What are the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis. How is stomach flu different from influenza. What causes viral gastroenteritis. When should you seek medical attention for stomach flu. How can you prevent viral gastroenteritis.

What is Viral Gastroenteritis?

Viral gastroenteritis, commonly known as stomach flu, is an intestinal infection that affects the digestive system. Despite its name, it is not related to influenza, which primarily impacts the respiratory system. This condition can cause significant discomfort and, in some cases, lead to severe complications.

Key Characteristics of Viral Gastroenteritis

• Affects the intestines
• Highly contagious
• Caused by various viruses
• Can be contracted through contaminated food, water, or contact with infected individuals

Common Symptoms of Stomach Flu

Recognizing the symptoms of viral gastroenteritis is crucial for proper management and timely medical intervention if necessary. The onset of symptoms typically occurs within 1-3 days after infection and can vary in severity.

Primary Symptoms

• Watery diarrhea (usually non-bloody)
• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal cramps and pain
• Low-grade fever
• Occasional muscle aches or headache

Is bloody diarrhea a typical symptom of viral gastroenteritis? Bloody diarrhea is not a common symptom of viral gastroenteritis. If you experience this, it may indicate a more severe infection or a different condition, and you should seek medical attention promptly.

Duration of Symptoms

How long do symptoms of viral gastroenteritis typically last? In most cases, symptoms persist for 1-2 days. However, in some instances, they may continue for up to 14 days. If symptoms persist beyond this timeframe, it’s advisable to consult a healthcare professional.

Causes of Viral Gastroenteritis

Understanding the causes of viral gastroenteritis can help in prevention and management of the condition. The infection is primarily caused by viruses that attack the intestines, leading to inflammation and the characteristic symptoms.

Main Viral Culprits

1. Noroviruses
2. Rotavirus
3. Adenoviruses
4. Astroviruses

Noroviruses: The Leading Cause

Why are noroviruses considered the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis? Noroviruses are highly contagious and can spread rapidly through contaminated food, water, or close contact with infected individuals. They affect both children and adults, making them the leading cause of foodborne illness worldwide.

Rotavirus: A Significant Threat to Children

How does rotavirus primarily affect the population? Rotavirus is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in children globally. It’s particularly severe in infants and young children, often leading to hospitalization due to severe dehydration. Adults can also be infected but may not show symptoms, potentially becoming unknowing carriers of the virus.

Transmission of Viral Gastroenteritis

Understanding how viral gastroenteritis spreads is crucial for implementing effective prevention strategies. The virus can be transmitted through various means, making it highly contagious in certain environments.

Common Transmission Routes

• Consuming contaminated food or water
• Close contact with infected individuals
• Touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the mouth
• Sharing utensils, towels, or food with infected persons

Can viral gastroenteritis spread in confined spaces? Yes, the virus can spread rapidly in confined spaces such as cruise ships, schools, nursing homes, and daycare centers. In these environments, close contact between individuals and shared facilities can facilitate the transmission of the virus.

When to Seek Medical Attention

While most cases of viral gastroenteritis resolve on their own, certain symptoms and situations warrant immediate medical attention. Recognizing these signs is crucial, especially for high-risk groups such as infants, older adults, and individuals with compromised immune systems.

Warning Signs for Adults

• Inability to keep liquids down for 24 hours
• Vomiting or diarrhea persisting for more than two days
• Vomiting blood
• Signs of severe dehydration (excessive thirst, dry mouth, deep yellow urine, little or no urine, severe weakness, dizziness)
• Blood in bowel movements
• Severe abdominal pain
• Fever above 104째F (40째C)

Warning Signs for Infants and Children

• Fever of 102째F (38.9째C) or higher
• Extreme irritability or lethargy
• Severe discomfort or pain
• Bloody diarrhea
• Signs of dehydration (dry mouth, thirst, crying without tears, decreased urination)
• Sunken soft spot (fontanel) on the top of the head (in infants)
• Unusual sleepiness or unresponsiveness

Why is dehydration a significant concern in viral gastroenteritis? Dehydration is a serious complication of viral gastroenteritis, particularly in young children and older adults. The combination of diarrhea and vomiting can lead to rapid fluid loss, which, if not addressed promptly, can result in severe dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and potentially life-threatening complications.

Prevention Strategies for Viral Gastroenteritis

Given that there’s no specific treatment for viral gastroenteritis, prevention becomes crucial. Implementing proper hygiene practices and being mindful of food and water sources can significantly reduce the risk of infection.

