What are the different types of venous access devices. How can healthcare providers choose the most appropriate method for each patient. What are the key considerations for insertion and maintenance of venous access devices. How can complications be prevented and managed effectively. What role does ultrasound guidance play in improving outcomes.

Understanding Venous Access: An Overview of Methods and Devices

Venous access is a crucial aspect of medical care, allowing healthcare providers to administer medications, fluids, and nutrients directly into a patient’s bloodstream. There are several methods and devices available for establishing venous access, each with its own advantages and considerations.

Types of Venous Access Devices

• Peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs)
• Midline catheters
• Central venous catheters (CVCs)
• Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs)
• Implanted ports

The choice of device depends on factors such as the duration of treatment, the type of medication or fluid to be administered, and the patient’s overall health status.

Peripheral Intravenous Catheters: The First Line of Venous Access

Peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) are the most commonly used method for short-term venous access. These devices are typically inserted into veins in the hands or arms.

Key Points About PIVCs

• Suitable for short-term use (usually up to 72-96 hours)
• Relatively easy to insert and remove
• Lower risk of complications compared to central lines
• Limited to certain types of medications and infusions

How long can a PIVC remain in place? A study by Smith (2006) compared three securement methods for implementing a 96-hour scheduled change protocol, suggesting that with proper care and monitoring, PIVCs can be safely maintained for up to four days.

Midline Catheters: Bridging the Gap Between PIVCs and Central Lines

Midline catheters offer an intermediate option between short-term peripheral catheters and long-term central lines. These devices are inserted into a peripheral vein but extend further into the arm, usually terminating in the basilic or cephalic vein.

Advantages of Midline Catheters

• Longer dwell time than PIVCs (up to 4-6 weeks)
• Suitable for a wider range of medications
• Lower risk of infection compared to central lines
• No need for chest X-ray confirmation

When is a midline catheter the best choice? Anderson (2005) suggests that midline catheters are ideal for patients requiring intermediate-term therapy (1-4 weeks) who do not need central venous access.

Central Venous Catheters: Providing Long-Term and High-Volume Access

Central venous catheters (CVCs) are inserted into large veins, typically the internal jugular, subclavian, or femoral veins, with the catheter tip positioned near the heart. These devices are essential for long-term treatments, administration of certain medications, and hemodynamic monitoring.

Types of Central Venous Catheters

• Non-tunneled CVCs
• Tunneled CVCs
• Implanted ports

What are the main considerations when choosing a CVC? Factors include the expected duration of use, the patient’s condition, and the risk of complications. Horattas et al. (2001) found that proper catheter selection can lead to significant cost savings and improved patient outcomes.

Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters: A Versatile Option for Many Patients

Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are a type of central line that is inserted through a peripheral vein, usually in the upper arm, and threaded until the tip reaches a central vein near the heart.

Benefits of PICCs

• Can remain in place for weeks to months
• Lower risk of insertion-related complications compared to traditional CVCs
• Suitable for outpatient and home care settings
• Can be used for a wide range of therapies

Are PICCs suitable for all patients? While PICCs offer many advantages, they may not be appropriate for patients with certain conditions or those requiring very long-term access. Tariq and Huang (2006) emphasize the importance of careful patient selection and ongoing assessment when using PICCs.

Ultrasound Guidance: Improving Safety and Success Rates in Venous Access

The use of ultrasound guidance for venous access procedures has become increasingly common in recent years, particularly for central line insertions. This technology allows healthcare providers to visualize the target vein and surrounding structures in real-time, improving accuracy and reducing complications.

Benefits of Ultrasound-Guided Venous Access

• Higher first-attempt success rates
• Reduced risk of arterial puncture and other complications
• Improved patient comfort and satisfaction
• Potential for cost savings due to fewer attempts and complications

Does ultrasound guidance significantly improve outcomes? A randomized controlled trial by Milling et al. (2005) demonstrated that point-of-care limited ultrasonography assistance significantly improved the success rate of central venous cannulation and reduced complications.

