Tubal occlusion side effects. Tubal Ligation: Comprehensive Guide to Permanent Birth Control
What are the pros and cons of tubal ligation. How is the procedure performed. What are the potential side effects of having your tubes tied. How much does tubal ligation cost. What are alternative birth control methods to consider.
Understanding Tubal Ligation: A Permanent Contraceptive Solution
Tubal ligation, commonly known as “having your tubes tied,” is a surgical procedure designed to prevent pregnancy permanently. This method involves cutting or blocking the fallopian tubes, which connect the ovaries to the uterus. By interrupting this pathway, eggs released from the ovaries cannot be fertilized by sperm, effectively preventing conception.
Is tubal ligation reversible? While reversal surgeries exist, they are not always successful. Only about 50% of individuals who undergo reversal procedures are able to conceive afterward. Therefore, it’s crucial to consider tubal ligation as a permanent solution and carefully weigh the decision before proceeding.
The Advantages of Choosing Tubal Ligation
Opting for tubal ligation comes with several benefits that make it an attractive option for those seeking permanent contraception:
- Effectiveness: With a success rate of over 99%, tubal ligation is one of the most reliable forms of birth control available.
- Hormone-free: Unlike hormonal contraceptives, tubal ligation doesn’t interfere with your body’s natural hormone production.
- Convenience: Once the procedure is complete, there’s no need for daily pills, regular injections, or other contraceptive maintenance.
- Potential health benefits: Some studies suggest that tubal ligation may reduce the risk of ovarian cancer, although the exact mechanism is not fully understood.
Does tubal ligation affect menstruation? Contrary to some misconceptions, the procedure does not impact your menstrual cycle or trigger early menopause. Your periods should continue as normal, free from the side effects often associated with hormonal birth control methods.
Potential Drawbacks and Risks of Tubal Ligation
While tubal ligation offers many advantages, it’s important to consider the potential downsides:
- Permanence: The irreversible nature of the procedure makes it unsuitable for those who may want children in the future.
- Surgical risks: As with any surgery, there are risks of complications such as infection, bleeding, or adverse reactions to anesthesia.
- No STD protection: Tubal ligation does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases, necessitating the use of barrier methods for STD prevention.
- Ectopic pregnancy risk: In the rare event of pregnancy after tubal ligation, there’s an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy, which can be life-threatening if not addressed promptly.
Are there long-term side effects of tubal ligation? Some individuals report experiencing post-tubal ligation syndrome (PTLS), characterized by symptoms similar to menopause. However, the existence and prevalence of PTLS are subjects of ongoing debate in the medical community.
The Tubal Ligation Procedure: What to Expect
Understanding the procedure can help alleviate anxiety and prepare you for the experience:
- Anesthesia administration: You’ll receive general anesthesia to ensure you’re asleep and pain-free during the surgery.
- Incision: The surgeon makes one or two small incisions in your abdomen.
- Abdominal inflation: Carbon dioxide gas is used to inflate your abdomen, providing better visibility for the surgeon.
- Tube occlusion: Using a laparoscope and specialized tools, the surgeon locates and either cuts, seals, or blocks the fallopian tubes.
- Closure: The incisions are closed with stitches, and you’re moved to recovery.
How long does tubal ligation surgery take? The procedure typically lasts about 30 minutes to an hour, and most patients can return home the same day.
Recovery After Tubal Ligation
Post-operative recovery is generally quick, but there are some important considerations:
- Rest for 24-48 hours following the procedure.
- Expect some abdominal pain, shoulder pain (from the gas used during surgery), and mild vaginal bleeding.
- Avoid bathing or showering for 48 hours after surgery.
- Refrain from heavy lifting and strenuous activities for a few weeks.
When can you resume sexual activity after tubal ligation? Most healthcare providers recommend waiting at least a week before engaging in sexual intercourse. However, it’s crucial to follow your doctor’s specific instructions, as individual recovery times may vary.
The Financial Aspect: Tubal Ligation Costs and Coverage
The cost of tubal ligation can vary significantly depending on factors such as location, healthcare provider, and insurance coverage. In the United States, the procedure can range from $1,500 to $6,000 without insurance.
Is tubal ligation covered by insurance? Many insurance plans, including Medicaid, cover tubal ligation as it’s considered a preventive service under the Affordable Care Act. However, it’s essential to check with your specific insurance provider to understand your coverage and potential out-of-pocket expenses.
Alternatives to Tubal Ligation: Exploring Other Birth Control Options
Before committing to tubal ligation, it’s worth considering other long-term or permanent contraceptive methods:
- Intrauterine Devices (IUDs): These small, T-shaped devices offer long-term, reversible contraception lasting 3-10 years, depending on the type.
- Hormonal Implants: Placed under the skin of the upper arm, these implants provide effective birth control for up to 3 years.
- Vasectomy: A surgical procedure for male partners that blocks sperm from entering the semen.
- Essure: A non-surgical sterilization method involving the insertion of coils into the fallopian tubes (Note: This option has been discontinued in some countries due to safety concerns).
How do these alternatives compare to tubal ligation in terms of effectiveness? While tubal ligation boasts a 99% effectiveness rate, IUDs and implants are similarly effective and offer the advantage of reversibility. Vasectomy is slightly more effective than tubal ligation and is generally a simpler procedure with fewer risks.
Making an Informed Decision: Factors to Consider
Choosing tubal ligation is a significant decision that requires careful consideration. Here are some key factors to ponder:
- Future family plans: Are you certain you don’t want biological children in the future?
- Relationship status: If you’re in a partnership, have you discussed this decision thoroughly with your partner?
- Health considerations: Are there medical reasons that make pregnancy risky for you?
- Genetic factors: Do you or your partner carry genetic disorders that you’re concerned about passing on?
- Personal beliefs: Are there religious or cultural considerations that might influence your decision?
How can you be sure tubal ligation is right for you? Many healthcare providers recommend a waiting period or counseling before proceeding with the procedure, especially for younger patients or those without children. This allows time for thorough consideration and helps ensure the decision is made with confidence.
The Psychological Impact of Permanent Sterilization
While tubal ligation can provide peace of mind for many, it’s important to consider the potential psychological effects:
- Sense of finality: Some individuals may experience a mix of emotions, including relief and sadness, as they come to terms with the permanence of the decision.
- Relationship dynamics: The procedure may impact intimate relationships, particularly if both partners aren’t fully aligned on the decision.
