Can Vitamins and Supplements Help?

If your body doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormone, certain vitamins and minerals may help. Learn about enhancing hypothyroid treatment with dietary supplements.

By Elizabeth Shimer BowersMedically Reviewed by Rosalyn Carson-DeWitt, MD

Reviewed: February 25, 2019

Medically Reviewed

Certain vitamins and supplements can help boost thyroid function.Masterfile

For some people, managing hypothyroidism isn’t just about taking medications. They also turn to vitamins and other nutrients for help in managing the condition, which occurs when the thyroid doesn’t make enough thyroid hormone to keep the body running normally.

“Vitamins and nutrients can help fight the underlying causes of thyroid disorders, such as autoimmune processes and inflammation, and help improve a dysfunctional thyroid,” says Raphael Kellman, MD, a functional medicine physician in New York City and author of The Microbiome Diet.

However, it’s important to understand that no one should supplement with vitamins and minerals without talking to their doctor first. “You want to first know your individual levels of these vitamins and minerals, which you can find out with a blood test,” Dr. Kellman says. Results may reveal you have a nutrient deficiency that requires you to get a higher amount of a certain vitamin or supplement.

“You also want to make sure you have all the facts on the vitamins and minerals you’d like to supplement with,” says MaryAnne Metzak, RD, CDN, a registered dietitian based in New York. And it’s important to keep the lines of communication open between you and your doctor. “Your doctor needs to know exactly how much of each vitamin and supplement you’re taking in case you have a negative reaction,” Metzak says.

Here are specific nutrients that may be beneficial for hypothyroidism.

Iodine Is Needed to Make Thyroid Hormone

You need an adequate supply of iodine to make thyroid hormone. The recommended minimum iodine intake for most adults is 150 micrograms a day, according to the National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Good food sources include milk, cheese, poultry, eggs, kelp, and other seaweeds, Kellman says. “But you have to be careful with supplementing iodine because too much can be problematic and actually cause hypothyroidism,” he says.

It’s important to speak with your physicians before consuming any iodine supplements due to the adverse effects it can have on hypothyroidism. A review published in September 2014 study in the journal Endocrinology and Metabolism found that excessive levels of iodine are unsafe and could result in hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

Vitamin B Is Important for Thyroid Function

“Vitamin B is important for people with hypothyroidism because the B vitamins have many interactions with thyroid function and hormone regulation,” Metzak says. It’s best to take a nutritional supplement that includes the entire vitamin B complex, and you may need additional vitamin B12 if a blood test reveals your levels are low, she says. Good food sources of vitamin B include whole grains, legumes, nuts, milk, yogurt, meat, fish, eggs, seeds, and dark leafy greens.

Selenium Is Essential for Thyroid Hormone Metabolism

“Selenium supports efficient thyroid synthesis and metabolism,” says Denise Londergan, RD, MPH, a registered dietitian in Ohio. Selenium may also reduce levels of antibodies against thyroid peroxidase — an enzyme that plays an important role in the production of thyroid hormones — in people with hypothyroidism, according to a study published in 2018 in the journal Diagnostics. Foods that provide selenium include tuna, shrimp, salmon, sardines, scallops, lamb, chicken, beef, turkey, eggs, and shitake mushrooms. “Or you can take 100 to 200 micrograms of selenium in supplement form per day,” Kellman says.

Zinc Helps Synthesize Thyroid Hormone

In addition to selenium, zinc plays a role in the conversion of the thyroid hormone T4 to T3. Selenium and zinc are beneficial in improving thyroid function and hormone levels. According to a study in Hormones: The Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, zinc improves T3 levels significantly. Food sources of zinc include shellfish, mollusks, meat, legumes, and nuts. The recommended daily intake of zinc is 8 to 11 milligrams for adult women and men, respectively, according to the Office of Dietary Supplements.

Tyrosine, in Combination With Iodine, Produces Thyroid Hormone

“Tyrosine is a nutrient involved in thyroid hormone production and conversion,” Kellman says. One of the best ways to get more tyrosine, an amino acid, is to make sure you’re getting enough protein, Londergan says. Aim for 10 to 35 percent of your calories from protein each day.

