Why do patients undergo total hip replacement. What outcomes do they anticipate. How do patient expectations compare to healthcare provider perspectives. What factors influence the decision for THR surgery. How effective is THR in improving quality of life.

Understanding Total Hip Replacement (THR): An Overview

Total hip replacement (THR) is a major orthopedic surgical procedure that has become increasingly common worldwide. As populations age and osteoarthritis prevalence rises, the demand for THR continues to grow. But why exactly do patients opt for this surgery, and what do they hope to gain? Moreover, how do patient expectations align with the views of healthcare professionals?

To comprehensively explore these questions, it’s crucial to examine THR from multiple angles:

• The rising prevalence and projected future demand for THR
• Patient motivations and decision-making processes
• Healthcare professional perspectives on patient suitability
• Expected outcomes and quality of life improvements
• Potential discrepancies between patient and provider views

The Growing Demand for Total Hip Replacement Surgery

Statistical projections indicate a significant increase in THR procedures globally. What’s driving this trend? Several factors contribute:

• Aging populations in many developed countries
• Rising prevalence of osteoarthritis and other hip joint disorders
• Advancements in surgical techniques and implant technology
• Increased awareness and acceptance of THR as a treatment option

According to a study by Kurtz et al., the demand for primary THR in the United States is expected to grow by 174% between 2005 and 2030. Similar trends are observed in other countries, highlighting the global nature of this increase.

Economic Impact of Hip Osteoarthritis and THR

The economic burden of hip osteoarthritis and subsequent THR surgeries is substantial. How much does this impact healthcare systems worldwide?

A report by the World Health Organization emphasizes the significant burden of musculoskeletal conditions, including hip osteoarthritis. In the UK alone, the economic cost of osteoarthritis is estimated to be substantial, with THR surgeries contributing significantly to healthcare expenditures.

Patient Motivations: Why Do People Choose THR?

Understanding patient motivations for undergoing THR is crucial for healthcare providers and policymakers. What factors influence this decision?

• Chronic pain and discomfort
• Reduced mobility and limitations in daily activities
• Decreased quality of life
• Failure of conservative treatments
• Desire to maintain independence

A qualitative study by Dosanjh et al. explored patient decisions to undergo THR. The research identified several key themes, including the concept of the “final straw” – a tipping point where patients feel surgery is their only remaining option.

The Patient Decision-Making Process

How do patients navigate the complex decision to undergo THR? The process often involves:

1. Gradual deterioration of hip function and increasing pain
2. Consultation with primary care physicians and orthopedic specialists
3. Consideration of alternative treatments and their effectiveness
4. Weighing the potential benefits against surgical risks
5. Factoring in personal circumstances, such as work and family obligations

Research by Clark et al. highlights the dynamic nature of this decision-making process, describing it as a “moving target” for elderly patients considering joint replacement surgery.

Healthcare Professional Perspectives on THR Candidacy

How do healthcare professionals determine a patient’s suitability for THR? The decision involves multiple considerations:

• Severity of hip joint damage and associated symptoms
• Patient age and overall health status
• Potential for improvement in function and quality of life
• Patient expectations and willingness to undergo surgery
• Availability of alternative treatments

A study by Frankel et al. explored orthopedic surgeons’ perspectives on patient appropriateness for total joint arthroplasty. The research revealed that surgeons consider a complex interplay of clinical, personal, and social factors when assessing candidacy for THR.

Potential Discrepancies Between Patient and Provider Views

Do patients and healthcare professionals always agree on the necessity and timing of THR? Research suggests that discrepancies can occur:

• Patients may underestimate the severity of their condition
• Healthcare providers might have different thresholds for recommending surgery
• Misalignment of expectations regarding surgical outcomes
• Varying perceptions of the risks associated with THR

A study by Hudak et al. explored reasons why some elderly arthritis patients are unwilling to consider total joint arthroplasty, highlighting potential mismatches between patient and provider perspectives.

Expected Outcomes and Quality of Life Improvements

What benefits do patients anticipate from THR, and how do these align with clinical expectations? Common anticipated outcomes include:

• Significant reduction in hip pain
• Improved mobility and range of motion
• Enhanced ability to perform daily activities
• Better overall quality of life
• Increased independence and social participation

Research by Evans et al. conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of long-term THR outcomes, providing valuable insights into the durability and effectiveness of hip replacements over time.

Measuring THR Outcomes: Patient-Reported Measures

How are the results of THR assessed from the patient’s perspective? Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) have become increasingly important in evaluating the success of THR:

• Hip-specific functional assessments
• General health-related quality of life measures
• Pain scales and symptom inventories
• Patient satisfaction surveys

Dawson et al. discuss the routine use of patient-reported outcome measures in healthcare settings, emphasizing their value in assessing THR effectiveness.

