily mean the gallbladder is functioning normally.
Differential Diagnosis: Ruling Out Other Conditions
Before focusing on gallbladder-specific tests, doctors often need to eliminate other potential causes of abdominal pain. These may include:
- Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
- Inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis
- Pancreatic issues
- Kidney stones or urinary tract infections
- Lower right lung pneumonia
- Viral hepatitis
- Appendicitis
- Gastroesophageal reflux or stomach ulcers
- Diverticulitis or diverticulosis
Imaging Techniques for Diagnosing Gallbladder Disease
Once other potential causes have been ruled out, doctors typically turn to imaging tests to examine the gallbladder. These tests provide valuable insights into the organ’s structure and function.
Ultrasound: The Primary Diagnostic Tool
What makes ultrasound the most commonly used diagnostic test for gallbladder problems? Ultrasound is highly effective in detecting even small gallstones. It uses sound waves to create images of the gallbladder and surrounding tissues. While excellent for identifying stones, it may not always clearly diagnose cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder).
X-rays and Their Role in Gallbladder Diagnosis
How can X-rays help in diagnosing gallbladder issues? Abdominal X-rays can detect gas and certain types of gallstones containing calcium. Some X-ray procedures require the patient to swallow a contrast dye or have it injected to produce clearer images of the gallbladder.
CT Scans: Detailed Imaging for Complex Cases
Computed tomography (CT) scans combine X-rays with computer processing to create detailed cross-sectional images. While not the most effective method for diagnosing gallstones, CT scans excel at identifying complications such as gallbladder ruptures and infections in the gallbladder or bile ducts.
Advanced Imaging Techniques for Gallbladder Disease
MRI and MRC: High-Resolution Imaging of the Biliary System
How do MRI and MRC contribute to gallbladder disease diagnosis? Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Magnetic Resonance Cholangiography (MRC) provide detailed images of the gallbladder and bile ducts. MRC, which uses a special dye, is particularly useful for diagnosing biliary tract cancer. However, these techniques may have limitations in detecting very small stones or chronic infections.
ERCP: The Gold Standard for Bile Duct Obstruction
What makes Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) unique in gallbladder diagnostics? ERCP is considered the “gold standard” for diagnosing stones blocking bile ducts. This procedure involves inserting an endoscope through the throat and into the small intestine. It not only provides detailed images but also allows for the removal of stones during the procedure. However, due to the risk of complications, ERCP is typically reserved for cases with a high likelihood of bile duct obstruction.
Cholescintigraphy: Tracking Gallbladder Function
How does cholescintigraphy work in diagnosing gallbladder issues? Also known as a HIDA scan, this test uses a small amount of radioactive dye to track the movement of bile into the gallbladder. It’s particularly effective at identifying blocked ducts and acute inflammation but may not detect chronic gallbladder inflammation or gallstones.
Blood and Urine Tests in Gallbladder Disease Diagnosis
While imaging tests provide structural information, blood and urine tests can offer valuable insights into the functioning of the gallbladder and surrounding organs.
Key Blood Tests for Gallbladder Assessment
What blood tests are commonly used to evaluate gallbladder health? Several blood tests can help diagnose gallbladder issues:
- Liver function tests to check for elevated liver enzymes
- Complete blood count to detect signs of infection or inflammation
- Bilirubin levels to assess bile flow
- Pancreatic enzymes to rule out pancreatic inflammation
Urine Analysis in Gallbladder Disease
How can urine tests contribute to gallbladder disease diagnosis? Urine analysis can help detect the presence of bile pigments, which may indicate a blockage in the biliary system. Additionally, it can rule out urinary tract infections that might mimic gallbladder symptoms.
Interpreting Diagnostic Results: A Holistic Approach
When diagnosing gallbladder disease, it’s crucial to consider all available information. This includes:
- Patient symptoms and medical history
- Physical examination findings
- Results from various imaging tests
- Blood and urine test outcomes
By combining these elements, healthcare providers can develop a comprehensive understanding of the patient’s condition and determine the most appropriate treatment plan.
