Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) – Treatment

An underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) is usually treated by taking daily hormone replacement tablets called levothyroxine.

Levothyroxine replaces the thyroxine hormone, which your thyroid does not make enough of.

You’ll initially have regular blood tests until the correct dose of levothyroxine is reached. This can take a little while to get right.

You may start on a low dose of levothyroxine, which may be increased gradually, depending on how your body responds. Some people start to feel better soon after beginning treatment, while others do not notice an improvement in their symptoms for several months.

Once you’re taking the correct dose, you’ll usually have a blood test once a year to monitor your hormone levels.

If blood tests suggest you may have an underactive thyroid, but you do not have any symptoms or they’re very mild, you may not need any treatment. In these cases, the GP will usually monitor your hormone levels every few months and prescribe levothyroxine if you develop symptoms.

Taking levothyroxine

If you’re prescribed levothyroxine, you should take it at the same time every day. It’s usually recommended that you take your tablet (or tablets) in the morning, although some people prefer to take them at night.

The effectiveness of the tablets can be altered by other medicines, supplements or foods, so they should be swallowed with water on an empty stomach, and you should avoid eating for 30 minutes afterwards.

If you forget to take a dose, take it as soon as you remember, if this is within a few hours of your usual time. If you do not remember until later than this, skip the dose and take the next dose at the usual time, unless advised otherwise by a doctor.

An underactive thyroid is a lifelong condition, so you’ll usually need to take levothyroxine for the rest of your life.

If you’re prescribed levothyroxine because you have an underactive thyroid, you’re entitled to a medical exemption certificate. This means you do not have to pay for your prescriptions. See getting help with prescription costs for more information on this.

Side effects

Levothyroxine does not usually have any side effects, because the tablets simply replace a missing hormone.

Side effects usually only occur if you’re taking too much levothyroxine. This can cause problems including sweating, chest pain, headaches, diarrhoea and being sick.

Tell the doctor if you develop new symptoms while taking levothyroxine. You should also let them know if your symptoms get worse or do not improve.

Combination therapy

In the UK, combination therapy – using levothyroxine and triiodothyronine (T3) together – is not routinely used because there’s insufficient evidence to show it’s better than using levothyroxine alone (monotherapy).

In most cases, suppressing thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) using high-dose thyroid replacement therapy should be avoided because it carries a risk of causing adverse side effects, such as atrial fibrillation (an irregular and abnormally fast heart rate), strokes, osteoporosis and fracture.

However, this type of treatment may sometimes be recommended in cases where a person has a history of thyroid cancer and there’s a significant risk of it reoccurring.

Underactive thyroid and pregnancy

It’s important for the health of you and your baby that an underactive thyroid is treated properly before you become pregnant.

Tell a GP if you’re pregnant or trying to become pregnant and you have hypothyroidism. They may refer you to a specialist for treatment and monitoring during your pregnancy.

Page last reviewed: 10 May 2021
Next review due: 10 May 2024

What Are the Side Effects of Thyroid Hormone Replacement?

Thyroid hormone replacement therapy is not known for having significant side effects. That said, elevated levels of thyroid hormones may result in:

• Elevated heart rate
• Chest pain
• Excessive sweating
• Nervousness
• Insomnia
• Diarrhea
• Vomiting
• Headache
• Weight loss
• Fever

These symptoms often arise from toxic levels of thyroid hormones and may be avoided when therapy is conducted responsibly by a qualified medical professional.

Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy Can Be Very Beneficial

A thyroid that is not functioning properly, and specifically one that is producing insufficient amounts of thyroid hormones, can cause a number of serious health effects. Known as hypothyroidism, an underactive thyroid may lead to:

• Thinning hair
• Abnormal cold sensitivity
• Thin blood
• Aching muscles
• Gaining weight
• Lack of energy
• Depression

Those who qualify for thyroid hormone replacement therapy often weigh these short-term effects of hypothyroidism and choose to accept the potential side effects that sometimes arise from thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Because the thyroid plays a critical role in our body’s overall health, some see no other choice.