Bridging the Gap: Aligning Patient and Provider Expectations

How can healthcare systems ensure better alignment between patient expectations and clinical realities in THR? Several strategies can be employed:

• Improved patient education and counseling
• Shared decision-making processes
• Use of decision aids and patient-friendly information resources
• Regular assessment of patient-reported outcomes
• Continuous professional development for healthcare providers

The National Institute for Health Research emphasizes the importance of patient and public involvement in health and social care research, which can contribute to better alignment of expectations in THR.

Future Directions in THR Research and Practice

What areas require further investigation to optimize THR outcomes and patient satisfaction? Several key directions emerge:

• Long-term studies on implant durability and patient outcomes
• Investigation of factors influencing patient decision-making
• Development of personalized approaches to THR timing and technique
• Exploration of novel technologies, such as robotic-assisted surgery
• Research on rehabilitation protocols and their impact on outcomes

Ongoing research, such as the work by Siljander et al. on current trends in patient-reported outcomes, continues to shape our understanding of THR and its impact on patients’ lives.

As the demand for total hip replacement continues to grow, understanding the interplay between patient expectations and healthcare professional perspectives becomes increasingly crucial. By bridging potential gaps and fostering open communication, the medical community can work towards optimizing outcomes and ensuring that THR continues to improve the quality of life for millions of patients worldwide.

The journey towards undergoing THR is complex and multifaceted, involving a delicate balance of clinical need, patient readiness, and healthcare system capabilities. As research progresses and surgical techniques evolve, it is essential to maintain a patient-centered approach, ensuring that the decision to undergo THR is made collaboratively and with a clear understanding of expected outcomes.

Moving forward, the challenge lies in continually refining our approach to THR, from initial patient assessment through to long-term follow-up. By integrating patient perspectives with clinical expertise and leveraging advances in medical technology, we can strive to maximize the benefits of THR while minimizing risks and complications.

Ultimately, the goal is to ensure that every patient who undergoes THR achieves the best possible outcome, aligning their expectations with realistic clinical possibilities. This requires ongoing dialogue, research, and a commitment to personalized care that considers each patient’s unique circumstances and goals.

As we look to the future of THR, it is clear that the procedure will continue to play a vital role in orthopedic care. By addressing the questions of why patients choose THR and what they hope to gain, alongside the perspectives of healthcare professionals, we can work towards a more comprehensive and effective approach to hip replacement surgery.

The journey of THR – from initial consideration to post-operative recovery – represents a significant chapter in many patients’ lives. By striving to understand and align expectations throughout this process, the medical community can help ensure that THR remains a transformative and positive experience for those who need it most.

Why Do People Undergo THR and What Do They Expect to Gain—A Comparison of the Views of Patients and Health Care Professionals

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Total Hip Replacement (THR) – Capital Ortho

Introduction

Hip replacement has become necessary for your arthritic hip: this is one of the most effective operations known and should give you many years of freedom from pain.

Once you have arthritis which has not responded to conservative treatment, you may well be a candidate for total hip replacement surgery.

Arthritis

Arthritis is a general term covering numerous conditions where the joint surface (cartilage) wears out. The joint surface is covered by a smooth articular surface that allows pain free movement in the joint. This surface can wear out for a number of reasons, often the definite cause is not known. When the articular cartilage wears out, the bone ends rub on one another and cause pain. There are numerous conditions that can cause arthritis and often the exact cause is never known. In general, but not always, it affects people as they get older (Osteoarthritis).

Other causes include

• Childhood disorders e.g., dislocated hip, Perthe’s disease, slipped epiphysis etc.
• Growth abnormalities of the hip (such as a shallow socket) may lead to premature arthritis
• Trauma (fracture)
• Increased stress e.g., overuse, overweight, etc.
• Avascular necrosis (loss of blood supply)
• Infection
• Connective tissue disorders
• Inactive lifestyle- e. g., Obesity, as additional weight puts extra force through your joints which can lead to arthritis over a period of time
• Inflammation e.g., Rheumatoid arthritis

In an Arthritic Hip

• The cartilage lining is thinner than normal or completely absent
• The degree of cartilage damage and inflammation varies with the type and stage of arthritis
• The capsule of the arthritic hip is swollen
• The joint space is narrowed and irregular in outline; this can be seen in an X-ray image
• Bone spurs or excessive bone can also build up around the edges of the joint
• The combinations of these factors make the arthritic hip stiff and limit activities due to pain or fatigue

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of osteoarthritis is made on history, physical examination & X-rays. There is no blood test to diagnose Osteoarthritis (wear & tear arthritis)

Indications

THR is indicated for arthritis of the hip that has failed to respond to conservative (non-operative) treatment.

