What are the uses of typhoid injection vaccine. How is typhoid injection vaccine administered. What are the common side effects of typhoid injection vaccine. Who should consider getting the typhoid injection vaccine. How often should the typhoid injection vaccine be administered. What precautions should be taken before receiving the typhoid injection vaccine. How does the typhoid injection vaccine interact with other medications.

Understanding Typhoid Fever and the Importance of Vaccination

Typhoid fever is a potentially life-threatening bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhi. It primarily affects populations in areas with poor sanitation and limited access to clean water. The typhoid injection vaccine plays a crucial role in preventing this disease, especially for travelers and individuals at high risk of exposure.

What is typhoid fever?

Typhoid fever is a systemic illness characterized by high fever, abdominal pain, and general malaise. It can lead to severe complications if left untreated. The bacteria responsible for typhoid fever spreads through contaminated food and water, making it prevalent in regions with inadequate sanitation infrastructure.

Typhoid Injection Vaccine: Uses and Recommendations

The typhoid injection vaccine is a preventive measure designed to boost the body’s natural defense against Salmonella typhi. It is recommended for specific groups of people who may be at increased risk of exposure to the bacteria.

Who should consider getting the typhoid injection vaccine?

• Travelers visiting areas where typhoid fever is common (e.g., parts of Africa, Asia, Central and South America)
• Individuals in close contact with someone who has an ongoing typhoid infection
• Laboratory workers who handle Salmonella typhi bacteria

It’s important to note that the vaccine is used for prevention and cannot treat an existing typhoid infection or fever.

Administration of the Typhoid Injection Vaccine

Proper administration of the typhoid injection vaccine is essential for its effectiveness. Healthcare professionals are responsible for administering the vaccine following specific guidelines.

How is the typhoid injection vaccine administered?

The vaccine is given as an intramuscular injection. For adults, it is typically administered in the upper arm muscle. In children, it may be injected into the thigh or upper arm muscle, depending on the child’s age and muscle development.

When should the typhoid injection vaccine be given?

For optimal protection, the vaccine should be administered at least two weeks before potential exposure to typhoid fever. This timing allows the body to develop an adequate immune response.

How often should the typhoid injection vaccine be administered?

If continued protection is needed, the vaccine can be given every two years. This booster schedule helps maintain immunity against typhoid fever for those who remain at risk of exposure.

Side Effects of the Typhoid Injection Vaccine

Like all vaccines, the typhoid injection vaccine can cause side effects. Most are mild and resolve on their own, but it’s important to be aware of potential reactions.

What are the common side effects of the typhoid injection vaccine?

• Redness, tenderness, and hardening of the skin at the injection site
• Pain at the injection site
• Headache
• Muscle pain

These side effects are generally mild and short-lived. However, if they persist or worsen, it’s advisable to consult a healthcare professional.

Are there any serious side effects to be aware of?

While rare, some individuals may experience more severe reactions immediately after receiving the vaccine. These can include:

• Fainting
• Dizziness
• Vision changes
• Ringing in the ears

If any of these symptoms occur, it’s crucial to inform the healthcare provider immediately. Sitting or lying down may help alleviate these symptoms, which are typically short-lived.

What about allergic reactions?

Severe allergic reactions to the typhoid injection vaccine are extremely rare. However, it’s essential to seek immediate medical attention if any signs of a serious allergic reaction occur, such as:

• Rash
• Itching or swelling (especially of the face, tongue, or throat)
• Severe dizziness
• Difficulty breathing

Precautions and Considerations Before Receiving the Typhoid Injection Vaccine

To ensure the safety and effectiveness of the typhoid injection vaccine, certain precautions should be taken and considerations made before administration.

What information should be disclosed to the healthcare provider?

Before receiving the vaccine, it’s crucial to inform the healthcare professional about:

• Any allergies, especially to vaccines or their components
• Current medical conditions, particularly immune system disorders
• Ongoing illnesses or fevers
• Pregnancy or breastfeeding status
• All medications and supplements being taken

Are there specific medical conditions that may affect vaccine administration?

Individuals with certain medical conditions may need to take special precautions or may not be suitable candidates for the typhoid injection vaccine. These include:

• Immune system disorders (e.g., HIV infection, leukemia, lymphoma)
• Recent cancer treatment or radiation therapy
• Current fever or illness

Is the typhoid injection vaccine safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding?