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The Thyroid Is Central to Our Health

The thyroid is a gland that sits under the voice box in the front of the neck. It creates and secretes several hormones, with the most noteworthy being:

• Calcitonin
• Triiodothyronine, (T3)
• Tetraiodothyronine, (T4)

Hormones play an indispensable role in our health, regulating critical functions such as metabolism, fertility, and growth. The hormones T3 and T4 control the basal metabolic rate. When elevated, these hormones produce:

• Physical body growth
• Maturation in the brain
• A faster heartbeat and pulse
• A rise in body temperature
• An alert nervous system, which heightens reflexes and concentration

The body’s ability to kick into attentiveness and produce the neurological reactions that come with that state of being, is vitally important. When hypothyroidism takes hold, this diminishes.

Hypothyroidism Is an All-Encompassing Disorder

When your thyroid fails to produce the normal amount of hormones, serious health effects set in that can lead to even more serious, long-term diseases and ailments.

The symptoms of hypothyroidism include:

• Sensitivity to cold
• Constipation
• Abnormal weight gain
• Unhealthy hair and nails
• Numbness, tingling, and pain in the extremities
• Irregular or heavy menstrual flow
• In the elderly, additional problems may arise affecting memory and possible depression
• Weak and aching muscles
• Low energy
• Muscle cramping
• The inability to move quickly
• A minimized or lost sex drive (libido)
• Dry, scaly skin

Those who do not recognize or address hypothyroidism in its early stages will likely experience increasingly serious or unsightly health consequences. Some of the long-term effects of untreated hypothyroidism include:

• A puffy face
• A hoarse or low-pitched voice
• A slowed heart rate, which may be a sign of a taxed cardiovascular system
• Anemia, which is an abnormally low amount of red blood cells
• Diminished hearing or complete hearing loss

These effects vary in their seriousness, but none of them are desirable. It is a no-brainer to treat hypothyroidism as soon as you discover it, and treatment begins with discovering the source of the hypothyroidism.

Some Possible Causes of Hypothyroidism

Abnormally low hormone levels have several potential causes. Some of the possible sources of hypothyroidism include:

Adverse Reaction to Medication

If you have started taking a new medication recently and are experiencing symptoms of hypothyroidism (fatigue, puffy face, etc.), consider that the medication could be affecting your thyroid’s normal function. Speak to your doctor if symptoms of hypothyroidism persist.

An Overcorrected Hyperthyroidism Treatment

Hyperthyroidism, the opposite effect of hypothyroidism, is an overly active thyroid, which can lead to potentially fatal health effects, such as an overtaxed cardiovascular system and dangerous weight loss. Yet sometimes treatment for hyperthyroidism can actually result in hypothyroidism.

Thyroid Surgery

If you were afflicted with cancer of the neck or head area and the cancer reached your lymph nodes, then you may have required surgery to remove part of the node. Removing part of the thyroid can cause abnormal function that qualifies as hypothyroidism. Treatment may help ease the symptoms, even though you cannot physically replace the thyroid itself.

Autoimmune Disease

Autoimmune diseases occur when the body starts attacking itself, and some autoimmune diseases take a toll on the thyroid gland. One autoimmune disease, in particular, that affects the thyroid is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, or Hashimoto’s disease, yet it is not the only one.

Radiation Therapy

When certain forms of cancer affecting the head or neck require radiation therapy, hypothyroidism can be one of the side effects.

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Many With Hypothyroidism Choose Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy

Despite its aforementioned side effects, many weigh the health effects of hypothyroidism and choose to undergo thyroid hormone replacement therapy. This therapy includes taking synthetic thyroid hormones that work in conjunction with:

• Diet
• Lifestyle

Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy Aims To Restore Biological Normalcy

Thyroid hormone replacement therapy is designed to restore normal thyroid function, and in doing so, minimizing or eliminating the negative effects of hypothyroidism. The primary hormone replaced through these therapies is thyroxine (T4), which can be delivered in pill form.

A series of tests can determine the proper dosage for your thyroid hormone replacement. Blood tests show not only the amount of thyroid hormone in your blood but also the amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). These work in conjunction to determine thyroid function, and therapy will target these entities.