Emerging Diagnostic Techniques for Gallbladder Disease
As medical technology advances, new diagnostic methods for gallbladder disease are being developed and refined. These include:
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS)
How does CEUS improve upon traditional ultrasound for gallbladder imaging? CEUS uses microbubble contrast agents to enhance the visibility of blood vessels and tissue perfusion. This technique can provide more detailed information about gallbladder wall thickening and potential malignancies.
Elastography
What role does elastography play in gallbladder disease diagnosis? Elastography assesses the stiffness of tissues, which can help differentiate between benign and malignant gallbladder lesions. This non-invasive technique can be particularly useful in cases where traditional imaging results are inconclusive.
Artificial Intelligence in Gallbladder Imaging
How is AI being applied to gallbladder disease diagnosis? Artificial intelligence algorithms are being developed to analyze imaging data more efficiently and accurately. These tools can help radiologists detect subtle abnormalities and potentially improve the early detection of gallbladder cancer and other conditions.
As diagnostic techniques for gallbladder disease continue to evolve, healthcare providers are better equipped to identify and treat these conditions effectively. Early and accurate diagnosis remains crucial for optimal patient outcomes, highlighting the importance of ongoing research and development in this field.
Patient Education and Prevention Strategies
While diagnostic techniques are crucial for identifying gallbladder disease, patient education and prevention strategies play a vital role in managing these conditions. Understanding risk factors and adopting healthy lifestyle habits can help reduce the likelihood of developing gallbladder problems.
Risk Factors for Gallbladder Disease
What factors increase the risk of developing gallbladder issues? Several factors can contribute to gallbladder disease, including:
- Obesity
- Rapid weight loss
- High-fat diet
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Family history of gallbladder problems
- Certain medications, such as oral contraceptives
- Age (risk increases with age)
- Gender (women are more susceptible)
Lifestyle Modifications for Gallbladder Health
How can individuals promote gallbladder health through lifestyle changes? Adopting certain habits can help maintain a healthy gallbladder:
- Maintaining a healthy weight
- Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
- Limiting saturated fats and cholesterol intake
- Regular exercise
- Staying hydrated
- Avoiding rapid weight loss diets
By implementing these lifestyle modifications, individuals can potentially reduce their risk of developing gallbladder disease and improve their overall health.
The Future of Gallbladder Disease Management
As our understanding of gallbladder disease continues to grow, so do the strategies for diagnosis and treatment. Future developments may include:
Personalized Medicine Approaches
How might personalized medicine impact gallbladder disease management? Advances in genetic testing and biomarker identification could lead to more tailored treatment approaches. This personalized approach may help predict an individual’s risk of developing gallbladder problems and guide preventive strategies.
Minimally Invasive Diagnostic Procedures
What new minimally invasive techniques are being developed for gallbladder diagnosis? Researchers are exploring novel endoscopic techniques that could provide detailed imaging of the gallbladder and bile ducts with less risk and discomfort than current methods. These advancements may allow for earlier and more accurate diagnosis of gallbladder conditions.
Integration of Telemedicine in Gallbladder Care
How can telemedicine improve gallbladder disease management? The increasing adoption of telemedicine may allow for remote monitoring of patients with gallbladder issues. This could include virtual consultations, remote review of imaging studies, and ongoing patient education and support.
As we look to the future, the field of gallbladder disease diagnosis and management continues to evolve. By combining advanced diagnostic techniques, patient education, and emerging technologies, healthcare providers can offer more comprehensive and effective care for individuals affected by gallbladder conditions. This holistic approach not only improves diagnostic accuracy but also enhances patient outcomes and quality of life.
Diagnostic Tests for Gallbladder Disease
The gallbladder — a sac located near the liver that serves as a storage space for bile — can be stricken with various problems, such as gallbladder cancer or inflammation (called cholecystitis).
