Hormones and the Endocrine System

The endocrine system uses hormones to control and coordinate your body’s internal metabolism (or homeostasis) energy level, reproduction, growth and development, and response to injury, stress, and environmental factors. Consider the following hormones and their role in the workings of the endocrine system:

Endocrine System Anatomical Chart

9781587790164

Anatomical Chart Company

ISBN/ISSN:

9781587790164

9781587790164

This useful chart of The Endocrine System shows the location of glands on the body. Each gland is seperately illustrated …

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  Product Description

  
  This useful chart of The Endocrine System shows the location of glands on the body. Each gland is seperately illustrated and labeled and the hormones it secrets are listed.
  Shows the following glands:
  thyroid
  parathyroid
  thymus
  adrenal
  pineal
  pituitary
  Also includes the organs that have a secondary endocrine function producing and releasing hormones. The heart, kidney, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, pancreas, ovary, placenta, and testes and the hormones they secret are shown.
  Made in the USA.
  Available in the following versions :

  • 20″ x 26″ heavy paper laminated with grommets at top corners ISBN 9781587790157
  • 20″ x 26″ heavy paper ISBN 9781587790164

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  ISBN/ISSN

  9781587790164

  Product Format

  Paper

  Trim Size

  20 x 26

  Table

  Weight

  0. 15








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Endocrine System Anatomical Chart
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Which nervous system regulates the work of the endocrine system

The human body is a complex mechanism. Its cells, tissues and organs must work harmoniously and harmoniously. This condition is ensured by the work of two signaling systems: endocrine and nervous. Their interconnection provides several important conditions:

• homeostasis – the body’s ability to maintain constant characteristics;
• adaptation – the ability to change some factors of the internal environment depending on changes in external conditions;
• cell growth;
• reproduction.

The nervous system is a collection of organs that provide innervation to all organs and tissues. Its central section includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral section includes the nerves. Information is captured by receptors, then moves in the form of impulses through nerve cells and reaches the brain. It provides a quick reaction in the form of muscle movement or other response to a stimulus. Also, the nervous system regulates the work of the endocrine system, controlling the intensity of hormone production.

The endocrine system is a collection of glands that secrete hormones into the blood. It includes the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, as well as peripheral glands: thyroid, pancreas, genital, adrenal glands. Hormones are biologically active substances that combine with the cells of various organs and can change their work, speed up or slow down biochemical processes in the body.

To understand which nervous system regulates the work of the endocrine system, you need to track the relationship. It is called “neuroendocrine regulation” and consists in controlling the production of hormones by the endocrine glands. This process is ensured by the work of several structures: the hypothalamus, neurotransmitter hormones, and the adrenal medulla.

The role of the hypothalamus

The hypothalamus is a small area of ​​the diencephalon, which is considered the center of neuroendocrine regulation. It is connected with other parts of the nervous system, the brain and spinal cord. Together with the pituitary gland, it forms the hypothalamic-pituitary system and regulates the intensity of the production of its hormones.

The hypothalamus receives signals from the following structures:

• basal nuclei (ganglia) – accumulations of gray matter in the white matter of the brain;
• spinal cord;
• parts of the brain: oblong, middle, thalamus, as well as some parts of the cerebral hemispheres.

The hypothalamus is the center that accumulates data from the whole organism, as well as from the external environment. Nerve cells of the hypothalamus are able to produce several types of neuroendocrine transmitters – biologically active substances that affect the intensity of the synthesis of tropic pituitary hormones:

1. Liberins – a group of compounds that stimulate hormonal synthesis. So, somatoliberin increases the production of somatotropic growth hormone, thyreoliberin – thyrotropic, gonadoliberin – luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones.
2. Statins are substances that suppress the production of tropic hormones by the pituitary gland. There are varieties such as somatostatin, prolactostatin, melanostatin.
3. Oxytocin and vasopressin are hormones produced by the hypothalamus but stored in the posterior pituitary gland. The first increases during childbirth and causes contraction of the muscular wall of the uterus, but also performs other functions. Vasopressin regulates water metabolism, increases vascular tone.

Hormones of the hypothalamus enter the pituitary gland through the bloodstream and influence its functions there. Statins and liberins do not always act strictly selectively. So, somatostatin can suppress the production of not only somatotropin, but also thyrotropic hormone, insulin and prolactin.

Nervous regulation of the adrenal glands

Adrenal glands are paired glands, which in humans are located in the region of the upper pole of the kidneys. In their structure, two components are distinguished: cortical and medulla. The cortex performs an endocrine function and produces hormones into the blood, and the medulla is an intermediate link between the nervous and endocrine systems.

One of the functions of the adrenal medulla is the production of catecholamines. This is a group of biologically active compounds that includes epinephrine and norepinephrine. They are activated to the maximum in stressful situations, when it is urgent to bring the body into tone, and trigger a number of changes:

• accelerated heartbeat;
• increased vascular tone;
• increase in blood pressure;
• expansion of the bronchial lumen;
• inhibition of the digestive tract and decrease in the secretion of its glands;
• dilated pupils;
• increased activity of sweat glands.

The adrenal medulla has a similar structure to the nervous tissues, since during fetal development it is formed from identical rudiments. Histologically, the cells in this area are deformed neurons of the sympathetic autonomic nervous system, which then transformed into endocrine cells. They are activated under the influence of sympathetic nerve fibers. As a result of their irritation, adrenaline and norepinephrine are released into the bloodstream.