Thyroid hormone replacement therapy done properly can help minimize some of the most dangerous effects of hypothyroidism, namely weight gain that is virtually impossible to reverse without intervention at the hormone level. And the side effects of thyroid hormone replacement are significantly less severe than the effects of hypothyroidism. Each case of hypothyroidism is unique, and therapy candidates should work with a medical professional to craft a treatment plan that works within their unique biology.

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The team of professionals at HealthGAINS will explain to you your viability for therapy, as well as answer any questions you might still have about the side effects of thyroid hormone replacement. Call today at (305) 912-8828 to discuss your case and how thyroid hormone replacement therapy may help you.

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What happens when the thyroid gland fails: symptoms and treatment

Content

• 1 7 signs of thyroid problems and what to do about them
  • 1.1 Basic functions of the thyroid gland
  • 1.2 Causes of thyroid dysfunction

  9000 5 1.3 Symptoms of hypothyroidism: what you need to know

  • 1.3.1 Slow metabolism
  • 1.3.2 Overweight
  • 1.3.3 Digestive problems
  • 1.3.4 Skin and hair problems
  • 1.3.5 Problems with memory and concentration
  • 1.4 Symptoms of hyperthyroidism: how to recognize them
  • 1.5 Diagnosis of thyroid disorders
    • 1.5.1 Testing the level of thyroid hormones

    9000 5 1.5.2 Thyroid ultrasound

    • 1.5 .3 X-ray of the thyroid gland
  • 1.6 Treatment of hypothyroidism: basic principles
    • 1. 6.1 Replacement of thyroid hormones
    • 1.6.2 Medication frequency
    • 1.6.3 Proper nutrition
    • 1.6.4 Regular medical monitoring
  • 1.7 Treatment of hyperthyroidism: effective methods
    • iodine treatment
    • 1.7.3 Surgical treatment
  • 1.8 Compensation for insufficiency of the thyroid gland: supplements and drugs
  • 1.9 Prevention of thyroid disorders
  • 1.10 Life after thyroid surgery: rehabilitation and recommendations
    • 1.10.1 Recovery period
    • 1.10.2 Recommendations
    • 1.10.3 Postoperative care
    • 1.10.4 Approaches to problems after treatment
    • 1.10.5 Conclusions 9000 8
  • 1.11 Prognosis and possible complications of thyroid disorders
    • 1.11.1 Prognosis
    • 1.11.2 Possible complications
  • .1 What are the symptoms of an inactive thyroid gland?
  • 1.13.0.2 What causes thyroid dysfunction?
  • 1. 13.0.3 How is thyroid dysfunction diagnosed?
  • 1.13.0.4 How to treat hyperthyroidism?
  • 1.13.0.5 How to treat hypothyroidism?
  • 1.13.0.6 How can I change my lifestyle if I have thyroid problems?

Malfunctions of the thyroid gland can lead to serious health problems. Find out what symptoms indicate a possible thyroid disorder and what methods of diagnosis and treatment are available in modern medicine.

The thyroid gland is a vital organ located in the neck and controls many functions in the body such as metabolism, growth and development. However, when the thyroid gland is not working properly, it can cause serious health problems, including high or low levels of thyroid hormones.

Symptoms of thyroid problems can vary depending on the type of problem. These may include fatigue, weight irregularity, mood changes, increased sensitivity to cold, neck pain, decreased or increased appetite, and changes in skin and hair.

Treatment for thyroid problems may vary depending on the type of problem. In some cases, medications may be prescribed for conditions associated with low or high thyroid hormone levels, and in more serious cases, thyroid surgery may be needed.

Basic functions of the thyroid gland

The thyroid gland is an organ of the endocrine system, which is located in the larynx and performs many important functions for the body.

• Regulation of metabolic processes: the thyroid gland produces the hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which control the metabolic rate in the body.
• Participation in development and growth: Thyroid hormones are essential for proper development of the body, especially during childhood and adolescence.
• Emotion regulation: The hormones produced by the thyroid gland can affect a person’s mood and ability to concentrate.
• Involved in reproduction: The thyroid gland affects ovarian and prostate function, as well as the ability to conceive and carry a child.

Thyroid disorders can lead to various diseases and manifest as a wide range of symptoms, such as drowsiness, fatigue, weight changes, menstrual irregularities, etc. If you have these symptoms, you should consult a doctor and undergo a thorough examination. Treatment of thyroid disease depends on the diagnosis and may be conservative or surgical.