The use of the typhoid injection vaccine during pregnancy should be carefully evaluated. It should only be administered when clearly necessary, and the potential benefits outweigh the risks. The safety of the vaccine during breastfeeding is not well-established, so it’s essential to consult with a healthcare provider before receiving the vaccine while nursing.

Interactions with Other Medications

The typhoid injection vaccine may interact with certain medications, potentially affecting its effectiveness or increasing the risk of side effects.

Which medications may interact with the typhoid injection vaccine?

Some medications that may interact with the vaccine include:

• Immunosuppressants (e.g., cyclosporine, tacrolimus)
• Cancer chemotherapy drugs
• Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone)

These medications can weaken the immune system, potentially reducing the effectiveness of the vaccine. It’s crucial to inform the healthcare provider about all medications being taken to ensure proper management of potential interactions.

Storage and Handling of the Typhoid Injection Vaccine

Proper storage and handling of the typhoid injection vaccine are essential to maintain its effectiveness and safety.

How should the typhoid injection vaccine be stored?

The vaccine should be stored in the following conditions:

• Refrigerated at the appropriate temperature
• Protected from freezing
• Shielded from light

Healthcare providers are responsible for ensuring proper storage and handling of the vaccine. Patients should not attempt to store or transport the vaccine themselves.

What should be done with expired or unused vaccine?

Expired or unused vaccine should be properly discarded according to local regulations. It should not be flushed down the toilet or poured into drains unless specifically instructed to do so. Consult a pharmacist or local waste disposal company for guidance on proper disposal methods.

Effectiveness and Limitations of the Typhoid Injection Vaccine

While the typhoid injection vaccine is an important tool in preventing typhoid fever, it’s essential to understand its effectiveness and limitations.

How effective is the typhoid injection vaccine?

The typhoid injection vaccine is generally effective in preventing typhoid fever. However, like all vaccines, it may not provide complete protection for everyone who receives it. Factors such as individual immune response and exposure levels can influence its effectiveness.

What additional precautions should be taken even after vaccination?

Even after receiving the typhoid injection vaccine, it’s important to take additional precautions when traveling to areas where typhoid fever is common:

• Practice good hygiene, including frequent hand washing
• Drink only bottled or boiled water
• Avoid raw or undercooked foods
• Eat thoroughly cooked foods while they’re still hot
• Avoid street food and unpasteurized dairy products

These measures can help further reduce the risk of contracting typhoid fever and other foodborne illnesses.

Is the typhoid injection vaccine suitable for everyone?

While the typhoid injection vaccine is safe for most people, it may not be suitable for everyone. Factors such as age, health status, and specific medical conditions can affect eligibility. It’s crucial to consult with a healthcare provider to determine if the vaccine is appropriate based on individual circumstances.

Typhoid Vaccine Intramuscular: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing

Uses

This vaccine is used to help prevent typhoid fever. Vaccines work by increasing the body’s natural defense (immunity) against the bacteria that cause the infection.This vaccine is recommended for people who are traveling to areas where the infection is common (such as Africa, Asia, Central/South America), those who are in close contact to someone with an ongoing typhoid infection, and those who work with the bacteria (Salmonella typhi) in a laboratory.This vaccine is used to prevent the disease and will not treat typhoid fever or an ongoing typhoid infection.

How to use Typhoid Vaccine Syringe

Read all vaccine information available from your health care professional before receiving the vaccine. If you have any questions, ask your health care professional.

This vaccine is given by injection into the muscle of the upper arm (for adults) or into the muscle of the thigh or upper arm (for children) by a health care professional.

This vaccine should be given as a single injection at least 2 weeks before possible exposure to typhoid fever. It can be given every 2 years thereafter if needed.

Side Effects

Redness, tenderness, hardening skin, and pain at the injection site may occur. Headache or muscle pain may also occur. If any of these effects last or get worse, tell your health care professional promptly.

Rarely, some people have symptoms such as fainting, dizziness, vision changes, or ringing in the ears just after getting a vaccine injection. Tell your health care professional right away if you have any of these symptoms. Sitting or lying down may help, since these symptoms usually don’t last long.