Gallstones are also a common gallbladder problem, and infection can occur if the gallbladder remains blocked by a gallstone or continues to be inflamed.
Gallbladder disease is the term used to describe many of these maladies that can plague the gallbladder. But in many forms of gallbladder disease, a person may have no symptoms — up to 90 percent of people with gallstones, for example, don’t have any symptoms at all. So how can gallbladder disease be diagnosed?
Gallbladder Disease: When Diagnostic Tests Are Needed
Your doctor isn’t going to test you for something that you’re not complaining about, so generally, the only time diagnostic tests for gallbladder problems are done is when a person experiences symptoms.
Warning signs of gallbladder problems include:
- Bouts of severe pain in the right upper abdomen and sometimes the right chest or back
- Pain after eating, particularly high-fat foods, or at night
- Fever, with shaking and chills, especially if occurring with, or after, abdominal pain
- Nausea and perhaps vomiting
- Heartburn and indigestion
- A feeling of fullness in the abdomen, or excess gas
If you don’t have symptoms, that doesn’t mean your gallbladder is perfectly normal. Often, doctors will spot signs of gallbladder problems during diagnostic testing for some other symptom or health condition.
Gallbladder Disease: Eliminating Other Causes
If you have some combination of these symptoms, your doctor probably will start by asking detailed questions about them. He may ask for more details about the pain — what it feels like, when it happens, and where in your belly it hurts. Your doctor will also ask questions to look for other possible causes of abdominal pain, like:
- Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
- Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis
- Cancer or inflammation of the pancreas
- Kidney stones or urinary tract infections
- Pneumonia (when it involves the lower part of the right lung, it can be confused with gallbladder discomfort)
- Viral hepatitis
- Appendicitis
- Gastroesophageal reflux or ulcers in the stomach
- Diverticulitis or diverticulosis — conditions affecting the lining of the colon
Gallbladder Disease: Diagnostic Imaging Tests
After asking questions about your symptoms, doing a physical exam, and eliminating some causes from the list of possibilities, your doctor probably will perform some imaging tests to look at your gallbladder.
Imaging tests used to diagnose gallbladder problems include:
- An ultrasound. This is the most commonly used of the diagnostic tests for gallbladder problems. While very effective in diagnosing even very small gallstones, it can’t always clearly diagnose cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder).
- X-rays. An abdominal X-ray can spot gas and some types of gallstones containing calcium. Some X-ray types require that a patient swallow a dye or have dye injected into the body so the X-ray can capture a clearer picture of the gallbladder.
- Computed tomography (CT) scan. This imaging test uses a computer and X-rays to spot gallbladder problems, but isn’t the most effective method of diagnosing gallstones. CT scans can help spot ruptures (tears in the gallbladder wall) and infections inside the gallbladder or its bile ducts.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) . Regular MRI, or another type called magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC), can help diagnose stones in the bile ducts.
MRC uses regular MRI imaging technology plus a dye administered into the bile duct. This test is very useful for diagnosing biliary tract (gallbladder and surrounding ducts) cancer, but may not be able to spot tiny stones or persistent infections. - Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) . This test uses an endoscope (a tube fitted with a tiny camera and light) that is inserted into the throat, down through the stomach, and into the small intestine. This test can help spot gallstones or problems in the bile ducts of the gallbladder — it’s considered the “gold standard” when it comes to diagnosing stones blocking bile ducts, and allows for removal (using a small basket-like device) during the test. But there is a risk of complications, so the test is typically only given to people who are thought to be very likely to have stones blocking the bile ducts.
- Cholescintigraphy (also called DISIDA, HIDA scan, or gallbladder radionuclide scan). A small amount of radioactive dye is administered, and then a scanning device is used to track the dye as it moves into the gallbladder. This screening method can spot a blocked duct and acute inflammation, but not chronic gallbladder inflammation or gallstones.