You should consider a THR when you have

• Arthritis confirmed on X-ray
• Pain not responding to analgesics or anti-inflammatories
• Limitations of activities of daily living including your leisure activities, sport or work
• Pain keeping you awake at night
• Stiffness in the hip making mobility difficult

Benefits

Prior to surgery you will usually have tried some simple treatments such as simple analgesics, weight loss, anti-inflammatory medications, modification of your activities, walking sticks, physiotherapy.

The decision to proceed with THR surgery is a cooperative one between you, your surgeon, family and your local doctor. Benefits of surgery include

• Reduced hip pain
• Increased mobility and movement
• Correction of deformity
• Equalization of leg length (not guaranteed)
• Increased leg strength
• Improved quality of life, ability to return to normal activities
• Enables you to sleep without pain

Pre-operation

• Your surgeon will send you for routine blood tests and any other investigations required prior to your surgery
• You will asked to undertake a general medical check-up with a physician
• You should have any other medical, surgical or dental problems attended to prior to your surgery
• Make arrangements around the house prior to surgery
• Cease aspirin or anti-inflammatory medications 10 days prior to surgery as they can cause bleeding
• Cease any naturopathic or herbal medications 10 days before surgery
• Stop smoking as long as possible prior to surgery

Day of your surgery

• You will be admitted to hospital usually on the day of your surgery
• Further tests may be required on admission
• You will meet the nurses and answer some questions for the hospital records
• You will meet your anaesthetist, who will ask you a few questions
• You will be given hospital clothes to change into and have a shower prior to surgery
• The operation site will be shaved and cleaned
• Approximately 30 mins prior to surgery, you will be transferred to the operating theatre

Surgical Procedure

An incision is made over the hip to expose the hip joint

The acetabulum (socket) is prepared using a special instrument called a reamer. The acetabular component is then inserted into the socket. This is sometimes reinforced with screws or occasionally cemented. A liner which can be made of plastic, metal or ceramic material is then placed inside the acetabular component.

The femur (thigh bone) is then prepared. The femoral head which is arthritic is cut off and the bone prepared using special instruments, to exactly fit the new metal femoral component. The femoral component is then inserted into the femur. This may be press fit relying on bone to grow into it or cemented depending on a number of factors such as bone quality and surgeon’s preference.

The real femoral head component is then placed on the femoral stem. This can be made of metal or ceramic.

The hip is then reduced again, for the last time.

The muscles and soft tissues are then closed carefully.

Post operative

You will wake up in the recovery room with a number of monitors to record your vitals. (Blood pressure, Pulse, Oxygen saturation, temperature, etc. ) You will have a dressing on your hip and drains coming out of your wound.

Post-operative X-rays will be performed in recovery.

Once you are stable and awake you will be taken back to the ward.

You will have one or two drips in your arm for fluid and pain relief. This will be explained to you by your anaesthetist.

On the day following surgery, your drains will usually be removed and you will be allowed to sit out of bed or walk depending on your surgeons preference. Pain is normal but if you are in a lot of pain, inform your nurse.

You will be able to put all your weight on your hip and your Physiotherapist will help you with the post-op hip exercises.

You will be discharged to go home or a rehabilitation hospital approximately 5-7 days depending on your pain and help at home.

Sutures are usually dissolvable but if not are removed at about 10 days.

A post-operative visit will be arranged prior o your discharge.

You will be advised about how to walk with crutches for two weeks following surgery and then using walking aids for another four to six weeks.

Post-op precautions

Remember this is an artificial hip and must be treated with care.

AVOID THE COMBINED MOVEMENT OF BENDING YOUR HIP AND TURNING YOUR FOOT IN. This can cause DISLOCATION. Other precautions to avoid dislocation are

• You should sleep with a pillow between your legs for 6 weeks. Avoid crossing your legs and bending your hip past a right angle
• Avoid low chairs
• Avoid bending over to pick things up. Grabbers are helpful as are shoe horns or slip on shoes
• Elevated toilet seat helpful
• You can shower once the wound has healed
• You can apply Vitamin E or moisturizing cream into the wound once the wound has healed
• If you have increasing redness or swelling in the wound or temperatures over 100.5° you should call your doctor
• If you are having any procedures such as dental work or any other surgery you should take antibiotics before and after to prevent infection in your new prosthesis. Consult your surgeon for details
• Your hip replacement may go off in a metal detector at the airport

Risks and complications

As with any major surgery, there are potential risks involved. The decision to proceed with the surgery is made because the advantages of surgery outweigh the potential disadvantages.

It is important that you are informed of these risks before the surgery takes place.

Complications can be medical (general) or specific to the hip

Medical Complications include those of the anesthetic and your general well being. Almost any medical condition can occur so this list is not complete.

