Endometritis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia

URL of this page: //medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001484.htm

To use the sharing features on this page, please enable JavaScript.

Endometritis is an inflammation or irritation of the lining of the uterus (the endometrium). It is not the same as endometriosis.

Endometritis is caused by an infection in the uterus. It can be due to chlamydia, gonorrhea, tuberculosis, or a mix of normal vaginal bacteria. It is more likely to occur after miscarriage or childbirth. It is also more common after a long labor or C-section.

The risk for endometritis is higher after having a pelvic procedure that is done through the cervix. Such procedures include:

• D and C (dilation and curettage)
• Endometrial biopsy
• Hysteroscopy
• Placement of an intrauterine device (IUD)
• Childbirth (more common after C-section than vaginal birth)

Endometritis can occur at the same time as other pelvic infections.

Symptoms may include:

• Swelling of the abdomen
• Abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge
• Discomfort with bowel movement (including constipation)
• Fever
• General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling
• Pain in lower abdomen or pelvic region (uterine pain)

The health care provider will perform a physical exam with a pelvic exam. Your uterus and cervix may be tender and the provider may not hear bowel sounds. You may have cervical discharge.

The following tests may be performed:

• Cultures from the cervix for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and other organisms
• Endometrial biopsy
• ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
• Laparoscopy
• WBC (white blood count)
• Wet prep (microscopic exam of any discharge)

You will need to take antibiotics to treat the infection and prevent complications. Finish all your medicine if you have been given antibiotics after a pelvic procedure. Also, go to all follow-up visits with your provider.

You may need to be treated in the hospital if your symptoms are severe or occur after childbirth.

Other treatments may involve:

• Fluids through a vein (by IV)
• Rest

Sexual partners may need to be treated if the condition is caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI).

In most cases, the condition goes away with antibiotics. Untreated endometritis can lead to more serious infections and complications. Rarely, it may be associated with a diagnosis of endometrial cancer.

Complications may include:

• Infertility
• Pelvic peritonitis (generalized pelvic infection)
• Pelvic or uterine abscess formation
• Septicemia
• Septic shock

Call your provider if you have symptoms of endometritis.

Call right away if symptoms occur after:

• Childbirth
• Miscarriage
• Abortion
• IUD placement
• Surgery involving the uterus

Endometritis may be caused by STIs. To help prevent endometritis from STIs:

• Treat STIs early.
• Make sure sexual partners are treated in the case of a STI.
• Follow safer sex practices, such as using condoms.

Women having a C-section may have antibiotics before the procedure to prevent infections.

• Pelvic laparoscopy
• Endometritis

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/default.htm. Updated July 22, 2021. Accessed August 31, 2021.

Duff WP. Maternal and perinatal infection in pregnancy: bacterial. In: Landon MB, Galan HL, Jauniaux ERM, et al, eds. Gabbe’s Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 58.

Eckert LO, Lentz GM. Genital tract infections: vulva, vagina, cervix, toxic shock syndrome, endometritis, and salpingitis. In: Gershenson DM, Lentz GM, Valea FA, Lobo RA, eds. Comprehensive Gynecology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 23.

Updated by: John D. Jacobson, MD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

Endometritis: Symptoms, causes, and treatment

Endometritis is inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus. It can lead to abdominal pain and bleeding, but there may be no symptoms. It is different from endometriosis, where endomentrial-type tissue grows outside the uterus.

Endometritis is different from endometriosis, though both conditions affect the lining of the uterus, also called the endometrium. Another related condition is endomyometritis, where inflammation happens in the middle layer of the uterus, called the myometrium.

This article provides an overview of endometritis, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and possible complications. We also look at the relationship between endometritis and fertility.

Endometritis does not always cause symptoms, and some people may be unaware they have it. If symptoms do occur, they can include:

• pelvic or abdominal pain
• vaginal bleeding or unusual vaginal discharge
• fever or chills
• feeling unwell or extremely fatigued
• constipation or pain when going to the bathroom

Endometritis is also associated with infertility and pregnancy loss.

Anyone who experiences one or more of these symptoms should contact their doctor to find out the cause.

Endometritis occurs as a result of an infection in the lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium. Such infections may develop due to abnormal bacteria, or bacteria usually found in the vagina.

The cervix is the opening to the uterus, and it usually keeps bacteria out of the uterus. However, bacteria can get in when the cervix is open. This may happen for various reasons, such as during childbirth or surgery.

Possible risk factors for endometritis include:

• Childbirth or pregnancy loss: These are the most common causes of inflammation of the endometrium.
• Cesarean delivery: Endometritis is more common after a cesarean section than a vaginal delivery and after an unscheduled versus a scheduled cesarean.
• Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and other bacteria: People can pass on STIs, including chlamydia and gonorrhea, during sexual activity. An STI can cause an infection in the endometrium, so it is important to practice safe sex.
• Bacteria in the uterus: Bacteria normally present in the vagina and cervix can cause endometritis if they enter the uterus.
• Pelvic procedures: Some procedures can let bacteria into the uterus, especially those that involve accessing internal organs and tissues via the cervix or uterus. Examples include:
  • dilation and curettage, which involves removing tissue from the inside of the uterus
  • endometrial biopsy, which involves taking a tissue sample of the endometrium
  • hysteroscopy, which is when a doctor inserts a small telescope into the uterus to look for abnormalities
  • intrauterine device insertion
  • cesarean section
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): PID is an infection in the pelvis that is often associated with endometritis. Without swift medical treatment, PID can become serious.

