How does thyroid hormone affect blood vessels to regulate body temperature. What is the link between thyroid disorders and temperature sensitivity. Can thyroid-related temperature issues be treated effectively.

The Intricate Relationship Between Thyroid Hormones and Body Temperature

Recent research has shed light on the complex interplay between thyroid hormones and body temperature regulation. Scientists from the Karolinska Institutet in Sweden have made groundbreaking discoveries that explain why individuals with thyroid disorders often experience heightened sensitivity to environmental temperatures. This newfound understanding could potentially revolutionize the treatment approach for patients suffering from thyroid-related temperature issues.

Unraveling the Mystery: How Thyroid Hormones Influence Blood Vessels

The study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, reveals that thyroid hormones play a crucial role in controlling blood vessel dilation. This mechanism directly impacts the body’s ability to dissipate or retain heat, thus affecting overall temperature regulation.

The Role of Thyroid Hormone Receptors

Researchers focused on a specific thyroid hormone receptor called TRalpha 1, which is expressed in certain tissues, including the central nervous system, bone, and muscle types. By studying mice with a mutated TRalpha 1 receptor, they were able to isolate and examine the effects of thyroid dysfunction on temperature regulation.

Infrared Imaging Reveals Heat Loss Patterns

Using infrared imaging technology, the scientists observed that mice with the mutated receptor experienced significant heat loss through their tails. This finding indicated that the impaired thyroid hormone receptor prevented proper blood vessel constriction, leading to inefficient temperature regulation.

The Paradox of Increased Metabolism in Hypothyroid Mice

One of the most intriguing aspects of the study was the unexpected increase in metabolism observed in the hypothyroid mice. Dr. Amy Warner, a researcher at the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology at the Karolinska Institutet, explained this phenomenon to Medical News Today.

• Mice with non-functioning TRalpha 1 receptors struggled to regulate body temperature
• Impaired blood vessel control in temperature regulation areas, such as the tail
• Excessive heat loss due to inadequate blood vessel constriction
• Activation of brown fat to generate heat and maintain body temperature
• Increased energy demands leading to higher metabolism despite hypothyroid condition

Reversing Heat Loss: A Potential Treatment Approach

In a groundbreaking experiment, researchers administered a drug called midodrine to artificially induce vascular constriction in the affected mice. This intervention successfully reversed the heat loss from the tail, allowing the mice to maintain normal body temperature. As a result, the activation of brown fat was “turned off,” normalizing oxygen consumption and food intake.

Implications for Human Thyroid Disorders

These findings open up new possibilities for treating thyroid patients who experience severe temperature sensitivity. By understanding the vascular control mechanisms involved in body temperature regulation, healthcare providers may be able to develop more targeted and effective treatments for thyroid-related temperature issues.

Challenging Previous Assumptions: A New Perspective on Thyroid-Temperature Connection

Dr. Warner emphasized that until now, temperature sensitivity in thyroid disorders was primarily attributed to the effects of thyroid hormone on basal metabolic rate. However, this study highlights the significant role of thyroid hormone in vascular control of body temperature, challenging previous assumptions and providing a more comprehensive understanding of thyroid dysfunction.

Future Research Directions: Extending Findings to Human Subjects

The research team at Karolinska Institutet has expressed interest in conducting further studies to determine the exact mechanisms behind the impaired smooth muscle response in temperature regulation. Additionally, they aim to extend the use of infrared thermography to human subjects, comparing heat dissipation patterns between individuals with normal thyroid function and those with various thyroid conditions.

Thyroid Disorders and Temperature Sensitivity: A Closer Look

Understanding the relationship between thyroid function and temperature sensitivity is crucial for both patients and healthcare providers. Let’s explore how different thyroid conditions can affect an individual’s perception of temperature and overall comfort.