Preventing and Managing Complications in Venous Access

While venous access devices are essential for many medical treatments, they can also lead to complications if not properly managed. Healthcare providers must be vigilant in monitoring for and addressing potential issues.

Common Complications of Venous Access Devices

• Infection
• Thrombosis
• Catheter malposition or migration
• Mechanical failure (e.g., catheter fracture)
• Venous stenosis or occlusion

How can healthcare providers minimize the risk of complications? Implementing evidence-based best practices for insertion, maintenance, and removal of venous access devices is crucial. Miller and O’Grady (2003) provide comprehensive guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections, emphasizing the importance of proper technique and ongoing care.

Optimizing Venous Access in Special Patient Populations

Certain patient groups may require special considerations when it comes to venous access. These populations include pediatric patients, elderly individuals, patients with chronic illnesses, and those undergoing cancer treatment.

Considerations for Special Populations

• Pediatric patients: Smaller vessel size, need for age-appropriate devices
• Elderly patients: Fragile veins, increased risk of complications
• Chronic illness: Long-term access needs, potential for frequent hospitalizations
• Cancer patients: Chemotherapy administration, risk of thrombosis

How can venous access be optimized for cancer patients? Whitman (2000) discusses the importance of tailored approaches to vascular access in cancer care, considering factors such as treatment duration, type of chemotherapy, and patient preferences.

In conclusion, venous access is a critical component of modern healthcare, enabling the delivery of life-saving treatments and essential medications. By understanding the various options available, implementing best practices for insertion and maintenance, and utilizing technologies such as ultrasound guidance, healthcare providers can optimize patient care and minimize complications associated with venous access devices.

As research continues to advance our understanding of venous access techniques and technologies, it is essential for healthcare professionals to stay informed about the latest developments and guidelines. This ongoing education and vigilance will ensure that patients receive the most appropriate and safest venous access care possible, ultimately contributing to improved health outcomes and quality of life.

Venous access – PMC

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Venous Access – InsideRadiology

Authors: Dr Tuan Phan*
                            Dr Stuart Lyon *

What is venous access?

In radiology, venous access generally refers to central venous access, which is the insertion of a specially made thin, flexible tube, known as a catheter, into a central vein. The central veins are the large veins within the chest and abdomen.

With a catheter in place, treatments such as chemotherapy or antibiotics can be given through the catheter over a period of time without the need for repeated injections. A catheter can also be used when regular blood samples need to be taken for blood transfusions and other medical conditions that need access to a vein over days, weeks or months.

For venous access, the tip of the catheter is usually placed within the superior vena cava, which is a large vein positioned just above the heart, or within the right atrium, which is a chamber within the heart receiving all blood from the body through the veins.

There are many different types of catheters available for venous access.

Peripherally-inserted central catheters (PICC) are inserted through a vein in the arm, with the tip placed within a central vein.

Non-tunnelled central catheters are inserted through a large vein, usually at the base of the neck (jugular or subclavian vein) or groin (femoral vein).

Tunnelled central catheters are inserted through a large vein, usually at the base of the neck (jugular vein). They travel for several centimetres under the skin surface (‘the tunnel’) before entering the vein. These catheters have a cuff, located in the tunnelled portion, that helps stimulate tissue growth and hold the catheter in place for several centimetres before exiting the skin. [See Fig 1]

Implantable ports are inserted in a manner similar to tunnelled central catheters, but instead of exiting the skin after several centimetres, they are connected to a reservoir or port, which is also placed under the skin. Both the port and the catheter are placed completely under the skin. The port has a silicon window and a needle can be inserted through the skin and into the silicon window to provide access to the port and catheter. [See Fig. 2]

How do I prepare for a venous access?

Venous access is a medical procedure carried out in a hospital or private radiology practice, and your preparation will vary between different practitioners and hospitals or facilities.