Key Prevention Measures

1. Practice good hand hygiene
2. Avoid consuming contaminated food and water
3. Properly clean and disinfect surfaces
4. Avoid close contact with infected individuals
5. Practice food safety measures

Hand Hygiene: The First Line of Defense

How can proper hand washing help prevent viral gastroenteritis? Thorough hand washing with soap and water, especially before handling food, after using the bathroom, and after changing diapers, can significantly reduce the risk of virus transmission. When soap and water are not available, alcohol-based hand sanitizers can be effective against many types of viruses.

Food and Water Safety

What precautions should be taken with food and water to prevent viral gastroenteritis? To minimize the risk of infection, it’s important to:

• Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly
• Cook seafood completely
• Avoid consuming raw or undercooked meats
• Use safe water sources for drinking and food preparation
• Be cautious when traveling to areas with poor sanitation

Distinguishing Viral Gastroenteritis from Other Conditions

The symptoms of viral gastroenteritis can be similar to those caused by other gastrointestinal issues, making accurate diagnosis challenging. Understanding the differences can help in seeking appropriate treatment and management.

Viral vs. Bacterial Gastroenteritis

How does viral gastroenteritis differ from bacterial gastroenteritis? While both can cause similar symptoms, bacterial gastroenteritis is often characterized by more severe symptoms, including high fever and bloody diarrhea. Common bacterial causes include Salmonella, E. coli, and Campylobacter. Bacterial infections may require antibiotic treatment, unlike viral gastroenteritis.

Gastroenteritis vs. Food Poisoning

What distinguishes viral gastroenteritis from food poisoning? Food poisoning typically has a faster onset of symptoms, often within hours of consuming contaminated food. It’s usually caused by toxins produced by bacteria, rather than the bacteria themselves. Viral gastroenteritis, on the other hand, has a slower onset and is caused by viral infection of the intestines.

Other Similar Conditions

• Inflammatory bowel diseases (e.g., Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis)
• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
• Celiac disease
• Parasitic infections (e.g., giardiasis)

Why is it important to distinguish between these conditions? Accurate identification of the underlying cause is crucial for proper treatment. While viral gastroenteritis typically resolves on its own, other conditions may require specific medications or long-term management strategies.

Managing Viral Gastroenteritis at Home

For most healthy individuals, viral gastroenteritis can be managed effectively at home. The primary focus of home treatment is preventing dehydration and providing comfort during the illness.

Hydration Strategies

• Drink clear fluids regularly in small amounts
• Use oral rehydration solutions to replace lost electrolytes
• Avoid caffeine and alcohol, which can worsen dehydration
• For infants, continue breastfeeding or formula feeding

Dietary Considerations

What foods are recommended during recovery from viral gastroenteritis? As you start to feel better, gradually introduce easy-to-digest foods such as:

• Bananas
• Rice
• Applesauce
• Toast
• Chicken breast
• Potatoes

Avoid fatty, sugary, or spicy foods that may irritate the stomach.

Rest and Comfort Measures

• Get plenty of rest to aid recovery
• Use over-the-counter pain relievers for fever or body aches
• Apply a warm compress to the abdomen for cramp relief

Is it advisable to use anti-diarrheal medications for viral gastroenteritis? While over-the-counter anti-diarrheal medications can provide relief, they’re generally not recommended for viral gastroenteritis. These medications can prolong the infection by preventing the body from eliminating the virus. It’s best to consult a healthcare provider before using such medications, especially for children.

Special Considerations for High-Risk Groups

Certain populations are at higher risk for complications from viral gastroenteritis and may require special attention and care.

Infants and Young Children

• More susceptible to severe dehydration
• May require oral rehydration solutions specifically formulated for children
• Should be monitored closely for signs of dehydration

Older Adults

• May have weakened immune systems
• Often have underlying health conditions that can complicate gastroenteritis
• May be more prone to severe dehydration

Immunocompromised Individuals

• At risk for more severe and prolonged illness
• May require hospitalization for intravenous fluid replacement
• Should seek medical attention early in the course of illness

Why is prompt medical attention crucial for these high-risk groups? These populations are more vulnerable to complications from viral gastroenteritis, particularly severe dehydration. Early intervention can prevent the development of life-threatening conditions and ensure proper management of the illness.

Emerging Research and Future Directions

The field of viral gastroenteritis research is continually evolving, with new insights into prevention, diagnosis, and treatment emerging regularly.

Vaccine Development

What progress has been made in developing vaccines for viral gastroenteritis? Significant strides have been made in rotavirus vaccine development, with several effective vaccines now available. These vaccines have dramatically reduced the incidence of severe rotavirus infections in children in many countries. Research is ongoing for vaccines against other common causes of viral gastroenteritis, such as norovirus.