Remember that this medication has been prescribed because your health care professional has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.

A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, get medical help right away if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.

This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your health care professional.

Contact the health care professional for medical advice about side effects. The following numbers do not provide medical advice, but in the US you may report side effects to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) at 1-800-822-7967. In Canada, you may call the Vaccine Safety Section at Public Health Agency of Canada at 1-866-844-0018.

Precautions

Before receiving this vaccine, tell your health care professional if you are allergic to it; or to other vaccines; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your health care professional for more details.

Before receiving this vaccination, tell your health care professional your medical history, especially of: immune system disorders (such as due to HIV infection, certain cancers such as leukemia/lymphoma, cancer or radiation treatment), current fever/illness.

During pregnancy, this vaccine should be used only when clearly needed. Discuss the risks and benefits with your health care professional.

It is unknown if this vaccine passes into breast milk. Consult your health care professional before breast-feeding.

Interactions

Drug interactions may change how your medications work or increase your risk for serious side effects. This document does not contain all possible drug interactions. Keep a list of all the products you use (including prescription/nonprescription drugs and herbal products) and share it with your health care professional. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicines without your doctor’s approval.

Some products that may interact with this vaccine include: drugs that weaken the immune system (including cyclosporine, tacrolimus, cancer chemotherapy, corticosteroids such as prednisone).

Does Typhoid Vaccine Syringe interact with other drugs you are taking?

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Overdose

Not applicable.

As with any vaccine, this vaccine may not fully protect everyone who receives it.

Not applicable.

Store in the refrigerator. Do not freeze. Protect from light. Keep all medications away from children and pets.

Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company.

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CONDITIONS OF USE: The information in this database is intended to supplement, not substitute for, the expertise and judgment of healthcare professionals. The information is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, drug interactions or adverse effects, nor should it be construed to indicate that use of a particular drug is safe, appropriate or effective for you or anyone else. A healthcare professional should be consulted before taking any drug, changing any diet or commencing or discontinuing any course of treatment.

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Typhoid Vaccine – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

Roscoe O. Van Camp; Mahmoud Shorman.

Last Update: January 16, 2023.

Continuing Education Activity

Two United States-licensed vaccines are available for Salmonella typhi, an oral attenuated live virus, and an injectable polysaccharide vaccine. The FDA indicates both vaccines for individuals traveling to an endemic are from a non-endemic area. They are also FDA-recommended for individuals with household exposure to a chronic Salmonella typhi carrier or working in a laboratory setting with potentially contaminated specimens. This activity outlines the indications, mechanism of action, methods and timing of administration, significant adverse effects, contraindications, toxicity, and monitoring for typhoid vaccine, so providers can administer and monitor this vaccine in cases where it is needed.

Objectives:

• Identify the mechanism of action for both types of typhoid vaccine.

• Review the contraindications unique to each type of typhoid vaccine.

• Summarize the target patient population and administration schedule for typhoid vaccines.

• Explain interprofessional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication to properly use typhoid vaccines to optimize patient outcomes against infectious disease.

Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.

Indications

Typhoid fever predominantly results from Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (Salmonella Typhi), gram-negative bacteria that only cause disease in man. The organism is ingested in contaminated food or water and survives the stomach acid. It penetrates the small bowel epithelium and enters the lymphoid tissue. It then spreads by lymphatic and hematogenous routes. Typhoid fever is a progressive “stepwise” fever in the first week of the illness. The fever increases as the bacteremia increases; however, the heart rate may be lower than expected for the corresponding fever. The second week of the disease is characterized by abdominal pain, constipation, and a faint macular rash on the trunk and abdomen. During the third week of illness, when there has been no treatment, enlargement of the liver and spleen may develop, along with ileocecal perforation, peritonitis, and septic shock in up to 30% of people. Death can result in 12% to 30% of untreated illness.