Endometritis is different from endometriosis, though both conditions affect the lining of the uterus.

Endometritis is when the lining of the uterus becomes inflamed due to an infection. Endometriosis is where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus. An infection does not cause endometriosis.

The symptoms of endometriosis vary from one person to another but typically include:

• pain in the lower abdomen or back, which usually worsens during a period
• experiencing one or more of the following symptoms during a period:
  • severe period pain
  • pain when urinating or when having a bowel movement
  • blood in the urine
  • nausea
  • diarrhea
  • constipation
• pain during or after sex
• difficulty getting pregnant

There is currently no cure for endometriosis, though treatments are available to help alleviate the symptoms.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a condition that affects how a person’s ovaries function. The condition relates to hormonal imbalances in the body. Unlike endometritis, PCOS does not occur due to infection.

Experts do not know the exact cause of PCOS. However, the condition likely has a genetic link since it often runs in families.

In order to receive a diagnosis of PCOS, a person must experience two or more of the following:

• Irregular periods: This indicates that the ovaries are not regularly releasing eggs.
• Excess androgens: Androgens are male sex hormones. Both males and females have androgens, but some people with PCOS have higher levels than usual. Excess androgens can lead to physical changes, such as excessive facial or body hair.
• Polycystic ovaries: The ovaries can become enlarged, and ultrasound shows the presence of multiple small follicles or fluid-filled cysts in the ovaries.

PCOS is difficult to diagnose because its symptoms mirror those of other conditions, such as:

• cardiovascular disease
• acne
• depression
• sleep apnea
• type 2 diabetes

There is currently no cure for PCOS, though treatments are available to help alleviate the symptoms.

Endometritis can affect a person’s ability to get pregnant or stay pregnant. Inflammation of the uterus can cause scarring, which prevents an embryo from implanting and developing normally within the uterine wall.

A 2016 review reports that chronic endometritis can affect fertility by stopping the fertilized egg from implanting into the uterus lining and increasing the likelihood of repeated pregnancy loss.

However, the same study reports that antibiotic treatment can lead to a significant improvement in fertility and successful pregnancies.

A study from 2018 worked with 95 females who had fertility issues. They found that over half of the participants had chronic endometritis and that antibiotic therapy improved their symptoms by more than 80%. With successful treatment, they had increased pregnancy and childbirth rates.

Fertility specialists sometimes suggest that people receive testing or treatment for endometritis, especially in cases of repeated pregnancy loss or multiple unsuccessful in vitro fertilization cycles involving embryos of good quality.

When diagnosing endometritis, a doctor will start by taking a medical history and performing a physical exam. The latter will likely involve a pelvic exam to evaluate the internal reproductive organs. The doctor will look for tenderness in the uterus and possible discharge from the cervix.

A doctor may carry out the following tests to rule out other possible causes of the symptoms:

• Blood testing: A complete blood count can help identify signs of infection or inflammation.
• Cervical cultures: The doctor may take a swab from the cervix to look for chlamydia, gonorrhea, or other bacteria.
• Wet mount: The doctor may collect discharge from the cervix and analyze it under a microscope. This can help to identify other causes of infection or inflammation.
• Endometrial biopsy: This procedure involves dilating the cervix to allow a small instrument or pipelle into the uterus. The instrument takes a small sample of tissue, and a doctor sends the sample off to the lab for analysis. It is a brief procedure that can take place in a doctor’s office.
• Laparoscopy or hysteroscopy: These procedures involve the use of a scope, which is a tiny camera attached to a thin, flexible tube. This allows a doctor to look directly inside the uterus.

A person should contact a doctor anytime they experience pelvic pain or discomfort or unusual discharge or bleeding. Some pelvic infections can cause serious complications, so it is important to start treatment quickly.

Treatment for endometritis aims to eliminate the infection and resolve inflammation of the uterus. Treatment will also prevent any further complications. This may involve the following:

• Antibiotics: These medications fight the bacteria causing inflammation of the uterine lining. If the infection is very severe, a person may require intravenous antibiotics in the hospital.
• Treating sexual partners: If the endometritis is due to an STI, the person’s sexual partner or partners may also require antibiotic treatment.
• Further tests: A person may require cervical cultures or an endometrial biopsy to ensure that the infection is completely gone after finishing the course of antibiotics. If the infection remains, a doctor may recommend a different antibiotic.
• Surgery to remove tissue: A surgeon may need to remove any tissue left inside the uterus following childbirth or pregnancy loss.
• Treating any abscesses: In some cases, the infection may cause an abscess within the abdomen. A person may then require surgery or a needle aspiration to remove infected fluid or pus from the abscess.

People who are at risk of developing endometritis should receive information from their doctor or nurse about the signs and symptoms to look out for. This includes people who have recently given birth and those who have recently undergone a pelvic examination or procedure.