MRC uses regular MRI imaging technology plus a dye administered into the bile duct. This test is very useful for diagnosing biliary tract (gallbladder and surrounding ducts) cancer, but may not be able to spot tiny stones or persistent infections.
A small amount of radioactive dye is administered, and then a scanning device is used to track the dye as it moves into the gallbladder. This screening method can spot a blocked duct and acute inflammation, but not chronic gallbladder inflammation or gallstones.Gallbladder Disease: Blood and Urine Tests
A blood test may also be performed to help diagnose gallbladder disease. A complete blood count, or CBC, can help confirm an infection if there is a high white blood cell count. Other specific blood tests can also reveal high bilirubin levels (the cause of jaundice, a complication of gallbladder problems) or elevated enzymes suggesting an obstruction in the gallbladder.
Urine tests may also be performed to help diagnose problems with the gallbladder by looking for abnormal levels of chemicals like amylase, which is an enzyme that aids in the digestion of carbohydrates, and lipase, another enzyme that helps break down fats.
Even if signs and symptoms are not directly suggesting gallbladder disease, your doctor has many ways to visualize the gallbladder.
With these tests, your gallbladder disease can usually be promptly diagnosed — and just as importantly, properly treated.
What Are Common Gallbladder Problems? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
The gallbladder stores bile, which helps the body break down and digest fats that you eat. Disorders like gallstones can cause problems with how the gallbladder…
By Quinn Phillips
Gallbladder Surgery Complications
Like any surgery, gallbladder removal comes with a risk of certain complications. These include bile leakage, blood clots, and potential digestive changes…
By Quinn Phillips
Gallstones and Other Gallbladder Problems
Gallstones occur when one or more of the substances that make up the bile becomes too concentrated and forms a hard stone. Other gallbladder problems …
By Diana Rodriguez
What Is Cholecystitis?
Cholecystitis, or inflammation of the gallbladder, often occurs when a gallstone blocks a duct in the gallbladder.
By Diana Rodriguez
Your Diet After Gallbladder Surgery
Some people need to maintain a modified diet after gallbladder surgery. Follow this diet for effective gallbladder surgery recovery.
By Krisha McCoy
Symptoms of a Gallbladder Problem
Symptoms of gallbladder problems may include severe abdominal pain, especially after you eat fatty foods.
By Diana Rodriguez
Gallbladder Surgery: What to Expect
If you’re having gallbladder symptoms caused by gallstones or other conditions, your doctor may recommend gallbladder surgery.
By Jennifer Acosta Scott
4 Ways to Prevent Gallstones
There is no sure way to prevent gallstones, but there are things you can do to reduce your risk.
Get tips on gallstone prevention.
By Hedy Marks
Diagnosis of Gallstones – NIDDK
How do doctors diagnose gallstones?
Doctors use your medical history, a physical exam, and lab and imaging tests to diagnose gallstones.
A health care professional will ask you about your symptoms. He or she will ask if you have a history of health conditions or health concerns that make you more likely to get gallstones. The health care professional also may ask if you have a family history of gallstones and what you typically eat. During a physical exam, the health care professional examines your body and checks for pain in your abdomen.
A health care professional will ask if you have a history of health conditions that make you more likely to get gallstones.
What tests do health care professionals use to diagnose gallstones?
Health care professionals may use lab or imaging tests to diagnose gallstones.
Lab tests
A health care professional may take a blood sample from you and send the sample to a lab to test. The blood test can show signs of infection or inflammation of the bile ducts, gallbladder, pancreas, or liver.
Imaging tests
Health care professionals use imaging tests to find gallstones. A technician performs these tests in your doctor’s office, an outpatient center, or a hospital. A radiologist reads and reports on the images. You usually don’t need anesthesia or a medicine to keep you calm for most of these tests. However, a doctor may give you anesthesia or a medicine to keep you calm for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).
Ultrasound. Ultrasound is the best imaging test for finding gallstones. Ultrasound uses a device called a transducer, which bounces safe, painless sound waves off your organs to create an image or picture of their structure. If you have gallstones, they will be seen in the image. Sometimes, health care professionals find silent gallstones when you don’t have any symptoms.