Complications include

• Allergic reactions to medications
• Blood loss requiring transfusion with its low risk of disease transmission
• Heart attacks, strokes, kidney failure, pneumonia, bladder infections
• Complications from nerve blocks such as infection or nerve damage
• Serious medical problems can lead to ongoing health concerns, prolonged hospitalization or rarely death

Specific complications include

Infection

Infection can occur with any operation. In the hip this can be superficial or deep. Infection rates are approximately 1%, if it occurs it can be treated with antibiotics but may require further surgery. Very rarely your hip may need to be removed to eradicate infection.

Dislocation

This means the hip comes out of its socket. Precautions need to be taken with your new hip forever. It a dislocation occurs it needs to be put back into place with an anaesthetic. Rarely this becomes a recurrent problem needing further surgery.

Blood clots (Deep Venous Thrombosis)

These can form in the calf muscles and can travel to the lung (Pulmonary embolism). These can occasionally be serious and even life threatening. If you get calf pain or shortness of breath at any stage, you should notify your surgeon.

Damage to nerves or blood vessels

Also rare but can lead to weakness and loss of sensation in part of the leg. Damage to blood vessels may require further surgery if bleeding is ongoing.

Wound irritation

Your scar can be sensitive or have a surrounding area of numbness. This normally decreases over time and does not lead to any problems with your new joint.

Leg length inequality

It is very difficult to make the leg exactly the same length as the other one. Occasionally the leg is deliberately lengthened to make the hip stable during surgery. There are some occasions when it is simply not possible to match the leg lengths. All leg length inequalities can be treated by a simple shoe raise on the shorter side.

Wear

All joints eventually wear out. The more active you are, the quicker this will occur. In general 80-90% of hip replacements survive 15-20 years.

Failure to relieve pain

Very rare but may occur especially if some pain is coming from other areas such as the spine.

Unsightly or thickened scar

Limp due to muscle weakness

Fractures (break) of the femur (thigh bone) or pelvis (hipbone)

This is also rare but can occur during or after surgery. This may prolong your recovery, or require further surgery. Discuss your concerns thoroughly with your orthopaedic surgeon prior to surgery.

Summary

Surgery is not a pleasant prospect for anyone, but for some people with arthritis, it could mean the difference between leading a normal life or putting up with a debilitating condition. Surgery can be regarded as part of your treatment plan- it may help to restore function to your damaged joints as well as relieve pain.

Problems of translating medical terms

Kolesnikova Ksenia Timofeevna — Student, Elabuga Institute, Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Elabuga, Russia

One of the main life values ​​of a modern person is health. Many people devote enough time to strengthening their immunity, maintaining physical fitness, and preventing diseases, but sometimes life becomes impossible without surgical intervention.

Today, medicine is at a very high level, it is constantly developing and improving. Many foreign scientists and doctors have discovered new ways to treat certain diseases and vaccine recipes. To spread this vital information around the world, people also resort to the help of translation. Particular attention is paid to the translation of medical terms, since without understanding their meaning, it is impossible to treat, and sometimes even save a person’s life.

Defining the concept of a term, B. N. Golovin wrote: “A term is a unit of any particular natural or artificial language that has a special terminological meaning as a result of a spontaneously formed or special conscious collective agreement … [1, p. 18-19]”.

The difficulty lies in the fact that some of the previously used terms acquire new or additional meanings, and some of them disappear from use, becoming obsolete. Due to the constant development of international contacts in medicine, with the development of science and technology, the need for an adequate translation of medical terms has increased. Sometimes this is not always possible, since it is very difficult to find in Russian the full equivalent of the term in English. This is due to a number of circumstances.

1. General disorder of medical terminology in both English and Russian. This leads to a huge number of synonyms and concepts denoting the same phenomenon in the medical field ( epigastric hernia – “epigastric / epigastric hernia”, trifacial / trigeminal neuralgia – “trigeminal neuralgia”, “trigeminal neuralgia” [3 ]).

2. The presence in English medical terminology of borrowings from Greek and Latin, leading to the appearance of “false friends of the translator” in the process of transferring meaning from one language to another (in Russian, “mutilation” is the rejection of a necrotic part of the body or organ, in while the English term is mutilation means “mutilation”, “crippling injury”; in Russian “hemeralopia” – night [“night”] blindness, in English, at least in American literature, hemeralopia – “day blindness” [3]).

3. Many English-language medical terms denote realities that are not found in Russian-speaking countries, so there are no equivalents for these terms in Russian. Most often this refers to the titles of staff positions and to the provision of certain services that are not common in Russia ( open hospital – a hospital to which doctors outside its staff can refer their patients and in which they can treat them [3]).

To avoid such difficulties, the translator needs to be an expert in a particular field of medicine and always pay attention to the context in which the term is presented. Another very important criterion for an adequate translation of medical terms is the correct choice of a translation method that can convey information as accurately as possible. We know that there are several translation methods (transcription, transliteration, selection of equivalents, translation from left to right and right to left), however, E.V. Pavlova, T.G. Lapteva [2], for example, consider the most suitable for the translation of medical terminology transliteration, tracing and a combination of these two methods.