A doctor may prescribe antibiotics to help prevent endometritis in situations where a person is at risk of developing the condition, such as when undergoing a scheduled pelvic procedure or surgery. A doctor may prescribe the antibiotics prior to or immediately following the procedure.

Because STIs can also cause endometritis, it is crucial that people maintain their sexual health, especially with nonmonogamous partners. Behaviors that can help include attending regular screenings for STIs and consistently using barrier contraception, such as condoms.

Without treatment, endometritis may cause the following complications:

• infertility
• pelvic peritonitis, which is a general pelvic infection
• abscess in the pelvis or uterus
• septicemia, which is bacteria in the bloodstream
• septic shock, which is severe and potentially life threatening low blood pressure due to septicemia

The outlook for a person with endometritis is very good, especially if they receive antibiotic treatment.

Getting a prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment significantly reduces the risk of complications.

Intrauterine infections. What are Intrauterine Infections?

IMPORTANT
The information in this section should not be used for self-diagnosis or self-treatment. In case of pain or other exacerbation of the disease, only the attending physician should prescribe diagnostic tests. For diagnosis and proper treatment, you should contact your doctor.

Intrauterine infections are a group of diseases of the fetus and newborn that develop as a result of infection in the prenatal period or during childbirth. Intrauterine infections can lead to fetal death, spontaneous abortion, intrauterine growth retardation, premature birth, the formation of congenital malformations, damage to internal organs and the central nervous system. Methods for diagnosing intrauterine infections include microscopic, cultural, enzyme immunoassay, molecular biological studies. Treatment of intrauterine infections is carried out using immunoglobulins, immunomodulators, antiviral, antibacterial drugs.

• Causes of intrauterine infections
• Classification
• Symptoms of intrauterine infections
  • Congenital toxoplasmosis
  • Congenital rubella
  • Congenital cytomegaly
  • Congenital herpes infection
• Diagnostics
• Treatment of intrauterine infections
• Prognosis and prevention
• Prices for treatment

General

Intrauterine infections are pathological processes and diseases caused by antenatal and intranatal infection of the fetus. The true prevalence of intrauterine infections has not been established, however, according to generalized data, at least 10% of newborns are born with congenital infections. The relevance of the problem of intrauterine infections in pediatrics is due to high reproductive losses, early neonatal morbidity, leading to disability and postnatal death of children. The issues of prevention of intrauterine infections lie in the plane of consideration of obstetrics and gynecology, neonatology, and pediatrics.

Intrauterine infections

Causes of intrauterine infections

Intrauterine infections develop as a result of infection of the fetus in the prenatal period or directly during childbirth. Usually, the source of intrauterine infection for a child is the mother, i.e., there is a vertical transmission mechanism, which in the antenatal period is realized by transplacental or ascending (through infected amniotic fluid) routes, and in the intrapartum by aspiration or contact routes.

Less commonly, iatrogenic infection of the fetus occurs during pregnancy when a woman undergoes invasive prenatal diagnostics (amniocentesis, cordocentesis, chorionic villus biopsy), administration of blood products to the fetus through the vessels of the umbilical cord (plasma, erythrocyte mass, immunoglobulins), etc.

In the antenatal period, infection of the fetus is usually associated with viral agents (rubella, herpes, cytomegaly, hepatitis B and C, Coxsackie, HIV) and intracellular pathogens (toxoplasmosis, mycoplasmosis).

In the intranatal period, microbial contamination occurs more often, the nature and degree of which depends on the microbial landscape of the mother’s birth canal. Among bacterial agents, the most common are enterobacteria, group B streptococci, gonococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus, Klebsiella, etc. The placental barrier is impermeable to most bacteria and protozoa, however, if the placenta is damaged and placental insufficiency develops, antenatal microbial infection can occur (for example, by the causative agent of syphilis). In addition, intranatal viral infection is not excluded.

Factors in the occurrence of intrauterine infections are a burdened obstetric and gynecological history of the mother (nonspecific colpitis, endocervicitis, STDs, salpingo-oophoritis), an unfavorable course of pregnancy (threat of interruption, gestosis, premature detachment of the placenta) and infectious morbidity of the pregnant woman. The risk of developing a manifest form of intrauterine infection is significantly higher in premature babies and in the case when a woman becomes infected primarily during pregnancy.

The severity of clinical manifestations of intrauterine infection is affected by the timing of infection and the type of pathogen. So, if infection occurs in the first 8-10 weeks of embryogenesis, pregnancy usually ends in spontaneous miscarriage. Intrauterine infections that occur in the early fetal period (up to 12 weeks of gestation) can lead to stillbirth or the formation of gross malformations. Intrauterine infection of the fetus in the II and III trimester of pregnancy is manifested by damage to individual organs (myocarditis, hepatitis, meningitis, meningoencephalitis) or a generalized infection.

It is known that the severity of the manifestations of the infectious process in a pregnant woman and in a fetus may not coincide. The asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic course of infection in the mother can cause severe damage to the fetus, up to his death. This is due to the increased tropism of viral and microbial pathogens for embryonic tissues, mainly the central nervous system, heart, and organ of vision.

