What is a pap smear and why is it important for women’s health. How often should you get a pap test and what does the procedure involve. What can pap smear results reveal about your cervical health. How to prepare for a pap smear and what to do after receiving the results.

Understanding Pap Smears: A Crucial Tool in Cervical Cancer Prevention

A pap smear, also known as a pap test, is a vital screening procedure used to detect early signs of cervical cancer and other abnormalities in the cervix. This simple yet effective test has been instrumental in reducing cervical cancer rates worldwide by identifying precancerous changes before they develop into full-blown cancer.

The test involves collecting cells from the cervix, which are then examined under a microscope for any abnormalities. But what exactly does a pap smear look for, and why is it so important for women’s health?

What Does a Pap Smear Test For?

A pap smear primarily tests for:

• Abnormal cervical cells that may indicate precancerous conditions
• Cervical cancer cells
• Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection
• Other cellular changes that might require further investigation

By detecting these changes early, healthcare providers can intervene before cancer develops, making pap smears a crucial tool in preventive healthcare for women.

The Importance of Regular Pap Smears in Women’s Health

Regular pap smears are essential for maintaining good reproductive health. They allow for the early detection of cervical abnormalities, which can significantly improve treatment outcomes and prevent the progression to cervical cancer.

Is cervical cancer preventable? In many cases, yes. Most cervical cancers are caused by persistent infections with high-risk strains of HPV. By detecting these infections and any resulting cellular changes early through pap smears, interventions can be made to prevent cancer development.

Benefits of Regular Pap Smears

1. Early detection of precancerous changes
2. Improved treatment outcomes for cervical abnormalities
3. Reduced risk of developing cervical cancer
4. Opportunity for HPV screening
5. Peace of mind regarding cervical health

Who Should Get a Pap Smear and How Often?

Recommendations for pap smear frequency have evolved over time as our understanding of cervical cancer and HPV has improved. Current guidelines suggest:

• First pap smear at age 21
• Every 3 years for women aged 21-29
• Every 3 to 5 years for women aged 30-65, depending on whether HPV testing is done alongside the pap smear
• Women over 65 may discontinue pap smears if they have had consistently normal results

Can some women skip pap smears? Women who have had a total hysterectomy (including removal of the cervix) for non-cancerous reasons and have no history of cervical cancer or precancerous lesions may not need regular pap smears. However, it’s crucial to consult with a healthcare provider to determine the appropriate screening schedule based on individual risk factors and medical history.

Preparing for Your Pap Smear: What You Need to Know

Proper preparation can help ensure accurate results from your pap smear. Here are some guidelines to follow in the days leading up to your test:

Do’s and Don’ts Before a Pap Smear

• Do schedule your appointment when you’re not menstruating
• Don’t use tampons for at least 24 hours before the test
• Don’t have sexual intercourse for 24-48 hours before the test
• Don’t use vaginal medications, creams, or douches for at least 48 hours before the test

Why are these precautions necessary? These actions can interfere with the collection of cervical cells or introduce substances that may affect the test results. By following these guidelines, you help ensure that your pap smear provides the most accurate information possible about your cervical health.

The Pap Smear Procedure: Step-by-Step

Understanding what happens during a pap smear can help alleviate anxiety and ensure you’re prepared for the procedure. Here’s what you can expect:

1. You’ll be asked to undress from the waist down and lie on an exam table with your feet in stirrups.
2. The healthcare provider will insert a speculum into your vagina to open it and visualize the cervix.
3. A small brush or spatula will be used to gently collect cells from the surface of the cervix.
4. The collected cells are placed in a liquid preservative or on a glass slide.
5. The speculum is removed, and the procedure is complete.

How long does a pap smear take? The actual cell collection typically takes only a few minutes, though the entire appointment may last 10-20 minutes.

Is a pap smear painful? Most women experience little to no pain during a pap smear. Some may feel mild discomfort or pressure from the speculum. If you experience significant pain, inform your healthcare provider immediately.