The diagnosis of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi is confirmed by culture. Cultures are obtainable from blood, stool, urine, bone marrow, duodenal contents, or skin rash. Those who recover have a protracted illness over weeks to months. Typhoid fever results in a carrier state in 5% of people with high levels of excretion of Salmonella Typhi in the stool for over a year. Relapse of fever can occur in about 10% of untreated people. Typhoid fever is most common in low and middle-income countries, with rates greater than 100 per 100,000 person-years in parts of Asia and Africa. Outbreaks in the United States occur every year. While 80% of these 5700 cases are in people who have traveled to regions with endemic Typhoid fever, many with the illness have not traveled at all. Salmonella Typhi usually spreads through the ingestion of contaminated food or water. Fewer organisms are required for infection from water than from food.

Treatment with antibiotics is recommended with empiric treatment until cultures are available. The initial treatment for severe illness is a third-generation cephalosporin, while milder illness may be treated with a fluoroquinolone antibiotic or azithromycin. Drug resistance to many antibiotics has rapidly developed worldwide, making antibiotic therapy challenging.[1] Multidrug-resistant strains are resistant to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol. Resistance to ceftriaxone or azithromycin is rare. Initial antibiotic therapy is best guided by knowledge of the sensitivity pattern for the area where the infection originated.[2][3]

Prevention of Typhoid fever focuses on food and water safety. Washing hands before eating, eating foods that have been thoroughly cooked and served hot, or fruits that have been personally peeled are essential safeguards. Water should come from bottled water personally opened or water that has been boiled or chemically sterilized. Typhoid vaccination is indicated for travelers to endemic areas; however, it is not entirely protective.[4][5]

The first typhoid vaccines were initially developed in the late 19th century. Presently, there are two United States FDA-approved vaccines available for Salmonella Typhi, an oral attenuated live virus and an injectable polysaccharide vaccine. The FDA indicates both vaccines for individuals traveling to an endemic are from a non-endemic area. They are also FDA-recommended for individuals with household exposure to a chronic Salmonella Typhi carrier or are working in a laboratory setting with potentially contaminated specimens.[6] The oral vaccine has some cross activity for Salmonella Perityphi, which also causes illness. The oral attenuated live virus vaccine should not be used in immunocompromised individuals. Immunocompromised individuals include those with HIV/AIDS, those taking steroids for longer than two weeks, or anyone with cancer or taking cancer treatment or radiation treatment.  Neither vaccine is indicated for children under the age of two years old. The oral vaccine should not be used in children under six years old. Vaccination is indicated for individuals who have had previous Salmonella Typhi infections if they live in non-endemic areas or travel to an endemic area. Vaccination should be completed two weeks before travel for the injected vaccine and one week before they travel for the oral vaccine. The FDA does not recommend the typhoid vaccine for routine immunization of individuals in the United States.[7]

Mechanism of Action

Oral, live attenuated Ty21a vaccine causes a local immune response in the intestinal tract. The attenuated strain causes lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis inducing a protective immune response. The inactivated bacterial cells in the vaccine lyse before causing a virulent infection due to the intracellular build-up of lipopolysaccharide intermediates. The response requires four doses of vaccine on alternate days.

Vaccination with Typhoid Vi polysaccharide vaccine induced an increase in anti-Vi antibodies. It was 74% effective at preventing infection in children ages two to four in Katmandu, Nepal, during a 20-month follow-up.[8]

Administration

Oral, live attenuated Ty21a vaccine requires four doses of an oral capsule separated by 48 hours. This vaccine requires a booster every two years if continued exposure and re-vaccination every five years. The vaccine schedule should be completed at least one week before potential exposure. The vaccine is approved for patients six years of age and older. It is a live vaccine, so it should not be given in pregnancy or immunocompromised patients.

Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine administration is by intramuscular injection and only requires a single dose with a booster every two years. It is administered as a 0.5 mL intramuscular injection for a single dose for use in ages two years and older.[9][10] Vaccination should take place at least two weeks prior to potential typhoid exposure.

There are no known dose adjustments necessary in cases of renal or haptic insufficiency for either formulation.

Adverse Effects

Oral TY21a vaccine side effects may include abdominal pain (6.4%), nausea (5.8%), headache (4.8%), fever (3.3%), diarrhea (2.9%), vomiting (1.5%), and skin rash (1.0%). Rates of side effects were similar in the placebo control groups except for nausea.

Injectable Vi vaccine side effects include a malaise (15%), headache (14%), nausea (2%), and diarrhea (2%). Researchers also noted injection site reactions in studies, including tenderness (13%) and pain (7%), but they observed no serious adverse reactions in clinical trials.