Classification

The etiological structure of intrauterine infections involves their division into:

• viral (viral hepatitis, herpes, rubella, SARS, cytomegaly, mumps, enterovirus infection)
• bacterial (tuberculosis, syphilis, listeriosis, sepsis)
• parasitic and fungal (mycoplasmosis, toxoplasmosis, chlamydia, candidiasis, etc.)

To designate a group of the most common intrauterine infections, the abbreviation TORCH syndrome is used, which combines toxoplasmosis (toxoplasmosis), rubella (rubella), cytomegalovirus (cytomegalovirus), herpes (herpes simplex). The letter O (other) denotes other infections, including viral hepatitis, HIV infection, chicken pox, listeriosis, mycoplasmosis, syphilis, chlamydia, etc.).

Symptoms of intrauterine infections

The presence of intrauterine infection in a newborn may be suspected already during childbirth. In favor of intrauterine infection, the outflow of turbid amniotic fluid contaminated with meconium and having an unpleasant odor, the state of the placenta (plethora, microthroboses, micronecrosis) may indicate. Children with intrauterine infection are often born in a state of asphyxia, with prenatal hypotrophy, enlarged liver, malformations or stigmas of disembryogenesis, microcephaly, hydrocephalus. From the first days of life, they have jaundice, elements of pyoderma, roseolous or vesicular skin rashes, fever, convulsive syndrome, respiratory and cardiovascular disorders.

The early neonatal period with intrauterine infections is often aggravated by interstitial pneumonia, omphalitis, myocarditis or carditis, anemia, keratoconjunctivitis, chorioretinitis, hemorrhagic syndrome, etc. Instrumental examination of newborns can reveal congenital cataracts, glaucoma, congenital heart defects, cysts and brain calcifications.

In the perinatal period, the child has frequent and profuse regurgitation, muscle hypotension, CNS depression syndrome, and gray skin. In the later stages, with a long incubation period of intrauterine infection, the development of late meningitis, encephalitis, and osteomyelitis is possible.

Consider the manifestations of the main intrauterine infections that make up the TORCH syndrome.

Congenital toxoplasmosis

Intrauterine infection with the unicellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma Gondii leads to severe fetal damage – developmental delay, congenital malformations of the brain, eyes, heart, and skeleton.

After birth in the acute period, intrauterine infection is manifested by fever, jaundice, edematous syndrome, exanthema, hemorrhages, diarrhea, convulsions, hepatosplenomegaly, myocarditis, nephritis, pneumonia. In subacute course, signs of meningitis or encephalitis dominate. With chronic persistence, hydrocephalus with microcephaly, iridocyclitis, strabismus, and atrophy of the optic nerves develop. Sometimes there are monosymptomatic and latent forms of intrauterine infection.

Late complications of congenital toxoplasmosis include oligophrenia, epilepsy, and blindness.

Congenital rubella

Intrauterine infection occurs due to rubella during pregnancy. The likelihood and consequences of infection of the fetus depend on the gestational age: in the first 8 weeks, the risk reaches 80%; The consequences of intrauterine infection can be spontaneous abortion, embryo- and fetopathy. In the II trimester, the risk of intrauterine infection is 10-20%, in the III – 3-8%.

Babies with intrauterine infection are usually born prematurely or with low birth weight. The neonatal period is characterized by hemorrhagic rash, prolonged jaundice.

The classic manifestations of congenital rubella are represented by Greg’s triad: eye damage (microphthalmia, cataract, glaucoma, chorioretinitis), CHD (open ductus arteriosus, ASD, VSD, pulmonary artery stenosis), damage to the auditory nerve (sensoneural deafness). In the case of intrauterine infection in the second half of pregnancy, the child usually has retinopathy and deafness.

In addition to the main manifestations of congenital rubella, other anomalies may also be detected in a child: microcephaly, hydrocephalus, cleft palate, hepatitis, hepatosplenomegaly, malformations of the genitourinary system and skeleton. In the future, intrauterine infection reminds of itself by the child’s lag in physical development, mental retardation or mental retardation.

Congenital cytomegaly

Intrauterine infection with cytomegalovirus infection can lead to local or generalized damage to many organs, immunodeficiency, purulent-septic complications. Congenital developmental defects usually include microcephaly, microgyria, microphthalmia, retinopathy, cataracts, congenital heart disease, etc. The neonatal period of congenital cytomegaly is complicated by jaundice, hemorrhagic syndrome, bilateral pneumonia, interstitial nephritis, and anemia.

Long-term effects of intrauterine infection include blindness, sensorineural deafness, encephalopathy, liver cirrhosis, pneumosclerosis.

Congenital herpes infection

Intrauterine herpes infection can occur in a generalized (50%), neurological (20%), mucocutaneous (20%) form.

Generalized intrauterine congenital herpes infection occurs with severe toxicosis, respiratory distress syndrome, hepatomegaly, jaundice, pneumonia, thrombocytopenia, hemorrhagic syndrome. The neurological form of congenital herpes is clinically manifested by encephalitis and meningoencephalitis. Intrauterine herpes infection with the development of skin syndrome is accompanied by the appearance of a vesicular rash on the skin and mucous membranes, including internal organs. With the layering of a bacterial infection, sepsis of the newborn develops.

Intrauterine herpes infection in a child can lead to the formation of malformations – microcephaly, retinopathy, limb hypoplasia (cortical dwarfism). Among the late complications of congenital herpes are encephalopathy, deafness, blindness, psychomotor retardation.