Vitamin D Improves TSH Levels

“Research has shown a strong association with vitamin D deficiency and people with hypothyroidism,” Metzak says. In a study published in the November 2013 issue of the International Journal of Health Sciences, researchers looked at the vitamin D levels of 30 people with hypothyroidism and 30 who didn’t have the condition and found that the vitamin D levels were significantly lower in those with hypothyroidism. A study published in 2018 in the Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism found that vitamin D supplements improved TSH levels in subjects with hypothyroidism as well as thyroid antibodies in people with autoimmune thyroiditis. You can get vitamin D from fortified milk, yogurt, and orange juice. “Food sources of vitamin D are often not adequate, however,” Kellman says. He recommends supplements for those who are vitamin D deficient. Your doctor can let you know if that’s necessary, and which dosage is best for you.

As with any chronic condition, a healthy diet can go a long way with hypothyroidism. “Eat an anti-inflammatory diet full of lots of fruits and vegetables and unprocessed foods, and limit sugar,” Londergan says.

Some Supplements Can Affect Thyroid Medication

While there are plenty of vitamins and supplements that can help people with hypothyroidism, there are also some that may interfere with thyroid hormone absorption. According to the Mayo Clinic, supplements such as calcium, iron, multivitamins containing iron, and antacids containing magnesium or aluminum can potentially have interactions with thyroid medications. They should be taken several hours before or after your thyroid medication to avoid an interaction. Talk to your doctor before taking any of these supplements.

Additional reporting by Blake Miller

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Top 6 Vitamins for Hypothyroidism

In this article:

• Magnesium

• Vitamin A

• Vitamin D3

• Selenium

• Zinc

• Vitamin B12

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The thyroid is the butterfly-shaped gland at the base of your neck. It produces hormones that regulate your body’s energy use, along with many other important functions.

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As part of the endocrine system, the thyroid gland helps to regulate the body’s metabolism in the form of blood pressure, blood temperature, and heart rate.

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When your thyroid hormone production drops, your body processes slow down and change. Hypothyroidism can affect many different systems in your body.

Common symptoms of hypothyroidism include:

• Fatigue
• Increased sensitivity to cold
• Constipation
• Dry skin
• Weight gain
• Puffy face
• Hoarseness
• Muscle weakness
• Elevated blood cholesterol level
• Muscle aches, tenderness, and stiffness
• Joint pain, stiffness, or swelling
• Heavy or irregular menstrual periods
• Infertility
• Thinning hair
• Slowed heart rate
• Depression
• Impaired memory or brain fog
• Enlarged thyroid gland (goiter)

Undiagnosed thyroid disease puts patients at risk for other ailments, such as cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, and infertility.

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Hypothyroidism is typically treated with thyroid hormone replacement medication. In addition to thyroid medication, research shows that dietary interventions including supplements may also be supportive to hypothyroid patients.

Specific vitamins and minerals can help your thyroid work optimally. Ideally, most of our essential nutrients should come from our food through a healthy diet. However, some factors can decrease our ability to get nutrients from our food. For example, skipping meals, unhealthy diets, and incorrect food preparation can make it hard to get the vitamins and minerals we need. Thus, people can benefit from taking a dietary supplement, especially if they are the right supplements for their individual needs. 

Ahead are the top six vitamins for hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) to help protect thyroid tissue and encourage thyroid hormone production.

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Top six vitamins for hypothyroidism

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Magnesium

‍As one of the most abundant minerals in the human body, and on earth, magnesium plays a critical role in some of our most vital functions including blood pressure, blood glucose metabolism, digestion, muscle and nerve functions, and even helps us sleep. Also, magnesium is responsible for over 300 enzyme reactions involved with protein synthesis. In many ways, magnesium is seen as a cure-all mineral in that it benefits every system in our body.  

Magnesium helps improve symptoms often associated with hypothyroidism such as insomnia, fatigue, constipation, high blood pressure, and migraine headaches. Furthermore, magnesium plays an essential role in the conversion of T4 into T3, which can improve thyroid hormone function throughout the body.