- Regret: A small percentage of people who undergo tubal ligation later express regret, especially if life circumstances change unexpectedly.
How can you prepare mentally for tubal ligation? Engaging in open discussions with your partner, family, or a therapist can help you process your feelings and reinforce your decision. Some healthcare providers offer pre-sterilization counseling to address any lingering concerns or questions.
Long-term Health Considerations Post-Tubal Ligation
While tubal ligation is generally safe, it’s important to be aware of potential long-term health implications:
- Ovarian cancer risk: Some studies suggest a reduced risk of ovarian cancer following tubal ligation, though the exact mechanism is not fully understood.
- Hormonal changes: While the procedure doesn’t directly affect hormone production, some women report changes in menstrual patterns or symptoms similar to those experienced during menopause.
- Future health screenings: It’s crucial to continue regular gynecological check-ups and cancer screenings even after tubal ligation.
Does tubal ligation affect bone health or cardiovascular health? Current research doesn’t indicate any significant impact on bone density or heart health following tubal ligation. However, as with any medical procedure, it’s important to maintain regular check-ups and discuss any concerns with your healthcare provider.
Tubal Ligation in Different Life Stages
The decision to undergo tubal ligation can be influenced by your current life stage:
- Young adults: Those choosing sterilization at a younger age may face more scrutiny or resistance from healthcare providers due to concerns about future regret.
- After childbirth: Many opt for tubal ligation immediately following delivery, as it can be conveniently performed during the same hospital stay.
- Perimenopause: Some women choose tubal ligation as they approach menopause for added peace of mind during the transitional years.
Are there age restrictions for tubal ligation? While there’s no upper age limit, some providers may be hesitant to perform the procedure on very young patients. However, legally, any adult of sound mind can consent to the procedure.
The Role of Partners in the Decision-Making Process
While the ultimate decision rests with the individual undergoing the procedure, involving partners in the decision-making process is crucial:
- Open communication: Discuss your reasons for considering tubal ligation and listen to your partner’s thoughts and concerns.
- Shared responsibility: Consider whether male sterilization (vasectomy) might be a suitable alternative.
- Future planning: Discuss how this decision aligns with your shared vision for the future.
What if partners disagree on the decision to pursue tubal ligation? In cases of disagreement, couples counseling can provide a neutral space to explore concerns and reach a mutually satisfactory decision. Remember, the final choice belongs to the person whose body will undergo the procedure.
Addressing Common Myths and Misconceptions About Tubal Ligation
There are several myths surrounding tubal ligation that can lead to confusion or unnecessary concern:
- Myth: Tubal ligation causes weight gain.
- Fact: The procedure doesn’t directly affect metabolism or weight.
- Myth: You’ll go through menopause earlier.
- Fact: Tubal ligation doesn’t impact the timing of menopause.
- Myth: The procedure is 100% effective.
- Fact: While highly effective, there’s still a small chance of pregnancy.
- Myth: Tubal ligation affects sexual pleasure.
- Fact: The procedure doesn’t impact sexual sensation or orgasm.
How can you separate fact from fiction when researching tubal ligation? Consult reputable medical sources, such as peer-reviewed journals or established healthcare organizations, and don’t hesitate to discuss any concerns with your healthcare provider.
The Future of Sterilization: Emerging Technologies and Techniques
As medical technology advances, new approaches to permanent contraception are being developed:
- Non-surgical methods: Researchers are exploring non-invasive techniques that could block the fallopian tubes without surgery.
- Reversible options: Scientists are working on methods that could offer the permanence of sterilization with the potential for reversal if desired.
- Improved surgical techniques: Ongoing refinements in laparoscopic surgery may further reduce recovery time and potential complications.
What innovations can we expect in the field of permanent contraception? While specific breakthroughs are difficult to predict, the trend is towards less invasive, more reversible options that maintain the high efficacy of current sterilization methods.
Global Perspectives on Tubal Ligation
The availability, acceptance, and legal status of tubal ligation vary significantly around the world:
- Cultural differences: Some cultures place a high value on fertility, which can influence attitudes towards permanent contraception.
- Legal variations: Certain countries have age or parity requirements for tubal ligation, while others may require spousal consent.
- Access issues: In some regions, limited healthcare infrastructure can make accessing the procedure challenging.
How do global perspectives on tubal ligation impact individual choices? Understanding cultural and legal contexts is crucial, especially for those considering the procedure while living or traveling abroad. It’s important to research local regulations and healthcare practices in your specific location.
The Intersection of Tubal Ligation and Reproductive Rights
Tubal ligation sits at the crossroads of personal choice, medical ethics, and broader societal debates about reproductive rights:
- Autonomy: The right to choose permanent contraception is seen by many as a fundamental aspect of bodily autonomy.
- Access barriers: Some individuals, particularly young or childless people, report difficulty in obtaining the procedure due to provider reluctance.
- Ethical considerations: Debates continue about the appropriate balance between respecting patient choices and protecting against potential regret.
How does the discourse around reproductive rights influence access to tubal ligation? Advocacy efforts often focus on ensuring that individuals have access to a full range of contraceptive options, including permanent methods like tubal ligation, without undue barriers or discrimination.
Preparing for Your Tubal Ligation Consultation
If you’re considering tubal ligation, preparing for your initial consultation can help ensure a productive discussion with your healthcare provider:
- Research the procedure thoroughly, noting any questions or concerns.
- Reflect on your reasons for choosing permanent contraception.
- Consider bringing your partner or a supportive friend to the appointment.
- Prepare to discuss your medical history, including any previous surgeries or health conditions.
- Be ready to talk about your future family planning goals.
What questions should you ask during your tubal ligation consultation? Some key inquiries might include:
– What specific technique do you use for the procedure?
– What is your experience with this surgery?
– What are the potential complications I should be aware of?
– How long will the recovery process take?
– Are there any alternatives you would recommend for my situation?
By thoroughly preparing for your consultation, you can engage in an informed discussion with your healthcare provider and make a decision that aligns with your personal health goals and life plans.
Pros & Cons of Getting Your Tubes Tied
Written by Diana Reese
Medically Reviewed by Neha Pathak, MD on January 03, 2023
- What Is Tubal Ligation?
- The Pros of Tubal Ligation
- The Cons of Tubal Ligation
- What Happens During Tubal Ligation?
- Tubal Ligation Recovery
- How Soon Can I Have Sex After a Tubal Ligation?