Diagnostics

Currently, an urgent task is the prenatal diagnosis of intrauterine infections. For this purpose, in the early stages of pregnancy, smear microscopy, bacteriological culture from the vagina for flora, PCR examination of scrapings, and examination for the TORCH complex are performed. Pregnant women from the high-risk group for the development of intrauterine infection are indicated for invasive prenatal diagnosis (chorionic villus aspiration, amniocentesis with amniotic fluid examination, cordocentesis with cord blood examination).

It is possible to identify echographic markers of intrauterine infections using obstetric ultrasound. Indirect echographic signs of intrauterine infection include oligohydramnios or polyhydramnios; the presence of a hyperechoic suspension in the amniotic fluid or amniotic bands; chorionic villus hypoplasia, placentitis; premature aging of the placenta; fetal edematous syndrome (ascites, pericarditis, pleurisy), hepatosplenomegaly, calcifications and malformations of internal organs, etc. In the process of Doppler examination of blood flow, disturbances in fetal-placental blood flow are detected. Cardiotocography reveals signs of fetal hypoxia.

After the birth of a child, in order to reliably verify the etiology of intrauterine infection, microbiological (virological, bacteriological), molecular biological (DNA hybridization, PCR), serological (ELISA) examination methods are used. Histological examination of the placenta is of great diagnostic value.

According to indications, newborns with intrauterine infections on the first day of life should be examined by a pediatric neurologist, pediatric cardiologist, pediatric ophthalmologist, and other specialists. It is advisable to carry out echocardiography, neurosonography, ophthalmoscopy, hearing test using the method of evoked otoacoustic emission.

Treatment of intrauterine infections

General principles for the treatment of intrauterine infections involve immunotherapy, antiviral, antibacterial and post-syndromic therapy.

Immunotherapy includes the use of polyvalent and specific immunoglobulins, immunomodulators (interferons). Antiviral therapy of directed action is carried out mainly with acyclovir. For antimicrobial therapy of bacterial intrauterine infections, broad-spectrum antibiotics (cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, carbapenems) are used, and macrolides are used for mycoplasmal and chlamydial infections.

Posyndromic therapy of intrauterine infections is aimed at stopping individual manifestations of perinatal CNS damage, hemorrhagic syndrome, hepatitis, myocarditis, pneumonia, etc.

Prognosis and prevention

With generalized forms of intrauterine infections, mortality in the neonatal period reaches 80%. With local forms, serious lesions of internal organs occur (cardiomyopathy, COPD, interstitial nephritis, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, etc.). In almost all cases, intrauterine infections lead to damage to the central nervous system.

Prevention of intrauterine infections consists in preconception preparation, treatment of STDs before pregnancy, exclusion of contact between a pregnant woman and infectious patients, and correction of a pregnancy management program for women at risk. Women who have not previously had rubella and have not received rubella vaccinations should be vaccinated no later than 3 months before the expected pregnancy. In some cases, intrauterine infections may be the basis for artificial termination of pregnancy.

You can share your medical history, what helped you in the treatment of intrauterine infections.

Sources

1. self-treatment. In case of pain or other exacerbation of the disease, only the attending physician should prescribe diagnostic tests. For diagnosis and proper treatment, you should contact your doctor.

   Intrauterine infections in newborns: diagnosis, treatment and prevention

   No

   100%

   Content

   • 1 Intrauterine infections in newborns: diagnosis, treatment and prevention
     • 1. 1 Fetal Infections in Newborns: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention
       • 1.1.1 What are Fetal Infections
       • 1.1.2 How to Diagnose Fetal Infections
       • 1.1.3 How to Treat Fetal Infections
       • 1.1.4 How to prevent intrauterine infections
     • 1.2 Related videos:
     • 1.3 Concept and types of intrauterine infections
     • 1.4 Causes of intrauterine infections
     • 1.5 Question- answer:
       • • 1.5.0.1 What are the symptoms of intrauterine infection in newborns?
         • 1.5.0.2 How can intrauterine infections be diagnosed in newborns?
         • 1.5.0.3 What types of intrauterine infections can occur in newborns?
         • 1.5.0.4 What treatments can be used for intrauterine infections in newborns?
         • 1.5.0.5 What are the risks of intrauterine infections in malformed fetal organ systems and tissues?
         • 1.5.0.6 How can intrauterine infections be prevented in newborns?
     • 1. 6 Diagnosis of intrauterine infections
       • 1.6.1 Comprehensive examination of mother and fetus
       • 1.6.2 Tests for infections in the newborn
     • 1.7 Treatment of intrauterine infections in newborns
       • 1.7.1 Antibiotic therapy
       • 1.7.2 Comprehensive treatment
       • 1.7.3 Prevention of recurrent infections
       • 1.7.4 Prognosis
     • 1.8 Prevention of intrauterine infections in mothers
       • 1.8.1 General recommendations
       • 1.8.2 Prevention of specific infections fetus
       • 1.10 Consequences of intrauterine infections in newborns
       • 1.11 How to prevent intrauterine infections: tips for expectant mothers
         • 1.11.1 Take care of your health
         • 1.11.2 Get regular check-ups
         • 1.11.3 Avoid exposure to infectious agents