Causes of malfunction of the thyroid gland

The thyroid gland can fail for several reasons. Some of them are related to the external environment, and some are related to our lifestyle.

1. Iodine deficiency is one of the most common causes of thyroid disorders. Iodine is necessary for the production of thyroid hormones, and its deficiency can lead to various disorders of the body.
2. Heredity – if one of the parents has problems with the thyroid gland, then the likelihood of such problems in the child increases. This may be due to a violation of the genes responsible for the functioning of the thyroid gland.
3. Autoimmune diseases – in such cases, the immune system begins to attack the tissues of the thyroid gland, which can lead to damage and impaired functioning.
4. Stress – frequent stressful situations can lead to disruption of the thyroid gland and the emergence of various diseases associated with its functioning.

These are not all the causes of thyroid disorders. It is important to understand that in case of any suspicion of a violation of the work of this body, it is necessary to consult a doctor and undergo an appropriate medical examination.

Symptoms of hypothyroidism: what you need to know

Slow metabolism

One of the first symptoms of hypothyroidism is a slow metabolism, which leads to a feeling of constant fatigue, weakness and lack of energy. Hypothyroidism reduces the production of hormones that are responsible for maintaining our metabolism.

Overweight

Insufficient thyroid hormone often leads to weight gain. A person begins to complain of swelling, loss of muscle mass, increased sensitivity to cold and other symptoms.

Digestive problems

Hypothyroidism can cause various digestive problems: constipation, lack of appetite, nausea. Problems with fat digestion can also appear – this is due to a lower level of bile acids, which are necessary for the digestion of fats.

Skin and hair problems

Skin and hair problems are common with hypothyroidism. The skin becomes dry and flaky, the hair thin, brittle and falling out.

Problems with memory and concentration

Another symptom of hypothyroidism is problems with memory and concentration. A person begins to forget important data, experiences difficulties in performing simple tasks.

Hyperthyroidism Symptoms: How to Recognize Them

Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. It can be caused by various reasons, such as a malfunction of the immune system or thyroid tumors. Hyperthyroidism can lead to serious side effects, so it’s important to recognize the symptoms early.

Hyperthyroidism can cause changes in your weight. You can lose weight even if you eat more than usual. You can also lose muscle mass and become weaker. Some people have an increased appetite.

Other symptoms of hyperthyroidism include increased heart rate, increased sweating, changes in vision, and menstrual dysfunction in women. You may also notice changes in your skin, hair, and nails.

If you have more than one of these symptoms, see your doctor for a diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. Treatment may include drugs, radioactive iodine, surgery, or other methods, depending on the severity of your condition.

Diagnosis of thyroid disorders

Thyroid hormone testing

A common method for diagnosing a thyroid condition is to study the level of thyroid hormones in the patient’s blood. When hormone levels are out of the normal range, this may indicate a malfunction of the thyroid gland.

• The most common method for measuring thyroid hormone levels is the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) blood test.
• In case of detection of deviations from the norm of the level of TSH, tests are additionally carried out for the level of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).

Ultrasound of the thyroid gland

Ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland is an effective method for diagnosing the state of the gland, especially in the case when the level of hormones in the blood does not accurately determine the presence or absence of violations of its function.

• Ultrasound can reveal the presence of tumors, cysts and other structural changes in the tissues of the thyroid gland.
• In addition, ultrasound can assess the size of the gland, which can be important in various thyroid diseases such as hypo- or hyperthyroidism.

X-ray of the thyroid gland

X-ray with a contrast agent can be performed to more accurately diagnose tumors and other structural changes in the tissues of the thyroid gland.

• A contrast agent that is injected into the patient’s body to detect tumors and other changes in thyroid tissue that may not be visible on conventional ultrasound.
• Thyroid X-ray is rarely used nowadays due to the availability of more accurate diagnostic methods.

Treatment of hypothyroidism: basic principles

Replacement of thyroid hormones

The main principle of the treatment of hypothyroidism is the replacement of deficient thyroid hormones with levothyroxine preparations. The dosage of the drug should be determined individually for each patient, based on his age, weight and health status. Treatment begins with a low dose, which is gradually increased until it reaches the optimal level of hormones in the blood.