- Tubal Ligation Cost
- Other Methods of Birth Control
- More
Tubal ligation — also known as having your tubes tied — is a kind of surgery that will keep you from ever getting pregnant. If you’re thinking about having it done, it’s important to understand the procedure and the advantages and disadvantages before making a decision.
“Tubal” refers to your fallopian tubes, and “ligation” means to tie off. Fallopian tubes are thin tubes that connect each of your ovaries to your uterus — they’re passageways for unfertilized eggs. In a tubal ligation, you’ll have surgery to cut or block your fallopian tubes.
That way, the eggs released by your ovary each cycle can’t meet up and be fertilized by sperm.
It’s permanent. This is a big plus if you don’t want to have children or you don’t wish to have any more.
It works. Only about 1 in 200 of those who’ve had a tubal ligation get pregnant. That’s less than 1%.
It doesn’t affect your hormones. It won’t change your periods or bring on menopause. And it doesn’t cause the side effects that birth control pills can, like mood swings, weight gain, or headaches, or the ones sometimes caused by IUDs, like cramps, heavier periods, or spotting.
You don’t need to remember to do anything. You don’t have to put in a diaphragm, take a pill, use a condom, or count days on the calendar to avoid pregnancy. That may make you feel more relaxed about sex.
It may lower your chances of ovarian cancer. Scientists aren’t sure exactly why this happens, but research has shown that tubal ligation can greatly lower the odds of this type of cancer.
If pregnancy would be a health risk for you, or if you or your partner has a genetic disorder that would be risky to pass on to a child, tubal ligation may be right for you.
It’s permanent. While it can sometimes be reversed with surgery, that’s not always possible. Only around half of those who have a reversal are able to get pregnant. Unless you’re certain you’ll never want to get pregnant, tubal ligation isn’t right for you.
It doesn’t protect against STDs. You’ll need to use condoms to prevent sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV.
Pregnancy. It’s rare, but tubal ligation can fail. If your tubes aren’t completely closed, you can get pregnant.
It may lead to an ectopic pregnancy. If you do get pregnant, you’re more likely to have this type of pregnancy, which occurs someplace other than the uterus, usually in one of your fallopian tubes. Ectopic pregnancy may cause the tube to burst.
This can lead to severe bleeding. You’ll need surgery right away to fix it.
There are risks to surgery. Problems are very rare, but this type of surgery can cause bleeding or damage your bowel, bladder, or major blood vessels.
After tubal ligation, you might have a rapid decline in the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Whether this may occur is often debated but it is referred to as post-tubal ligation syndrome (PTLS). Symptoms are a lot like menopause: hot flashes, night sweats, a dry vagina, mood swings, trouble sleeping, a lower sex drive, and irregular periods. Or you could have heavy, painful periods.
The cut made from your surgery can get infected, or you might react to the anesthesia. There’s also a small chance of lingering belly pain.
Your risk for these types of issues is higher if you’re overweight, have had surgery in the same area before, or have diabetes, lung disease, or pelvic inflammatory disease.
Burns to your bowel or skin are also possible if your surgeon uses electric current to seal off your fallopian tubes.
You’ll get your tubal ligation in a hospital or at an outpatient surgical clinic. The doctor will give you medicine to make you “sleep” so you won’t feel anything during the surgery.
The surgeon will make one or two small cuts in your belly, then inflate it with gas. They’ll put a long, thin device called a laparoscope into one cut to look into your belly. They’ll put tools into the other to cut, seal, band, clamp, or tie your fallopian tubes shut.
Your surgeon will then stitch up the cuts on your belly. You can go home a few hours later to rest.
Your incision sites (where you got the cuts) may be a little uncomfortable afterward. You might also have pain or cramps in your belly, fatigue, mild vaginal bleeding, dizziness, or a sore throat from the anesthesia.
If the surgeon used gas to inflate your abdomen to do the tubal ligation, you may have some bloating. It could cause belly or shoulder pain. This should go away in a couple of days.
Wait 48 hours after your tubal ligation to bathe or take a shower.
Don’t rub or scrub your incision sites for at least a week. Pat your skin dry carefully after your bath or shower.
You should be able to get back to your normal routine a few days after your tubal ligation. But don’t lift anything heavy until your doctor says it’s safe to do so.
You should be able to have sex a week after your tubal ligation.
You don’t need to use a backup form of birth control after the procedure, but it won’t protect you from sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Using a condom during sex will help prevent STDs.
The cost of your tubal ligation may vary based on where you live, your doctor, and your insurance coverage. Average costs range from $1,500 to $6,000.
Up to 20% of those who have tubal ligation eventually wish they hadn’t, so it’s important to think about all the possibilities. Those younger than 30 are more likely to change their minds later.
If you’re not sure, you might think about these long-term options for birth control:
Vasectomy.
If you’re in a committed relationship, your partner might be willing to get this procedure that keeps sperm from getting into semen. It’s a safer procedure than a tubal ligation, and it can be done while the patient is awake.
IUD. Your doctor puts this small T-shaped plastic device into your uterus. It can stay in place from 3 to 10 years. IUDs are more than 99% effective in preventing pregnancy.
Implant. Your doctor puts a plastic rod about the size of a matchstick under the skin of your upper arm. It releases the hormone progestin and can stay in place for up to 3 years.
Next In Blood Clot Risk With Birth Control
Next IUD
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Pros & Cons of Getting Your Tubes Tied
Written by Diana Reese
Medically Reviewed by Neha Pathak, MD on January 03, 2023
- What Is Tubal Ligation?
- The Pros of Tubal Ligation
- The Cons of Tubal Ligation
- What Happens During Tubal Ligation?
- Tubal Ligation Recovery
- How Soon Can I Have Sex After a Tubal Ligation?
- Tubal Ligation Cost
- Other Methods of Birth Control
- More
Tubal ligation — also known as having your tubes tied — is a kind of surgery that will keep you from ever getting pregnant.
If you’re thinking about having it done, it’s important to understand the procedure and the advantages and disadvantages before making a decision.
“Tubal” refers to your fallopian tubes, and “ligation” means to tie off. Fallopian tubes are thin tubes that connect each of your ovaries to your uterus — they’re passageways for unfertilized eggs. In a tubal ligation, you’ll have surgery to cut or block your fallopian tubes. That way, the eggs released by your ovary each cycle can’t meet up and be fertilized by sperm.