Tracing is a method of translation in which a linguistic unit lends itself to literal translation, which preserves the structure of the expression in the original language and adequate perception of the translation result. This method is used only if the translator needs to preserve the structure of the word and if, as a result of tracing, a term will be obtained, the meaning and appearance of which will be easily perceived by readers, while not giving the impression of unnaturalness and inconsistency with the norms of the language into which the translation was made.

For example, the medical term pacemaker describes how the heart and pacemaker work. By the method of tracing, this term can be translated as “pacemaker”. The following terms are also translated in this way: the conus arteriosus branch – “branch of the arterial cone”, the intermediate artery – “intermediate branch” [3].

The term immunoblotting from English into Russian will be translated by transliteration despite the presence of independent meanings of individual components of this complex term ( immune – “immune”, blotting – from English blot – “spot”). In Russian, this term is used in immunology and is translated as “immunoblotting”. Examples of transliteration are such terms as abductor – “abductor”, abiotrophy – “abiotrophy” [3].

For term combination prion disease , it is advisable to use a combined method (transliteration and translation itself) and use the combination “prion disease” as an equivalent. Medical term concentrating based on these two methods will be translated as “concentrating ability (of the kidneys)”.

Translation of medical terminology is one of the most difficult tasks of a translator and the most responsible job for him, since not only the quality of the translation result, but also the health and life of a person can suffer from an incorrect translation of a term. The burden of responsibility is growing, and the time spent on translation is increasing dramatically. When translating medical terms, the translator has to resort to both bilingual and monolingual dictionaries, analyze cases of compatibility of the resulting term and pay attention to the context. Following these rules improves the quality of the translation and reduces the risk of making a mistake that can have irreparable consequences.

Thus, special attention is paid to medical terms, as they are an integral part of human life, because health and medicine have been one of the most important areas of public life since ancient times. For their translation, methods such as transliteration, tracing, and a combination of these two methods are used. However, the use of only three methods of translation does not facilitate the work, but only systematizes it. When translating medical terminology, the translator needs to immerse himself in this area, refer to specialized dictionaries and understand the branch of medicine in which he translates.

Bibliographic list

1. Golovin B.N. On some tasks and topics of research in scientific and scientific and technical terminology // Uchenye zapiski. Ser. Linguistic. Gorky: Publishing house Gorkovsk. un-ta, 1970. Issue. 114. pp. 17–26.

2. Pavlova E. V., Lapteva T. G. The specifics of the transfer of terms of various types when translating from English into Russian // Interexpo Geo-Siberia. 2014. No. 2.

3. Jablonski S. Russian-English Medical Dictionary. N. Y.: Academic Press, 1958. 423 p.

Features of the translation of medical terms (on the example of the television series “Clinic”)

Theory of language | Philological Aspect №4 (24) April, 2017

evna
Russian State Social University, Russian Federation, Moscow

Abstract: Over the past couple of decades, television series, especially American ones, have gained great popularity, thus causing an urgent need for their high-quality translation into Russian. This article discusses the functioning of medical terminology and the features of translating a script text containing medical terms for its further voicing, and also formulates the main difficulties in translating medical terms into Russian and possible ways to overcome them.
Keywords: term, medicine, translation, television series, dubbing, synonyms

Translation features of medical terms (based on the television series “Scrubs”)

Shibaeva Daria Dmitrievna
Russian State Social University, Moscow
Buzuk Liliya Gennadyevna
Russian State Social University, Moscow

Abstract: Over the last couple of decades television series, especially American ones, have gained great popularity thus causing an urgent need for their quality translation into Russian. This article deals with the functioning of medical terminology and the peculiarities of the translation of the scenario text containing medical terms for its further scoring as well as the main difficulties in translating medical terms into Russian and possible ways of overcoming them.
Keywords: term, medicine, translation, TV series, sound recording, synonyms

Working with medical texts, the translator faces a whole range of problems that are not limited to the translation of medical terminology proper. The high saturation of such texts with highly specialized vocabulary is quite obvious. However, although medical texts have a number of other, no less specific features that are most clearly manifested in cross-lingual comparison, this article will consider the difficulties associated specifically with the translation of medical terms, and ways to resolve them.

As is known, terms in a language arise as a result of the language’s striving for the most concise and accurate transmission of information, that is, for such accuracy that could exclude the possibility of its arbitrary and subjective interpretation.

A term is a word or phrase that carries a certain scientific concept [2, p. 362].

A term is a word or phrase denoting certain philosophical, scientific, technical and other concepts [8, p. 431].

If in the definition of a word not special knowledge is used, but knowledge that is understandable to an ordinary person, then this word is part of the common language. If special knowledge is used in the definition of a word, then this word, most likely, is already a term.