Hyperthyroidism and Heat Intolerance

Individuals with an overactive thyroid, or hyperthyroidism, often experience increased sensitivity to heat. This condition is characterized by excessive production of thyroid hormones, leading to a range of symptoms including:

• Feeling uncomfortably warm in moderate temperatures
• Excessive sweating
• Increased heart rate
• Anxiety and restlessness
• Difficulty sleeping due to heat discomfort

Hypothyroidism and Cold Sensitivity

Conversely, individuals with an underactive thyroid, or hypothyroidism, tend to feel colder than others in the same environment. This condition results from insufficient production of thyroid hormones and can lead to symptoms such as:

• Feeling persistently cold, even in warm environments
• Dry, cool skin
• Fatigue and weakness
• Weight gain
• Slow heart rate

The Impact of Thyroid Disorders on Quality of Life

Temperature sensitivity associated with thyroid disorders can significantly affect an individual’s daily life and overall well-being. Many patients report difficulties in maintaining comfort in various environments, which can lead to social isolation, reduced productivity, and decreased quality of life.

Challenges in the Workplace

Individuals with thyroid-related temperature sensitivity may face unique challenges in the workplace, such as:

• Difficulty concentrating due to discomfort
• Conflicts with coworkers over thermostat settings
• Need for frequent breaks to adjust clothing or temperature
• Reduced productivity during extreme weather conditions

Social and Emotional Impact

The constant struggle with temperature regulation can also take a toll on a person’s social life and emotional well-being. Some common issues include:

• Anxiety about attending social events due to temperature concerns
• Difficulty enjoying outdoor activities in certain weather conditions
• Feelings of frustration or embarrassment related to temperature sensitivity
• Strained relationships due to differing temperature preferences

Diagnosing Thyroid-Related Temperature Sensitivity

Accurate diagnosis of thyroid disorders is crucial for addressing temperature sensitivity issues effectively. Healthcare providers typically employ a combination of methods to assess thyroid function and identify potential problems.

Blood Tests for Thyroid Function

The primary method for diagnosing thyroid disorders involves blood tests that measure levels of thyroid hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). These tests include:

• TSH test: Measures the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone produced by the pituitary gland
• T4 test: Assesses the level of thyroxine, the main thyroid hormone
• T3 test: Measures triiodothyronine, another important thyroid hormone
• Thyroid antibody tests: Check for autoimmune thyroid conditions

Physical Examination and Medical History

In addition to blood tests, healthcare providers will typically perform a physical examination and review the patient’s medical history. This may include:

• Palpation of the thyroid gland to check for enlargement or nodules
• Assessment of heart rate and blood pressure
• Evaluation of skin texture and temperature
• Discussion of symptoms, including temperature sensitivity
• Review of family history of thyroid disorders

Treatment Options for Thyroid-Related Temperature Sensitivity

Managing temperature sensitivity in thyroid disorders often involves treating the underlying thyroid condition. However, the recent research findings suggest that additional approaches targeting vascular control may be beneficial.

Conventional Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy

For individuals with hypothyroidism, the standard treatment involves thyroid hormone replacement therapy. This typically includes:

• Levothyroxine: A synthetic form of the T4 hormone
• Regular monitoring and dose adjustments as needed
• Lifestyle modifications to support thyroid health

Antithyroid Medications for Hyperthyroidism

Patients with hyperthyroidism may be prescribed antithyroid medications to reduce thyroid hormone production. Common treatments include:

• Methimazole or propylthiouracil: Medications that block thyroid hormone synthesis
• Beta-blockers: To manage symptoms such as rapid heart rate and anxiety
• Radioactive iodine therapy: In some cases, to reduce thyroid gland activity

Emerging Treatments Targeting Vascular Control

Based on the recent research findings, future treatments for thyroid-related temperature sensitivity may include:

• Medications targeting blood vessel constriction and dilation
• Personalized therapies based on individual vascular response patterns
• Combination treatments addressing both thyroid hormone levels and vascular control

Lifestyle Strategies for Managing Thyroid-Related Temperature Sensitivity

While medical treatments are essential for addressing thyroid disorders, individuals can also employ various lifestyle strategies to manage temperature sensitivity and improve overall comfort.