You will usually be asked to fast (go without food or liquid) for 6 hours before the procedure. If you have diabetes and require insulin, you will need to adjust your insulin regimen accordingly. You will need to discuss this with your referring doctor.

You will need to inform your doctor or booking staff at the facility where you are having the procedure when you make your appointment whether you are taking any blood thinning medications, such as warfarin or aspirin, or have a blood clotting disorder. It may not be necessary to stop taking these medications, but this will vary between different facilities.

If you are having implantable ports, it is usually necessary to stop taking these medications a number of days before your procedure. If you have any blood clotting abnormalities or disorders, these may need to be corrected by injection of medications or agents that allow your blood to clot in a normal way. Your referring doctor or the radiology facility will advise you about this.

On the day of your procedure, ensure that you wear a loose-fitting top, because you will most likely be asked to change into a hospital gown. If you are having a tunnelled catheter or implantable port, you will need to remove necklaces, as these will be in the way of the venous access entry site at the base of the neck and increase the risk of infection.

What happens during a venous access?

Venous access is carried out in the angiography or fluoroscopy suite of a hospital or private radiology practice. This is a room specifically set up for this type of procedure with ultrasound and X-ray equipment.

You are placed on a special bed, usually positioned in or near the centre of the room. You may be given oxygen and medications to ease any pain and to make you a little drowsy, particularly if you will be having an implantable port or tunnelled catheter.

A large area of skin around the site of the venous access will be thoroughly cleaned with an antiseptic solution to minimise the risk of infection. Sterile drapes are used to cover other areas of your body, again to keep risk of infection to a minimum, leaving the site for venous access exposed.

Local anaesthetic is injected into your skin through a small needle to numb the skin at the site of venous access, but you will still be awake. If you are having a tunnelled catheter or implantable port, local anaesthetic is also injected into the proposed site of where the catheter or port will be inserted. The initial injection of local anaesthetic will sting, but the sensation will quickly pass as the local anaesthetic starts to work.

A small incision is made in your skin, usually in your mid upper arm for PICC lines or at the base of your neck for other catheters with the guidance of images or pictures on an ultrasound machine. A needle is then inserted through the small incision and into the underlying vein. After gaining access into the vein with the needle, X-ray images are used to guide (through this needle puncture) various specialised flexible wires and small plastic sheaths, followed by the venous access catheter itself, through the site of the needle puncture. The tip of the catheter is placed deep into the central vein and accurately positioned using X-ray images.

Very rarely, a contrast medium, which is a liquid ‘dye’ visible on X-ray, may be injected into the veins to outline them clearly. The contrast medium is used only if there is difficulty in accessing the veins. Any abnormalities or blockages in the veins will become visible with contrast medium.

If you are receiving a tunnelled catheter, a second small incision is made at the proposed skin exit site of the catheter, usually a few centimetres below the first incision site at the base of your neck.

A special plastic or metal device is used to create a very small tract or tunnel beneath your skin, extending between the two incision sites. The catheter is passed through this tunnel. Sutures (stitches) or firm adhesive tape may be used to secure the external portion of the catheter, which is outside your skin.

If you are receiving an implantable port, then in addition to the tunnel, a small pouch, just large enough to hold the port, is created beneath your skin. This pouch is positioned at the lower end of the tunnel and created using various specialised surgical instruments. The port is placed within the pouch, secured using sutures, and connected to the catheter.

Your newly inserted venous access catheter or port is tested to ensure it is working correctly. The catheter or port is then flushed with normal saline (salt water) and a special medication called heparin to prevent any blood within the catheter from clotting. All incisions are then sutured and firm adhesive dressings applied.

Are there any after effects of a venous access?

In most cases, there are no major after effects.

If you received medications to make you drowsy for the procedure, it may take a few hours before you become fully alert. You may be consciously aware of the presence of the catheter for a few days, but this sensation should quickly pass.