Catecholamines are considered “stress hormones” because their concentration increases in uncomfortable conditions for the body. They are activated during times of pain, exposure to cold, exercise, and muscle fatigue. Also, their increase can be caused by stress, vivid emotions, prolonged mental stress and other factors. The work of the adrenal medulla is controlled by structures such as the cerebral cortex and medulla oblongata, as well as the hypothalamus.

Feedback

In the process of neuroendocrine regulation, a two-way connection is observed. The organs of the endocrine system are under the control of nervous structures that stimulate or inhibit the synthesis of biologically active compounds. However, hormones also affect the central and peripheral parts of the nervous system. Thus, the thyroid gland secretes substances that act directly on the brain, bypassing the complex blood-brain barrier. They are useful for brain tissues, as they stimulate their growth and development, improve mental functions. Adrenaline and norepinephrine can also affect neurons, thereby participating in brain function.

Specialists of the medical center “Yunona” are engaged in diagnosing changes in the nervous and endocrine systems: a neurologist and an endocrinologist. You can make an appointment by calling 8 (831) 225-56-56.

Endocrine cancer – symptoms, treatment methods, prevention and diagnosis

Endocrinology studies endocrine glands. This is the name of a relatively young field of medicine that studies the human endocrine system and its possible pathologies. Unfortunately, more and more often, oncological diseases are in the field of view of endocrinologists – malignant tumors caused by an atypical growth of the cellular tissue of the glands. Difficulties in their timely diagnosis are associated with the asymptomatic course of the first stages of the disease. Therefore, it is important not to forget about the passage of preventive medical examinations and carefully monitor your health, contacting a doctor at the first sign of malaise.

Causes of endocrine cancer

To date, it has not been possible to establish the causes of endocrine cancer. But experts are ready to name the factors that provoke the pathological conditions of the glands. Among them:

• exposure in areas with high levels of radiation;
• effects of radiotherapy and frequent x-rays;
• iodine deficiency, a sufficient amount of which must be ingested with food;
• bad habits.

The high-risk group includes patients with harmful working conditions, people with a hereditary predisposition, patients over 40 years of age or who have experienced the consequences of prolonged stressful situations. Favorable conditions for the development of cancer of the endocrine glands create chronic diseases of the internal organs, hormonal pathologies and benign formations, the cells of which, under certain conditions, are prone to malignancy.

Types of cancers of the endocrine system

Experts distinguish the following types of endocrine system cancers:

• thyroid pathology;
• ovarian or testicular cancer;
• neoplasms in the pituitary gland;
• tumor processes in the pancreas and adrenal glands;
• cancers of the thymus.

Symptoms of endocrine cancer

The following should be considered warning signs for the patient:

• intense perspiration;
• sudden changes in psychological and emotional state;
• appetite disorders, insomnia, change in taste habits;
• palpitations, increased pressure;
• severe deterioration of vision;
• difficulty and discomfort in swallowing food.

When to see a doctor

In the absence of the above symptoms, the patient should be alerted to the following changes in his own body:

• change in the timbre of the voice towards its coarsening;
• feeling of general weakness and constant fatigue;
• sudden fluctuations in body weight;
• discomfort in the neck;
• decreased potency.

At the first signs of disturbances in the hormonal system, it is recommended to immediately seek medical help. According to current statistics, the detection of endocrine cancer in the first or second stage guarantees recovery in more than 99% of cases. Given the asymptomatic course of most types of cancer of the endocrine glands, it becomes clear the importance of their early diagnosis and timely treatment. Qualified specialists of the oncological center “Sofia” in the Central Administrative District of Moscow will conduct an initial examination and refer the patient to the necessary studies to clarify the preliminary diagnosis. Based on the results obtained, an individual course of treatment will be developed, taking into account the characteristics of the body and the age of the visitor. If necessary, other highly specialized specialists will be involved in the work: a gynecologist, gastroenterologist, andrologist, etc.

Methods for diagnosing endocrine cancer

The primary diagnosis of endocrine oncology can be made on the basis of a visual examination and patient complaints of feeling unwell. With a high degree of accuracy to establish the development of the tumor process of the endocrine glands allow:

• blood test for biochemical parameters, which can track any hormonal changes;
• ultrasound, which will accurately indicate the growth of cellular tissue and nodules;
• computed or magnetic resonance imaging to clarify the location of the tumor;
• radioisotope scanning method;
• biopsy of gland tissues, which allows to accurately establish the malignant nature of the tumor.

It is possible to conduct additional specialized studies to control the situation in dynamics and clarify the causes of the development of the oncological process in the endocrine system.

Treatments for human endocrine cancer

Depending on the degree of development and localization of the oncological process, the specialist can choose the appropriate treatment tactics:

• Chemotherapy is the main element of the so-called complex therapy. Effectively fights the spread of metastases, minimizes the risk of recurrence and eliminates the appearance of new nodular formations;
• radiation therapy is based on the introduction of radioactive elements directly into the tumor localization area so that they do not affect healthy tissues. This approach guarantees an accurate impact on the focus of pathology and reduces the risk of side effects;
• removal of the affected organ using modern surgical methods without the formation of sutures and a long period of rehabilitation;
• cryotherapy involves freezing tumors with liquid nitrogen through a special probe.