Table 1: Selected Food Sources of Magnesium

Vitamin A

Also known as retinol, vitamin A is a fat-soluble organic compound that plays a role in vision, the immune system, reproduction, and cellular communication. One study found that a 4-month trial of vitamin A reduced serum TSH levels in participants. By modulating TSH levels, vitamin A can also support the pituitary gland and prevent enlargement of the thyroid gland. Furthermore, Vitamin A may reduce your risk for autoimmune processes such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

Table 2: Selected Food Sources of Vitamin A

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Visit The Thyroid Nutrition Hub

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Vitamin D3

‍Also called the sunshine vitamin, vitamin D is best known for its critical function in bone health and preventing osteoporosis. This crucial mineral helps the body absorb calcium and phosphorous, which are essential building materials for bone strengthening and repair. People with hypothyroidism often have low vitamin D levels, which may contribute to common symptoms of joint and muscle pain. Low levels of vitamin D may also contribute to leaky gut, which may be a precursor to autoimmune conditions like Hashimoto’s. By increasing vitamin D intake, your digestive system may begin to repair itself. You may even see an improvement in your TSH levels. 

Table 3: Selected Food Sources of Vitamin D

Selenium

‍Selenium is a trace element that serves as a crucial antioxidant that protects the thyroid gland from oxidative stress. Indeed, one of its primary roles is to regulate the immune system and prevent tissue damage in the thyroid. Because it is a potent immunomodulator, regular intake of selenium supplements has shown to a decrease in TPO antibodies, which, when present, indicates Hashimoto’s. Furthermore, a deficiency in selenium interferes with thyroid hormone metabolism by inhibiting the conversion of T4 to T3. 

Table 4: Selected Food Sources of Selenium

Zinc

‍Best known for its essential purpose in supporting the immune system, zinc is a powerful catalyst for over 100 enzymatic reactions in the body. It is also necessary for protein and DNA synthesis, growth and development, and tissue healing. Our bodies do not have a way to store zinc, so it must be ingested regularly through foods or supplements. 

Many people with hypothyroidism have a zinc deficiency, which may be due in part to a damaged digestive system. Zinc supports thyroid hormone production and strengthens the immune system. Furthermore, zinc may help heal leaky gut and decrease overreaction of the immune system as found in allergies and autoimmune conditions.  

Table 5: Selected Food Sources of Zinc

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Vitamin B12

‍A deficiency in vitamin B12 is common in many people with hypothyroidism and can also contribute to anemia. Indeed, anemia is found in 20-60% of people with hypothyroidism. People with hypothyroidism and anemia often experience similar symptoms such as fatigue, sluggishness, and cognitive impairment. A B12 supplement can improve hypothyroid symptoms by increasing the number of healthy red blood cells. These cells can deliver oxygen-fresh blood to your tissues and promote energy metabolism. 

Table 6: Selected Food Sources of Vitamin B12

Safe vitamin consumption

Scientific bodies regularly review and recommend the daily vitamin and mineral intake levels based on age, sex, etc. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) developed daily values to help consumers compare the nutrient contents of foods and dietary supplements within the context of a total diet.

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Consuming the recommended amount of a vitamin or mineral is safe. Some water-soluble vitamins like riboflavin are even safe at doses several times their recommended levels.

However, high doses of some vitamins or minerals can be dangerous. For example, excessive magnesium can cause diarrhea, zinc can cause nausea and vomiting, and selenium can cause nerve damage or gastrointestinal upset. Some dietary supplements may also interfere with the absorption of your thyroid medication. We recommend you talk with your healthcare provider to optimize your nutrition and treatment.

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Article content:

• Consequences of micronutrient deficiency
• Thyroid vitamins
• Thyroid minerals
• Diet for hypothyroidism

Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism, functions of the nervous and cardiovascular systems. Insufficient secretory activity of the thyroid gland is called hypothyroidism. This pathological condition negatively affects human health. Its treatment requires an integrated approach.

Doctors often prescribe minerals and vitamins for hypothyroidism: they help improve the general condition of the patient, normalize thyroid function. Source:
Endocrinology. National leadership. Dedova I.I., Melnichenko G.A. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media. 2012..

Consequences of micronutrient deficiency

Thyroid hormones are iodinated derivatives of tyrosine. For their synthesis, the thyroid gland needs a sufficient amount of iodine in the human body.