It’s permanent. This is a big plus if you don’t want to have children or you don’t wish to have any more.
It works. Only about 1 in 200 of those who’ve had a tubal ligation get pregnant. That’s less than 1%.
It doesn’t affect your hormones. It won’t change your periods or bring on menopause. And it doesn’t cause the side effects that birth control pills can, like mood swings, weight gain, or headaches, or the ones sometimes caused by IUDs, like cramps, heavier periods, or spotting.
You don’t need to remember to do anything. You don’t have to put in a diaphragm, take a pill, use a condom, or count days on the calendar to avoid pregnancy. That may make you feel more relaxed about sex.
It may lower your chances of ovarian cancer. Scientists aren’t sure exactly why this happens, but research has shown that tubal ligation can greatly lower the odds of this type of cancer.
If pregnancy would be a health risk for you, or if you or your partner has a genetic disorder that would be risky to pass on to a child, tubal ligation may be right for you.
It’s permanent. While it can sometimes be reversed with surgery, that’s not always possible. Only around half of those who have a reversal are able to get pregnant. Unless you’re certain you’ll never want to get pregnant, tubal ligation isn’t right for you.
It doesn’t protect against STDs. You’ll need to use condoms to prevent sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV.
Pregnancy. It’s rare, but tubal ligation can fail. If your tubes aren’t completely closed, you can get pregnant.
It may lead to an ectopic pregnancy. If you do get pregnant, you’re more likely to have this type of pregnancy, which occurs someplace other than the uterus, usually in one of your fallopian tubes. Ectopic pregnancy may cause the tube to burst. This can lead to severe bleeding. You’ll need surgery right away to fix it.
There are risks to surgery. Problems are very rare, but this type of surgery can cause bleeding or damage your bowel, bladder, or major blood vessels.
After tubal ligation, you might have a rapid decline in the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Whether this may occur is often debated but it is referred to as post-tubal ligation syndrome (PTLS). Symptoms are a lot like menopause: hot flashes, night sweats, a dry vagina, mood swings, trouble sleeping, a lower sex drive, and irregular periods.
Or you could have heavy, painful periods.
The cut made from your surgery can get infected, or you might react to the anesthesia. There’s also a small chance of lingering belly pain.
Your risk for these types of issues is higher if you’re overweight, have had surgery in the same area before, or have diabetes, lung disease, or pelvic inflammatory disease.
Burns to your bowel or skin are also possible if your surgeon uses electric current to seal off your fallopian tubes.
You’ll get your tubal ligation in a hospital or at an outpatient surgical clinic. The doctor will give you medicine to make you “sleep” so you won’t feel anything during the surgery.
The surgeon will make one or two small cuts in your belly, then inflate it with gas. They’ll put a long, thin device called a laparoscope into one cut to look into your belly. They’ll put tools into the other to cut, seal, band, clamp, or tie your fallopian tubes shut.
Your surgeon will then stitch up the cuts on your belly.
You can go home a few hours later to rest.
Your incision sites (where you got the cuts) may be a little uncomfortable afterward. You might also have pain or cramps in your belly, fatigue, mild vaginal bleeding, dizziness, or a sore throat from the anesthesia.
If the surgeon used gas to inflate your abdomen to do the tubal ligation, you may have some bloating. It could cause belly or shoulder pain. This should go away in a couple of days.
Wait 48 hours after your tubal ligation to bathe or take a shower. Don’t rub or scrub your incision sites for at least a week. Pat your skin dry carefully after your bath or shower.
You should be able to get back to your normal routine a few days after your tubal ligation. But don’t lift anything heavy until your doctor says it’s safe to do so.
You should be able to have sex a week after your tubal ligation.
You don’t need to use a backup form of birth control after the procedure, but it won’t protect you from sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
Using a condom during sex will help prevent STDs.
The cost of your tubal ligation may vary based on where you live, your doctor, and your insurance coverage. Average costs range from $1,500 to $6,000.
Up to 20% of those who have tubal ligation eventually wish they hadn’t, so it’s important to think about all the possibilities. Those younger than 30 are more likely to change their minds later.
If you’re not sure, you might think about these long-term options for birth control:
Vasectomy. If you’re in a committed relationship, your partner might be willing to get this procedure that keeps sperm from getting into semen. It’s a safer procedure than a tubal ligation, and it can be done while the patient is awake.
IUD. Your doctor puts this small T-shaped plastic device into your uterus. It can stay in place from 3 to 10 years. IUDs are more than 99% effective in preventing pregnancy.
Implant. Your doctor puts a plastic rod about the size of a matchstick under the skin of your upper arm.
It releases the hormone progestin and can stay in place for up to 3 years.
Next In Blood Clot Risk With Birth Control
Next IUD
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Fallopian tube obstruction – symptoms, diagnosis and treatment in Hadassah
Symptoms of fallopian tube obstruction
A woman does not even know that something is wrong with the fallopian tubes, because the disease in most cases has no symptoms . The problem may be only in the absence of pregnancy.
Possible symptoms of fallopian tube obstruction include:
- pelvic pain syndrome;
- constipation and flatulence;
- appearance of whitish discharge;
- painful intercourse;
- frequent urination;
- algomenorrhea (painful menstruation).
An ectopic pregnancy often develops with obstruction of the fallopian tubes. Due to impaired patency, fertilization may occur, but the zygote does not reach the uterus. This condition is very dangerous for a woman’s life, because it is accompanied by internal bleeding. If you do not help in time, then a fatal outcome is possible. To avoid such serious consequences, ultrasound is done in early pregnancy, which allows you to see where the fetus is.
Causes of fallopian tube dysfunction
There are organic and functional obstruction of the tubes. They differ in the reasons that caused them.
Organic obstruction of the fallopian tubes due to obstruction resulting from:
- severe inflammation that causes adhesions;
- operations in the small pelvis;
- malformations.
Functional obstruction of the fallopian tubes develops with hormonal disorders that prevent the normal secretion of mucus in them. The cause is also the inflammatory process, chronic stress and neuroses.
The most common predisposing factors are genital tuberculosis and STIs (mycoplasmosis, chlamydia, syphilis, etc.). it is also necessary to highlight the compression of the fallopian tubes by cysts and tumors, abscesses and hematomas of the small pelvis.