The most complete definition of the term “term” is given by Gerd A.S. He believes that a unit of any real or artificial language that arose earlier or was specially created, phonologically, accentologically and structurally-grammatically designed according to the rules of this language and which has a special terminological meaning, expressed in verbal form, and quite fully reflecting the main features of the corresponding scientific concept is the term [4, p. 77].

In order to assess existing terms or create new ones, it is necessary to identify the conditions for special definitions. The criteria for evaluating the term were carefully studied by Soviet and foreign scientists. They identified several requirements that the term must meet: unambiguity, correspondence of the literal meaning of the term to its actual meaning, consistency (systematic), brevity, derivation, linguistic correctness, etc. [5, p. 304].

The main function of a term is to express a special concept. There are two directions in the genetic approach: in one of them, the term is considered to be a word of some thematic group of the language, i.e. the term as such does not exist; the second direction assumes that “every meaningful word of a language is a term, and an absolute term on the scale of the entire system of the language.” [1, p.3]

There are many classifications of terms.

In the work of Shkarin V.V., Grigoryeva Yu.V. and Gorokhova N.M. “On the culture of using scientific medical vocabulary (terminology)”, the following classification of terms used in the modern Russian press is proposed [9]:

The first group: terms that have long entered the Russian language and make up a certain part of the professional language from the manifestations of the disease; “fertility” – fertile, capable of childbearing ). They have long entered the medical language and now simplify the communication of specialists, making up a certain and integral part of everyday medical vocabulary. They are mainly used internationally.

Second group: terms known and used, but not professionally necessary. This group of terms is borrowed from other disciplines (medicine, history, law). For example, the term “cadastre” ( cadastre ), which is identical to the word “register” ( register ), derived from French “cadastre” ( cadastral ) – list, register .

Third group: terms representing the transcription of foreign words. Being widely used, they could become understandable for most doctors, acquiring Russian synonyms. But more often the opposite happens. Inaccuracy, ambiguity in the interpretation of little-known English transcriptions (sometimes just “cripples” from English words and expressions) make the understanding of a particular scientific work controversial. Therefore, in most cases, it is advisable to replace little-known transcriptions of a particular term with Russian synonyms that exactly correspond and are equivalent in meaning to them.

Fourth group: pseudoscientific terms. Their unjustified and rather frequent use in the medical literature leads the reader to an erroneous understanding of the author’s interpretations of this or that described pathology, and makes it difficult to understand the work. For example, “fluctuating nystagmus” (fluctuating nystagmus).

Fifth group: terms – linguistic “compositions” of the authors. For example, in one of the works the following phrase is given: “Study of the population of adolescents” (Latin populatio – a set of individuals of the same species capable of free interbreeding and having a common gene pool).

Sixth group: the terms are the authors’ own invention, understood only by them. So, for example, all known dictionaries and encyclopedias do not provide a translation or explanation of the meaning of the words “validation” or “indigenous”.

The seventh group – universal terms used frequently and everywhere. Today, it is rare to find, for example, a medical journal number without “brand”, “screening”, “monitoring” , etc.

This system of terms is a classification that is applicable specifically to medical terminology in the language, since it fully represents a wide range of variations.

Medical terminology is the language used by doctors of various specialties. It should be clear to the reader and listener in relation to medical concepts. The most acceptable for existence in medical terminology should be considered those words that are accepted by the majority of specialists, understandable to everyone, reflect the essence of a phenomenon or object, and are enshrined in reference books of medical literature. The semantic meaning of a term in medicine becomes public property only when it is fixed by an exact term that does not allow for various interpretations, while it is simple and unambiguous.

The medical terminology of the English language, like other languages, has its own specific features: 1) it is based on borrowed Greek-Latin terms; 2) since Greek-Latin terms form the basis of medical terminology in almost all European languages, most medical terms in English are international [6].

The translation of medical terminology raises many problems that differ from those that arise when working with terms from other branches of science. The main task in the perception, understanding, interpretation and translation of medical texts is to convey to the recipient its deep cognitive content in the most clear, precise, concise, familiar form for representatives of the host linguistic culture.

Translation of medical texts is a translation from one language into another of specialized medical publications and private texts (certificates, medical records), the content of which is directly related to human health. The special position of this category of specialized translations is determined by the significance of any translated materials, increased requirements for the accuracy of translation, respect for the confidentiality of private information, as well as a pronounced heterogeneity of the terminology used. A feature of medical texts is the presence of special terms and abbreviations. Working with medical texts, the translator faces a whole range of problems that are not limited to the translation of medical terminology. There are not enough metaphors and other stylistic means in medical texts, which adds some problems when translating specific terminology and abbreviations [7].