Clothing and Layering Techniques

Adapting your wardrobe to accommodate temperature fluctuations can be helpful:

• Invest in breathable, moisture-wicking fabrics
• Use a layering system to easily adjust to temperature changes
• Keep extra clothing or accessories on hand for unexpected temperature shifts

Environmental Modifications

Making adjustments to your living and working environments can help maintain comfort:

• Use fans or portable heaters for localized temperature control
• Invest in a programmable thermostat for better temperature management
• Consider using humidity control devices to improve overall comfort

Nutrition and Hydration

Proper nutrition and hydration can support thyroid function and temperature regulation:

• Stay well-hydrated to support proper body temperature control
• Consume foods rich in iodine, selenium, and zinc to support thyroid health
• Consider working with a nutritionist specializing in thyroid disorders

The Future of Thyroid Research and Temperature Regulation

The groundbreaking study from the Karolinska Institutet has opened up new avenues for thyroid research and potential treatments. As scientists continue to explore the intricate relationship between thyroid hormones and body temperature regulation, we can expect to see advancements in several areas:

Personalized Medicine Approaches

Future treatments for thyroid-related temperature sensitivity may be tailored to individual patients based on their specific vascular response patterns and thyroid hormone profiles. This personalized approach could lead to more effective and targeted therapies.

Advanced Diagnostic Tools

The use of infrared thermography in human subjects, as proposed by the research team, could revolutionize the diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid disorders. This non-invasive imaging technique may provide valuable insights into heat dissipation patterns and vascular function in thyroid patients.

Novel Drug Development

As researchers gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms behind thyroid-related temperature sensitivity, new drugs targeting specific aspects of vascular control and thyroid hormone action may be developed. These novel treatments could offer more precise and effective options for managing temperature-related symptoms in thyroid disorders.

Integration of Wearable Technology

The development of wearable devices that can monitor body temperature, thyroid hormone levels, and vascular function in real-time could provide valuable data for both patients and healthcare providers. This technology could enable more accurate diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and personalized management of thyroid-related temperature sensitivity.

Collaborative Research Efforts

As the importance of vascular control in thyroid-related temperature regulation becomes more apparent, we may see increased collaboration between endocrinologists, vascular specialists, and neuroscientists. This interdisciplinary approach could lead to more comprehensive understanding and treatment of thyroid disorders.

In conclusion, the recent discoveries regarding the relationship between thyroid hormones and body temperature regulation have opened up exciting new possibilities for understanding and treating thyroid disorders. As research in this field continues to evolve, patients with thyroid-related temperature sensitivity can look forward to more targeted and effective treatment options, ultimately leading to improved quality of life and overall well-being.

How body temperature is affected by thyroid hormone

Researchers say they have discovered how thyroid hormone affects blood vessels to determine body temperature, potentially explaining why people who have disorders of the thyroid gland have higher sensitivity to environmental temperature.

An overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) can cause a person to feel too hot, while an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) can cause a person to feel too cold.

The researchers from the Karolinska Institutet in Sweden said that previous studies have attributed this to how thyroid hormone affects the metabolism within cells.

The thyroid produces hormones that are able to influence how much the blood vessels dilate. In turn, this affects how much heat can escape the body.

For the study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the researchers studied mice with a mutated thyroid hormone receptor (receptor-mediated hypothyroidism). This particular mutation only affects one type of hormone receptor called TRalpha 1.

According to the researchers, TRalpha 1 is only expressed in certain tissues, and the mutation makes the tissue unresponsive to thyroid hormone, particularly in the central nervous system, bone and all muscle types.

Dr. Amy Warner, researcher at the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology at the Karolinska Institutet, told Medical News Today:

“This makes it easier to study certain aspects of thyroid dysfunction, while others remain normal. It’s well known that thyroid hormone drives up basal metabolic rate, by affecting how quickly cells metabolize, and hypothyroidism should therefore show the opposite.”

Previous studies have shown that mice with this defect had an overactive metabolism, caused by the energy needed to generate heat from brown fat.

“When our supposedly hypothyroid mice showed an increase in metabolism and were burning energy through activating their brown fat, we were confused by this paradox and wanted to find out why this occurred,” Dr. Warner added.

The researchers took infrared images of the mice, which revealed that they were losing a significant amount of heat through their tails. This showed that the mutated thyroid hormone receptor meant the mice were unable to sufficiently regulate the constriction of their blood vessels.

Dr. Warner explained the findings to Medical News Today:

“Mice with a non-functioning TRalpha 1 receptor cannot properly regulate their body temperature, and this is due to impaired control of their blood vessels, in areas where they are used for temperature regulation, such as the tail.”

