What are the primary uses of barium sulfate in medical imaging. How does barium sulfate work as a contrast agent. What are the key considerations for administering barium sulfate. How does barium sulfate enhance visualization in CT scans and X-rays.

Understanding Barium Sulfate: A Crucial Contrast Agent in Medical Imaging

Barium sulfate (BaSO4) is an inorganic compound that plays a vital role in diagnostic medical imaging. As a contrast agent, it significantly enhances the visibility of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract during various radiographic procedures, including computed tomography (CT) scans and X-rays. This article delves into the properties, uses, and clinical applications of barium sulfate, providing healthcare professionals and patients with comprehensive insights into this essential diagnostic tool.

Chemical Properties and Natural Occurrence of Barium Sulfate

Barium sulfate is a naturally occurring mineral known as barite. Its unique chemical properties make it an ideal contrast agent for medical imaging:

• Chemical formula: BaSO4
• Average molecular weight: 233.39
• Low water solubility
• High atomic number (Z=56)
• K-edge binding energy of 37.4 keV

These characteristics contribute to barium sulfate’s excellent X-ray absorption capabilities, allowing for clear visualization of GI tract structures during diagnostic procedures.

Medical Applications and Indications for Barium Sulfate

Barium sulfate is primarily used as a radiographic contrast agent in various medical imaging procedures. Its main indications include:

1. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen
2. X-ray examinations of the gastrointestinal tract
3. Delineation of GI tract structures in adult and pediatric patients

How does barium sulfate enhance diagnostic imaging? By increasing the absorption of X-rays as they pass through the body, barium sulfate allows for clear visualization of normal organs and potential defects in anatomy. This property makes it an invaluable tool for identifying various GI tract abnormalities, including:

• Benign or malignant tumors
• Ulcers
• Strictures
• Diverticula
• Inflammation or infection
• Altered motility
• Organ displacement

Mechanism of Action: How Barium Sulfate Works as a Contrast Agent

Understanding the mechanism of action of barium sulfate is crucial for appreciating its effectiveness in diagnostic imaging. How does barium sulfate function within the body to enhance image quality?

Barium sulfate’s mechanism of action involves several key factors:

1. X-ray absorption: Barium’s high atomic number and K-edge binding energy make it an ideal medium for absorbing X-rays.
2. GI tract coating: When administered, barium sulfate fills the GI tract lumen or coats the mucosal surface, providing a clear outline of the structures.
3. Lack of absorption: Barium sulfate is not absorbed by the GI tract or metabolized in the body, ensuring its effectiveness as a contrast agent.
4. Enhanced delineation: The barium suspension covers the mucosal surface, allowing for detailed examination of the GI tract’s shape, distensibility, motion, integrity, continuity, and location within the torso.

This unique combination of properties enables healthcare professionals to identify and assess various GI tract abnormalities with high precision.

Administration Methods and Dosage Considerations

Proper administration of barium sulfate is essential for obtaining optimal diagnostic results. What are the primary methods of administering barium sulfate, and what factors should be considered when determining the appropriate dosage?

Barium sulfate can be administered through several routes:

• Oral ingestion
• Rectal administration
• Instillation into an enterostomy tube or catheter

The choice of administration method depends on the specific diagnostic procedure and the area of the GI tract being examined. Dosage considerations may include:

1. Patient age and weight
2. Specific diagnostic procedure being performed
3. Desired level of contrast enhancement
4. Potential need for double-contrast techniques

Healthcare providers should consult the product label and clinical guidelines for precise dosing instructions based on the individual patient and procedure requirements.

Enhancing Visualization: Techniques and Adjuncts in Barium Sulfate Studies

While barium sulfate alone provides excellent contrast, various techniques and adjuncts can further enhance visualization during diagnostic procedures. How can healthcare professionals optimize image quality and diagnostic accuracy when using barium sulfate?

Several methods can be employed to improve GI tract visualization:

1. Double-contrast procedures: Combining barium sulfate with gas (e.g., by adding bicarbonate or using gas-filled balloons) can improve delineation of the GI tract lumen and mucosa.
2. Concentration adjustments: Lower concentrations (higher dilutions) of barium sulfate can enhance the conspicuity of the GI tract in CT scans of the abdomen, differentiating it from other abdominal organs.
3. Osmotically active agents: Substances like sorbitol can be used to induce fluid accumulation and distension of the GI system, further enhancing visualization.
4. Effervescent agents: Granules of effervescent bicarbonate can be combined with barium sulfate to enhance distension of the GI tract.

By employing these techniques, radiologists and other imaging specialists can obtain more detailed and informative diagnostic images.

Pharmacokinetics and Clearance of Barium Sulfate

Understanding the pharmacokinetics of barium sulfate is crucial for ensuring patient safety and optimizing diagnostic procedures. How does the body process and eliminate barium sulfate after administration?

Key aspects of barium sulfate pharmacokinetics include:

• Absorption: Barium sulfate is not absorbed by the GI tract in patients with normal gastrointestinal function.
• Metabolism: The compound is not metabolized within the body.
• Excretion: In patients with normal GI function, barium sulfate is typically excreted within 24 hours after oral ingestion. Following rectal administration, the drug is generally eliminated when the enema is released.
• Residual presence: Some barium may remain in the colon for several weeks, especially in patients with impaired intestinal peristalsis.

The time to peak opacification of organs by barium sulfate in a healthy GI tract varies:

• Esophagus, stomach, and duodenum: Almost immediate uptake after oral administration
• Small intestine: Uptake dependent on gastric emptying rate and viscosity of the barium suspension

Safety Considerations and Potential Side Effects

While barium sulfate is generally considered safe for use in diagnostic imaging, healthcare providers should be aware of potential side effects and contraindications. What are the primary safety considerations when administering barium sulfate?