Diagnostic Advancements

• Rapid molecular diagnostic tests for identifying specific viral pathogens
• Improved understanding of the gut microbiome’s role in gastroenteritis
• Development of biomarkers for assessing disease severity and prognosis

Novel Treatment Approaches

Are there new treatments being explored for viral gastroenteritis? While the mainstay of treatment remains supportive care, research is exploring several novel approaches:

• Antiviral medications targeting specific gastroenteritis-causing viruses
• Probiotics and prebiotics to enhance gut health and resilience
• Immunomodulatory therapies to boost the body’s natural defenses
• Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for targeted treatment

How might these advancements impact the management of viral gastroenteritis in the future? These developments could lead to more precise diagnosis, targeted treatments, and improved prevention strategies. This could potentially reduce the global burden of viral gastroenteritis, particularly in vulnerable populations and developing regions.

Global Impact and Public Health Implications

Viral gastroenteritis poses significant challenges to public health systems worldwide, with far-reaching economic and social implications.

Epidemiological Patterns

• Seasonal variations in incidence
• Geographic differences in prevalent viral strains
• Impact of climate change on disease patterns

Economic Burden

What is the economic impact of viral gastroenteritis globally? The economic burden is substantial, encompassing:

• Healthcare costs for treatment and hospitalization
• Lost productivity due to illness and caregiver responsibilities
• Expenses related to outbreak control and prevention measures
• Impact on tourism and food industry in affected areas

Public Health Strategies

• Surveillance systems for early outbreak detection
• Health education programs on hygiene and prevention
• Policies for food safety and water sanitation
• Vaccination programs, particularly for rotavirus

How can global cooperation enhance the management of viral gastroenteritis? International collaboration is crucial for:

• Sharing data on disease patterns and emerging strains
• Coordinating research efforts for vaccine development
• Implementing standardized prevention and control measures
• Providing aid to regions with limited healthcare resources

By addressing viral gastroenteritis as a global health concern, coordinated efforts can lead to more effective prevention, control, and management strategies, ultimately reducing the worldwide impact of this common yet potentially serious condition.

Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu) – Symptoms & causes

Overview

Viral gastroenteritis is an intestinal infection that includes signs and symptoms such as watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea or vomiting, and sometimes fever.

The most common way to develop viral gastroenteritis — often called stomach flu — is through contact with an infected person or by consuming contaminated food or water. If you’re otherwise healthy, you’ll likely recover without complications. But for infants, older adults and people with compromised immune systems, viral gastroenteritis can be deadly.

There’s no effective treatment for viral gastroenteritis, so prevention is key. Avoid food and water that may be contaminated and wash your hands thoroughly and often.

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Symptoms

Although it’s commonly called stomach flu, gastroenteritis isn’t the same as influenza. The flu (influenza) affects only your respiratory system — your nose, throat and lungs. Gastroenteritis, on the other hand, attacks your intestines, causing signs and symptoms such as:

• Watery, usually nonbloody diarrhea — bloody diarrhea usually means you have a different, more severe infection
• Nausea, vomiting or both
• Stomach cramps and pain
• Occasional muscle aches or headache
• Low-grade fever

Depending on the cause, viral gastroenteritis symptoms may appear within 1-3 days after you’re infected and can range from mild to severe. Symptoms usually last just a day or two, but occasionally they may last up to 14 days.

Because the symptoms are similar, it’s easy to confuse viral diarrhea with diarrhea caused by bacteria, such as Clostridioides difficile, salmonella and Escherichia coli, or parasites, such as giardia.

Viral gastroenteritis

The stomach, small intestine and large intestine (colon) are part of your digestive tract, which processes the foods you eat. Viral gastroenteritis is an inflammation of these organs caused by a virus.

When to see a doctor

If you’re an adult, call your health care provider if:

• You’re not able to keep liquids down for 24 hours
• You’ve been vomiting or having diarrhea for more than two days
• You’re vomiting blood
• You’re dehydrated — signs of dehydration include excessive thirst, dry mouth, deep yellow urine or little or no urine, and severe weakness, dizziness or lightheadedness
• You notice blood in your bowel movements
• You have severe stomach pain
• You have a fever above 104 F (40 C)

For infants and children

See your child’s health care provider right away if your child:

• Has a fever of 102 F (38.9 C) or higher
• Seems tired or very irritable
• Is in a lot of discomfort or pain
• Has bloody diarrhea
• Seems dehydrated — watch for signs of dehydration in sick infants and children by comparing how much they drink and urinate with how much is normal for them, and watching for signs such as a dry mouth, thirst and crying without tears

If you have an infant, remember that while spitting up may be an everyday occurrence for your baby, vomiting is not. Babies vomit for a variety of reasons, many of which may require medical attention.