Vasina V.M. distinguishes between written and oral types of medical translation. Interpretation can be professional, semi-professional and naive. The style of translation depends on the nature of the situation and the level of proficiency in the special terminology of the participants.

At the professional level, certain lexical units and syntactic constructions are used, which are also used in written medical translation. Professional translation is carried out at conferences, presentations, during consultations and reading reports.

At the semi-professional level, for example, during the communication between a doctor and a patient, one of the participants does not belong to the field of medicine, therefore certain communication and psychological barriers arise.

At a naive level, the language of everyday communication is used. The participants do not belong to the field of medicine, so the conversation consists of an everyday discussion of well-being [3, p. 97].

Written translation can be divided into translation of medical documents (medical history, prescription, medical certificate) and translation of scientific research (articles, descriptions of studies, textbooks).

Initially, a series is a written work, i.e. scenario. The script implies the implementation of a written text into an oral one, i.e. its embodiment on the screen. This state of affairs complicates the work of a translator, since he must simultaneously take into account the peculiarities of oral and written types of translation.

Of particular interest from the point of view of cognitive terminology is the medical discourse, which is actively used in the series. Discourse is a purposeful social action and speech immersed in life. The interpretation of the “doctor-patient” model is in the center of attention in modern medicine. In this model, the patient is required to actively participate in making medical decisions and in planning the treatment itself. Therefore, such a model of interaction is interactive dialogic (cooperation between doctor and patient). Popular science medical discourse is “a derivative type of discourse that is the interaction of two types of discourse: scientific and naive.” Due to the fact that the cognitive task of popular scientific medical discourse is the processing of scientific medical knowledge for a more successful perception of it by naive native speakers, as well as fixing the results of this processing in the text [3, p. 21], a number of problems may arise when translating medical texts.

The main problem of translation of medical texts: problems of understanding, interpretation and adequacy; use of eponyms; difference between British and American versions; the use of metaphors, euphemisms, etc.; false friends of the translator; synonymy of terms.

When analyzing the material of the scenario text of the series “Clinic”, the following problems were identified that may arise in the translation of medical texts: abbreviation; problems of understanding, interpretation and adequacy; synonymy of terms.

Abbreviation, as a way of word formation, focused on optimization and provision of human cognitive activity, is a way to reduce the length of lexical units and regulate their quantitative composition in the language, as well as to convey the maximum amount of information with minimal means.

Sandal has HOCM. I’m not using disopyramide, so just continue treating with beta blockers / Mr Sandel hypertrophic0137 cardiomyopathy . I am not using disopyramide, so continue with beta-blockers. (Hereinafter – translation of the MTV channel). The full name of the disease HOMC in Russian is hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy . The name of this disease has an abbreviation GOCM. The choice of the variant by the translator in favor of the full translation is due to the intention to help the viewer understand what the disease is connected with, that is, with the heart.

Translator’s false friends are foreign words that are consonant with Russian, but mean something completely different, for example, “data” is not “date” , but “data” . There are many examples of inadequate translation:

The most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency is PA. – The most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency is pernicious anemia. (Hereinafter – the translation of the MTV channel). In this case, there is a tautology arising from the discrepancy between the semantic content of the terminological units of the source and target languages. Pernicious anemia in our horizontal context is B12 deficiency anemia. Actually, in English pernicious anemia – autoimmune (aka atrophic) gastritis . The correct translation from the point of view of pragmatic post-translation adaptation and verification will be: The most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency is atrophic gastritis.

A particular difficulty for medical translations is the problem of synonyms. Sometimes the same concept is expressed in ten words. A number of synonyms express the concept of “urinalysis” can be translated in several ways: urine test , urine analysis , However, this does not speak of polysemy, which could mislead the physician or medical interpreter. Each of these concepts has its own shade of meaning: to denote differences in size, quality, quantity, intensity, etc. As for translation, the unambiguity of a term should not be confused with the translation of a term into another language, because the translation equivalent of a term is not its meaning, but only one of the possible options for equivalent correspondence” [7, p. 118].

If we talk about the methods of translation, then Kovalenko A.Ya. identifies the following techniques for translating terms-phrases:

1) descriptive technique, i.e. transmission of a word from an extended explanation of the meaning of an English word;

2) translation by using the genitive case;

3) tracing;

4) transcription is the transfer of the pronunciation of an English word in Russian letters, i.e. transfer of its phonetic appearance;

5) transliteration is the transfer of letters of the English letter into Russian letters, regardless of the pronunciation of the English word;

6) dictionary translation consists in checking texts against specialized dictionaries and encyclopedias.

A reliable source of specialized vocabulary are encyclopedias, especially industry-specific ones, where established and generally accepted specialized vocabulary is collected. In addition, encyclopedias often contain extremely important data on the conditions of occurrence and the semantic environment of terms.