Key safety considerations include:

1. Allergic reactions: Although rare, some patients may experience allergic reactions to barium sulfate or other components of the contrast preparation.
2. GI tract perforation: In patients with suspected or known GI tract perforation, alternative contrast agents should be considered.
3. Impaired GI motility: Patients with severely impaired GI motility may be at risk for prolonged retention of barium sulfate.
4. Aspiration: Care should be taken to prevent aspiration of barium sulfate, particularly in patients with swallowing difficulties.
5. Constipation: Adequate hydration should be encouraged to prevent constipation following barium sulfate administration.

Healthcare providers should carefully review the patient’s medical history and consider potential risks before administering barium sulfate.

Common Side Effects

While barium sulfate is generally well-tolerated, some patients may experience mild side effects, including:

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Abdominal cramping
• Diarrhea
• Constipation

These side effects are typically transient and resolve on their own. Patients should be advised to report any persistent or severe symptoms to their healthcare provider.

Advancements in Barium Sulfate Formulations and Technologies

The field of diagnostic imaging continues to evolve, with ongoing research and development aimed at improving contrast agents and imaging techniques. What recent advancements have been made in barium sulfate formulations and related technologies?

Several areas of innovation in barium sulfate use include:

1. Improved suspension formulations: Enhanced stability and palatability of barium sulfate suspensions for better patient compliance and image quality.
2. Low-volume preparations: Development of high-density, low-volume barium sulfate formulations for improved patient comfort and reduced risk of side effects.
3. Dual-energy CT imaging: Utilization of barium sulfate in dual-energy CT protocols for enhanced tissue characterization and material differentiation.
4. 3D imaging techniques: Integration of barium sulfate studies with advanced 3D reconstruction algorithms for improved visualization of complex GI tract anatomy.
5. Combination with other imaging modalities: Exploration of synergistic approaches combining barium sulfate studies with other imaging techniques, such as MRI or ultrasound, for comprehensive diagnostic evaluation.

These advancements aim to enhance diagnostic accuracy, improve patient experience, and expand the clinical applications of barium sulfate in medical imaging.

Future Directions in Contrast Agent Research

As technology continues to advance, researchers are exploring new avenues for improving contrast agents and imaging techniques. Some areas of ongoing research include:

• Nanoparticle-based contrast agents: Development of novel nanoparticle formulations that could provide enhanced contrast and targeted imaging capabilities.
• Multimodal contrast agents: Investigation of contrast agents that can be used across multiple imaging modalities, potentially reducing the need for multiple examinations.
• Functional imaging applications: Exploration of contrast agents that can provide both anatomical and functional information, enhancing diagnostic capabilities.
• Artificial intelligence integration: Development of AI algorithms to optimize contrast agent administration and image interpretation, potentially improving diagnostic accuracy and efficiency.

These ongoing research efforts hold promise for further advancing the field of diagnostic imaging and improving patient care.

Clinical Best Practices for Barium Sulfate Studies

To ensure optimal diagnostic results and patient safety, healthcare providers should adhere to established best practices when conducting barium sulfate studies. What are the key considerations for performing high-quality barium sulfate examinations?

Important clinical best practices include:

1. Patient preparation: Proper patient education and preparation, including fasting requirements and potential dietary restrictions, are essential for successful examinations.
2. Tailored protocols: Customizing barium sulfate administration protocols based on the specific diagnostic procedure and patient characteristics can optimize image quality and diagnostic accuracy.
3. Timing considerations: Careful attention to timing of barium sulfate administration and image acquisition is crucial for capturing optimal contrast enhancement.
4. Patient positioning: Proper patient positioning during the examination can significantly impact image quality and diagnostic yield.
5. Radiation dose management: Implementing dose reduction strategies while maintaining diagnostic image quality is important for patient safety.
6. Post-procedure care: Providing patients with clear instructions for post-procedure care, including adequate hydration and monitoring for potential side effects, is essential.

By following these best practices, healthcare providers can maximize the diagnostic value of barium sulfate studies while ensuring patient safety and comfort.

Quality Control and Image Interpretation

Ensuring high-quality images and accurate interpretation is crucial for the success of barium sulfate studies. Key aspects of quality control and image interpretation include:

• Regular equipment calibration and maintenance
• Standardized image acquisition protocols
• Ongoing training and education for imaging technologists and radiologists
• Utilization of advanced image processing and visualization tools
• Implementation of peer review and quality assurance programs
• Integration of clinical information and imaging findings for comprehensive diagnostic assessment

By prioritizing these aspects of quality control and image interpretation, healthcare facilities can optimize the diagnostic value of barium sulfate studies and improve patient outcomes.

Patient Education and Informed Consent in Barium Sulfate Procedures

Effective patient education and informed consent are crucial components of successful barium sulfate studies. How can healthcare providers ensure that patients are well-informed and prepared for their examinations?

Key elements of patient education and informed consent include:

1. Procedure explanation: Providing clear, concise information about the purpose and steps involved in the barium sulfate study.
2. Preparation instructions: Offering detailed guidance on fasting requirements, medication adjustments, and any necessary dietary restrictions.
3. Potential risks and side effects: Discussing possible adverse reactions and what to do if they occur.
4. Alternative options: Informing patients about alternative diagnostic procedures, if applicable.
5. Post-procedure care: Providing instructions for post-examination care, including hydration and monitoring for potential side effects.
6. Opportunity for questions: Allowing patients to ask questions and address any concerns before the procedure.

By ensuring thorough patient education and obtaining informed consent, healthcare providers can improve patient compliance, reduce anxiety, and enhance the overall quality of barium sulfate examinations.