Contraindications

Oral TY21a is a live vaccine, so it should not be given in pregnancy or to immunocompromised patients. Immunocompromised individuals include those with HIV/AIDS, those taking steroids for longer than two weeks, or anyone with cancer receiving cancer treatment or radiation treatment. Caution is advised in female patients of reproductive potential.[11] There is a lengthy list of drug interaction contraindications for the oral vaccine (many monoclonal antibodies), and the patient should receive a thorough medication reconciliation before initiating oral vaccine adminstration.

Injectible Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine is contraindicated in anyone who has had an allergic reaction to any component. There have been no studies conducted on pregnant patients, and vaccination is only recommended if absolutely needed. Delay to the second trimester of pregnancy is felt to be prudent.[12] There is no human data on receiving the injectable vaccine while breastfeeding, but it is likely safe based on the vaccine’s properties.[13] Its use in patients receiving interferon-gamma 1b should be avoided.

Monitoring

No monitoring or routine testing is necessary with either formulation.

Toxicity

There is no reported toxicity in the literature.

Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

The typhoid vaccine is not for routine administration in the United States. Healthcare workers who offer this vaccine should be aware that, in most cases, it is recommended for the traveler who is going to part of the globe where typhoid is common. In rare situations, it may be administered to laboratory workers who work with the Salmonella typhi bacteria and those who are in close contact with a typhoid carrier. The nurse practitioner, pharmacist, and primary care provider who frequently prescribe this vaccine should educate the patients on the type of typhoid vaccine available and who should not receive it. The patient should also understand that the effectiveness of the typhoid vaccines is about 80%. Hence, they should also maintain good sanitary practices, including frequent hand washing and not drinking the local water.[14][15]

Review Questions

• Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.

• Comment on this article.

References

1.

Booth JS, Goldberg E, Patil SA, Barnes RS, Greenwald BD, Sztein MB. Effect of the live oral attenuated typhoid vaccine, Ty21a, on systemic and terminal ileum mucosal CD4+ T memory responses in humans. Int Immunol. 2019 Feb 15;31(2):101-116. [PMC free article: PMC6376105] [PubMed: 30346608]

2.

Masuet-Aumatell C, Atouguia J. Typhoid fever infection – Antibiotic resistance and vaccination strategies: A narrative review. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2021 Mar-Apr;40:101946. [PubMed: 33301931]

3.

Hughes MJ, Birhane MG, Dorough L, Reynolds JL, Caidi H, Tagg KA, Snyder CM, Yu AT, Altman SM, Boyle MM, Thomas D, Robbins AE, Waechter HA, Cody I, Mintz ED, Gutelius B, Langley G, Francois Watkins LK. Extensively Drug-Resistant Typhoid Fever in the United States. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021 Dec;8(12):ofab572. [PMC free article: PMC8669042] [PubMed: 34917695]

4.

Simiyu K, Jamka L. Typhoid in a Kenyan Village: Its Impact, Its Prevention. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018 Nov;99(5):1112-1113. [PMC free article: PMC6221209] [PubMed: 30404685]

5.

Jin C, Torresi J. Typhoid vaccine responses in travellers treated with immunosuppressive therapy. J Travel Med. 2018 Jan 01;25(1) [PubMed: 30325433]

6.

Milligan R, Paul M, Richardson M, Neuberger A. Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 May 31;5(5):CD001261. [PMC free article: PMC6494485] [PubMed: 29851031]

7.

Britto CD, Wong VK, Dougan G, Pollard AJ. A systematic review of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the etiological agent of typhoid. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018 Oct;12(10):e0006779. [PMC free article: PMC6198998] [PubMed: 30307935]

8.

Theiss-Nyland K, Shakya M, Colin-Jones R, Voysey M, Smith N, Karkey A, Dongol S, Pant D, Farooq YG, Mazur O, Darlow C, Neuzil KM, Shrestha S, Basnyat B, Pollard AJ. Corrigendum to: Assessing the Impact of a Vi-polysaccharide Conjugate Vaccine in Preventing Typhoid Infections Among Nepalese Children: A Protocol for a Phase III, Randomized Control Trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Nov 16;73(10):1950. [PMC free article: PMC8824803] [PubMed: 34698813]

9.