         90 012

       • 1.12 Important to know: intrauterine infections in newborns
         • 1.12.1 What is intrauterine infection?
         • 1.12.2 What infections can be transmitted to a child?
         • 1. 12.3 How can women prevent intrauterine infections?
         • 1.12.4 How can regular visits to the doctor help?
       • 1.13 Unique features of the prevention and treatment of intrauterine infections in newborns
         • 1.13.1 Prevention
         • 1.13.2 Treatment
         • 1.13.3 Rehabilitation
       • 1.14 Influence of intrauterine infections on child development

     An article about intrauterine infections, their diagnosis and treatment in newborns. Learn about the prevention and possible consequences of infecting a baby inside the uterus.

     Intrauterine infections are an integral part of pediatric practice. They occur when an infection is passed to the fetus from the mother during pregnancy. As a result of infection, serious problems can occur in newborns, such as damage to the nervous system, congenital malformations and death. Methods for diagnosing, treating and preventing intrauterine infections are important tasks in medicine.

     In order to properly diagnose and treat intrauterine infections, it is important to determine the type of infection and its impact on the health of the fetus. Doctors use different research methods depending on the situation. Treatment is carried out in a complex, taking into account the characteristics of each specific case. Starting treatment is usually quicker and more effective if the infection is detected before the baby is born. But even later, when the infection has already manifested itself, it is possible to help the baby and prevent dangerous consequences.

     Although intrauterine infections can lead to serious consequences, many of them are preventable. This approach is called prevention. Good prevention is possible only if the woman received timely medical care before pregnancy and continues to receive it throughout the entire period. It is also important to follow a number of rules, such as hygiene standards and proper nutrition.

     Intrauterine infections in newborns: diagnosis, treatment and prevention

     What are intrauterine infections

     Intrauterine infections are one of the most serious health risks for the newborn. These are infections that are passed from mother to fetus through the placenta. They can occur at any time during pregnancy, but are most dangerous in the second half.

     Infections can cause serious complications in the newborn, such as congenital pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, and developmental delay. Therefore, it is very important to diagnose and treat them as early as possible.

     How to Diagnose Intrauterine Infections

     Diagnosing intrauterine infections can be difficult because not all infections appear immediately after birth. Often, symptoms occur days or even weeks after birth. But ultrasound early in pregnancy can help identify developmental problems in the fetus that could indicate an infection in the womb.

     If a newborn infection is suspected, a more detailed examination is performed, including blood, urine, and CSF (fluid surrounding the brain) tests.

     How to treat intrauterine infections

     Treatment of intrauterine infections depends on their type and severity. Often newborns are given antibiotics to help fight infection. In some cases, hospitalization may be required for extensive medical care. Early detection and treatment of infection is key in reducing possible complications.

     How to prevent intrauterine infections

     The most effective way to prevent intrauterine infections is to take all necessary preventive medications, especially in pregnant women at increased risk. In addition, regular examinations during pregnancy and an individual approach to pregnancy management help to reduce possible risks during childbirth.

     Related videos:

     The concept and types of intrauterine infections

     Intrauterine infection is an infectious disease that is transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy. Such infections can cause various diseases in newborns, ranging from the common cold to serious pathologies of the internal organs.

     Types of intrauterine infections depend on the pathogen. The most common are:

     • Cytomegalovirus infection – causes damage to the nervous system and eyes, and can also lead to various forms of impaired fetal development.
     • Toxoplasmosis – may cause growth and developmental delays in the fetus, as well as damage to the central nervous system and eyes.
     • Herpes virus infection – can cause various pathologies of internal organs, including the heart, liver and lungs, as well as damage to the nervous system.
     • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) – can lead to severe health problems in a child, including AIDS.

     Diagnosis of intrauterine infections is carried out using ultrasound, a blood test for the presence of antibodies and PCR diagnostics. Treatment is carried out only under the supervision of doctors, depending on the specific infection.

     Causes of intrauterine infections

     Intrauterine infections in newborns are the result of infection of the fetus inside the mother’s uterus. An infection can be caused by a bacterium, virus, or fungus.

     One of the main causes of intrauterine infections is infection of the mother during pregnancy. This can occur through contact with infected people, through sexual contact, or through blood. Immune disorders in the mother can also increase the risk to the baby.

     Another reason may be poor hygiene during pregnancy. For example, insufficient hand washing or improper food preparation can lead to infection with a bacterium that can enter the bloodstream and reach the fetus through the placenta.

     Intrauterine infection can also be caused by early detection and treatment of maternal conditions such as urinary tract infections or herpes. If these diseases are not treated in a timely manner, they can lead to sterility and, subsequently, to infection of the fetus.

     Intrauterine infections can lead to serious consequences for newborns, including damage to the central nervous system, weak immunity, respiratory problems and other diseases. Therefore, it is important to diagnose and treat intrauterine infections in a timely manner, as well as take measures to prevent them.

     Q&A:

     What are the symptoms of intrauterine infection in newborns?

     Symptoms may vary depending on the type of infection. However, common manifestations are fever, disturbances in the work of the central nervous system, delayed physical and mental development, skin rashes, health problems of the cardiovascular system, and others.