Occasionally, you may have some bleeding at the skin site where the procedure was carried out. If this occurs, it is usually within the first hour after the procedure. The bleeding can be easily treated by medical staff, either a doctor or nurse, by pressing on the site of bleeding for a few minutes.

How long does a venous access take?

The procedure usually takes approximately 30 minutes.

What are the risks of a venous access?

Venous access carried out in the angiography suite using ultrasound and X-ray guidance is a relatively safe procedure. Complications are rare and can be divided into those occurring during the procedure and those occurring afterwards.

Complications during the venous access procedure:

• Bleeding (less than 2% of cases). The risk is extremely low, even in patients with clotting abnormalities.
• Air entering the veins (embolism; 1% of cases). Air can enter the veins while the catheter is being inserted. Most cases are minor and can be quickly treated.
• Arterial puncture (less than 1% of cases). Accidentally puncturing an artery instead of a vein is very rare under ultrasound guidance. Even if the artery is punctured, the needle used is small and the bleeding can be easily controlled by applying pressure.
• Collapse of the lung (pneumothorax; less than 1% of cases). This occurs when the lung is inadvertently punctured instead of the vein, resulting in the collapse of the lung. Most of the time, the collapse is minor and will resolve spontaneously, requiring no specific treatment. If major, treatment with insertion of a tube into the chest may be required and you will need to stay in hospital.
• Nerve injury (less than 1% of cases). This is extremely rare, but can occur during insertion of PICC lines, because the median nerve is close to the veins.
• Cardiac arrhythmia (less than 1% of cases). When the wire or catheter is placed into the right atrium further into the heart, this can cause the heart to beat with an irregular or abnormal rhythm.
• Allergic reaction to contrast if used (see Iodine-Containing Contrast Medium).
• Complications that can occur weeks to months after the venous access procedure:
• Infection can occur anywhere along the path of the catheter from the skin entry site to become widespread in the blood. The incidence of infection is very low, but increases with the number of days after insertion of the catheter (5–15% of patients).
• Thrombosis is the clotting of blood within the blood vessel. The clot can occur around the catheter tip, known as a fibrin sheath, and result in the inability to withdraw blood from the catheter. This can occur in approximately 50% of cases. Clotting can also occur within the central veins where the catheter is placed, occurring in approximately 40% of cases. In 69% of cases where there is clotting in the central veins, it does not cause any symptoms. Whereas in approximately 31% of cases, it can cause symptoms of head and neck or arm swelling.
• Catheter fracture – the development of a crack or break in the catheter (less than 1% of cases)
• Long term catheter malfunction – including an obstruction in the catheter or movement or dislodgement of the catheter (10–35% of cases).

What are the benefits of a venous access?

Venous access plays a major role in current medical practice where access to a vein is needed over a long period of time. Central venous catheters serve many purposes, including the delivery of medications (such as antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs and narcotics), administration of blood products, repeated taking of blood for testing, bone marrow transplant protocols, high-volume blood transfusions, giving intravenous fluids and any administering of medications normally given by injection.

Once the catheter has been inserted, medications can be administered painlessly over a long period of time and prevent scarring that can occur with repeated puncturing of the vein. Catheters can remain in place for a year or more and can be easily removed once the need to access the vein has passed.

Who does the venous access?

This is usually carried out by a radiologist, who is a specialist doctor trained to do these procedures, and known as an interventional radiologist. At some hospitals, specialised clinical nurses may also be trained to insert PICC lines. Trained medical technologists (sonographer or radiographer) will also be present to operate the ultrasound and X-ray equipment, and depending on where you are having the procedure done, there may also be nursing staff present.

Where is a venous access done?

The procedure is carried out in an angiography suite in a hospital or private radiology practice. This is a room specifically set up for this type of procedure, with X-ray and ultrasound machines to provide real-time images or pictures to ensure the needles, wires and catheter are accurately placed. There is also monitoring equipment, trained medical staff and medications to ensure your procedure is carried out comfortably and safely.