Regularity of medication intake

Effective treatment of hypothyroidism requires strict adherence to the regularity of medication intake. Even one missed dose can lower the level of drug binders in the blood and lead to an increase in the symptoms of the disease. Therefore, it is important to learn how to take your medicine at the same time every day and not skip it even on weekends and holidays.

Proper nutrition

Proper nutrition is essential for maintaining a healthy thyroid gland and controlling hypothyroidism. Patients should increase their intake of iodine rich foods such as seafood, fruits and vegetables. It is also recommended to limit the consumption of foods that can affect the production of thyroid hormones, such as soy products, beans and broccoli.

Regular medical check-up

Regular medical check-up is an integral part of the treatment of hypothyroidism. Patients need to undergo regular blood tests to monitor thyroid hormone levels and the correct dosage of medication. It is also important to be aware of possible side effects of the medication and to contact your doctor immediately if any problems arise during treatment.

• Thyroid hormone replacement
• Medication frequency
• Proper nutrition
• Regular medical monitoring

Treatment of hyperthyroidism: effective methods

Drug treatment

Drug treatment of hyperthyroidism is the most common and effective method of influencing the thyroid gland. For this, drugs are used that reduce the amount of hormones secreted by the thyroid gland.

Basically, these are thyreostatics that block the synthesis of thyroid hormones, such as thiamazole, propylthiuracil, methimazole. In addition, beta-blockers are used to help lower the heart rate and lower blood pressure.

Radioactive iodine therapy

Radioactive iodine therapy (RIT) is another effective treatment for hyperthyroidism. It consists in taking radioactive iodine, which enters the thyroid gland and destroys its cells, which leads to a decrease in its size and a decrease in the release of hormones.

RYL is performed only in patients who failed to achieve the effect of the use of drugs or in the presence of certain contraindications to them. After the RIL, it is necessary to conduct a series of examinations to monitor the condition of the thyroid gland.

Surgical treatment

Surgical treatment of hyperthyroidism is performed only when other methods fail to achieve an effect, or if the patient has a thyroid tumor.

Surgery may involve the removal of all or part of the thyroid gland. After such an operation, the patient is prescribed thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Surgical treatment has its own risks and side effects, so it is used only in extreme cases.

Thyroid deficiency compensation: supplements and drugs

Thyroid deficiency can lead to serious consequences such as weight gain, fatigue, insomnia, depression, etc. To compensate for this deficiency, there are supplements and drugs that can help the body return to normal .

• Levothyroxine is a drug that contains an artificial thyroid hormone. It helps to replace the natural hormone if its production is reduced. Levothyroxine is used to treat hypothyroidism.
• Iodine preparations — regulate the functioning of the thyroid gland and speed up the metabolic processes. They can be used as an independent treatment, or in combination with other drugs.
• Thyroxine supplement contains natural thyroid hormone and is used to treat hypothyroidism. Such supplements may be useful if the patient has problems with the use of synthetic drugs.

When choosing dietary supplements and drugs to compensate for thyroid insufficiency, you should consult with your doctor and follow his recommendations. Self-treatment can lead to adverse consequences and worsening of the patient’s condition.

Prevention of thyroid disorders

The thyroid gland is a very important organ of our endocrine system. To avoid violations of her work, you need to monitor your lifestyle.

• Proper nutrition. The diet should have enough iodine, selenium, vitamins A, D and E. You should eat seafood, meat, vegetables, fruits, nuts.
• Drinking mode. It is important to drink enough fluids to improve kidney function and remove toxins from the body.
• Physical activity. Regular exercise will help reduce stress levels and improve metabolism.
• Refusal of bad habits. Smoking and alcohol consumption adversely affect the functioning of the thyroid gland.
• Regular tests. It is advisable to donate blood for thyroid hormones once a year. This will allow timely detection of possible violations of the work of this body.

Following these simple rules will help keep your thyroid healthy and prevent potential thyroid dysfunction.