Most of the population of Russia lives in regions where the content of this microelement is low in soil, water and food. Because of this, the intake of iodine in the body is reduced and does not cover the physiological needs. Especially often iodine deficiency occurs in children and adolescents during periods of rapid growth, in pregnant women Source:
Hypothyroidism syndrome. Troshina E.A., Yukina M.Yu. Clinician. 2008. No. 1. pp.45-49.

Iodine deficiency, which persists for a long time, is associated with a high risk of developing a number of diseases:

• nodular or diffuse goiter;
• hypothyroidism;
• endemic cretinism.

Iodine deficiency is one of the causes of spontaneous miscarriages, high perinatal mortality, delayed psychomotor development in young children.

Vitamins for the thyroid gland

The most commonly prescribed vitamins for the thyroid gland in hypothyroidism:

1. Vitamin A (retinol). Normalizes the synthesis of thyroid-stimulating hormone, the level of which depends on the functional activity of the thyroid gland. Vitamin A promotes the absorption of iodine from food and its absorption.
2. Vitamin B ₁ (thiamine). Reduces increased fatigue, which often occurs in patients with insufficient thyroid function.
3. Vitamin B ₂ (riboflavin). One of the symptoms of hypothyroidism is anemia. Riboflavin is involved in the metabolism of iron, thereby increasing the level of hemoglobin.
4. Vitamin B ₆ (pyridoxine). Regulates many metabolic processes, normalizes the work of the endocrine system, stops neurological disorders.
5. Vitamin B ₉ (folic acid). Responsible for cell growth, prevents damage to their genetic material during division. Folic acid also improves mood, increases efficiency.
6. Vitamin B ₁₂ (cyanocobalamin). One of the symptoms of hypothyroidism is depression. Cyanocobalamin increases the synthesis of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is also called the hormone of happiness.
7. Vitamin E (tocopherol). Enhances the formation of thyroid-stimulating hormone, improves the exchange of selenium and iodine.
8. Vitamin D (calciferol). Vitamin D deficiency is one of the most pressing medical problems. Many patients ask endocrinologists the question: “Is vitamin D in hypothyroidism good or bad for the body?”. Calciferol is included in the complex therapy of Hashimoto’s disease, especially in cases where this autoimmune inflammation of the thyroid gland occurs with a decrease in its secretory function. Vitamin D is not prescribed for people with diffuse toxic goiter. This is due to the fact that it further enhances the formation of thyroid hormones, as a result of which the human condition worsens. Source:
   The content of vitamin D3 and some adipokines in hypothyroidism. Kapralova I.Yu., Verbovoi A.F., Sharonova L.A. MVK. 2014. No. 3. pp.42-45.

Take vitamin complexes only on prescription, which takes into account all indications and contraindications.

Minerals for the thyroid gland

For the proper functioning of the thyroid gland, it is important that the human body receives minerals in sufficient quantities. The main ones are:

1. Iodine. The need for this trace element depends on age. For children of the first year of life, it ranges from 25 to 50 mcg, for preschoolers – 90 mcg, for younger students – 120 mcg per day. At the age of 12 to 35 years, in accordance with WHO recommendations, the body should receive 150 micrograms of iodine daily, and after 35 years – 100 micrograms. The highest requirement is in pregnant women: 200-250 mcg per day. For the functions of the thyroid gland, both excess and lack of iodine are harmful. Source:
   Hypothyroidism syndrome: a lecture. Verbovoy A.F., Sharonova L.A. Endocrinology: News. Opinions. Education. 2015. No. 4. pp.71-75.
2. Selenium. It has a pronounced antioxidant effect, protects cell membranes and cellular structures from damage by free radicals. The selenium-containing enzyme deiodinase regulates the production of thyroid hormones.
3. Copper. Its deficiency has a negative impact on the entire endocrine system, including the thyroid gland.
4. Zinc. A deficiency of this mineral suppresses the production of thyroid hormones, and a hypothyroid state impairs zinc metabolism.
5. Iron. This mineral is needed for the normal absorption of iodine from the digestive tract. In addition, iron is necessary for the synthesis of a number of enzymes and hemoglobin.
6. Magnesium. The exact mechanisms of changes in magnesium metabolism in thyroid diseases have not been fully established. It is known that an excess of the mineral is noted in patients with hypothyroidism, and a deficiency in hyperthyroidism.