When can I expect the results of my venous access?

After your venous access catheter is inserted, it is ready for immediate use. Dressings should be changed the next day. If there are sutures, they can be removed in 1 week. The maintenance and care of each catheter is specific to the type and brand of catheter. You will be provided with an information sheet or booklet with this information, specific to your catheter.

Useful websites about venous access:

Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe:
http://cirse. org/index.php?pid=1078
Society of Interventional Radiology:
www.sirweb.org/patients/gastrostomy/

*The author has no conflict of interest with this topic.

Page last modified on 30/8/2018.

“Practically all of Venus will be available to us”

In 2029, Roscosmos intends to send the Venera-D automatic station to Venus. It will consist of an orbiter and a lander for a comprehensive study of the atmosphere of Venus. In a recent article, scientists from the IKI RAS proposed, when approaching Venus, to perform a special gravitational maneuver, similar to what was used in the past to change the speed of the Voyager-1.2, Mariner-10, Cassini and other missions near different planets.

– Lyudmila Veniaminovna, tell us what problem the gravity maneuver should solve for landing on Venus?

– Venera-D is supposed to be launched from the Vostochny Cosmodrome in 2029. Its trajectory is calculated on a certain date “in the window” of the launch. The station is first launched into a near-Earth orbit, then into a flight path to Venus. During the flight, the necessary corrections are made, and a few days before the station enters an orbit around Venus, a descent vehicle separates from it, which flies to Venus along a pre-calculated trajectory. The flight time to Venus takes about six months (standard algorithm).

At the same time, only a fairly narrow longitudinal-latitudinal strip is achievable for landing. Gravity maneuver allows you to significantly expand the area of ​​possible landing.

Mathematical calculations of this maneuver were performed based on the results of a study by graduate student Vladislav Zubko under the guidance of Nathan Eismont, a leading researcher at IKI RAS.

– Such maneuvers are often used in interplanetary flights, how will it be performed in your case?

– The gravitational maneuver proposed for the Venera-D project is intended to expand the area of ​​​​a possible landing of the device. This original idea will be applied for the first time.

A change in the direction of motion of an apparatus approaching a planet under the influence of its gravitational field can either increase or decrease the velocity of the apparatus relative to the Sun, depending on whether it initially moved in the same direction as the planet or towards it. In our case, the trajectory was calculated so that the device, passing near Venus, would decrease its speed relative to the Sun.

Such a maneuver around Venus should change the flight path of the station, and it will switch to a synchronous orbit around the Sun, resonant with Venus, so that it will fly to Venus for the second time already in 224 days, in a Venusian year. In fact, we make one extra revolution around the Sun.

This maneuver was never used, Soviet vehicles landed mainly in the equatorial region without gravity maneuvers.

The last launch to Venus with a landing on the surface was made almost 40 years ago, these were the Soviet Vega-1 and -2 stations.

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– This way you lose almost a year, but you get the opportunity to expand the area of ​​\u200b\u200bpossible landing. How much are you expanding this area?

– Almost all of Venus will be available to us, with the exception of a small area. At the same time, we get the opportunity to land in the selected area with greater accuracy.

— Has the decision to use the maneuver been made? Or is it just an option for now?

– Most likely, we will fly with a maneuver, now this option is considered as a priority.

– What areas on Venus are you interested in landing?

– Landing sites not yet finalized. They are chosen in terms of scientific significance, on the one hand, and landing safety, on the other. However, we know so little about our nearest neighbor that work on any part of the surface with the help of modern scientific equipment will give a lot of new things. From the point of view of scientific significance, mountainous regions, the so-called tesserae, are most interesting, but these are also the most dangerous areas for landing.

These are folded areas where the craft may die when landing. It must be said that Venera-9 nevertheless landed on a tessera, the slope of the surface was about 150 – it landed successfully and worked.