Understanding Pap Smear Results: What They Mean for Your Health

After your pap smear, the collected cells are sent to a laboratory for analysis. Results typically fall into one of several categories:

Normal (Negative) Results

A normal result means no abnormal cells were detected. This is good news and indicates that your risk of cervical cancer is low at this time.

Abnormal (Positive) Results

Abnormal results don’t necessarily mean you have cancer. They indicate that some cells look different from normal cervical cells. Abnormal results are categorized as:

• ASC-US (Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance)
• LSIL (Low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion)
• HSIL (High-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion)
• AGC (Atypical Glandular Cells)
• AIS (Adenocarcinoma In Situ)

What happens if your pap smear results are abnormal? Your healthcare provider will likely recommend further testing, which may include a repeat pap smear, HPV testing, or a colposcopy (a procedure that allows for closer examination of the cervix).

Beyond the Pap Smear: Additional Cervical Cancer Screening Methods

While pap smears are the primary screening tool for cervical cancer, other tests and procedures may be used in conjunction with or as follow-up to pap smears:

HPV Testing

HPV testing can be done alongside or instead of a pap smear to detect the presence of high-risk HPV types associated with cervical cancer.

Colposcopy

This procedure allows for a detailed examination of the cervix using a special magnifying device called a colposcope.

Biopsy

If abnormal areas are identified during a colposcopy, a small sample of tissue may be removed for further analysis.

How do these additional tests complement pap smears? They provide more detailed information about cervical health and can help healthcare providers make more accurate diagnoses and treatment decisions.

Pap Smears and HPV: Understanding the Connection

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is closely linked to cervical cancer, with certain high-risk strains causing the majority of cases. Understanding this connection is crucial for comprehensive cervical health:

HPV and Cervical Cancer

• HPV is a common sexually transmitted infection
• Most HPV infections clear on their own without causing problems
• Persistent infections with high-risk HPV types can lead to cervical cancer
• HPV testing alongside pap smears can provide more comprehensive screening

Can HPV be detected in a pap smear? While traditional pap smears focus on detecting abnormal cells, many healthcare providers now offer co-testing, which includes both a pap smear and an HPV test using the same sample.

HPV Vaccination

HPV vaccination is a powerful tool in preventing cervical cancer. The vaccine protects against the most common high-risk HPV types associated with cervical cancer. It’s typically recommended for:

• Girls and boys aged 11-12 (can be given as early as age 9)
• Teens and young adults up to age 26 who weren’t vaccinated earlier
• Some adults aged 27-45 after discussing risks and benefits with a healthcare provider

Does HPV vaccination eliminate the need for pap smears? No, even vaccinated individuals should continue to follow recommended screening guidelines, as the vaccine doesn’t protect against all HPV types that can cause cervical cancer.

Addressing Common Concerns and Myths About Pap Smears

Despite the importance of pap smears, many women have concerns or misconceptions about the procedure. Let’s address some common questions and myths:

Myth: Pap Smears Are Always Painful

Reality: While some women may experience discomfort, most find pap smears to be merely uncomfortable rather than painful. Communicating with your healthcare provider can help make the experience more comfortable.

Myth: You Need a Pap Smear Every Year

Reality: Current guidelines recommend less frequent screening for most women. However, annual gynecological exams may still be recommended even if a pap smear isn’t needed.

Myth: Pap Smears Test for All STIs

Reality: Pap smears primarily screen for cervical cancer and HPV. Separate tests are needed for other sexually transmitted infections.

Concern: Privacy During the Procedure

Healthcare providers are trained to maintain patient dignity and privacy. You can request a chaperone or bring a trusted person with you if it makes you more comfortable.

How can you overcome anxiety about pap smears? Open communication with your healthcare provider, understanding the importance of the test, and practicing relaxation techniques can all help reduce anxiety associated with pap smears.

The Future of Cervical Cancer Screening: Emerging Technologies and Approaches

As medical science advances, new technologies and approaches are being developed to improve cervical cancer screening:

AI-Assisted Screening

Artificial intelligence algorithms are being developed to assist in analyzing pap smear samples, potentially improving accuracy and efficiency.