She continued:

“Shown through infrared imaging, at room temperature, the tail blood vessels do not constrict properly, and too much heat is lost. The mice cannot defend their body temperature correctly, and therefore need to generate heat from their brown fat to keep warm. Activation of brown fat requires an increase in energy demands to maintain, hence why these mice have a higher metabolism, despite being hypothyroid. ”

When the researchers gave the mice a drug (midodrine) to artificially cause vascular constriction, they found that this reversed the heat loss from the tail, meaning the mice could maintain normal body temperature, and activation of the brown fat was “turned off.”

“Oxygen consumption and food intake were also normalized, meaning that the increased metabolism in these mice was due to the energy demands of the brown fat, not a consequence of the mutation itself,” Dr. Warner added.

“By looking at the function of isolated smooth muscle from tail artery, we know that (sympathetic) signal from the brain to the tail is intact in these mice, and the defect is within the smooth muscle itself.”

Dr. Warner said that until now, temperature sensitivity as a result of thyroid disorders has been attributed solely to the basal metabolic rate effects of too much or too little thyroid hormone.

“However, this study shows that thyroid hormone’s role in the vascular control of body temperature may be of particular importance,” she added.

Dr. Warner noted that the findings of this study may open up the possibility to treat thyroid patients who find their temperature sensitivity to be significantly detrimental to their quality of life.

“Similarly, having a better understanding of all the conceivable consequences of thyroid hormone disorders is important for comprehensive patient care.”

Dr. Warner said that the team would like to carry out further research in order to determine exactly why the smooth muscle does not respond correctly in the mice to regulate their body temperature.

She added: “We’d also like to see the use of infrared thermography extended to humans, to see if any heat dissipation differences can be seen between euthyroid and different thyroid conditions.”

Hypothyroidism | Johns Hopkins Medicine

What is hypothyroidism?

Hypothyroidism is the most common type of thyroid disorder. It means your thyroid gland is not active enough. This tiny gland is found in the front of your neck. Its job is to make thyroid hormone. If the gland is underactive, it may not make enough thyroid hormone.

Thyroid hormones control how your body uses energy. They affect almost every organ in your body. When your thyroid doesn’t make enough of these hormones, parts of your body slow down.  

What causes hypothyroidism?

The most common cause of hypothyroidism is an autoimmune disorder. This means your immune system starts to attack itself. It makes antibodies against the thyroid gland. Another cause may be treatment for an overactive thyroid gland. That may include radioactive iodine therapy or surgery.

A condition called secondary hypothyroidism can also sometimes happen. It’s when your pituitary gland stops working. The pituitary gland then no longer tells the thyroid gland to make thyroid hormones.

Newborns are tested at birth for hypothyroidism. This condition must be treated immediately. It can affect a baby’s brain and nervous system.

Who is at risk for hypothyroidism?

You may be more likely to have hypothyroidism if you:

• Are a woman
• Are older than age 60
• Have had thyroid problems or thyroid surgery in the past
• Have a family history of thyroid problems
• Have certain conditions, such as type 1 diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis
• Have Turner syndrome, a genetic condition that affects women
• Are pregnant or have had a baby within the past 6 months
• Have an iodine deficiency. Your body needs iodine to make thyroid hormone.

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

Symptoms are different for each person. They are usually hard to notice and start slowly. They may be mistaken for symptoms of depression. Here are the most common symptoms and signs:

• Dull facial expressions
• Tiredness (fatigue)
• Being cold bothers you
• Hoarse voice
• Slow speech
• Droopy eyelids
• Puffy and swollen face
• Weight gain
• Constipation
• Sparse, coarse, and dry hair
• Coarse, dry, and thickened skin
• Hand tingling or pain (carpal tunnel syndrome)
• Slow pulse
• Muscle cramps
• Sides of eyebrows thin or fall out
• Confusion
• Increased or irregular menstrual flow in women

These symptoms may look like other health problems. Always see your healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

How is hypothyroidism diagnosed?

Your healthcare provider will ask about your past health. You will also need an exam. Blood tests can also help diagnose hypothyroidism. They can measure the amount of thyroid hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormones in your blood.