Previously, when the Venera-Vega stations were launched, practically nothing was known about the relief of Venus, nevertheless, ten Soviet stations (from 1970 to 1985) successfully worked on the surface of Venus. The choice of a landing site is so important from the point of view of science that we at IKI RAS hosted two international meetings on the choice of a landing site, organized by the Joint Scientific Working Group of IKI / Roscosmos – NASA (ONWG) on the Venera-D project in 2019and 2021.

Tessers are of interest to us from the point of view of the past of the planet. The surface of Venus has been renewed in the last 700 million years as a result of powerful volcanic eruptions. Most of the surface was filled with lava (80%). In mountainous areas that are not flooded with lava, ancient rocks can probably be found. The study of their composition, the presence of minerals formed in the presence of water, may indicate that on Venus, perhaps, in the past, in the first billion years of its existence, there was an ocean in which life could arise, since during the formation Venus received water that was contained in protoplanetary material.

Venus is closer than the Earth, is closer to the Sun, the luminosity of the young Sun grew, water evaporated, went into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect, water molecules broke up into hydrogen and oxygen atoms and eventually left the planet, and when the temperature increased, it was released into the atmosphere carbon dioxide and sulfur compounds, increasing the greenhouse effect, due to which the surface heats up by 500 degrees.

— Which rocket will the mission fly on?

– Planned to launch using the Angara-A5 rocket

— You have two launch years in your article: 2029 and 2031. Why?

– There are certain “windows” in time when a flight to Venus can be made with a minimum amount of energy expended, and therefore with the ability to increase the payload. Thus, according to the calculations of NPO Lavochkin, when launching in 2029, 4.8 tons can be put on a departure trajectory to Venus, in 2031 there are already more than five, so both launch dates are being studied.

— Recently, NPO Lavochkin started designing the station, is there any clarity with funding?

– The project is at the “Technical Proposal” stage, or stage “A” according to NASA classification. Money has been allocated for this (paper) stage. The project was well developed by the ONWG. We use group reports. The complex developed by ONRG included a balloon probe offered by NASA. Now NPO Lavochkin is creating a balloon probe to replace the American one. Soviet balloon probes of the Vega-1 and Vega-2 stations worked in the cloudy layer of Venus in 1985. They were the first and still remain the only balloons that floated in the atmosphere of Venus. The descent vehicle, inside which both the lander and the balloon are located, enters the atmosphere, then they are separated. With the help of parachutes and a landing gear, the apparatus lands on the surface, and the balloon probe in the atmosphere is brought to its cruising altitude.

— What appliances will it have?

– This is only being discussed now, but in general terms it is a meteorological complex that measures temperature, pressure, wind. A device for registering aerosol particles should be developed. There will be a laser spectrometer with high spectral resolution to measure the concentration of sulfur-containing gases. There will be a gas chromatograph to measure the composition of the atmosphere and clouds at sailing altitude. An experiment is planned to detect lightning. At night, in the region of the spectrum with a wavelength of 1 micrometer, the surface is visible, observations will make it possible to reveal signs of thermal, and perhaps volcanic activity.

The balloon will float at an altitude of approximately 55 km. Here the conditions are close to earthly, the temperature is from -50 to +50. It is also assumed that he will be able to change the height of the voyage.

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— What instruments will the lander have?

– Firstly, there will be instruments for measuring the chemical composition of the atmosphere and clouds, they will work on descent and after landing for about two hours. There will be instruments that measure the mineralogical composition of the surface, elemental composition, isotopes, including radioactive radiogenic isotopes. Knowing their relative content is important for understanding the evolution of the surface. Naturally, surface illumination and aerosol components of the atmosphere will be measured. The television complex will be turned on.

It is planned to carry out soil sampling, drilling will take place to a depth of several centimeters (previously, a similar experiment was carried out on Soviet devices). This is a very complex process – to drill hard ground at a pressure of 100 atmospheres at a temperature of almost 500 ° C. It is necessary to collect samples after drilling, deliver them inside the pressurized compartment, and distribute these samples among several devices for analysis.