Addressing Patient Concerns and Misconceptions

Patients may have various concerns or misconceptions about barium sulfate studies. Common issues that healthcare providers should be prepared to address include:

• Radiation exposure concerns
• Taste and texture of barium sulfate suspensions
• Fear of allergic reactions
• Concerns about barium retention in the body
• Anxiety about potential discomfort during the procedure

By proactively addressing these concerns and providing accurate information, healthcare providers can alleviate patient anxiety and promote a more positive experience during barium sulfate studies.

Barium sulfate: Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action

Summary

Barium sulfate is a contrast agent used for CT scans of the gastrointestinal tract.

Brand Names

E-Z-HD, E-Z-Paque, Readi-cat 2

Generic Name

Barium sulfate

DrugBank Accession Number

DB11150

Background

Barium sulfate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula BaSO4 ³.

Barium sulfate occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield ³.

This drug is used as a contrast agent in diagnostic x-ray procedures. Therapeutic advantages of barium sulfate in diagnostic procedures include both its low water solubility and high level of clearance from the body ^Label.

Barium sulfate is ingested by mouth or administered rectally and combined with granules of effervescent bicarbonate to enhance distension of the GI tract, allowing for enhanced gastrointestinal tract visualization ³, ⁵.

Type

Small Molecule

Groups

Approved

Structure

Weight

Average: 233.39
Monoisotopic: 233.856970451

Chemical Formula

BaO₄S

Synonyms

• Bario sulfato
• Barium sulfate

External IDs

• CI 77120

Indication

Barium sulfate is a radiographic contrast agent indicated for use in computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen to delineate the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in adult and pediatric patients ^Label.

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Associated Conditions

• Radiologic examination of the gastrointestinal tract

Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings

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Pharmacodynamics

Barium sulfate increases the absorption of x-rays as they are passed throughout the body, delineating body structures, in which barium sulfate is localized. This allows for the clear visualization of normal organs/defect in normal anatomy ⁵.

Mechanism of action

Barium sulfate is a heavy metal with a high atomic number (Z=56) and a K shell binding energy (K-edge of 37.4 keV) very close to that of most diagnostic x-ray beams. Due to these characteristics, barium is an ideal medium for the absorption of x-rays ^Label.

Barium sulfate is essentially not absorbed from the GI tract nor metabolized in the body. Barium sulfate is used to fill the gastrointestinal tract lumen or to coat the mucosal surface and is administered orally, rectally, or instilled into an enterostomy tube or catheter ^Label, ⁵.

Barium sulfate enhances delineation of the GI tract. The barium suspension covers the mucosal surface of the GI tract, allowing its shape, distensibility, motion, integrity, continuity, location within the torso, relationship to other organs to be closely examined ⁵. Various abnormalities, such as benign or malignant tumors, ulcers, strictures, diverticula, inflammation or infection, altered motility, displacement and other pathology can thereby be identified ^Label, ⁵.

At lower concentrations (higher dilution), barium enhances the conspicuity of the GI tract to differentiate the GI tract from various abdominal organs in computed tomography examinations (CT scans) of the abdomen. Improved delineation of the gastrointestinal tract lumen and mucosa may be reached by contrast provided by gas (by the addition of bicarbonate or gas-filled balloons) in addition to the barium ⁵. This is known as a double-contrast procedure. Osmotically active agents (for example, sorbitol) are also used to induce fluid accumulation and distension of the GI system to enhance visualization ⁵.

Absorption

Barium sulfate is not absorbed following oral or rectal administration with a normal gastrointestinal tract. In patients with a normal GI tract, barium sulfate is normally excreted within 24 hr after oral ingestion. Post rectal administration of barium sulfate suspensions, the drug is generally excreted when the enema is released. Some barium may remain in the colon for several weeks, however, and eventually clears, especially in patients with impaired intestinal peristalsis ³. It is difficult to quantify the uptake of ingested barium because of a number of factors affect its absorption. The presence of sulfate in food can cause the precipitation of barium sulfate ³.

The following is the approximate time to peak opacification of organs by barium sulfate in a healthy GI tract:

Esophagus, stomach, and duodenum uptake of barium sulfate occurs almost immediately after oral administration ⁴.

Small intestine uptake is dependent on gastric emptying rate and viscosity of the preparation; it may be delayed 15-90 minutes post ingestion ⁴.

Small intestine (enteroclysis studies) uptake is immediate, following direct instillation ⁴.

Colon and distal small intestine uptake are dependent on patient positioning. Hydrostatic pressure also determines the rate and degree of opacification ⁴.

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism

Barium sulfate is poorly water soluble and shows negligible levels of absorption from the gastrointestinal tract following both oral or rectal administration. In healthy subjects, orally administered barium sulfate is generally excreted within 24 hours. Rectally administered barium sulfate is eliminated with clearance of the enema ⁵.

Route of elimination

Barium sulfate is excreted unchanged in the feces ³.

Half-life

Not Available

Clearance

The rate of excretion of barium sulfate is dependent on the route of administration and the status of peristaltic activity and motility of the gastrointestinal tract ⁵.

Adverse Effects

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Toxicity

Acute Exposure

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal cramping may occur ^Label. Acute exposure to barium sulfate may irritate the eyes and respiratory tract. Exposure to inhalation or other forms can affect the nervous system and lead to hypokalemia, which can contribute to cardiovascular rhythm abnormality ³. Hypersensitivity, gastrointestinal transit delay, obstruction, aspiration pneumonitis and systemic embolization of barium sulfate are more serious complications of administration ^Label. In addition, fatalities have occurred due to aspiration pneumonitis, barium sulfate impaction, intestinal perforation with subsequent peritonitis and granuloma formation, and vasovagal and syncopal episodes ^Label, ².