Methods for diagnosing obstruction of the fallopian tubes
Dysfunction of the fallopian tubes can be partial or complete. In the first case, only one of them is affected. Bonding happens around, not inside. Treatment tactics depend on the severity of the pathological process. Therefore, the diagnosis of duct obstruction is so important. Today, doctors use the following methods for diagnosing obstruction of the fallopian tubes:
Hysterosalpingography (X-ray contrast image)
Hysterosalpingography allows you to see the internal shape of the fallopian tubes and uterus.
This is done before ovulation. After HSG, the chance of getting pregnant increases due to the washing action of the solution. The study is performed without anesthesia, however, a small dose of anesthetic is used to relieve discomfort. With the help of hysterosalpingography, the patency of the tubes and the structure of the uterine cavity are determined
Echohysterosalpingoscopy (ultrasound diagnostics, performed on the 7-10th day of the cycle)
is a more gentle method, since it is not an X-ray, but an ultrasound. In this case, saline is injected into the uterus. But obstruction of the fallopian tubes is most effectively diagnosed with laparoscopy. Moreover, the detected pathologies can be eliminated immediately. The study is performed under general anesthesia. Using a laparoscope, the doctor examines the uterus, tubes, ovaries
Tests for infections (PCR or determination of the titer of antibodies M and G)
Assessment of the hormonal profile (if secondary damage is suspected)
Methods of treatment of obstruction of the fallopian tubes
The method of surgical intervention is selected depending on the degree of organ damage.
If there is a blockage of the ducts along the entire length, then only IVF will help, and the dissection of the adhesions will not be effective. In this procedure, the egg is fertilized in a test tube, after which the embryo is introduced into the uterus.
The use of conservative therapy is possible only with functional obstruction. It is aimed at eliminating the cause that caused it. Therefore, obstruction of the fallopian tubes today is not a sentence for women. Thanks to modern methods of diagnosis and treatment, this problem can be solved.
#IlyinAA
Ilyin
Anton Alekseevich
Leading surgeon, oncologist, gynecologist, Ph.D.
Work experience: 13 years
Published: 06/11/2023
The information provided on the site is for reference only and cannot serve as a basis for making a diagnosis or prescribing treatment. Internal consultation of the expert is necessary.
Prices for gynecological services
Gynecology
| Primary appointment (examination, consultation) with an obstetrician-gynecologist | 6,500 ₽ |
| Repeated appointment (examination, consultation) with an obstetrician-gynecologist | 5,500 ₽ |
| Reception (examination, consultation) obstetrician-gynecologist of a pregnant woman primary | 6 500 ₽ |
| Appointment (examination, consultation) of an obstetrician-gynecologist of a pregnant woman repeated | 5 500 ₽ | Preventive appointment (examination, consultation) with an obstetrician-gynecologist | 2 500 ₽ |
| Appointment (examination, consultation) with an obstetrician-gynecologist, candidate of medical sciences, primary | |
Reception (examination, consultation) obstetrician-gynecologist, c. m.s. | 6 500 ₽ |
| Remote consultation of a doctor- obstetrician-gynecologist repeated | 5 500 ₽ |
| Remote consultation of an obstetrician-gynecologist, PhD, primary | 9 000 ₽ |
| Remote consultation of a doctor -obstetrician-gynecologist, PhD, repeated | 7 500 ₽ |
| Remote consultation of an obstetrician gynecologist, a specialist in minimally invasive operations, a senior physician of the oncogynecology department of the Israeli clinic Assuta Hospital, Rama Eitana | 71 500 ₽ |
| Remote consultation of a gynecologist, professor, leading specialist in the field of obstetrics and gynecology and treatment of reproductive disorders of the Yitzhak Rabin Medical Center (Beilinson Hospital) Yaakov Farhi | 61 500 ₽ |
| Infiltration anesthesia in gynecology | 7 200 ₽ |
| Application anesthesia in gynecology | 1 500 ₽ |
| Fetal cardiotocography | 5 200 ₽ |
| Vulvoscopy | 3 800 ₽ |
| Obtaining a vaginal smear | 550 ₽ | |||
| Receiving a scraping from the cervix | 770 ₽ | |||
| Scraping from the cervix for oncocytology | 1 400 ₽ | |||
| Resection of the labia minora | 7 200 ₽ | |||
| Insertion of the obstetric unloading support ring (pessary) ring (pessary) | 4 400 ₽ | |||
| 5 200 ₽ | ||||
| Removal of a foreign body from the vagina | 3 000 ₽ | |||
| Dissection of the hymen | 36 000 ₽ | |||
| Removal of postoperative sutures (ligatures) | 4 300 ₽ | |||
| Separate diagnostic curettage of the cervical canal | 10 200 ₽ | |||
| Intravaginal administration of drugs | 1 500 ₽ | |||
| Hysterosalpingography | 14 300 ₽ | |||
| Intravaginal exposure to ultrasound in diseases of the female genital organs without a drug | 5 800 ₽ | |||
| Intravaginal exposure to ultrasound in diseases of the female genital organs with the drug | 6 500 ₽ | |||
| iya) | 8 600 ₽ | |||
| Insertion of intrauterine device | 9 600 ₽ | |||
| Insertion of the intrauterine device (including the cost of the IUD) | 12 900 ₽ | |||
| Insertion of the intrauterine device of the Mirena system (excluding the cost of the device) | 9 600 ₽ | |||
| Removal of the intrauterine device | 5 200 ₽ | |||
| Removal of the intrauterine device (complicated) | 8 500 ₽ | |||
| Radio wave therapy of the cervix | 28 600 ₽ | |||
| Hysterography | 13 400 ₽ | |||
| Colposcopy | 3 000 ₽ | |||
| Colposcopy extended | 6 50 0 ₽ | |||
| Puncture of the posterior vaginal fornix | 8 600 ₽ | |||
| Loop conization of the cervix by radiofrequency, without the cost of histological examination (1 degree of complexity) | 21 500 ₽ | |||