– Which of the planned tasks were not solved on the Soviet “Venus”?

– A range of tasks. I have already mentioned some of them – for example, a much more detailed analysis of the soil. The Soviet devices “Venera-9, -10, -13, -14” for the first time received images that made it possible to see the surface, constantly covered with a twenty-kilometer layer of clouds without breaks. It is planned to install a television complex on the Venera-D lander, including landing, panoramic and even camera microscopes. The lander will be equipped with the most modern scientific instruments, the capabilities and accuracy of which differ by orders of magnitude from those used on Venus.

“Venus-9, 10, 13, 14”

Venera-9 and Venera-10 were the first representatives of a new generation of space stations for Venus research. They were five times heavier than their predecessors and were launched by the more powerful four-stage Proton-K in 1975. During these missions, panoramic television images from another planet were transmitted for the first time, and artificial ones were launched into the orbit of Venus for the first time in the world.

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– Some time ago, a story about the discovery of phosphine in the atmosphere, allegedly indicating the presence of life, made a lot of noise. Will the mission look into this issue?

– The orbiter will have a high resolution spectrometer that will try to detect the phosphine lines. There will also be experiments that will make it possible to detect phosphorus on a balloon and lander, the presence of phosphorus was previously found in the middle cloud layer by Soviet landers along with chlorine, nitrogen, carbon, sulfur.

– Let’s talk about leaving the American mission. The letter “D” in the name meant “long-lived” due to the American long-lived station LLISSE on board. It could work on the surface for a long time, since the Americans have high-temperature electronics that can work at 500 degrees. We don’t have such electronics, and therefore the device will be able to live on the surface, like the Soviet Veneras, for only a couple of hours?

– About the letter “D” is not quite right. The mission was included in the Federal Space Program (2006-2015) even earlier as “Venera-D”, where the letter “D” already meant “long-lived”. The mission was to contain a long-lived station, designed to work on the surface for 30 days. In the Soviet Union, after the successful landings of Vener in the 80s, the idea of ​​a long-lived station was developed, but it was not implemented. After the inclusion of the Venera-D project in the FKP 2006-2015, attempts were made to develop the design of such a station, but it turned out that the complexity of development and cost compared to a possible scientific outcome was not in favor of the latter.

It was concluded that without the use of high-temperature electronics capable of operating in an aggressive environment on the surface of Venus, it is not advisable to make a scientific long-lived station. However, NASA is known to have high-temperature electronics. As a result of the work of the ONRG on the Venera-D project in 2016 at the Center. Glenn NASA started developing the long-lived station that you mention: – LLISSE (Long Lived In-situ Soar System Explorer) for the Venera-D project. In 2020, the station model was tested for 60 days at the GEER Extreme Conditions Test Facility at the Glenn Center, which can simulate Venusian conditions: temperature, pressure, atmospheric composition.

Of course, we are very sorry that the joint mission with NASA did not work out, the scientific tasks determined as a result of the work of the ONWG will be solved by other means. Note that NASA considered a balloon and long-lived stations as its contribution to the project. At present, the letter “D” – “long-lived” – can be attributed to the NPO Lavochkin balloon (operating time up to 3 months) and the orbiter (up to 10 years).

At the temperatures and pressures prevailing on the surface of Venus, only individual relatively simple devices based on high-temperature electronics can operate for a long time. These are devices (simple, but very important) for measuring temperature, pressure, wind, illumination, chemical composition of the atmosphere near the surface, seismic.

Sophisticated modern scientific instruments mounted on a lander. They cannot work in an aggressive environment on the surface of Venus, therefore they are placed in a sealed compartment (such as a Dewar vessel) to isolate them from the high temperature and pressure of the external environment. During two hours of work on the surface, important information will be obtained that will allow us to better understand our nearest neighbor, which is still terra incognita for us.

— Is the electronic component base that is planned to be used domestic?