*Chronic Exposure *

The lungs may be affected by repeated or prolonged exposure to dust particles, resulting in baritosis (a type of benign pneumoconiosis) ³. Inhalation of barium sulfate dust may lead to a benign pneumoconiosis (“baritosis”) with conspicuous radiographic characteristics but no signs of impairment of pulmonary function ³.

Intra-abdominal leakage

Intra-abdominal leakage may occur during or after administration of barium sulfate ^Label,5. Caution is advised in patients with a history of food aspiration and in patients with diagnosed swallowing disorders ^Label.

** A note on GI perforation**

Perforation of the colon after rectal administration of barium sulfate suspension has been reported due to the increased hydrostatic pressure of the instilled suspension, trauma to the colon from an enema tip, or forceful or deep insertion of a non-flexible enema tip. Perforation of the bowel has been followed by peritonitis, adhesions, granulomas, and death ⁴. This is a rare occurrence. Injury to the rectal mucosa or anal canal due to the enema tip or retention balloon is likely the most common traumatic cause of perforation during treatment. Inflation of a balloon within a stricture, neoplasm, inflamed rectum, or stoma is hazardous, and caution should be exerted ¹.

Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity

No animal studies have been performed to evaluate the carcinogenicity of barium sulfate or potential effects on reproduction ^Label. Elective contrast radiography of the abdomen is not routintely recommended during pregnancy because of the risks to the fetus from radiation exposure ⁴.

Pathways

Not Available

Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs

Not Available

Drug Interactions

This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.

Not Available

Food Interactions

No interactions found.

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Active Moieties

Name	Kind	UNII	CAS	InChI Key
Barium	unknown	24GP945V5T	7440-39-3	DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Brand Name Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End	Region	Image
Anatrast	Paste	560 mg/1g	Rectal	Mallinckrodt	2009-06-01	2011-10-31	US
Anatrast Pst 55%	Paste	55 %	Rectal	Tyco Healthcare	1988-12-31	2010-01-07	Canada
Baricon	For suspension	. 98 g/1g	Oral	Mallinckrodt	2009-12-01	2011-04-30	US
Baricon for Suspension	Powder, for suspension	98 %	Oral	Tyco Healthcare	1988-12-31	2010-01-07	Canada
Baro Bag Enema 98%	Enema	98 %	Rectal	Tyco Healthcare	1984-12-31	2010-01-07	Canada
Baro-cat	Suspension	15 mg/1mL	Oral; Rectal	Mallinckrodt	2009-06-01	2011-03-31	US
Barobag Enema Kit	Powder, for suspension	.97 g/1g	Rectal	Mallinckrodt	2009-06-01	2011-10-31	US
Barobag Enema Kit	Powder, for suspension	.97 g/1g	Rectal	Mallinckrodt	2009-06-01	2011-10-31	US
Barocat Susp 1.5%	Suspension	1. 5 %	Oral; Rectal	Tyco Healthcare	1988-12-31	2010-01-07	Canada
Barosperse	Powder, for suspension	.95 g/1g	Oral; Rectal	Mallinckrodt	2009-12-01	2011-11-30	US

Over the Counter Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End	Region	Image
BARYTGEN DE LUXE POWDER	Powder	97.98 g/100g	Oral	EISAI (SINGAPORE) PTE. LTD.	1991-05-24	Not applicable	Singapore
Polibar Rapid 57% (p/p)	Suspension	57 %	Rectal	Therapex Division De E Z Em Canada Inc	1989-12-31	2009-08-04	Canada

Mixture Products

json?group=mixtures” data-total=”2″>

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End	Region	Image
E-Z HD SULFATODE BARIO PARA SUSPENSION	Barium sulfate (88.6272 g) + Barium sulfate (9.8258 g)	Powder, for suspension	Oral	AJOVECO S.A.S.	2007-06-07	Not applicable	Colombia
E-Z HD SULFATODE BARIO PARA SUSPENSION	Barium sulfate (88.6272 g) + Barium sulfate (9.8258 g)	Powder, for suspension	Oral	AJOVECO S.A.S.	2007-06-07	Not applicable	Colombia

Unapproved/Other Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End	Region	Image
Anatrast	Barium sulfate (560 mg/1g)	Paste	Rectal	Mallinckrodt	2009-06-01	2011-10-31	US
Baricon	Barium sulfate (. 98 g/1g)	For suspension	Oral	Mallinckrodt	2009-12-01	2011-04-30	US
Baro-cat	Barium sulfate (15 mg/1mL)	Suspension	Oral; Rectal	Mallinckrodt	2009-06-01	2011-03-31	US
Barobag Enema Kit	Barium sulfate (.97 g/1g)	Powder, for suspension	Rectal	Mallinckrodt	2009-06-01	2011-10-31	US
Barobag Enema Kit	Barium sulfate (.97 g/1g)	Powder, for suspension	Rectal	Mallinckrodt	2009-06-01	2011-10-31	US
Barosperse	Barium sulfate (.95 g/1g)	Powder, for suspension	Oral; Rectal	Mallinckrodt	2009-12-01	2011-11-30	US
Barosperse	Barium sulfate (.95 g/1g)	Powder, for suspension	Oral; Rectal	Mallinckrodt	2009-12-01	2011-11-30	US
Cheetah	Barium sulfate (22 mg/1mL)	Suspension	Oral; Rectal	Mallinckrodt	2009-12-01	2011-11-30	US
E-Z-Cat Dry	Barium sulfate (9. 5 g/23g)	Powder, for suspension	Oral	E-Z-EM Canada Inc	1996-01-01	2019-06-01	US
E-Z-Disk	Barium sulfate (700 mg/1)	Tablet	Oral	E-Z-EM, INC.	2009-02-01	Not applicable	US