On the material of the scenario text of the television series “Clinic”, two main methods of translation were distinguished: descriptive and dictionary. The choice is due to the fact that these methods of translation were found in the material of the study.

The following examples of dictionary translations of some terms that have synonyms recorded in the dictionary:

I’ve been involved in every ridiculous TV-induced panic there is – Poison pills, West Nile… mad cow, bird flu [10]… / I have lived through all fictional TV epidemics – poisoned pills, West Nile fever … mad cow disease, bird flu … (Hereinafter – MTV channel translation). Full name of the disease “mad cow” – “bovine spongiform encephalopathy” . In this situation, the variant “mad cow disease” used in the translation seems to be stylistically correct, since in the context it is not so much the essence of the disease that matters, but its lexical design.

The character makes fun of patients who, having heard about another epidemic, go to the hospital, believing that they are suffering from this disease. Thus, a satirical effect is created.

And then I said something stupid. could be SARS. I forgot that if any doctor suspects SARS, it’s cause for immediate quarantine lockdown [ there same ] / and here i said frank 901 37 stupidity . He may have SARS. I forgot, if the doctor suspects SARS, quarantine is immediately declared. In this example, the abbreviation “SARS” is translated as “SARS”. Its full name is “severe acute respiratory syndrome” . It is possible that the choice of this option is due to the need to synchronize the original and translated audio tracks, that is, to shorten the Russian phrase.

The next way to translate medical terms is descriptive translation.

The periampullary carcinoma patient had a failed stenting of the bile duct. I want to prep him for a pylorus sparing pancreaticoduodenectomy [10] / 6 successful successful stenting biliary duct . I want to prepare him for pancreaticoduodenal resection of the pylorus.

In this example, the surgeon is giving instructions to the nurse regarding the patient, so the conversation is full of medical terminology without explanation. It is assumed that the interlocutor of the surgeon understands everything in view of his profession.

In the following example, the doctor informs the patient about the results of the tests and explains the essence of the disease. Since the patient does not understand terms well, he asks to explain their meaning to him. Thus, screenwriters “communicate” with their viewers: the patient is a viewer, just like the patient himself, who does not understand the terms, and the doctor is a screenwriter explaining his intention.

The EGD showed multiple erosive peptic ulcers and the secretin injection test was positive, which suggests you have gastrinomatous Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. – “In English, please.” – Your stomach acid is eroding your own intestines. It’s remarkable. I’ve never seen anything like it [ibid.] / ECD showed multiple erosive ulcers, secretin injection test positive, so most likely you have Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Now translate, please. “Your stomach acid is eating away at your insides. It’s amazing, I’ve never seen anything like it.

It can be concluded that 70% of the problems in this scenario text of the television series “Clinic” are abbreviations, since the number of medical abbreviations in English is more than in Russian. Therefore, the translator needs to check each abbreviation, make it understandable for the audience. To solve this problem, a dictionary translation method was used in the scenario of the television series “Clinic”. 15% is the problem of adequacy. The translator must beware of tautologies, double-check the words in the source. To solve this problem, vocabulary and descriptive methods were used in the script. 15% is the problem of synonyms, so the translator of medical texts needs to be able to navigate in the synonymic series. To solve this problem, a descriptive translation method was used in the script.

Thus, the main difficulties of translating medical terms into Russian and possible ways to overcome them were formulated.

References

1. Averbukh K. Ya. General theory of the term / K. Ya. Averbukh. – Ivanovo, 2004. – 252 p.
2. Great Soviet Encyclopedia [Text] / ed. A. M. Prokhorova. – M.: Publishing House “Soviet Encyclopedia”, 1974. – 674 p.
3. Vasina, V. M. Accent design of terminological phrases in English medical discourse [Text]: author. dis. … cand. philol. Sciences: 10.02.2014 / V.M. Vasina. – Ivanovo, 2006. – 25 p.
4. Gerd A.S. Problems of formation and unification of scientific terminology [Text] / A.S. Gerd // Questions of linguistics, 1979. – No. 1. – S. 83-88.
5. Grinev-Grinevich, SV Terminology: textbook. allowance for students. higher textbook institutions [Text] / S. V. Grinev-Grinevich. – M.: Academy, 2008. – 304 p.
6. Samoilov DV On the translation of the medical text [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.practica.ru/Articles/medical.htm (date of access: 03/25/2017).
7. Solntsev, E.M. General and particular problems of translation of medical texts // E.M. Solntsev. – M .: Vestnik MSLU, 2010. No. 9
8. Dictionary of the modern Russian literary language [Text]. In 20 t. T.15 / ed. K. S. Gorbachevich. – M.: Enlightenment, 2014. – 431 p.
9. Shkarin V.V., Grigoryeva Yu.V., Gorohova N.M. On the culture of using scientific medical vocabulary (terminology).