Call your baby’s doctor right away if your baby:

• Has vomiting that is frequent
• Hasn’t had a wet diaper in six hours
• Has bloody stools or severe diarrhea
• Has a sunken soft spot (fontanel) on the top of his or her head
• Has a dry mouth or cries without tears
• Is unusually sleepy, drowsy or unresponsive

Causes

You’re most likely to get viral gastroenteritis when you eat or drink contaminated food or water. You may also be likely to get gastroenteritis if you share utensils, towels or food with someone who has one of the viruses that cause the condition.

Many viruses can cause gastroenteritis, including:

• Noroviruses. Both children and adults are affected by noroviruses, the most common cause of foodborne illness worldwide. Norovirus infection can sweep through families and communities. It’s especially likely to spread among people in confined spaces.

  In most cases, you pick up the virus from contaminated food or water. But it can also spread between people who are in close contact or who share food. You can also get the virus by touching a surface that’s been contaminated with norovirus and then touching your mouth.

• Rotavirus. Worldwide, this is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in children, who are usually infected when they put their fingers or other objects contaminated with the virus into their mouths. It can also spread through contaminated food. The infection is most severe in infants and young children.

  Adults infected with rotavirus may not have symptoms, but can still spread the illness. This is of particular concern in institutional settings such as nursing homes because adults with the virus unknowingly can pass the virus to others. A vaccine against viral gastroenteritis is available in some countries, including the United States, and appears to be effective in preventing the infection.

Some shellfish, especially raw or undercooked oysters, also can make you sick. Contaminated drinking water is a cause of viral diarrhea. But in many cases the virus is passed when someone with a virus handles food you eat without washing his or her hands after using the toilet.

Risk factors

Gastroenteritis occurs all over the world and can affect people of all ages.

People who may be more susceptible to gastroenteritis include:

• Young children. Children in child care centers or elementary schools may be especially vulnerable because it takes time for a child’s immune system to mature.
• Older adults. Adult immune systems tend to become less efficient later in life. Older adults in nursing homes are vulnerable because their immune systems weaken. They also live in close contact with others who may pass along germs.
• Schoolchildren or dormitory residents. Anywhere that groups of people come together in close quarters can be an environment for an intestinal infection to get passed.
• Anyone with a weakened immune system. If your resistance to infection is low — for instance, if your immune system is compromised by HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy or another medical condition — you may be especially at risk.

Each gastrointestinal virus has a season when it’s most active. If you live in the Northern Hemisphere, for instance, you’re more likely to have rotavirus or norovirus infections in the winter and spring.

Complications

The main complication of viral gastroenteritis is dehydration — a severe loss of water and essential salts and minerals. If you’re healthy and drink enough to replace fluids you lose from vomiting and diarrhea, dehydration shouldn’t be a problem.

Infants, older adults and people with weakened immune systems may become severely dehydrated when they lose more fluids than they can replace. Hospitalization might be needed so that lost fluids can be replaced through an IV in their arms. Dehydration can rarely lead to death.

Prevention

The best way to prevent the spread of intestinal infections is to follow these precautions:

• Get your child vaccinated. A vaccine against gastroenteritis caused by the rotavirus is available in some countries, including the United States. Given to children in the first year of life, the vaccine appears to be effective in preventing severe symptoms of this illness.

• Wash your hands thoroughly. And make sure your children do, too. If your children are older, teach them to wash their hands, especially after using the toilet.

  Wash your hands after changing diapers and before preparing or eating food, too. It’s best to use warm water and soap and to rub hands well for at least 20 seconds. Wash around cuticles, beneath fingernails and in the creases of the hands. Then rinse thoroughly. Carry sanitizing wipes and hand sanitizer for times when soap and water aren’t available.

• Use separate personal items around your home. Avoid sharing eating utensils, drinking glasses and plates. Use separate towels in the bathroom.
• Prepare food safely. Wash all your fruits and vegetables before eating them. Clean kitchen surfaces before preparing food on them. Avoid preparing food if you’re sick.
• Keep your distance. Avoid close contact with anyone who has the virus, if possible.
• Disinfect hard surfaces. If someone in your home has viral gastroenteritis, disinfect hard surfaces, such as counters, faucets and doorknobs, with a mixture of 5-25 tablespoons (73 to 369 milliliters) of household bleach to 1 gallon (3.8 liters) of water.
• Avoid touching laundry that may have been exposed to a virus. If someone in your home has viral gastroenteritis, wear gloves while touching laundry. Wash clothing and bedding in hot water and dry them on the hottest setting. Wash your hands well after touching laundry.
• Check out your child care center. Make sure the center has separate rooms for changing diapers and preparing or serving food. The room with the diaper-changing table should have a sink as well as a sanitary way to dispose of diapers.