ATC Codes

V08BA01 — Barium sulfate with suspending agents

• V08BA — Barium sulfate containing X-ray contrast media
• V08B — X-RAY CONTRAST MEDIA, NON-IODINATED
• V08 — CONTRAST MEDIA
• V — VARIOUS

V08BA02 — Barium sulfate without suspending agents

• V08BA — Barium sulfate containing X-ray contrast media
• V08B — X-RAY CONTRAST MEDIA, NON-IODINATED
• V08 — CONTRAST MEDIA
• V — VARIOUS

Drug Categories

• Barium Compounds
• Barium Sulfate Containing X-Ray Contrast Media
• Compounds used in a research, industrial, or household setting
• Contrast Media
• Diagnostic Uses of Chemicals
• Radiographic Contrast Agent
• Sulfates
• Sulfur Acids
• Sulfur Compounds
• Sulfuric Acids
• X-Ray Contrast Activity
• X-Ray Contrast Media, Non-Iodinated

Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire

Description

This compound belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as alkaline earth metal sulfates. These are inorganic compounds in which the largest oxoanion is sulfate, and in which the heaviest atom not in an oxoanion is an alkaline earth metal.

Kingdom

Inorganic compounds

Super Class

Mixed metal/non-metal compounds

Class

Alkaline earth metal oxoanionic compounds

Sub Class

Alkaline earth metal sulfates

Direct Parent

Alkaline earth metal sulfates

Alternative Parents

Inorganic salts / Inorganic oxides

Substituents

Alkaline earth metal sulfate / Inorganic oxide / Inorganic salt

Molecular Framework

Not Available

External Descriptors

Not Available

Affected organisms

• Humans

UNII

25BB7EKE2E

CAS number

7727-43-7

InChI Key

TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L

InChI

InChI=1S/Ba.h3O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(h3,1,2,3,4)/q+2;/p-2

IUPAC Name

barium(2+) sulfate

SMILES

[Ba++]. [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O

General References

1. Williams SM, Harned RK: Recognition and prevention of barium enema complications. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 1991 Jul-Aug;20(4):123-51. [Article]
2. Hoevels J, Thermann M: [Barium sulfate and water-soluble contrast medium–a suitable mixture for contrast radiography in acute small bowel obstruction]. Zentralbl Chir. 2003 Jun;128(6):500-5. doi: 10.1055/s-2003-40624. [Article]
3. Barium Sulfate PubChem [Link]
4. Barium Sulfate, Drugs.com [Link]
5. NDA, Barium Sulfate [Link]
6. FDA Approved Drug Products: E-Z-CAT DRY (barium sulfate) for oral suspension [Link]

External Links

PubChem Compound

24414

PubChem Substance

347827920

ChemSpider

22823

RxNav

1331

ChEBI

133326

ChEMBL

CHEMBL2105897

Wikipedia

Barium_sulfate

FDA label

Download (125 KB)

MSDS

Download (47. 2 KB)

Clinical Trials

Phase	Status	Purpose	Conditions	Count
4	Completed	Diagnostic	Patients With Potential Colorectal Neoplasia	1
Not Available	Completed	Not Available	Aging / Deglutition / Healthy Swallowing	1
Not Available	Completed	Not Available	Known or Suspected Abdominal Disease	1

Manufacturers

Not Available

Packagers

Not Available

Dosage Forms

Form	Route	Strength
Powder, for suspension	Rectal	96.4788 g
Paste	Rectal	560 mg/1g
Paste	Rectal	55 %
Powder, for suspension	Oral	98 %
Powder, for solution	Oral	10 g
Suspension	Oral	2 g
Powder, for suspension	Rectal	97. 4 g
Powder, for suspension	Oral	98 g
Powder	Rectal	97.4 g
Enema	Rectal	98 %
Suspension	Oral; Rectal	15 mg/1mL
Powder, for suspension	Rectal	.97 g/1g
Suspension	Oral; Rectal	1.5 %
Powder, for suspension	Oral; Rectal	.95 g/1g
Injection, powder, for solution	Parenteral	97 g
Enema	Rectal	95 %
Powder, for suspension	Oral; Rectal	95 %
Suspension		150 g/240ml
Powder	Oral	97.98 g/100g
Suspension	Oral; Rectal	2.2 %
Suspension	Oral; Rectal	22 mg/1mL
Suspension	Oral	4.9224 g
Powder, for suspension	Oral
Powder, for suspension	Oral; Rectal	96. 3096 g
Powder, for suspension	Oral	400 mg/1g
Powder, for suspension	Oral	9.5 g/23g
Tablet	Oral	700 mg/1
Suspension	Rectal	1.05 g/1mL
Powder, for suspension	Oral	980 mg/1g
Powder, for suspension	Oral	960 mg/1g
Suspension	Oral	0.6 g/1mL
Powder, for solution	Rectal	95 %
Powder, for solution	Oral; Rectal	95 %
Cream	Oral	.6 g/1g
Suspension		11.025 g
Powder		340 g
Powder, for solution	Oral	82 %
Suspension	Oral	240 mg/1mL
Powder, for suspension	Oral	81 g
Powder	Oral	81 %
Suspension	Oral	500 mg/1mL
Suspension	Oral	50 %
Suspension	Oral	13 %
Suspension	Oral	130 mg/1mL
Cream	Oral	60 g / 100 g
Paste	Rectal	45 %
Suspension	Rectal	1000 mg/1mL
Suspension	Rectal	100 %
For suspension	Oral	. 98 g/1g
For suspension	Oral; Rectal	.85 g/1mL
Suspension	Oral; Rectal	51 %
Suspension	Oral	98 %
Paste	Oral	440 mg/1g
Paste	Oral	44 %
Suspension		400 g
Suspension		5000 g
Suspension	Oral	2100 mg/1mL
Suspension	Oral	210 %
Suspension	Oral; Rectal	600 mg/1mL
Suspension	Oral; Rectal	60 %
Suspension	Oral; Rectal	1.05 g/1mL
Liquid	Oral	210 g / 100 mL
Suspension	Oral; Rectal	1000 mg/1mL
Suspension	Oral; Rectal	56 %
Suspension
Powder
Suspension	Oral; Rectal	1 g/ml
Suspension	Oral
Powder, for suspension	Rectal	965 mg/1g
Suspension	Rectal	57 %
Powder		397 gr
Suspension	Oral; Rectal	150 mg/1mL
Liquid	Oral; Rectal	1. 5 %
Powder, for suspension	Rectal
Powder, for suspension	Rectal	383.02 g
Powder, for suspension	Oral	98.45 G
Powder, for suspension	Oral
Suspension		1 g/ml
Suspension		960 ml
Suspension		240 ml
Suspension		240 g/240ml
Suspension		150 ml
Suspension	Oral	13 mg/1mL
Suspension	Oral	20 mg/1mL
Suspension	Oral	21 mg/1mL
Suspension	Oral; Rectal	21 mg/1mL
Suspension	Oral; Rectal	11.07 g/225ml
Suspension	Oral	400 mg/1mL
Suspension	Oral; Rectal	5 %
Suspension	Oral; Rectal	50 mg/1mL
For suspension	Oral; Rectal	. 95 g/1g
Powder	Oral; Rectal	95 %
Powder, for suspension	Oral; Rectal	98 g/100g
Powder, for suspension	Oral; Rectal	96 g/100g
Paste	Oral	400 mg/1mL
Powder, for suspension	Oral	.81 g/1g
Powder, for suspension	Rectal	960 mg/1g
Powder, for suspension	Oral; Rectal	980 mg/1g
Suspension	Oral	1 mg/1mL
Powder, for suspension	Oral	6 g/20ml