     How can intrauterine infections be diagnosed in newborns?

     To determine the presence of infection, bacteriological examination of material taken from blood, urine and other body fluids is necessary. Methods of immunological diagnostics and fruit water are also used to detect antibodies to the pathogen.

     What types of intrauterine infections can occur in newborns?

     The most common intrauterine infections in newborns include cytomegalovirus infection, herpes, syphilis, and others. It is also possible infection with candidiasis, tropical malaria, toxoplasmosis and other dangerous diseases.

     What treatments can be used for intrauterine infections in newborns?

     Various methods are used in the treatment of infections, for example, the use of antibiotics, antivirals, immunomodulators, drugs to improve the functioning of the central nervous system. In addition, symptomatic support should be provided.

     What are the risks of intrauterine infections in improperly formed systems of organs and tissues of the fetus?

     Intrauterine infections can lead to disruption of the normal formation of organs and tissues of the fetus, which will lead to various problems in the future: eating disorders, physical and mental retardation, health problems, etc.

     How can intrauterine infections be prevented in newborns?

     To prevent intrauterine infections, it is necessary to comply with all the necessary conditions for the healthy and full development of the fetus, such as eating a complete and balanced diet by a pregnant woman, quitting smoking, alcohol and drugs, protecting against infections, including genital infections (use of condoms, etc. ), as well as regular visits to the doctor during pregnancy.

     Diagnosis of intrauterine infections

     Comprehensive examination of the mother and fetus

     Diagnosis of intrauterine infections requires a comprehensive examination of the mother and fetus.

     The first step is to test for the presence of viruses and bacteria in the mother’s blood. If the results show an infection in the mother, then an ultrasound of the fetus should be performed.

     Ultrasound examination of the fetus allows you to determine the size, development and functioning of all organs and systems of the fetus, as well as timely identify the presence of pathologies associated with intrauterine infection.

     Tests for infections in the newborn

     Laboratory tests are necessary for the timely diagnosis of intrauterine infections in newborns.

     A newborn’s blood test for antibodies to viruses and bacteria, as well as urine and stool tests for infectious agents, help determine whether a baby has an infection in utero.

     Instrumental methods such as ultrasound and computed tomography are also used to diagnose infections in newborns.

     Treatment of intrauterine infections in newborns

     Antibiotic therapy

     One of the main treatments for intrauterine infections is antibiotic therapy. It is based on the appointment of antibiotics in order to combat infectious agents. The course of treatment and dosage of antibiotics are prescribed depending on the severity of the disease and the age of the child.

     Comprehensive treatment

     Effective treatment of infections in newborns requires a comprehensive approach that includes not only antibiotic therapy, but also symptomatic treatment. Oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation may be used to facilitate breathing and maintain oxygen levels in the tissues.

     Prevention of reinfections

     After treatment, it is important to take steps to prevent reinfections. To do this, it is necessary to monitor the hygiene of the newborn, regularly conduct examinations and vaccinations, and correct immunodeficiencies.

     Prognosis

     The prognosis depends on the severity of the disease, the presence of concomitant diseases and the effectiveness of treatment. With timely and correct treatment, most children recover completely, but in severe cases, various complications are possible, such as dysfunction of internal organs or developmental delay.

     Prevention of intrauterine infections in mothers

     General recommendations

     To prevent intrauterine infections in newborns, a number of general measures should be followed:

     1. Monitor your health and visit doctors on a regular basis;
     2. Avoid contact with sick people, especially during pregnancy;
     3. Maintain personal hygiene;
     4. Avoid alcohol, drugs and tobacco;
     5. Take only necessary medicines after consulting your doctor;
     6. Observe safety regulations;
     7. Lead a healthy lifestyle and eat right.

     Prevention of specific infections

     To prevent specific intrauterine infections, a number of additional measures should be taken:

   • Prevention of viral hepatitis requires regular examinations and vaccinations;
   • To prevent chlamydia and gonorrhea, it is necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle and observe the rules of personal hygiene, as well as be careful about the choice of sexual partners;
   • Prevention of tropical infections requires avoiding travel to countries with a very high prevalence of these infections, and, if necessary, prophylaxis for a specific infection.

   InfectionMethods of prevention

   Cytomegalovirus infection 9Healthy lifestyle, personal hygiene, careful choice of sexual partners
   Tropical infections	Avoid travel to countries with high infection rates, take prophylaxis

   Prevention of intrauterine infections in the fetus

   Intrauterine infections can lead to serious consequences for the health of the newborn. Therefore, the prevention of intrauterine infections is an important measure for maintaining the health of the fetus.

   The main causes of intrauterine infection are maternal infection or contact with an infected person. Therefore, the main preventive measures include the timely treatment of infectious diseases in the expectant mother and limiting contact with sick people.

   • Prevention is also a full adherence to the regimen of taking drugs during pregnancy prescribed by the doctor. They will help strengthen the mother’s immune system and reduce the risk of transmission of infection to the fetus
   • An expectant mother should lead a healthy lifestyle and avoid stressful situations. Impaired psychological well-being can adversely affect the health of the fetus and increase the risk of intrauterine infection
   • Good hygiene and personal safety practices, including regular ventilation and handwashing, are also important

   An important aspect of prevention is the timely visit to a doctor when the first signs of a possible infection appear. Correct and timely diagnosis and treatment will help reduce the risk of intrauterine infection and preserve the health of the fetus.