How is hypothyroidism treated?

Your healthcare provider will figure out the best treatment for you based on:

• Your age, overall health, and past health
• How sick you are
• How well you can handle certain medicines, treatments, or therapies
• How long the condition is expected to last
• Your opinion or preference

The goal of treatment is to return your level of thyroid hormone back to normal. You may need to take medicine that gives you a dose of thyroid hormones. Your provider may need to change the dose over time. You will need blood tests to make sure you are taking the correct dose of thyroid hormone replacement. You will probably need to take this medicine for the rest of your life.

What are the complications of hypothyroidism?

If your hypothyroidism is not treated, these complications may happen:

• Anemia
• Low body temperature
• Heart failure

When should I call my healthcare provider?

Tell your healthcare provider if your symptoms get worse or you have new symptoms. If you are a woman of childbearing age and want to become pregnant, talk with your healthcare provider first.

Key points about hypothyroidism

• Hypothyroidism means your thyroid gland is underactive. It isn’t making enough thyroid hormone. The most common cause is when your immune system starts to attack itself. It makes antibodies against the thyroid gland.
• Symptoms include dull facial expressions, tiredness, and weight gain.
• Blood tests can help diagnose this condition. They can measure the amount of thyroid hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormones in your blood.
• The goal of treatment is to return your levels of thyroid hormone back to normal.
• Untreated hypothyroidism may lead to anemia, low body temperature, and heart failure.
• Treatment may include medicine that replaces lost thyroid hormones. You usually will need to take thyroid hormones for the rest of your life.

Next steps

Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your healthcare provider:

• Know the reason for your visit and what you want to happen.
• Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.
• Bring someone with you to help you ask questions and remember what your provider tells you.
• At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis, and any new medicines, treatments, or tests. Also write down any new instructions your provider gives you.
• Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed, and how it will help you. Also know what the side effects are.
• Ask if your condition can be treated in other ways.
• Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean.
• Know what to expect if you do not take the medicine or have the test or procedure.
• If you have a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit.

Thyroid

Every fourth inhabitant of Moscow and the Moscow region is a potential patient of an endocrinologist. We live in an area with a low iodine content, which means that our “thyroid gland” has to work hard. From such work, it increases in size and, sometimes, very significantly. Its normal hormonal function may be disrupted. And to prevent this from happening, you just need to see a doctor on time.

Who knows their norm?!
Usually, nothing should be felt on the front of the neck. And if the thyroid gland is felt with your fingers, it is very likely that it is enlarged (unless, of course, what you felt is exactly the thyroid gland!)
The normal function of the thyroid gland is not felt in any way, but its violation can cause chronic fatigue, fatigue, even muscle weakness, if such a violation has gone far.

Whom to fear?
Symptoms of the “thyroid gland” disease can be not only weakness and lethargy, and sometimes even vice versa – excitability and irritability, seemingly unconditioned; or a temperature of 37.0-37.5 without obvious other reasons. There may be nothing else besides an increase in temperature, and doctors tend to attribute such a temperature to endless acute respiratory infections (without cough and runny nose?!), “temperature tails” after infections, or even to the personality and structure of the patient’s nervous system.

See the enemy in the face
There are no “100%” symptoms. But everyone needs to remember at least that the thyroid gland is. That she might be sick. That there are more than a hundred diseases of the thyroid gland, but the lion’s share is caused by a lack of iodine in food. Insufficient function of the thyroid gland (hypothyroidism) is the cause of miscarriage, hypothyroidism is the cause of mental underdevelopment of children, poor school performance. (Of course, there are other reasons as well). But it should be remembered that memory and intelligence are directly dependent on the function of the thyroid gland.

Women and children
That’s who is most important not to miss the disease. The function of the fetal brain depends on the state of the mother’s thyroid gland! Abilities and rates of development of the child too.

Poison?
Individuals suffering from atherosclerosis, hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias certainly need to be monitored. In the first two cases, because these diseases can arise or be aggravated by the pathology of the “thyroid”, and in the third, also because some antiarrhythmic drugs, say, cordarone, can harm the gland (especially with inadequate laboratory control of its work).