Angelo KM, Haulman NJ, Terry AC, Leung DT, Chen LH, Barnett ED, Hagmann SHF, Hynes NA, Connor BA, Anderson S, McCarthy A, Shaw M, Van Genderen PJJ, Hamer DH. Illness among US resident student travellers after return to the USA: a GeoSentinel analysis, 2007-17. J Travel Med. 2018 Jan 01;25(1) [PMC free article: PMC6503850] [PubMed: 30202952]

10.

Bentsi-Enchill AD, Pollard AJ. A Turning Point in Typhoid Control. J Infect Dis. 2018 Nov 10;218(suppl_4):S185-S187. [PMC free article: PMC6226784] [PubMed: 30189009]

11.

Mazzone T, Celestini E, Fabi R, Pagano M, Serafini MA, Verdecchia P, Mastroiacovo P. Oral typhoid vaccine and pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol. 1994 May-Jun;8(3):278-80. [PubMed: 8075518]

12.

Arora M, Lakshmi R. Vaccines – safety in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2021 Oct;76:23-40. [PMC free article: PMC7992376] [PubMed: 33773923]

13.

Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) [Internet]. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; Bethesda (MD): Jul 20, 2020. Typhoid Vaccine. [PubMed: 30000191]

14.

Mogasale VV, Ramani E, Mogasale V, Park JY, Wierzba TF. Estimating Typhoid Fever Risk Associated with Lack of Access to Safe Water: A Systematic Literature Review. J Environ Public Health. 2018;2018:9589208. [PMC free article: PMC6076975] [PubMed: 30174699]

15.

Balasubramanian R, Im J, Lee JS, Jeon HJ, Mogeni OD, Kim JH, Rakotozandrindrainy R, Baker S, Marks F. The global burden and epidemiology of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella infections. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2019;15(6):1421-1426. [PMC free article: PMC6663144] [PubMed: 30081708]

Disclosure: Roscoe Van Camp declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Mahmoud Shorman declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Inoculation against typhoid fever

We carry out vaccination against typhoid fever. Safe, fast, in 10 districts of St. Petersburg.

Typhoid fever is a severe intestinal infection caused by Salmonella bacteria that affects the intestines. The disease proceeds in an acute form, often with relapses, and is manifested by prolonged fever, diarrhea and general intoxication of the body. Complications of typhoid fever are life-threatening, as they can cause intestinal ulcers, intra-abdominal bleeding, and toxic shock.

The most common mode of transmission of the disease is through household contact with a sick person or through water. To reduce the risk of infection, careful hygiene is necessary, but even in this case, the risk of getting sick remains. The best way to protect against infection is the typhoid vaccine, which allows you to acquire strong immunity in 80% of cases.

Other names: typhoid vaccination, typhoid immunoprophylaxis

Who needs typhoid vaccination and when?

People in direct contact with patients are at risk. The situation is complicated by the fact that the symptoms of infection appear only 2-3 weeks after infection, and the fact of the disease may be implicit.

Persons most at risk of contracting typhoid fever:

• living in regions endemic for typhoid fever (including those with single outbreaks)
• traveling to dangerous regions (states of Africa, Asia, South America, etc. )
• employed in the field of public utilities (water sewerage, work with household waste, etc.)
• health workers involved in decontamination of infectious zones during outbreaks of typhoid fever
• vaccine laboratory workers
• other cases suggesting contact with the diseased.

How is typhoid vaccination administered?

The vaccine is given intramuscularly or under the skin in the upper arm in a single dose. The vaccine provides immunity against typhoid fever for 3 years. If the risk of infection persists after this period, the vaccination is repeated.

Are there any contraindications to vaccination?

There are no specific contraindications to typhoid vaccination. It is worth discussing with your doctor the expediency of vaccination in cases of exacerbation of diseases, allergic reactions and general weakness of the body.

Direct contraindications to any vaccinations are severe diseases (such as HIV, tuberculosis, etc. ), pregnancy and intolerance to vaccine components.

What documents are required for measles vaccination?

Only a passport is required in the Medical Commission No. 1 centers. Take with you, if available, a vaccination certificate with information about previous vaccinations.

Where and when can I apply?