| cervicalization by radiofrequency method, without the cost of histological examination (2nd degree of complexity) | 28 600 ₽ | |||
| Treatment of cervical erosion with Solkovagin, including the cost of the drug (1 procedure) | 7 200 ₽ | |||
| Treatment of erosive ectropion of the cervix by radiosurgery (1st degree of complexity) | 36,000 ₽ ₽ | |||
| Marsupialization of Bartholin’s gland | 36 000 ₽ | |||
| Suturing of the cervix, vagina, perineum | 14 500 ₽ | |||
| Radiosurgical biopsy of the cervix, vulva, vagina | 21 600 ₽ | |||
| Biopsy of the cervix, vulva, vagina using conchotome | 12 900 ₽ | |||
| Removal of benign tumor external genital organs under local anesthesia | 17 200 ₽ | |||
| organs | 21 600 ₽ | |||
| Biorevitalization of the vagina and vulva | 39 000 ₽ | |||
| Hydrosonography | 16 200 ₽ 9 | 0099 Cervicoscopy with removal of the cervical canal polyp (without the cost of histological examination) | 14 300 ₽ | |
| to determine the leakage of amniotic fluid | 3 800 ₽ | |||
| Colposcopic biopsy with curettage of the cervical canal | 8 600 ₽ | |||
| Comprehensive treatment of the vagina with the introduction of drugs | 4 400 ₽ | |||
| Taking a culture for flora with sensitivity to antibiotics | 2 000 ₽ 901 00 | |||
| Taking material for research | 1 400 ₽ | |||
| Taking material for histological examination | 5 200 ₽ | |||
| Taking material for PCR examination | 1 400 ₽ | |||
| Therapeutic treatment of the vagina and cervix | 1,500 ₽ | |||
| Vaginal tamponade | 3,000 ₽ | |||
| Vinegar test (diagnostic assessment of the cervical mucosa) | 1,500 ₽ | |||
| Schiller test (diagnostic assessment of the cervical mucosa) | 1 500 ₽ | |||
| Laser rejuvenation of the vulva and skin of the external genitalia (1 procedure) | 32 900 ₽ | |||
| Cauterization of genital warts with Solkovagin, without the cost of the drug (1 procedure) | 9 21 600 ₽ | |||
| Radiosurgical treatment erosion of the cervix more than 2 cm in diameter (2 degree of complexity) | 36,000 ₽ | |||
| 9 Removal of a vaginal cyst | 53,000 ₽ | |||
| Removal of papillomas on the vulva and perineum with a radio wave loop | 12,000 ₽ | |||
| Removal polyp of the cervical canal | 21 600 ₽ | |||
| Removal of single warts, papillomas in the vulva , in the vagina and in the perineum by radio wave method (1-5 elements) | 10 600 ₽ | |||
| Removal of warts, papillomas in the vulva, in the vagina and in the perineum by radio wave method (6-10 elements) | 12 900 ₽ | |||
| Removal of warts, papillomas in the vulva, vagina and perineum by radio wave method (11-15 elements) | 20 200 ₽ | |||
| Removal of the contraceptive ring | 2 200 ₽ | |||
| Treatment of postoperative wounds | 2 900 ₽ | |||
| Knife conization of the cervix with suturing, without the cost of histological examination | 43 000 ₽ | |||
| Rectovaginal examination | 1 500 ₽ | |||
| Functional diagnostic tests | 1 400 ₽ | |||
| Laser removal of single warts, papillomas in the vulva, in the vagina and in the perineum | 13 800 ₽ | |||
| Laser removal warts, papillomas in the vulva, in the vagina and in the perineum (6-10 elements) | 0100 | 27 500 ₽ | ||
| Laser lifting of the vagina | 35 000 ₽ | |||
| Laser lifting of the vulva and vagina | ||||
| Laser plastic correction of the external genitalia | 25 800 ₽ | |||
| Laser vaporization of the cervix | 27 500 ₽ | |||
| Pulsed magnetotherapy of the neuromuscular apparatus of the pelvic floor using the BTL Emsella extracorporeal magnetic stimulation system, 1 procedure | 5 500 ₽ |
| Complex of pulsed magnetotherapy of the neuromuscular apparatus of the pelvic floor using the BTL Emsella extracorporeal magnetic stimulation system, 6 procedures 901 00 | 29 700 ₽ |
| Complex of pulsed magnetic therapy for neuromuscular pelvic floor apparatus using BTL Emsella extracorporeal magnetic stimulation system: 10 procedures | 50 000 ₽ |
| Diagnostic hysteroscopy | 15 100 ₽ | |
| Polypectomy and curettage of cervical mucosa | ||
| Cervical curettage with cervical biopsy | 25 000 ₽ | |
| Conization of the cervix | 35 100 ₽ | |
| Opening of the abscess of the Bartholin gland | 25 000 ₽ | |
| pelvic lymphadenectomy laparoscopic | 390 000 ₽ | |
| Diagnostic laparoscopy | 160 000 ₽ | |
| Diagnostic laparoscopy (addition to surgery) | 110 000 ₽ | |
| Laparoscopic dissection and excision of adhesions of female genital organs | 160 000 ₽ | |
| Conization of the cervix with curettage of the cervical canal | 0100 | 230,000 ₽ |
| Removal of the greater omentum, laparotomy | 200,000 ₽ | 230,000 ₽ |
| ) laparoscopic (2nd degree of complexity) | 280,000 ₽ | |
| 0100 | 320,000 RUB | |
| Hysteroresectoscopy (1st degree of complexity) | 105,000 RUB | |
| Hysteroresectoscopy (2nd degree of complexity) 90 100 | 120 000 ₽ | |
| Hysteroresectoscopy (3 degree of complexity) | 135 000 ₽ | |
| Laparoscopic ovarian transposition | 210,000 RUB | |
| Laparoscopic hysterectomy without appendages | 375,000 RUB 9010 0 | |
| Laparoscopic extirpation of the uterus with fallopian tubes | 380,000 ₽ | |
| Extirpation of the uterus with appendages, removal of the greater omentum laparoscopic | 600,000 ₽ | |
| Laparoscopic extirpation of the uterus with appendages (1 degree of complexity) | 350,000 ₽ | |
| Laparoscopic extirpation of the uterus with appendages (2nd degree of complexity) | 375,000 ₽ | |
| Extirpation of the uterus with appendages laparoscopic (3rd degree of complexity) | 390 000 ₽ | |
| Supravaginal amputation of the uterus laparoscopic, sacrovaginopexy | 680 000 ₽ | |
| laparotomic hysterectomy, sacrovaginopexy | 470,000 ₽ | |
| Laparoscopic extirpation of the uterus with appendages with pelvic lymph node dissection | 440 000 ₽ | |
| Conservative myomectomy (enucleation of myoma nodes) laparotomy (1 degree of complexity) | 270 000 ₽ | |
| Conservative myomectomy (enucleation of myoma nodes) laparotomy (2nd degree of complexity) | 295 000 ₽ | |