Prices

Not Available

Patents

Not Available

State

Solid

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
melting point (°C)	1580	MSDS
boiling point (°C)	decomposes	MSDS
water solubility	Very slightly soluble in cold water	MSDS

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
logP	-0. 84	Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	-3	Chemaxon
Physiological Charge	-2	Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	4	Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	0	Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area	80.26 Å2	Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count	0	Chemaxon
Refractivity	11.53 m3·mol-1	Chemaxon
Polarizability	5.81 Å3	Chemaxon
Number of Rings	0	Chemaxon
Bioavailability	1	Chemaxon
Rule of Five	Yes	Chemaxon
Ghose Filter	No	Chemaxon
Veber’s Rule	No	Chemaxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	Chemaxon

Predicted ADMET Features

Not Available

Mass Spec (NIST)

Not Available

Spectra

Spectrum	Spectrum Type	Splash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum – GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS	Not Available

Learn more

Drug created at December 03, 2015 16:51 / Updated at February 21, 2021 18:52

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Barium Sulfate – Properties, Uses, Side Effects and Formula

It is an inorganic compound with the chemical name Barium Sulfate.

Barium Sulfate is made up of two components: a barium cation and the sulfate anion. The sulfur is attached to four oxygen atoms. BaSO₄ is a sulfate salt of barium and it can be found in the form of mineral barite. It is a crystalline solid white which is insoluble in water and alcohol but soluble in concentrated acids. It is odourless.

Barium Sulfate is an alkaline, divalent metal. It is non-toxic and is safe for medical use. It is widely used in the production of oil and natural gas to get high-density drilling fluids by keeping the boreholes free of rock.

Chemistry is a subject that requires a deep understanding from the students for each of the topics. And hence even though you have gone through the topic of Barium Sulfate – BaSO₄ in good fashion during your initial studies, you also have to go through the same later, especially during the period of your revision. Now, if during that time you find an explanation of the Barium Sulfate – BaSO₄ which is difficult to understand, then it is not going to be useful to you at all. Instead, it may affect you negatively. Because it may make you feel that you do not have any previous knowledge of the topic of Barium Sulfate – BaSO₄ at all.

Therefore, what is important for the students for the good understanding of the topic of Barium Sulfate – BaSO₄, and to clear all the doubts regarding the same is, an explanation written in a language which can easily be understood by the students, and at the same time it must cover all the topics of the Barium Sulfate – BaSO₄ which are necessary for the students. Hence, Vedantu provides to all the students such an explanation for the topic of Barium Sulfate – BaSO₄. But there is one more thing to it as well, and that is, the explanation that Vedantu provides for the topic of Barium Sulfate – BaSO₄ is completely free of cost and hence all the students of science can take advantage of it.

Properties of Barium Sulphate

Physical Properties

Pure barium sulfate is found as a white, odorless powder or small crystals with a density of 4.49 g/mL, a melting point of 1580 °C and a boiling point of 1600 °C.

Chemical Properties

Barium sulfate is said to have extremely poor solubility in the universal solvent water. It is also insoluble in alcohols, and soluble in concentrated acids. It reacts violently with aluminum powder. Barium sulfate has numerous medical and radio imaging uses due to its water insolubility and radio-opaque properties.

Barium Sulphate Uses

1. Barium sulfate is a contrast agent. Barium sulfate starts functioning by coating the inside of your oesophagus, stomach, or intestines which allows them to be seen more clearly on a CT scan or other radiologic (x-ray) examination.