Take precautions when traveling

When you’re traveling in other countries, you can become sick from contaminated food or water. You may be able to reduce your risk by following these tips:

• Drink only well-sealed bottled or carbonated water.
• Avoid ice cubes because they may be made from contaminated water.
• Use bottled water to brush your teeth.
• Avoid raw food — including peeled fruits, raw vegetables and salads — that has been touched by human hands.
• Avoid undercooked meat and fish.

More Information

Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu) – Diagnosis & treatment

Diagnosis

Your doctor will likely diagnose viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu) based on symptoms, a physical exam and sometimes on the presence of similar cases in your community. A rapid stool test can detect rotavirus or norovirus, but there are no quick tests for other viruses that cause gastroenteritis. In some cases, your doctor may have you submit a stool sample to rule out a possible bacterial or parasitic infection.

Treatment

There’s often no specific medical treatment for viral gastroenteritis. Antibiotics aren’t effective against viruses. Treatment first involves self-care measures, such as staying hydrated.

Clinical trials

Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition.

Self care

To help keep yourself more comfortable and prevent dehydration while you recover, try the following:

• Let your stomach settle. Stop eating solid foods for a few hours.
• Try sucking on ice chips or taking small sips of water often. You might also try drinking clear soda, clear broths or noncaffeinated sports drinks. In some cases you can try oral rehydration solutions. Drink plenty of liquid every day, taking small, frequent sips.
• Ease back into eating. As you’re able, you can return to eating your normal diet. You might find that you can eat bland, easy-to-digest foods at first, such as soda crackers, soup, oats, noodles, bananas and rice. Stop eating if your nausea returns.
• Avoid certain foods and substances until you feel better. These include caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, and fatty or highly seasoned foods.
• Get plenty of rest. The illness and dehydration may have made you weak and tired.
• Try anti-diarrhea medications. Some adults may find it helpful to take loperamide (Imodium A-D) or bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol, others) to manage their symptoms. However, avoid these if you have bloody diarrhea or fever, which could be signs of another condition.

For infants and children

When your child has an intestinal infection, the most important goal is to replace lost fluids and salts. These suggestions may help:

• Help your child rehydrate. Give your child an oral rehydration solution, available at pharmacies without a prescription. Talk to your doctor if you have questions about how to use it.

  Don’t give your child plain water — in children with gastroenteritis, water isn’t absorbed well and won’t adequately replace lost electrolytes. Avoid giving your child apple juice for rehydration — it can make diarrhea worse.

• Get your child back to a normal diet once hydrated. Once your child is rehydrated, introduce him or her to his or her normal diet. This might include toast, yogurt, fruits and vegetables.
• Avoid certain foods. Don’t give your child sugary foods, such as ice cream, sodas and candy. These can make diarrhea worse.
• Make sure your child gets plenty of rest. The illness and dehydration may have made your child weak and tired.
• Avoid giving your child store-bought anti-diarrheal medications, unless advised by your doctor. They can make it harder for your child’s body to get rid of the virus.

If you have a sick infant, let your baby’s stomach rest for 15-20 minutes after vomiting or a bout of diarrhea, then offer small amounts of liquid. If you’re breast-feeding, let your baby nurse. If your baby is bottle-fed, offer a small amount of an oral rehydration solution or regular formula. Don’t dilute your baby’s already-prepared formula.

Preparing for your appointment

If you or your child needs to see a doctor, you’ll likely see your doctor first. If there are questions about the diagnosis, your doctor may refer you to an infectious disease specialist.

What you can do

Preparing a list of questions will help you make the most of your time with your doctor. Some questions you might want to ask your or your child’s doctor include:

• What’s the likely cause of the symptoms? Are there other possible causes?
• Is there a need for tests?
• What’s the best treatment approach? Are there any alternatives?
• Is there a need to take medicine?
• What can I do at home to ease the symptoms?

What to expect from your doctor

Some questions the doctor may ask include:

• When did symptoms begin?
• Have the symptoms been continuous, or do they come and go?
• How severe are the symptoms?
• What, if anything, seems to improve symptoms?
• What, if anything, appears to worsen symptoms?
• Have you been in contact with anyone with similar symptoms?