Computed tomography (CT) scan. CT scans use a combination of x-rays and computer technology to create images of your pancreas, gallbladder, and bile ducts. CT scans can show gallstones, or complications such as infection and blockage of the gallbladder or bile ducts. However, CT scans also can miss gallstones that you may have.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI machines use radio waves and magnets to produce detailed images of your organs and soft tissues without x-rays. MRIs can show gallstones in the ducts of the biliary tract.
MRIs can show gallstones in the ducts of the biliary tract.
Cholescintigraphy. Cholescintigraphy—also called a hydroxyl iminodiacetic acid scan, HIDA scan, or hepatobiliary scan—uses a safe radioactive material to produce pictures of your biliary tract. You’ll lie on a table while a health care professional injects a small amount of the radioactive material into a vein in your arm. The health care professional may also inject a substance that causes your gallbladder to squeeze.
A special camera takes pictures of the radioactive material as it moves through your biliary tract. Doctors use cholescintigraphy to diagnose abnormal contractions of your gallbladder or a blockage in the bile ducts.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). ERCP combines upper gastroendoscopy and x-rays to treat problems of your bile and pancreatic ducts. ERCP helps the health care professional locate the affected bile duct and the gallstones. This test is more invasive—or involves more instruments inside your body—than other tests. Doctors use it selectively, usually to remove a gallstone that is stuck in the common bile duct.
How to check the gallbladder, what tests to take?
05/31/2021
In most cases, when patients come to me, interviewing them, I hear the diagnoses and pathologies that accompany the patient throughout life and are related to the gallbladder.
What is the gallbladder, what is it for and what does it cause?
The gallbladder is, relatively speaking, a “depot” for bile, formed by the liver, then it gets to it for “maturation” – there it concentrates (due to a decrease in the amount of fluid – dehydration is possible up to 10 times!) And waits for a signal if it needs to stand out for inclusion in the digestive system.
The control of the synchronous contraction of the gallbladder, bile ducts and the valve that regulates the supply of bile to the duodenum occurs due to the nervous and humoral (hormones) systems.
A healthy person produces about 2 liters of bile per day. Of course, with a gallbladder volume of up to 90-120 ml, filling it 20 times and reducing it is not very rational. Therefore, bile does not always accumulate in the bladder, but is also released in parallel into the intestine at a rate of several drops per minute. This immediately helps to solve several issues. Bile is an excellent antiseptic and regulates the normal composition of microflora in the intestine. It is a stimulant of peristalsis and thus will help maintain normal bowel contractility. With the help of bile, incl. metabolic products that are not very properly stored in the body, and therefore, bile also performs an excretory function.
But when we ate, bile secretion increases significantly, as it takes part in the primary processing of fats (the so-called “emulsification” – the dissolution of fats).
Only after this, the lipase enzyme secreted by the pancreas can digest fats.
But there are a number of conditions (sometimes mythical) when there are problems with the work of the biliary system.
The mythical problem is the shape of the gallbladder and any “obstacles” that prevent the gallbladder from working, but we have everything in a row – “kinks”, “constrictions”, “curvature” and others. According to modern concepts, the shape of the gallbladder does not affect its function, but the presence of these problems is simply a 3D visualization of the gallbladder itself, which, like any organ, can change its shape. Yes, there are a number of conditions when, after an independent recovery from acute inflammation of the gallbladder, its deformation took place, but this is such a liquid state that, in extreme cases, several such people can be identified in Ukraine.
Billiard dysfunction is one of the most common functional disorders of the biliary system, and is associated with asynchrony of the gallbladder, ducts and valve apparatus.
Usually it is manifested by heaviness, pain, discomfort in the right hypochondrium after a meal and can last up to 30 minutes, and it is possible to pass until the next meal. In this case, it is imperative to consult a doctor to rule out an organic pathology of the biliary tract – inflammation, calculi (stones).