2. Barium sulfate is taken into use to help diagnose certain disorders of the oesophagus, stomach, or intestines.

3. Barium sulfate may also be used for some other factors not listed in this medication guide. Drilling fluids

4. About 80% of the world’s barium sulfate production, mostly purified mineral, is consumed as a component of oil well drilling fluid. It increases the density of the fluid, increasing the hydrostatic pressure in the well and reducing the chance of a blowout.

5. Radiocontrast agent

Barium Sulfate Suspension 

Barium sulfate in suspension is now and again utilized medicinally as a radiocontrast specialist for X-ray imaging and other indicative strategies. It is regularly utilized in imaging of the GI tract during what is casually known as a “barium meal”. It is managed orally, or by bowel purge, as a suspension of fine particles in a thick milk-like arrangement (frequently with sweetening and seasoning agents added). Although barium is a heavy metal, and its water-solvent mixes are usually poisonous, the low dissolvability of barium sulfate shields the patient from engrossing destructive measures of the metal. Barium sulfate is likewise promptly expelled from the body, dissimilar to Thorotrast, which it replaced. Because of the high nuclear number (Z = 56) of barium, its compounds ingest X-rays more unequivocally than compounds derived from lighter nuclei. 

Shade 

Most manufactured barium sulfate is utilized as a part of white colour for paints. In oil paint, barium sulfate is practically transparent, and is utilized as a filler or to alter the consistency. One significant producer of artists’ oil paint sells “perpetual white” that contains a blend of titanium white shade (TiO₂) and barium sulfate. The blend of barium sulfate and zinc sulfide (ZnS) is the inorganic pigment called lithopone. In photography, it is utilized as a covering for certain photographic papers. 

Barium Sulfate Side Effects 

You should go for emergency medical assistance if you have indications of a hypersensitive response: hives; troublesome breathing; expanding of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.

Call your doctor at once if you have:

1. severe stomach pain;

2. severe cramping, diarrhoea, or constipation;

3. ringing in your ears;

4. sweating, confusion, fast heart rate; or

5. pale skin, blue-coloured skin, weakness.

6. mild stomach cramps

7. nausea, vomiting; or

8. loose stools or mild constipation.  

Barium Sulfate Formula

Barium sulfate is a significant inorganic chemical with several applications, including medical uses.

Structure and Formula of barium sulfate: The chemical formula of barium sulfate is BaSO₄ and its molar mass is 233.43 g/mol. It is a salt made up of the barium cation (Ba₂⁺) and the sulfate anion (SO₄2^–), in which sulfur is joined to four oxygen atoms. The barium metal is present in the +2^–oxidation state. The chemical structure of barium sulfate is shown as below: 

Occurrence: Barium sulfate occurs naturally as the mineral barite, which is widely found and can be considered as the major source of barium and other barium compounds.

Did you know?

• Barium Sulphate is insoluble in water. If under certain conditions it was made to dissolve in the water the solution will be very toxic.

• Barium Sulphate is commonly used to perform X-rays of the stomach and intestines.

• It is also used extensively in paints and the making of glasses. 

• Did you know what gives your fireworks green colour? It is the presence of Barium Nitrate that gives it a flashy green colour upon burst.

Advantages of having the Explanation of Barium Sulfate – BaSO

₄ from Vedantu.

For the students of science, there are many advantages to having the explanation of Barium Sulfate – BaSO₄ which is provided by Vedantu. A few of these advantages of Barium Sulfate – BaSO₄ are highlighted below:

• Best Quality Educational Material: all the material that Vedantu provides is prepared by expert educators and hence Vedantu promises a guarantee over the quality of the material provided to the students. And by the quality, it means that all the points that students are required to know about the topic of Barium Sulfate – BaSO₄ is included, in such a manner that all the students can easily understand it.

• Accessible Language: Vedantu provides the complete explanation of the topic of Barium Sulfate – BaSO₄ in an accessible language, that is to say, a language which is easy to understand for the students, but at the same time maintaining the level of difficulty as well, so that the students do not find it monotonous either, instead the topic becomes fun and interesting for the students.

• It’s Free: Yes, the explanation that Vedantu provides for the Barium Sulfate – BaSO₄ is completely absolutely free of cost for all the students. And hence all the students who wish to study and master the topic of Barium Sulfate – BaSO₄ can have access to it.

Also, if you wish to learn about the formula of the Barium Sulphate then you may like to follow this link.

Barium Sulfate Features, Applications and Safe Use – Overview by Prime Chemicals Group

Barium Sulfate is a substance that occurs naturally as the mineral barite with the formula BaSO4. A natural mineral can be either transparent or white, or colored due to the presence of impurities. The reagent used in industry is a finely dispersed powder of white or with a slight yellowish tint. The purer the substance, the whiter it is.

Barium sulfate is very inert, insoluble in water and solvents. Neutral to alkalis and most acids, fireproof, non-toxic. To cause thermal decomposition, it must be heated to t +1600 °C. Interacts with concentrated sulfuric acid h3SO4, hydrobromic HBr and hydroiodic HI acids, chloride water, carbon, hydrogen, sodium hydroxide NaOH.

Obtaining

Barium sulfate is produced by processing and purification of natural raw materials – barite (heavy spar). In addition, there are laboratory methods:
• exchange reaction of soluble salts of barium and sulfuric acid;
• exchange reaction between ZnSO4 sulfate and BaS sulfide;
• reaction of barium oxide BaO or peroxide BaO2 with sulfuric acid;
• the effect of hydroxide Ba(OH)2 on sulfuric acid, its salt or sulfur oxide SO3.

Application

Barium sulfate is used in many applications due to its low cost and non-toxicity. Demanded in laboratory analytics, industry, everyday life.