What you can do in the meantime

Drink plenty of fluids. As you’re able, you can return to eating your normal diet. You might find you can eat bland, easy-to-digest foods at first. If your child is sick, follow the same approach — offer plenty of fluids. When possible, start having your child eat his or her normal diet. If you’re breastfeeding or using formula, continue to feed your child as usual. Ask your child’s doctor if giving your child an oral rehydration solution, available without a prescription at pharmacies, would help.

Water diarrhea – causes and treatment of watery diarrhea

Co-author, editor and medical expert – Klimovich Elina Valerievna.

Editor and medical expert – Harutyunyan Mariam Harutyunovna.

Number of views: 1,308,183

Date last updated: 2 Contents:

How water is absorbed in the intestines
Causes of secretory diarrhea
What to do if the diarrhea is watery?

Diarrhea can have different causes, but is always accompanied by changes in intestinal absorption of water and electrolytes. And with secretory diarrhea, this process is not only disrupted, but is replaced by active transport of electrolytes into the intestinal lumen and, after them, water. The osmolar pressure of the intestinal contents becomes lower than the osmolar pressure of the blood plasma. This supports the diffusion of water into the intestinal lumen and is fraught with rapid dehydration due to the development of diarrhea with water. At the same time, the stool is liquid, plentiful (more than 1 liter), defecation is painless, and fasting practically does not change the nature and quantity of bowel movements. If secretory diarrhea is accompanied by malabsorption of bile acids or a decrease in the contractile function of the gallbladder, the watery stool becomes bright yellow or greenish in color. This is called hologenic diarrhea.

How water is absorbed in the intestines

Every day a person consumes about 2 liters of water. It is found not only in drinks, but also in all the foods eaten. In addition, fluid enters the lumen of the digestive tract as part of the digestive secrets. And about 7 liters are released per day! This includes 1.5 liters of saliva and pancreatic juice, 2.5 liters of gastric juice, half a liter of bile and a liter of intestinal secretions. Total enters the intestinal lumen daily up to 9liters of water, and only 100-200 ml (that is, about 2%) of this volume is excreted with feces. The walls of the small intestine absorb up to 80% of all liquid, and 90% of the remaining amount is absorbed in the large intestine.

In this case, water is absorbed secondarily and passively, following the active transport of electrolytes through the walls of the digestive tract. Sodium ions play the most important role in this process, but potassium and chlorine also take an active part. All these electrolytes enter the intestine with food and digestive juices and are actively absorbed. At the same time, the final absorption of water and absorption up to 90% sodium occurs in the large intestine. As a result, rather dense fecal masses are normally formed here.

Causes of secretory diarrhea

Exogenous

• Drugs. Some medications cause watery diarrhea. They increase the osmotic pressure inside the intestine or change the transport of ions in the intestinal wall. Watery diarrhea often occurs when taking laxatives, diuretics, drugs for the treatment of bronchial asthma and thyroid diseases. Cholinergic drugs have a great influence. These include certain myasthenic, cardiotonic, and antihypertensive agents, as well as antidepressants and agents for the treatment of dementia.
• Toxins. Secretory diarrhea can occur against the background of poisoning with fungi, arsenic, organophosphorus compounds, insecticides, alcohol and a number of other drugs.
• Viral and bacterial infections . A number of infections cause watery diarrhea due to exposure to the pathogens themselves and their toxins. These are cholera, yersiniosis, some strains of Escherichia coli and staphylococci that produce enterotoxins.

Endogenous

• Hereditary diseases. There is a congenital secretory pathology (chloridorrhoea, sodium diarrhea), the cause of which lies in the mutation of the genes of intestinal wall transport proteins. The disease manifests itself in a child from birth.
• Hormone-producing tumors. Pathological secretion of ions and water in the intestine can be promoted by some tumors – medullary thyroid carcinoma, VIPoma, gastrinoma, mastocytoma and others.
• Bile salts. Ingestion of non-adsorbed bile acids and free long-chain fatty acids into the large intestine leads to the secretion of water into the intestinal lumen. The reason for this is a violation of the absorption of bile acids in diseases (for example, in Crohn’s disease) or due to a decrease in the absorption area. This happens after resection of more than 100 cm of the ileum.

What if the diarrhea is watery?

Loperamide (active ingredient IMODIUM ^® Express) binds to opiate receptors in the intestinal wall, inhibits the local production of acetylcholine, calmodulin and prostaglandins. Calcium channels are also blocked, the permeability of plasma membranes decreases and the activity of intestinal motility decreases. As a result, the secretion of water into the intestinal lumen is significantly reduced, and its absorption is enhanced. Therefore, IMODIUM ^® Express can be used in the complex treatment of secretory diarrhea (water diarrhea).