| Conservative myomectomy (enucleation of myomatous nodes), laparotomic (3rd degree of complexity) | 320,000 ₽ | |
| Radical abdominal trachelectomy, laparotomy | 450,000 ₽ | |
| Radical abdominal hysterectomy, laparotomy 9 | ||
| Sacrovaginopexy, laparotomy 0100 | 375 000 ₽ | |
| Vaginal total hysterectomy (extirpation of the uterus) without appendages | 230 000 ₽ | |
| Vaginal total hysterectomy (uterus extirpation) without appendages with levatoroplasty | 260,000 ₽ | |
| 0100 | 250 000 ₽ | |
| Vaginal total hysterectomy (hysterectomy) with fallopian tubes | 240 000 ₽ | |
| Definition signal lymph nodes in oncogynecological diseases laparoscopic (addition to surgery) | 167,000 ₽ | |
| surgery for stress urinary incontinence (TVT-O) | 200,000 ₽ | |
| Sling surgery for stress urinary incontinence (addition to surgery, TVT-O) | 160 000 ₽ | |
| Anterior, posterior colporrhaphy (colpoperineolevathoroplasty) | 140 000 ₽ | |
| Posterior colporrhaphy | 320 000 ₽ | |
| Determination of “sentinel” lymph nodes in oncogynecological diseases laparoscopic | 300 000 ₽ | |
| Ovarian drilling (for infertility) laparoscopic 0100 | 130 000 ₽ | |
| Laparoscopic tubectomy pelvic (on one side) laparoscopic | 226,000 ₽ | |
| Pelvic lymphadenectomy (on both sides) laparoscopic | 260 000 ₽ | |
| Total hysterectomy (extirpation of the uterus) with laparotomy appendages (1 degree of complexity) | 240 000 ₽ | |
| sterectomy (extirpation of the uterus) with laparotomic appendages (2nd degree of complexity) | 270,000 ₽ | |
| Total hysterectomy (extirpation of the uterus) with laparotomic appendages (3 degree of complexity) | 300,000 ₽ rotomic with removal of the greater omentum | 335 000 ₽ |
| Removal of the greater omentum laparotomically (addition to the operation) | 220 000 ₽ | |
| Ovarian cyst removal bilateral laparoscopic | 250 000 | |
| Removal of uterine appendages unilateral laparoscopic | 230 000 ₽ | |
| Removal of uterine appendages bilateral laparoscopic | 260,000 RUB | |
| Pelvic laparotomy lymphadenectomy, unilateral | 270,000 RUB | |
| new laparotomy bilateral | 320,000 ₽ | |
| Removal of a Bartholin gland cyst (1st degree of complexity) | 60,000 ₽ | |
| Removal of a Bartholin’s gland cyst (2nd degree of complexity) | 90,000 ₽ | |
| Removal of a Bartholin’s gland cyst (3rd degree of complexity) | 130 000 ₽ | |
| Vaginal closure (1 degree of complexity) | 20 000 ₽ | |
| Vaginal closure (2 degree of complexity) | 40 000 ₽ | |
| Vaginal suture (3 degree of complexity) | 140 000 ₽ | |
| Vaginal suturing (4 degree of complexity) | 170 000 ₽ | |
| Hymenoplasty (restoration of the hymen) | ||
| Removal of a neoplasm of the vulva (1st degree of complexity) | 93,000 rubles | |
| Removal of a neoplasm of the vulva (2nd degree of complexity) | 160,000 rubles | |
| 310,000 ₽ | ||
| Removal of a neoplasm of the vulva (4 degree of complexity) | 590,000 ₽ | |
| Dissection of adhesions, laparoscopic chromohydrotubation | 140,000 ₽ | |
| Laparoscopic chromohydrotubation (addition to the operation) | 90,000 ₽ | |
| Plastic surgery of the labia minora (labioplasty) | 65,000 ₽ | |
| Laparoscopic sacrovaginopexy | with cysts, abscesses of the Bartholin gland | 53 000 ₽ |
| 8 | Abdominal lymphadenectomy | RUB 93,000 |
| Ovarian resection using video endoscopic technologies | RUB 108,000 | |
| 93,000 ₽ | ||
| Surgical defloration | 35,000 ₽ | |
| Surgical intervention of tumors of the small pelvis (1 degree of complexity) | 80 000 ₽ | |
| Surgical intervention of tumors of the small pelvis (2 degree of complexity) | 150 000 ₽ | |
| Surgical intervention of small pelvic tumors (3rd degree of complexity) ) | 400 000 ₽ | |
| Surgery for tumors small pelvis (5 degree of complexity) | 500,000 ₽ |
Comprehensive programs
Laparoscopy of the fallopian tubes in St.
Petersburg, the cost of the operation is
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Center for Reproduction and Family Planning Medica in St. PetersburgServicesLaparoscopy of the fallopian tubes
Violation of the patency of the fallopian tubes causes infertility and is dangerous for the health and life of a woman. The laparoscopic method helps to diagnose and treat obstruction.
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Adhesive disease
The main task of the fallopian tubes is to deliver fertilized eggs to the uterus. But due to tubal obstruction, this function is impaired. The cause is usually adhesive disease, which is caused by inflammatory processes in the pelvic area and some other factors.
Spikes (doctors call them synechia) are growths of connective tissue that look like films. Often they envelop the entire pelvic cavity, “soldering” the organs to each other. Adhesions can block the openings of the fallopian tubes partially (partial obstruction) or completely (complete obstruction).
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Specialists
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Tanchuk
Elena Valerievna
Chief Physician of the MEDICA Family Planning Center,
obstetrician-gynecologist, gynecologist-endocrinologist, reproductologist, ultrasound doctor, doctor of the highest category. Experience 26 years
Volkova
Anna Valerievna
Obstetrician-gynecologist, ultrasound doctor, doctor of the first category, candidate of medical sciences. Experience 22 years.
Zakharova
Oksana Vadimovna
Deputy chief doctor for ART, obstetrician-gynecologist, reproductologist, gynecologist-endocrinologist, ultrasound doctor, doctor of the first category.
Experience 22 years.
Danielyan
Roza Martunovna
Obstetrician-gynecologist, reproductologist, ultrasound doctor. Experience 11 years.
Samoilova
Svetlana Gennadievna
Obstetrician-gynecologist, gynecologist-endocrinologist, ultrasound doctor, doctor of the highest category. Experience 25 years.