• In medicine, a contrast agent for gastrointestinal fluoroscopy.
• Added to the plaster of x-ray rooms to absorb x-rays.
• In gravimetric analysis for the identification of barium ions and sulfate ions.
• White pigment and filler in the paint and varnish industry, in the production of plastics, adhesives, paper, linoleum, etc.
• Included in oil drilling fluids, glass etching pastes, refractories, pyrotechnic mixtures.
• Used to coat molds in metallurgical plants.
• In electrical engineering for the manufacture of lead-acid batteries.
• In the chemical industry – raw materials for the production of barium-containing compounds.

Safety Precautions

As a chemical, barium sulfate is non-toxic and non-flammable. It is insoluble in water and hydrochloric acid, therefore it is not absorbed by the human body, it does not have a toxic effect on it. However, its fine dust is irritating to the respiratory tract and mucous membranes and must be protected during handling. GOST requires that work with the reagent be carried out in rooms equipped with a forced ventilation system, and workers should use protective equipment: masks and dust goggles.

Storage conditions

Store barium sulfate in dry warehouses in plastic bags, barrels, flasks, glass vessels. If the reagent is packaged hermetically, then storage in open areas is allowed.

How to purchase from PrimeChemicalsGroup

High purity barium sulfate is available from PrimeChemicalsGroup. To do this, just place an order on the pcgroup.ru website, on the product page, or call one of the phones listed at the top of the page. We also answer questions and place orders via e-mail [email protected] or instant messengers WhatsApp and Telegram: +7(929) 635 82 73. Organized delivery to all regions of Russia.

Barium sulfate for fluoroscopy – instructions for use, doses, side effects, reviews of the drug:

0.003 ‰

Analogs

All forms of release, dosages, registration certificates, drug manufacturers, drug characteristics

Barium sulfate for fluoroscopy (powder for suspension for oral administration), instructions for medical use RU No. P N000252/01

Last modified: 08/15/2017

Contents

• Active substance
• ATX
• Pharmacological group
• Dosage form
• Compound
• pharmachologic effect
• Description of the dosage form
• Pharmacokinetics
• Pharmaco-therapeutic group
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Use during pregnancy and lactation
• Dosage and administration
• Side effects
• Interaction
• special instructions
• Release form
• Terms of dispensing from pharmacies
• Storage conditions
• Best before date
• Reviews

Active ingredient

Barium sulfate

ATX

V08BA02 Barium sulfate without suspending agent

Pharmacological group

Radiocontrast agents

Dosage form

Powder for suspension for oral administration.

Composition

The active ingredient in is barium sulfate.

Radiocontrast agent. Envelops the mucous membrane of the digestive tract and provides a clear image of the microrelief of the mucous membrane. Increases image contrast in x-ray studies of the gastrointestinal tract. The maximum contrast of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum is achieved immediately after oral administration, the small intestine – after 15-90 minutes (depending on the rate of gastric emptying and the viscosity of the drug). The greatest visualization of the distal small and large intestine depends on the position of the body and hydrostatic pressure.

Description of dosage form

White or almost white, fine, odorless powder.

Pharmacokinetics

Low toxicity. It is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not enter the systemic circulation. Completely excreted through the intestines after 24-48 hours.

Pharmacotherapeutic group

Radiocontrast agent.

Indications

X-ray examinations of the pharynx, esophagus, stomach and intestines (including double contrast method).

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity; violation of the integrity of the walls of the gastrointestinal tract (suspicion of it), esophagotracheal fistulas; swallowing disorder, intestinal obstruction, constipation, stenosis of the esophagus, bleeding from the organs of the gastrointestinal tract; condition after surgical interventions on the organs of the gastrointestinal tract; malabsorption syndrome, food allergy.

With caution

General serious condition of the patient; bronchial asthma.

Pregnancy and lactation

Not recommended during pregnancy. If it is necessary to conduct a study during lactation, breastfeeding should be stopped within 24 hours after the study.

Dosage and administration

Information for healthcare professionals only.
Are you a healthcare professional?

Inside, for x-ray examination of the pharynx, esophagus, stomach and small intestine: barium sulfate for fluoroscopy is used in the form of an aqueous suspension prepared immediately before the x-ray examination. To prepare a suspension from a powder, mix it with warm boiled or distilled water in a ratio of 2:1 to 4:1 for adults and from 1:1.5 to 1:2 for children and mix thoroughly for 4-5 minutes (possibly with using a mixer), the dose for adults per study is 300 ml, for children – 50–100 ml.

Side effects

Allergic reaction, constipation; isolated cases of the so-called “barium” appendicitis are described.

When using gas-forming substances in the process of double contrasting – discomfort in the epigastric region.

Interactions

Information for healthcare professionals only.
Are you a healthcare professional?

Not marked.

Special instructions

For double contrasting in adults and older children (double contrasting is not advisable in younger children), immediately before the examination, the patient is given, depending on age, 1.5–3.5 g of baking soda (in solution or powder), which is quickly washed down with a solution of 1-3 g of citric acid. The total volume of distilled water should not exceed 7–15 ml. Can be used to study intestinal motility in children. After oral administration, the suspension passes through the small intestine in children in 1-2 hours, which makes it possible to study the structure and motor function of the small intestine in a short time and, thereby, to abandon the special methods of its study. The duration of the passage of the suspension through the colon is 4 hours, which significantly reduces the time of inspection of the intestine and reduces the radiation exposure by 2 times.

Presentation

Powder for suspension for oral administration.

100 g in plastic cups. Each cup is hermetically sealed with an aluminum foil lid.

A cup with the drug, together with instructions for use, is placed in a cardboard box.

For inpatient use, drug cups are placed in cartons of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, or 120 pieces, along with the appropriate number of instructions for use.