You can get vaccinated against typhoid fever at any convenient Medical Commission No. 1 center. We work in 10 districts of St. Petersburg and have all the necessary licenses for this type of activity. In our clinics, only proven safe vaccines are used, a doctor’s consultation is provided.

Why is it worth contacting the Medical Commission No. 1?

Reliable – our centers have all the necessary licenses for this type of service. Vaccination is carried out by certified specialists with extensive experience. Only high quality products are used.

Quickly – registration for the service is available by phone and on our website, where you can choose a convenient time and the nearest branch. The vaccination procedure and consultation with a therapist will take a few minutes.

Convenient – our clinics are located in 10 districts of St. Petersburg and work seven days a week.

You can get a consultation or make an appointment by phone +7 (812) 380-82-54

Make an appointment >>>

Vaccination of travelers. Part 1. Typhoid fever

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Vaccination of travelers

Part 1. Typhoid fever

Travel is almost always a rather troublesome and sometimes risky undertaking. There are no number of small and big troubles that can lie in wait for a tourist on the road: errors in tickets, forgotten things, cultural differences, various diseases…

encounter on a journey to a particular region of our planet.

According to the World Health Organization, there are mandatory and recommended vaccinations, which we will bring to your attention in several parts.

Compulsory vaccinations:

In our time, there is one mandatory vaccination – against yellow fever. The vaccination is given to all tourists traveling to areas endemic for this infection (as a rule, these are some countries in Africa, Central and South America). Immunity, after vaccination, develops within 7-10 days in most vaccinated people and lasts for 10 years.

Recommended vaccinations:

Of the recommended vaccinations, in this article, we will focus on typhoid fever. So, b typhoid fever (BrT) is an acute intestinal infection caused by Salmonella typhi with a fecal-oral transmission mechanism. The susceptibility of people to the disease is high.

Main epidemiological features:

BrT occurs on all continents, in all climatic zones. The highest incidence rate is recorded in developing countries. According to the WHO, there is not a single country where cases of the disease have not been reported.

According to WHO estimates, 21 million cases of typhoid fever are registered annually worldwide, of which 1-4% are fatal. Particularly large epidemics are observed in Asia, Africa, South America, India and neighboring countries.

How can you get this disease?

Reservoir and source of infection – human (sick or bacterial excretor). The patient is most dangerous at 2-3 weeks of illness, since it is at this time that a massive release of infection occurs with feces, urine and sweat; they can also be found in breast milk and the nasopharynx. Approximately 3-5% remain carriers for the long term, and some for life.

Mechanism of transmission fecal-oral, realized by water, food and household routes; in areas with an increased level of morbidity, the spread occurs mainly by water.

What are the signs of typhoid fever?

The incubation period for varies from several days to 3 weeks (average 10-14 days).

Initial period of illness – increase in temperature reaction reaching 39-40 °С. The syndrome of intoxication gradually develops, manifested by headache, anorexia, progressive general weakness, dizziness, insomnia. Constipation is characteristic, however, in the initial stage of the disease, loosening of stools with feces in the form of “pea soup”, flatulence is possible.

Peak period – characterized by an increase in symptoms of intoxication. Body temperature remains high. On the 8-9th day of illness, patients can detect rashes located on the anterior abdominal wall and lower chest. The development of bradycardia is characteristic. In more severe cases, oliguria is observed, the so-called typhoid status with the patient’s prostration, severe weakness, adynamia, apathy, clouding of consciousness, and in some cases with motor restlessness.

The period of convalescence is manifested by a drop in body temperature and the gradual disappearance of signs of intoxication.

It should be borne in mind that the clinical picture of typhoid fever is not always characterized by the indicated complex of symptoms; many of them are weak or may be completely absent.

Why is typhoid fever dangerous?

BrT is dangerous with complications (5-10% of cases) – on the part of the intestine – this is perforation (through damage) of the small intestine and intestinal bleeding; on the part of the general condition of the body – an infectious-toxic shock may occur.

How to avoid getting sick?

Preventive measures include hygiene measures, early detection of carriers and specific immunization.

Specific prophylaxis of BrT consists in administering the vaccine: Vianvak – liquid Vi-polysaccharide vaccine (manufacturer: Gritvak, Russia).