Self-Sampling HPV Tests

At-home HPV testing kits are becoming available, which may increase screening rates among women who are reluctant to undergo in-office pap smears.

Liquid-Based Cytology

This technique preserves cells in a liquid medium, allowing for better sample quality and the possibility of additional testing on the same sample.

How might these advancements change cervical cancer screening in the future? They have the potential to make screening more accessible, accurate, and personalized, potentially leading to even better prevention and early detection of cervical cancer.

Taking Charge of Your Cervical Health: Beyond Pap Smears

While pap smears are crucial for cervical health, they’re just one part of a comprehensive approach to women’s health. Here are additional steps you can take to maintain optimal cervical and overall reproductive health:

Practice Safe Sex

• Use condoms consistently to reduce the risk of HPV and other STIs
• Limit the number of sexual partners
• Get tested regularly for STIs

Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle

• Don’t smoke, as smoking increases the risk of cervical cancer
• Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables
• Exercise regularly to support overall health and immune function

Stay Informed

• Keep up with the latest screening guidelines
• Discuss your individual risk factors with your healthcare provider
• Be aware of any unusual symptoms and report them promptly

How can you be proactive about your cervical health between screenings? Pay attention to your body, report any unusual symptoms (such as abnormal bleeding or pelvic pain) to your healthcare provider, and maintain open communication about your sexual health and any concerns you may have.

Empowering Women Through Education: The Role of Health Literacy in Cervical Cancer Prevention

Understanding the importance of pap smears and cervical health is crucial for empowering women to take control of their health. Improved health literacy can lead to:

• Higher rates of screening adherence
• Better understanding of test results and follow-up recommendations
• Reduced anxiety surrounding cervical cancer screening
• Improved communication with healthcare providers

How can healthcare systems and providers improve cervical health literacy? Strategies may include:

1. Providing clear, accessible information about pap smears and cervical health
2. Offering educational programs in community settings
3. Using visual aids and plain language in patient communications
4. Encouraging open dialogue and questions during healthcare visits

By promoting health literacy and empowering women with knowledge, we can work towards a future where cervical cancer becomes an increasingly rare occurrence.

Pap Tests (Pap Smear) | Beaumont Women’s Health

What is a pap test?

A pap test, also known as a pap smear, is a test to look for changes to the cervix that may indicate cervical cancer or a precancerous condition. The cells taken from the cervix during the pap test can also be used to test for the presence of HPV and can determine the HPV sub-type.

Why is a pap test done?

Pap tests are done to monitor women for changes in their cervix that could be signs of cervical cancer or pre-cancerous conditions (like cervical dysplasia). Most cervical cancer is caused by a virus called HPV (human papillomavirus). There are many strains of HPV, but only a few of them are known to cause cancer. Some strains of HPV can cause genital warts.

Cervical cancer can usually be prevented with regular pap tests because pap tests can detect early cellular changes in the cervix that often lead to cervical cancer. If those changes are detected, you can have treatment before cancer develops.  

Pap tests can save your life. It’s important to follow your doctor’s recommendations regarding testing.

When should a pap test be done?

The guidelines for pap tests have been changing in recent years, and not all doctors agree when a pap test should be done. Most doctors recommend girls and women should have their first pap test at age 21. Depending on personal history and risk factors, doctors usually recommend that women continue to have pap tests until they are at least 65.

If you have had your cervix removed and you do not have a history of cervical cancer or cervical dysplasia, you may not need to have pap tests. If you are older than 65 and haven’t had an abnormal pap test in more than 10 years, you do not likely need to have pap tests.

All women should talk to their doctors about what is right for them and when they should have pap tests.

What to expect from a pap test

There are some things that can interfere with the results of a pap test, so doctors tend to recommend the following for two to four days prior to a scheduled Pap test:

• Do not put anything in your vagina, such as:
  • Tampons
  • Vaginal creams or medications
  • Vaginal suppositories
  • Do not have sex
  • Do not douche or use vaginal spray or powder

When you’re at the doctor’s office for your exam, here’s what you can expect.