The information in this article is for reference only and does not replace professional medical advice. For diagnosis and treatment, contact a qualified specialist.

“Imodium is contraindicated for use in children under 6 years of age.”

See also:

• Bear disease

Watery diarrhea – causes of the disease, which doctor treats, diagnosis, prevention and treatment

Description

Watery diarrhea is a condition in which the stool becomes very thin and watery. Unlike regular stools, which have a shape and texture, watery diarrhea looks and feels like water. It can be frequent and accompanied by a feeling of need to immediately visit the toilet. Watery diarrhea is usually a sign of an indigestion or infection and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as gas, vomiting, or animal pain. If watery diarrhea lasts more than 2-3 days or is accompanied by severe symptoms, it is recommended to see a doctor for evaluation and treatment.

Why watery diarrhea is dangerous

Watery diarrhea can be dangerous for several reasons:

1. Dehydration: Frequent and prolonged watery diarrhea can lead to significant loss of fluid and electrolytes from the body. Dehydration can be dangerous, especially for infants, children, and the elderly. It can cause dry skin, fatigue, weakness, headache, dizziness, and even serious complications such as fainting, low blood pressure, and organ dysfunction.

2. Nutrient loss: Watery diarrhea can lead to loss of important nutrients such as electrolytes (eg sodium, potassium) and micronutrients (eg zinc). This can lead to nutritional deficiencies, weakness, weight loss, and other health problems.

3. Electrolyte imbalance: Prolonged watery diarrhea may disturb the normal electrolyte balance in the body. Electrolytes play an important role in maintaining the normal functioning of organs and systems, including the heart, nervous system, and muscles. Electrolyte imbalance can lead to serious problems, including cardiac arrhythmias and muscle cramps.

4. Infections and immunosuppression: Watery diarrhea may be caused by an infection, such as a viral or bacterial infection of the gastrointestinal tract. With persistent diarrhea, immunity can be weakened, making the body more vulnerable to other infections and complications.

Physiological causes of watery diarrhea

Physiological causes of watery diarrhea may include:

1. Excess consumption of laxatives: Prolonged and excessive use of laxatives may cause watery diarrhea. Laxatives can stimulate intestinal motility and increase the amount of water that remains in the intestine, which can lead to loose stools.

2. Excess consumption of caffeine or alcohol: Caffeine and alcohol can have a laxative effect on the body. Their excess consumption can cause frequent and watery diarrhea.

3. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): IBS is a functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by changes in bowel habits. One of the typical symptoms of IBS can be watery diarrhea.

4. Food intolerance: Some people may have an intolerance to certain foods, such as lactose or gluten. These products may cause watery diarrhea.

5. Food Allergy: Some foods may cause allergic reactions in some people. Watery diarrhea can be one of the symptoms of a food allergy.

6. Excess consumption of hot and spicy foods: Hot and spicy foods can irritate the intestinal mucosa and cause watery diarrhea in some people.

Pathological causes of watery diarrhea

Pathological causes of watery diarrhea can be associated with various medical conditions and diseases, including:

1. Infections of the gastrointestinal tract: Bacterial, viral or parasitic infections may cause watery diarrhea. Examples of such infections are food poisoning, viral gastroenteritis, or dysentery.

2. Chronic inflammatory bowel disease: Inflammatory bowel diseases include Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. They can cause chronic watery diarrhea as a result of inflammation and damage to the intestines.

3. Malabsorption syndromes: Some conditions, such as celiac disease, small bowel syndrome, and lactase intolerance, can interfere with digestion and absorption of nutrients, which can cause watery diarrhea.

4. Hormonal disorders: Hormonal disorders such as hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) or hormonal tumors can lead to watery diarrhea.

5. Side effects of medications: Some medications, such as antibiotics, stomach acid medications, or cardiovascular medications, can cause watery diarrhea as a side effect.

6. Cancer of the gastrointestinal tract: Rarely, watery diarrhea may be associated with tumors in the gastrointestinal tract, including colon cancer or pancreatic cancer.

Accompanying symptoms

Accompanying symptoms of watery diarrhea may vary depending on its cause. Some common symptoms that may accompany watery diarrhea include:

1. Frequent or persistent urge to defecate.
2. Feeling the need to visit the toilet immediately.
3. Loose and watery stools without form or consistency.
4. Increased frequency of bowel movements (more than three times a day).
5. Feeling of unsatisfied bowel movement after defecation.
6. Abdominal pain or discomfort.
7. Gas and bloating.
8. Fatigue or weakness.
9. Loss of appetite.
10. Weight loss or weight loss.