Until you get sick
Go to the doctor. And if there is no time yet, then do at least an ultrasound scan and take an analysis for hormones (TSH) and antibodies to thyroglobulin. These indicators will exclude the pathology of the thyroid gland (if everything is normal, of course). And if something is not right, then be sure to see a doctor. It is possible that other studies will be required to clarify the diagnosis. Such examinations are quite justified for healthy individuals, because thyroid diseases can be asymptomatic for many years, without manifesting themselves in any way, and not bother a person at all. And identifying problems at an early stage is very important, because this will avoid so many complications!

If you want to be healthy…
Of course, autoimmune inflammation of the thyroid gland, or its cancer, cannot be cured with iodine, but the most common disease – endemic goiter – is quite possible. You can also prevent it from happening. Taking potassium iodide at a dose of 100 micrograms per day for 3 to 6 months can radically improve the situation. Moscow and the Moscow region are zones of endemic goiter, 96% of the population have signs of iodine deficiency, which means that we are all recommended to eat iodized salt, and recently it has become possible to eat iodized bread and iodized butter. These products are both tasty and healthy.

Guys, let’s live together!
A lot of things can happen to the “thyroid gland”, and therefore – the doctor is your best adviser. All medicines (including iodomarin and potassium iodide) are best used for its intended purpose and under its strict guidance. In addition, most thyroid diseases, with adequate treatment, end in recovery! Think about how many diseases we can cure?

An unhealthy thyroid gland disrupts thermoregulation – Gazeta.Ru

If you are cold – check your thyroid gland – Gazeta.Ru

17 September 2013, 14:09
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Scientists have found out why people with thyroid disorders are more sensitive to ambient temperature.

Those who have an overactive or underactive thyroid gland often feel that their body temperature is above or below normal. This phenomenon is well known to physicians, but until now it has been associated exclusively with the influence of thyroid hormones on the intensity of metabolism in cells.

Swedish scientists have found that the main cause of thermoregulation disorders lies not at all in a change in metabolism, but in the effect of thyroid hormones on blood vessels.

Hormones against whites

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Hormones are signal molecules that are produced in the body in small quantities and are carried with the bloodstream to all organs and cells. When they interact with receptors, the signal is greatly amplified and converted into a physiological one. There can be different receptors for the same hormone in different organs. For example, the thyroid hormone receptor TR-α1 is most active in cardiac and skeletal muscle.

Scientists from the Karolinska Institute in Sweden have obtained a mutant line of laboratory mice in which TR-α1 was “broken”. The mutant rodents generated large amounts of heat as metabolism increased dramatically in a specialized tissue called brown fat. Brown adipose tissue is present in all mammals. It is especially developed in hibernating animals. People also have it: in newborns it is 5% of the total body weight.

The main function of brown fat is to give warmth “from the inside”, to warm.

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So, as Swedish scientists found out, despite the increased metabolic activity of brown adipose tissue, the body temperature of mutant rodents with a broken thyroid hormone receptor did not increase. It turned out that, among other things, when the receptor was broken, blood vessels lost their ability to narrow or expand under the influence of signaling molecules of the nervous system, such as acetylcholine.

When scientists measured the temperature of various parts of the body of mutant mice using infrared thermography, they noticed that the heat generated by brown fat dissipated through the surface of the body, and was not stored, as is the case with normal functioning of the body, and was not used for internal heating. Especially a lot of heat “leaked” through the tail. By injecting a specially selected vasoconstrictor into the tail artery, it was possible to prevent heat loss and, as a result, normalize the activity of brown adipose tissue.

The findings, according to scientists, explain why patients with thyroid diseases are so sensitive to temperature changes.

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This is the first study of its kind to discover the molecular mechanisms of thyroid hormone-mediated thermoregulation and show the relationship between processes occurring in adipose tissue and the cardiovascular system.

It also became clear that the unbalanced work of blood vessels nullifies all the body’s efforts aimed at heating. Mice that produce excess heat and are unable to store it get cold. People are in a better position. Unlike rodents, they can wrap themselves in a warm sweater or turn on the air conditioner for heating. Nevertheless, in the long term, these studies should be considered as the first stage in the search for means of correcting vascular dysfunction. Results of work published in the scientific journal PNAS .

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