— I am not a specialist. Previously, there was a calculation for the use of individual imported elements. Now this can become a problem.

– Can China supply its devices at a certain stage?

– It’s hard to say yet. So far, no specific proposals have been received.

– Is the idea of ​​returning soil from Venus being worked out on subsequent missions?

– NPO Lavochkin is working on this topic, because such a task was indeed set by the leadership of Roscosmos. It is in the long-term plans, and not only for Russia, but also for other agencies. For this, it is planned to use a system of balloons, which gradually lifts a capsule with samples from the surface, followed by its interception by a spacecraft. But so far, this task is still far from being completed. When this will be possible is now difficult to say, even according to the most optimistic forecasts, not earlier than the mid-30s.

The first Russian mission to Venus is planned to be launched in 2029

https://ria.ru/20211012/venera-1754211466.html

The first Russian mission to Venus is planned to be launched in 2029

9000 2 The first Russian mission to Venus is planned to be launched in 2029 – RIA Novosti, 10/12/2021

The first Russian mission to Venus is planned to be launched in 2029

The launch of the first mission to Venus in the history of modern Russian history is planned for November 11, 2029year, this date was provided by the head of the laboratory. .. RIA Novosti, 12.10.2021

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02 MOSCOW, October 12 – RIA Novosti. The launch of the first mission to Venus in the history of modern Russian history is planned for November 11, 2029, this date was presented by Lyudmila Zasova, head of the Laboratory of Planetary Atmosphere Spectroscopy of the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, at the 12th International Symposium on Solar System Research in Moscow. According to the slide presented by her, launch date planned for November 11, 2029of the year. Earlier, only the month and year of the launch were reported. However, on the eve of the scientific director of the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lev Zeleny, at the same conference, did not rule out that the launch of the mission could be postponed for a short time. We are talking about the Venera-D interplanetary station, consisting of orbital and landing vehicles for a comprehensive study of the atmosphere of Venus, its surface, internal structure and surrounding plasma. The planetary exploration program includes two more missions: in June 2031 – to continue the study of the planet’s atmosphere, in June 2034 – to deliver samples of the atmosphere, aerosols and, possibly, soil from Venus to Earth. Previously, about their plans to explore Venus in the second half of the decade declared in the US. They plan to send automatic stations to Venus: Davinchi + (2019-2031) to study the dense atmosphere of the planet and determine the existence of an ocean on its surface and Veritas (2028-2029) to compile a geological map of the planet. In addition to Russia and the United States, India plans to send a scientific apparatus to Venus (the Shukrayaan project), Europe – EnVision (2031-2032) and Japan – Akatsuki 2 (2033). Russia, as the successor of the USSR, has extensive experience in exploring Venus. In the press at one time this was called the “Soviet planet”, since in total the Soviet Union carried out 10 successful landings on Venus. However, in modern Russian history, this will be the first national mission to Venus, although domestic instruments were installed on foreign vehicles that studied the planet.

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Japan, Moscow, Russian Academy of Sciences, Space Research Institute, Cosmos – RIA Nauka, Lev Zeleny, Lyudmila Zasova, Russia

MOSCOW, October 12 – RIA Novosti. The launch of the first mission to Venus in the history of modern Russian history is planned for November 11, 2029, this date was presented by Lyudmila Zasova, Head of the Planetary Atmosphere Spectroscopy Laboratory of the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, at the 12th International Symposium on Solar System Research in Moscow.

According to her slide, the launch date is scheduled for November 11, 2029. Previously, only the month and year of launch were reported.

Scientists explained the appearance of phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus

We are talking about the interplanetary station “Venera-D”, consisting of an orbital and lander for the integrated study of the atmosphere of Venus, its surface, internal structure and surrounding plasma. The planetary exploration program includes two more missions: in June 2031 – to continue the study of the planet’s atmosphere, in June 2034 – to deliver samples of the atmosphere, aerosols and, possibly, soil from Venus to Earth.