Bokach
Olga Mikhailovna
Obstetrician-gynecologist, reproductologist, ultrasound doctor, doctor of the highest category. Candidate of Medical Sciences. Experience 25 years.
Yusupova
Oksana Nikolaevna
Obstetrician-gynecologist, reproductologist, gynecologist-endocrinologist, ultrasound doctor, candidate of medical sciences.
Experience 18 years.
Konon
Xenia Mikhailovna
Obstetrician-gynecologist, reproductologist, ultrasound doctor. Experience 15 years.
Pisaroglo
Maria Ivanovna
Obstetrician-gynecologist, gynecologist-endocrinologist, reproductologist, ultrasound doctor. Experience 18 years.
Otochkina
Polina Andreevna
Obstetrician-gynecologist, doctor of the highest category. Experience 16 years.
Shekilieva
Fidan Jamilovna
Obstetrician-gynecologist, ultrasound doctor.
Experience 17 years.
Kovaleva
Natalya Sergeevna
Obstetrician-gynecologist, doctor of the first category. Experience 18 years.
Basos
Alexander Sergeevich
Obstetrician-gynecologist, doctor of the first category, candidate of medical sciences. Experience 20 years
Durneva
Elena Igorevna
Obstetrician-gynecologist, doctor of ultrasound diagnostics, candidate of medical sciences. Experience 11 years.
Andreeva
Marianna Valerievna
Obstetrician-gynecologist, Gynecologist-endocrinologist, Ultrasound doctor, Doctor of the first category.
Experience 18 years
Paykacheva
Yulia Mikhailovna
Obstetrician-gynecologist, gynecologist-endocrinologist, doctor of the highest category, candidate of medical sciences. Experience 28 years
All specialists of the direction
Cost of services
Full price list for referral services
Diagnostic laparoscopy, including anesthesia and hospital ward.
90 000 RUB
Enroll
Diagnostic laparoscopy with chromium hydrotubation (CHT), including anesthesia and hospital ward.
95 000 RUB
Enroll
Diagnostic laparoscopy.
Tubectomy (surgery to remove the fallopian tube), including anesthesia and a hospital room.
125 000 RUB
Enroll
Diagnostic laparoscopy. Salpingo-ovariolysis (endoscopic dissection of adhesions of the ovaries and fallopian tubes).
150 000 RUB
Enroll
Video
Embryo biopsy
Oocyte vitrification and delayed motherhood program – childbirth (,) cannot be (,) delayed 18+
Human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer – diagnosis, treatment, prevention.
Samoilova Svetlana Gennadievna
Hormonal contraceptives COCs – truth and myths. Kovaleva Natalia Sergeevna CPS Medica 18+
Hysterosalpingography (HSG) at the Center for Reproduction and Family Planning Medica
The female factor in infertility. Tanchuk Elena Valerievna. Reproduction Center Medica 18+
Frozen pregnancies – why pregnancy does not develop. Bokach Olga Mikhailovna
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) – types, transmission, diagnosis. Sheikhov Magomedsadiq 18+
How to plan a healthy pregnancy. Yusupova Oksana Nikolaevna
Cryopreservation of germ cells and embryos.
Kozhevnikov Igor Valerievich
Treatment of infertility in different age periods. Yusupova Oksana Nikolaevna CPS Medica 18+
The menstrual cycle – the norm and pathology. Danielyan Roza Martunovna. CPS Medica. 18+
Male fertility – when should a man start to worry and anti-age therapy CPS Medica 18+
Reproduction doctor’s appointment – we plan pregnancy correctly. Pisaroglo Maria Ivanovna. CPS Medica
Psychosomatics of infertility – all diseases are caused by nerves. Konon Ksenia Mikhailovna. CPS Medica 18+
Reproductologist Elena Tanchuk about indications for assisted reproductive technologies (ART)
PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome).
Danielyan Roza Martunovna. Reproduction Center Medica 18+
Testosterone and its effect on the human body. Kudryavtsev Artemy Alexandrovich. CPS Medica 18+
Ultrasound screening of pregnant women – why and how often. Ten Natalya Alekseevna. CPS Medica
Successful embryo implantation during natural pregnancy and after IVF. Konon Xenia Mikhailovna.18+
Endometriosis. Zakharova Oksana Vadimovna Center for Reproduction and Family Planning Medica 18+
The episode of the broadcast of the hysteroscopy operation in the ‘Center for Reproduction and Family Planning ‘Medica’
Erectile dysfunction – diagnosis, treatment, prevention.
Sheikhov Magomedsadyk Gasanovich. 18+
Reviews
Fallopian tube laparoscopy
Basos Alexander Sergeevich
08/15/2021
Liked: Good attitude to the patient, warns about all possible consequences of the operation, worries about the result.
Comment: This is the best surgeon I have ever met. I realized this after an unsuccessful laparoscopy in Otto. After the operation in Otto …
Anonymous
Fallopian tube laparoscopy
Basos Alexander Sergeevich
08/27/2019
I did laparoscopy in “Medic” with Dr.
Basos Alexander Sergeevich. I mentally prepared for the operation, read the forums, then talked to the women in the hospital, so I didn’t worry too much. In fact, the doctor removed the polyp and looked at the tubes. I was allowed to get pregnant after a year and a half. I spent …
Anonymous
Fallopian tube laparoscopy
Basos Alexander Sergeevich
03/31/2019
Alexander Sergeevich is a professional with a capital letter! Operated (laparoscopy) by a doctor in 2019year – endometriosis 3 degrees. Operation was successfully completed! And I can say, without joking, that I don’t have any traces of the operation, since the doctor got confused and made all 3 incisions in the scar that I had about .
..
Anonymous
All reviews
05/15/2023
Why can’t get pregnant
Whatever the reasons why a woman cannot get pregnant, most of them can be eliminated or compensated for.
Read more
03/27/2021
The lifestyle of the father and his age affect the health of the child
Age, addiction to alcohol and other bad habits of the father can cause birth defects in the unborn child.
Read more
03/20/2021
Expertise on contraception
In developed countries, about 40% of adolescents aged 15-19years have sexual experience.
Read more
02/15/2021
10 questions about IVF
In a couple of years, the world’s first “test-tube baby” – Lisa Brown – will be 40 years old.
Read more
01/14/2021
Together against cancer
February 4th is World Cancer Day.
Read more
All articles
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Family Planning Center “MEDICA”
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Torez Ave., 72 (hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2nd floor)
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