It is not worth it to independently examine the function of the gallbladder (without a doctor’s referral to undergo an examination) or self-medicate (take the so-called “choleretic”) is not worth it, since self-interpretation of the results of examinations or taking medications is contraindicated in certain diseases, we can miss a serious illness or worsen gallbladder problem.
First of all, when any health problems arise, you should contact your family doctor, who, if necessary, will refer you to a gastroenterologist. In the presence of private medicine, it is possible to get an appointment with a gastroenterologist without a referral from your family doctor.
Further, the doctor, if there is a suspicion of a violation of the biliary system, prescribes an additional examination.
Basic in this situation:
- Abdominal ultrasound
- Liver tests
- Blood alpha-amylase, blood lipase (since the pancreas has a common duct system with bile ducts)
- Complete blood count, C-reactive protein.
Determining the function of the gallbladder by functional load is not a protocol study, but rather a historical diagnostic method and is indicative for the doctor. The doctor cannot rely on this examination as a determining one, since it is very conditional and subjective.
It is important to remember that the diagnosis is not made via the Internet or the similarity of symptoms with the illness of a work colleague. Diagnosis is the result of a complex search and comparison of patient complaints, examination results and response to treatment.
We wish you good health!
05/31/2021
Article author
More news
INVITRO.
Bile pigments and acids, find out prices for tests and take them in Moscow
- INVITRO
- Analyzes
- Biochemical…
- Bile pigments and…
- Examination program for office workers
90 021 Survey of household personnel
- Assessment of the risk of developing diseases of the cardiovascular system
- Diagnostics antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)
- COVID-19
- Assessment of liver function
- Diagnosis of kidney and genitourinary system
- Diagnosis of the gastrointestinal tract
- Diagnosis of connective tissue diseases
- Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
- Diagnosis of anemia
- Oncology
- Diagnosis and management of osteoporosis therapy 900 22
- Blood biochemistry
- Diagnosis of thyroid condition
- Hospital profiles
- Healthy you are a healthy country
- Gynecology, reproduction
- Healthy child: for children from 0 to 14 years old
- Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
- Weight problems
- VIP examinations
- Respiratory diseases
- Allergies
- Determination of trace elements in the body
- Beauty 900 22
- Vitamins
- Diets
- Pre-diet lab tests
- Sports profiles
- Hormonal tests for men
- Depression
- Laboratory tests for medical certificates
- Biochemical studies
- Glucose and carbohydrate metabolism metabolites
- Proteins and amino acids
- Bile pigments and acids
900 21 Lipids
- Enzymes
- Renal function markers
- Minerals/electrolytes:
- Vitamins
- Proteins involved in iron metabolism
- Cardiospecific proteins
- Markers of inflammation
- Markers of bone metabolism and osteoporosis
- Determination of drugs and psychoactive substances
- Biogenic amines
- Specific proteins
- Biochemical studies
- Hormonal studies
- Laboratory evaluation of the pituitary-adrenal system
- La laboratory assessment of somatotropic function of the pituitary gland
- Laboratory assessment of thyroid function
- Assessment of parathyroid gland function
- Pituitary gonadotropic hormones and prolactin
- Estrogens and progestins
- Assessment of androgenic function
- Non-steroidal regulatory factors of the gonads
- Monitoring of pregnancy, biochemical markers of the fetus
- Laboratory assessment of endocrine pancreatic function and diagnosis of diabetes
- Biogenic amines
- Laboratory evaluation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
- Factors involved in the regulation of appetite and fat metabolism
- Laboratory assessment of the endocrine function of the gastrointestinal tract
- Laboratory assessment of hormonal regulation of erythropoiesis
- Laboratory assessment of pineal gland function
- Healthy lifestyle tests
- Hematological studies
- Clinical blood test
- Immu nohematological examinations
- Coagulological examinations (coagulogram)
- Immunological examinations
- Complex immunological examinations studies
- Lymphocytes, subpopulations
- Evaluation of phagocytosis
- Immunoglobulins
- Complement components
- Regulators and mediators of immunity
- IgE – allergen-specific (allergy tests), mixtures, panels, total IgE .