You will be asked to remove your clothes, at least from the waist down. You will be given a gown to put on, and you may be given a sheet or cloth to cover your legs. You will lie on the exam table, put your feet in the stirrups, and move toward the end of the table. Before the doctor examines you, he or she will ask you to relax and let your knees fall outward. The more relaxed you are, the easier the exam will be. 

Once you are in the correct position, the doctor will insert a device called a speculum. This is used to hold your vaginal canal open during the test. Many doctor’s offices will warm the speculum before inserting it to make it more comfortable for you. Once the speculum is in, the doctor will use a long swab to gather cells from your cervix. This should not be painful, but some women do experience discomfort. Let your doctor know if you experience pain.

The swab will only take a few seconds. After the cells are collected, the doctor will remove the speculum. If you are not having a full pelvic exam, you will be able to get up at that point. If you are, the exam will continue. 

Throughout the pelvic exam and pap test, your doctor should tell you what he or she is doing so you will know what to expect and won’t have any surprises. 

After the test, you may bleed a little and may feel some light cramping and discomfort. This should pass within a few hours. If you have heavy bleeding or have severe pain, call your doctor’s office.

What information does my doctor get from a pap test?

The results of the pap test will tell whether there are any abnormal cells on the cervix. These abnormalities may include cervical dysplasia, a pre-cancerous condition, cervical cancer, or the presence of HPV. 

What are the next steps after a pap test?

The results of your pap test could take two to three weeks. Normal results may be mailed or emailed to you. If your results are abnormal, your doctor’s office may call you to set up additional tests or procedures.  

If your results are abnormal, do not panic. Not all abnormal pap tests show cancer or even pre-cancerous cell growth. Your doctor will explain your test results and what your next steps will be.

When should you call the doctor?

You should ask your doctor when you should have a pap test. Most women will have them every one to three years, depending on personal history, risk factors and age. 

And any time you have concerns about your reproductive health, you should call your doctor to make an appointment. Whether you’re experiencing pelvic pain, unexplained vaginal bleeding, pain during intercourse, urinary problems, vaginal discharge, itching, redness, or skin changes, we’re here to help. Don’t delay. Most conditions are not serious and can be addressed with treatment; however, serious conditions such as ovarian cancer do not always cause obvious symptoms. If you notice any changes or just don’t feel right, don’t hesitate to call.

Call 800-633-7377 today to schedule an appointment with a Beaumont OB/GYN or other health care practitioner for your next annual exam.  

Cervical screening test | healthdirect

The cervical screening test is a new, more accurate way of protecting females against cervical cancer. It was introduced in Australia in December 2017, and is expected to protect almost one third more people from cervical cancer than the old Pap test.

The Pap test used to look for changes in the cells of the cervix, the entrance to the uterus (womb) from the vagina. Now the cervical screening test looks for evidence of the human papillomavirus (HPV), which can lead to cell changes in the cervix.

The cervical screening test looks and feels the same as the Pap test. But it is only done every 5 years instead of every 2 years, if your results are normal.

If you are a person aged 25 to 74 with a cervix, you should have your first cervical screening test 2 years after your last Pap test.

If you are due for a test, speak to your doctor or call the National Cervical Screening Program on 13 15 56 for more information.

Watch this video to learn more about cervical screening and why the new HPV test has replaced the Pap smear test.

Video provided by Pathology Tests Explained

In July 2022, self-collection of samples for cervical screening tests became available to all people with a cervix aged 25 to 74. This means that you can take your own sample for the test from your vagina, using a swab. But, people who have symptoms of cervical cancer or are experiencing unusual bleeding, pain or discharge are not recommended for self-testing. Speak to your doctor about what’s right for you.

More information on self-collection is available from the Department of Health and Aged Care.

What is HPV?

HPV is a very common virus that is spread through skin-to-skin contact (which often occurs during sex). Almost every case of cervical cancer is caused by genital HPV.

You can be exposed to HPV the first time you have sex, even if you use a condom. In fact, there are more than 100 strains of HPV, and 4 out of 5 people have at least one kind of HPV virus at some time in their lives. There is no treatment for HPV.