In thyroid pathologies, both excess and deficiency of minerals are harmful. Therefore, they should be taken only on the recommendations of specialists.

Diet for hypothyroidism

Minerals and vitamins for the thyroid gland in hypothyroidism should be supplied to the human body not only with pharmaceutical preparations, but also with food. Therefore, fresh fruits and vegetables, greens must be included in the diet. Source:
Guide to Dietary Supplements and Thyroid Diseases. Chaumont M. Verywellhealth. 2022.. Since many patients with hypothyroidism are overweight, they are advised to exclude light carbohydrates from the diet:

• confectionery;
• white bread;
• potatoes;
• rice;
• alcoholic beverages;
• sweet sodas;
• bananas;
• instant soups.

As a source of healthy carbohydrates, preference should be given to wild and brown rice, oatmeal, whole grain bread.

In the diet of people with hypothyroidism, meat, fish, low-fat cheeses, sour-milk products must be present in sufficient quantities. They provide the body with proteins that are needed for the synthesis and delivery of thyroxine and triiodothyronine to cells.

Protein food has another advantage: it does not contribute to weight gain. The body spends much more energy on its breakdown than on the breakdown of a similar amount of fats and carbohydrates, so a person is full longer.

Taking hormonal preparations and vitamin-mineral complexes prescribed by a doctor, proper nutrition will help to quickly improve the condition of people who suffer from low thyroid function.

Article sources:

1. The content of vitamin D3 and some adipokines in hypothyroidism. Kapralova I.Yu., Verbovoi A.F., Sharonova L. A. MVK. 2014. No. 3. p.42-45
2. Endocrinology. National leadership. Dedova I.I., Melnichenko G.A. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media. 2012.
3. Hypothyroidism syndrome. Troshina E.A., Yukina M.Yu. Clinician. 2008. No. 1. p.45-49
4. Hypothyroidism syndrome: lecture. Verbovoy A.F., Sharonova L.A. Endocrinology: News. Opinions. Education. 2015. No. 4. pp.71-75
5. Guidelines for Dietary Supplements and Thyroid Diseases. Chaumont M. Verywellhealth. 2022.

Author of the article

Vostrikova Ekaterina Borisovna

Specialty: Gastroenterologist

Experience: 17 years

Article published : 3/30/2023
Last updated : 3/30/2023

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Vitamin complexes for the thyroid gland

Published: 06. 12.2018

The well-being of the body as a whole depends on the normal functioning of the thyroid gland. After all, the endocrine system is responsible for the synthesis of hormones, and failures in its work lead to disastrous consequences. Doctors recommend not to wait for the problem, but to carry out timely prevention with the help of a balanced diet and vitamin complexes for the thyroid gland. First of all, iodine comes to mind – it is he who is positioned as a panacea for problems with the thyroid gland. But her health depends on a number of elements.

Consequences of micronutrient deficiency

Deficiency of the necessary vitamins and minerals leads to the development of the following symptoms:

• the appearance of a goiter;
• decreased or lack of appetite, weight loss;
• dyspeptic disorders;
• tachycardia;
• slight irritability;
• disruptions in the menstrual cycle;
• increased sweating;
• jumps in body temperature;
• problems with the gastrointestinal tract.

The most common disease is hypothyroidism, caused by a low concentration of hormones. Its features include:

• tremor of the limbs;
• chronic fatigue;
• weakness;
• chilliness;
• obesity;
• sleep disturbance;
• dry skin;
• severe hair loss;
• pressure drop.

Only a competent specialist can choose a treatment after identifying the disease. For preventive purposes, it is worth reviewing your diet, including as many healthy foods as possible. Vitamins for the thyroid gland should be taken after consulting a doctor.

What is included in the complex of vitamins for the thyroid gland

If a malfunction in the functioning of the thyroid gland is detected, the endocrinologist prescribes drugs that make up for the lack of certain elements.

In addition to vitamins for the thyroid gland, the body needs minerals.

Most elements can only be taken in combination: retinol with tocopherol, tocopherol with selenium, cyanocobalamin with folic acid. For better absorption of iodine, tocopherol is needed. Therefore, it is not recommended to prescribe medications without the consent of a doctor.