Life after thyroid surgery: rehabilitation and recommendations

Rehabilitation period

After thyroid surgery, the patient must undergo a regulated period of rehabilitation. In the first few days after surgery, the patient may experience various sensations such as pain, swelling, and difficulty swallowing. During this period, it is important to follow all the recommendations of the doctor.

Recommendations

One of the main recommendations after surgery is to take prescribed medications and visit the doctor regularly to monitor your health. It is also recommended to observe a careful daily routine, avoid physical exertion and stress, as well as monitor nutrition and the recommended drinking regimen. It is important not to forget about rehabilitation classes, which also need to be attended.

Postoperative treatment

In most cases, after surgery, medical procedures are prescribed to quickly restore the body. These include: wound healing treatments, immune support procedures, and treatment of thyroid disorders.

Approaches to problems after treatment

All patients tolerate treatment differently, so an individual approach to each patient is important in identifying and solving emerging problems after treatment. If the symptoms of the disease return, you should visit a doctor and follow his recommendations.

Conclusions

Life after thyroid surgery can be greatly facilitated by following the doctor’s recommendations and carrying out the necessary procedures in the rehabilitation process. It is important to remember that the recovery rate can be different and have an individual position depending on the operation.

Prognosis and possible complications of thyroid disorders

Prognosis

The prognosis of thyroid disorders depends on the specific diagnosis. If the disease is detected and treated on time, the prognosis is usually favorable. Chronic diseases such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism may require long-term treatment, but with the right treatment approach, patients feel well and can lead a normal life.

Possible complications

Thyroid disorders can lead to various complications. For example, with hypothyroidism, it is possible to develop disorders of cardiac activity, metabolism, as well as disorders of memory and attention processes. Complications of hyperthyroidism can include abnormal heart rhythms, weakening of muscle tissue, and increased nervousness. Also, thyroid disorders can lead to more serious complications, such as shock and thyroid coma, which require immediate medical attention and intensive treatment.

In general, regular thyroid monitoring and timely treatment will help prevent possible complications and ensure a good prognosis.

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Q&A:

What are the symptoms of an inactive thyroid gland?

The most common symptoms of an inactive thyroid include fatigue, drowsiness, constipation, dry hair and skin, menstrual irregularities in women, and weight changes.

What are the causes of thyroid dysfunction?

Thyroid problems can be caused by genetic factors, autoimmune disorders, insufficient iodine intake, or age.

How is thyroid dysfunction diagnosed?

Diagnosis is through a blood test for thyroid hormone levels, ultrasound, biopsy, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging.

How to treat hyperthyroidism?

Treatment for hyperthyroidism may include antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine, surgery, and beta blockers, which can help manage symptoms such as palpitations and tremors.

How to treat hypothyroidism?

Treatment of hypothyroidism involves thyroid hormone replacement therapy, usually in the form of tablets. This allows you to replace the missing hormones in the body and reduce symptoms.

How to change your lifestyle if you have thyroid problems?

Lifestyle changes may include reducing stress levels, increasing intake of foods containing iodine, increasing physical activity, and improving sleep quality.

Consequences of removal of the thyroid gland

22.10.2017

Many people worry that after the removal of the thyroid gland, they will have to give up some familiar things and change their lifestyle. However, these fears are unfounded. Properly selected replacement therapy compensates for the function of the thyroid gland after its surgical removal.

What happens after thyroid removal

Thyroid hormone deficiency is replenished with appropriate drugs, which are important to use regularly.

Activity

There are no restrictions on work, movement to different climatic zones, sports activities, contact with sea water, etc.

Nutrition

The diet can remain habitual. Removal of the thyroid gland does not entail the need to adjust the diet.

Reproductive functions

The consequences of removing the thyroid gland in women do not affect reproductive functions. After the operation, the woman retains the ability to endure and give birth to a child, if this is not prevented by any diseases or pathological conditions of her body.

After removal of the thyroid gland, it is necessary to regularly observe an endocrinologist. In the Pirogov Clinic, the selection of hormone replacement therapy is handled by an endocrinologist, Ph.D. Marina Vladislavovna Lisyanskaya.

Are the consequences of thyroidectomy different for men and women?

The consequences of removing the thyroid gland in men and women are not specific.