   Effects of intrauterine infections in newborns

   Intrauterine infections in newborns can leave serious health consequences for the baby. One of the most common consequences is damage to the nervous system, which can lead to mental retardation, paralysis, and other forms of developmental disability.

   Intrauterine infections can also affect the production of important hormones, which can lead to problems in the growth and development of the baby. In addition, infections can affect the functioning of internal organs such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys, which can lead to various diseases.

   An equally important consequence of intrauterine infections is an increased risk of lung disease, which can occur as early as in the first days or weeks after birth. Also, infections can lead to various inflammatory processes, which can affect the child’s immune system and lead to increased susceptibility to diseases in the future.

   • It is important to remember that intrauterine infections can have serious consequences for the health of the child, so it is necessary to monitor the health of a pregnant woman and take all necessary measures to prevent infection in a timely manner.
   • For diagnosis: you need to contact a specialist and go through all the tests and studies prescribed by him to identify a possible infection.
   • For treatment: it is necessary to prescribe the correct treatment, which must be supervised by a physician. Also, it is recommended to improve the general condition by strengthening the immune system, proper nutrition and exercise.
   • For prevention: you must follow all the recommendations of doctors, give up bad habits, eat right and monitor your health during pregnancy.

   How to prevent intrauterine infections: tips for expectant mothers

   Dear expectant mothers! Intrauterine infections are a worrying problem that can have serious consequences for the health of the baby. However, there are a few simple rules that will help you prevent this trouble from occurring. Here are some tips for preventing intrauterine infections that can help you throughout your pregnancy.

   Take care of your health

   The first and most important rule is to take care of your health. Pay attention to any changes in your health, and be sure to discuss them with your doctor. Most intrauterine infections develop against the background of various diseases, so you should take all necessary measures to maintain your health.

   Get regular check-ups

   Regular visits to the doctor is another important rule that will help you avoid intrauterine infections. The doctor can monitor the development of the child and identify any abnormalities. Also, the doctor may conduct additional examinations to identify possible infections that may have a negative impact on the health of the child.

   Avoid contact with infectious agents

   Avoid contact with infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, etc.). Remember that many infections are transmitted through contact and airborne droplets. Therefore, try to avoid contact with sick people, wear a mask in public places and wash your hands regularly.

   • It won’t take much time or effort to follow these simple rules. They will help you avoid many problems, including intrauterine infections.

   Important to know: intrauterine infections in newborns

   What is intrauterine infection?

   Intrauterine infection is a disease that is transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy. Some of these infections can lead to serious complications for newborns, including skin rashes, breathing problems, and brain damage.

   What infections can be transmitted to a child?

   Some of the most common intrauterine infections include cytomegalovirus, herpes, rubella, and toxoplasmosis. However, these infections can be prevented or treated provided they are detected early enough.

   How can women prevent intrauterine infections?

   • See your doctor regularly to keep your mother and baby healthy.
   • Talk to your doctor about your medical history and any risk factors that may increase your chance of infection in the womb.
   • Practice good hygiene to minimize the risk of certain infections.
   • Get a complete blood count, which may show antibodies to certain infections.

   How can regular visits to the doctor help?

   Regular visits to the doctor can help ensure early detection of intrauterine infection and provide appropriate treatment, which can help prevent serious complications in the newborn. Please be sure to discuss all your questions and concerns with your doctor so that they can explain all aspects of intrauterine infection to you and recommend the necessary prevention and treatment measures.

   Unique features of the prevention and treatment of intrauterine infections in newborns

   Prevention

   Prevention of intrauterine infection begins with proper obstetric and gynecological care of the pregnant woman. It is necessary to regularly do blood and urine tests, consultation of an infectious disease specialist is mandatory. Particular attention should be paid to the genetic and immunological status of the parents.

   An important point is the early detection and treatment of various inflammatory processes that can lead to infection of the fetus through the placenta or by ascending infection from the mother’s vagina. It is also necessary to observe the rules of personal hygiene and avoid contact with patients with infectious diseases.

   Treatment

   Treatment of intrauterine infections in newborns is carried out under the supervision of several specialists: perinatologist, infectious disease specialist, neonatologist. First of all, it is necessary to carry out diagnostics, which includes a clinical analysis of blood, urine and other fluids, analysis of bacteriological cultures, serological and immunological studies.

   Depending on the type of infection, antiviral, antifungal, or antibiotic therapy may be given. When a high-risk group of newborns is identified, preventive treatment is carried out even without a detected infection. However, it must be remembered that many drugs greatly affect the health of the baby and cannot be prescribed unnecessarily.

   Rehabilitation

   After treatment, it is necessary to carry out rehabilitation measures aimed at strengthening the immune system. An obligatory step is monitoring the development of the baby and timely treatment of possible complications.

   To prevent re-infection of the baby, it is advisable to avoid contact with patients and observe the rules of personal hygiene. It is also necessary to observe the daily regimen, a balanced diet and exercise therapy.