- IgG, allergen-specific
- ImmunoCAP technology
- AlcorBio technology
- ALEX technology
- IgE – allergen-specific (allergy tests), mixtures, panels, total IgE .
- Autoimmune disease markers
- Systemic connective tissue diseases
- Rheumatoid arthritis, joint damage
- Antiphospholipid syndrome
- Vasculitis and kidney damage
9002 1 Autoimmune lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. Celiac disease
- Autoimmune liver diseases
- Neurological autoimmune diseases
- Autoimmune endocrinopathies
- Autoimmune skin diseases
- Diseases of the lungs and heart
- Immune thrombocytopenia
- Tumor markers
- COVID-19
- Trace elements
- Aluminum
9002 1 Barium
- Beryllium
- Boron
- Vanadium
- Bismuth
- Tungsten
- Gallium
- Germanium
- Iron
- Gold
- Iodine
- Cadmium
- Potassium
- Calcium
- Cobalt
- Silicon
- Lantan
- lithium
- Magnesium
- Marganets
- Copper
- Molibden
- Sodium
- Platinum
- Platinum
- mercury
- Rubidii
- Lead
- selenium
- silver
- Strontium
- Antimony
- Thallium
- Phosphorus
- Chromium
- Zinc
- Zirconium
olovo
- Clinical analysis of urine
- Biochemical analysis of urine
- Clinical analysis of feces
- Biochemical analysis of feces
900 29
- Light-optical examination of spermatozoa
- Electron microscopic examination of sperm
- Antisperm antibodies
- Viral infections
- Bacterial infections
- Fungal infections
- Parasitic infections
- Streptococcal infections
- Lifestyle and genetic factors
- Reproductive health
- Immunogenetics
- Rh factor
- Blood coagulation system
- Diseases of the heart and blood vessels
- Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract
- Diseases of the central nervous system
- Oncological diseases
- Metabolic disorders
- Description of the results of genetic studies by a geneticist
- Pharmacogenetics
- System for detoxification of xenobiotics and carcinogens
- Fetal sex determination
- Fetal Rh factor
- Hereditary metabolic diseases
- Additional tests (after screening and consultation with a specialist)
9002 2
- Definition biological relationship in the family: fatherhood and motherhood
- Water quality test
- Soil quality test
- Calculated tests based on SteatoScreen results without blood sampling
900 29
- General assessment of the natural microflora of the body
- Study of the microbiocenosis of the urogenital tract
- Femoflor: profiles of studies of dysbiotic conditions of the urogenital tract in women
- Specific assessment of the natural microflora of the body
- Blood
- Urine 900 22
- Cal
- Spermogram
- Gastropanel
- Endoscopy
- Functional diagnostics
- ultrasound
- Examinations we do not do
- New tests
- Obtaining results
- Additional research orders
- Medical consultant service
- Professional position
- Venous blood for analysis
- Tumor markers. View of a practical oncologist. Laboratory justifications.
- Testosterone: diagnostic threshold, method-dependent reference values
- Laboratory assessment of lipid metabolism parameters in INVITRO
- Lipid profile: fasting or not fasting
View of a practical oncologist. Laboratory justifications.The cost of analyzes is indicated without taking biomaterial
{{{this.PREVIEW_TEXT}}}
Did the answer help you?
{{/each}}
When choosing where to perform Bile pigments and acids in Moscow and other cities of Russia, do not forget that the cost, methods and terms of performing studies in regional medical offices may differ
Bile pigments (total bilirubin, conjugated – direct, unconjugated – indirect) – products of hemoglobin metabolism, which are excreted from the blood into bile by the liver. An elevated level of bilirubin is manifested by yellowness of the skin.