What are the scenarios

The scenarios of watery diarrhea depend on its cause and duration. Some possible development options include:

1. Self-healing: In some cases, watery diarrhea may be caused by a temporary gastrointestinal disorder such as an infection or food intolerance. In such cases, the body can cope with the problem on its own within a few days, and the diarrhea will stop.

2. Need for treatment: If watery diarrhea persists for a long time or is accompanied by other serious symptoms such as fever, blood in the stool, dehydration, or severe pain, medical treatment may be required. Depending on the cause of the diarrhea, the doctor may prescribe antibiotics for bacterial infections, electrolyte balance medications, or other appropriate medications.

3. Chronic or recurrent diarrhea: In some cases, watery diarrhea may become a chronic problem or recur periodically. This may be due to chronic bowel disease such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. In such cases, long-term treatment and management under the supervision of a physician is required.

What causes watery diarrhea

Watery diarrhea can be associated with various diseases and medical conditions, including:

1. Infections of the gastrointestinal tract: Bacterial, viral or parasitic infections may cause watery diarrhea. Examples of such infections are food poisoning, viral gastroenteritis, or dysentery.

2. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): IBS is a functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by changes in bowel habits. One of the typical symptoms of IBS can be watery diarrhea.

3. Malabsorption syndromes: Some conditions, such as celiac disease, small bowel syndrome, or pancreatitis, can interfere with digestion and absorption of nutrients, which can cause watery diarrhea.

4. Inflammatory bowel disease: Inflammatory bowel disease includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. They can cause chronic watery diarrhea as a result of inflammation and damage to the intestines.

5. Hormonal disorders: Hormonal disorders such as hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) or hormonal tumors can lead to watery diarrhea.

6. Side effects of medications: Some medications, such as antibiotics, stomach acid medications, or cardiovascular medications, can cause watery diarrhea as a side effect.

7. Food Allergy: Some foods can cause allergic reactions, including watery diarrhea, in some people.

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relevant surveys. Some of the possible tests that may be recommended for watery diarrhea include:

1. Fecal Tests: A stool test can help determine if there is infection, parasites, inflammation, or other abnormalities in the digestive system.

2. Stool culture: This test helps to detect the presence of bacteria in the stool and determine their sensitivity to antibiotics.

3. Blood tests: Blood tests can help look for signs of inflammation, infection, and assess kidney function and electrolyte balance.

4. Gastroscopy: Gastroscopy allows the doctor to evaluate the condition of the stomach and esophagus. This is a procedure in which a flexible tube with a camera is inserted through the mouth to visually inspect internal structures.

5. Colonoscopy: A colonoscopy is used to look at the large intestine and rectum. This can help identify inflammatory diseases, tumors, or other changes in the gut.

6. Abdominal Ultrasound: Ultrasound can be used to evaluate abdominal organs such as the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and others.

7. Food intolerance: Testing for food intolerance may be useful in identifying possible food allergies or intolerances.

Remedies

Removal of watery diarrhea depends on its cause. Here are some general methods and recommendations that can help manage this condition:

1. Hydration: It is important to drink enough fluids to prevent dehydration caused by frequent diarrhea. It is recommended to drink water, electrolyte solutions or special hydration solutions available at the pharmacy.

2. Nutrition: During watery diarrhea it is recommended to avoid foods that can aggravate the symptoms, such as spicy, fatty, spicy foods, alcohol and coffee. Instead, easily digestible foods such as broths, concoctions, biscuits, and purees should be consumed.

3. Probiotics: Probiotic preparations can help restore normal gut microflora and reduce the duration of watery diarrhea. However, check with your doctor before you start taking probiotics.

4. Antidiarrheal drugs: In some cases, your doctor may prescribe antidiarrheal drugs to help reduce the frequency and fluid of your stools. However, their use should be limited and prescribed by a doctor, especially if an infection is suspected.

5. Treatment of underlying cause: If watery diarrhea is caused by infection, inflammation, food intolerance, or other medical conditions, treat the underlying cause or take appropriate medical action. In this case, you should consult a doctor for specific recommendations and treatment.

Where to see a doctor

If you have watery diarrhea, you can contact the following doctors:

1. To a General Practitioner: A general practitioner can make an initial assessment of your condition, find out possible causes of diarrhea, and prescribe initial treatment. They may also recommend tests or refer you to a specialist if a more detailed test is needed.

2. Gastroenterologist: A gastroenterologist specializes in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. If your symptoms become chronic or make your life difficult, a gastroenterologist can perform a more detailed assessment, diagnosis, and treatment.