HPV doesn’t normally cause any symptoms and often goes away by itself. But some types of the HPV virus can remain in the body and eventually cause abnormal cells to develop. This can lead to cancer of the cervix, anus, vagina, vulva, penis or throat.

HPV can also cause genital warts, which can be easily treated. Having genital warts does not mean you will get cancer — they are caused by a different type of HPV virus.

The HPV vaccine

As well as introducing the cervical screening test, the Australian Government now vaccinates all school children aged 12–13 against HPV. It’s free, as part of the National Immunisation Program (NIP).

People aged up to 26 can receive free catch-up vaccinations from their GP or primary health care clinic, and older adults can still access the HPV vaccine at a cost.

Who needs the cervical screening test?

You do not need to start having cervical screening tests until you turn 25. If you’re younger than 25, you are highly unlikely to have cervical cancer and have probably been vaccinated against HPV as part of the NIP.

You should have the test if:

• you are aged 25 to 74 years old
• you have a cervix
• you have ever been sexually active

You need to have regular cervical screening tests even if you have been vaccinated against HPV, or if you identify as lesbian or transgender.

What to expect from your cervical screening test

If your test is performed by a doctor or nurse, it is like having a Pap test. While you lie on your back with your knees bent, the doctor or nurse inserts an instrument called a speculum into your vagina so they can see the cervix. Then they use a brush to take a sample of cells from the cervix.

If you decide to do the test yourself through self-collection, your healthcare provider will give you a swab and instructions on how to collect your sample.

The sample is put into a tube that contains liquid and sent to a laboratory to be analysed. Your doctor will talk to you about the results, which could indicate:

• You don’t have an HPV infection. You don’t need another cervical screening test for another 5 years. You will be sent a reminder from the National Cervical Screening Program.
• You have an HPV infection. Your body will probably get rid of the HPV by itself. But you will need another cervical screening test in 12 months. It takes 10 to 15 years for cervical cancer to develop. If the second test is clear, you won’t need another test for 5 years. If you still have the HPV infection after 12 months, you may need to see a specialist.
• You have a certain type of HPV, or abnormal cells were found. Your doctor will refer you to a specialist for more tests. It doesn’t necessarily mean you have cervical cancer.
• You have an unsatisfactory test result. The laboratory could not read your sample. You will have to repeat the test in 6 to 12 weeks. It does not mean something is wrong.

Myths and frequently asked questions

• ‘Now there are no Pap tests I don’t need any more invasive tests.’ The cervical screening test is done in the same way as the Pap test. The only difference is you only need it every 5 years, not every 2 years.
• ‘The cervical screening test won’t pick up cervical cancer that isn’t caused by HPV.’ More than 99% of cervical cancers are caused by HPV; only very rare types of cervical cancer (fewer than 1%) are unrelated to HPV.
• ‘Cervical cancer could be missed in young women because they aren’t being tested.’ Cervical cancer is very rare in women under 25 — fewer than 2 women in every 100,000 have it.
• ‘I don’t need the test because I don’t have any symptoms.’ HPV does not usually cause any symptoms. The cervical screening test aims to prevent cervical cancer, so you need it even if you are healthy.
• ‘The test is painful.’ The test should not be painful. Try to be as relaxed as possible to avoid any discomfort.
• ‘I only need the test if I’m sexually active.’ Cervical cancer can take 10 to 15 years to develop. If you have ever been sexually active — even just once, with males or females — you should still have the cervical screening test.
• ‘I have had the HPV vaccination, so I don’t need the test.’ The HPV vaccination does not protect against every kind of HPV. You need regular cervical cancer screening even if you have been vaccinated.

Where to seek more information

• Visit the National Cervical Screening Program website, or call 13 15 56.

Learn more here about the development and quality assurance of healthdirect content.

Pap test (Pap smear) in Germany

Content complies with Bookimed’s editorial policy and quality checked

Fahad Mavlyud
– General practitioner. Winner of 4 scientific awards. Served in Western Asia. Former Team Leader of a medical team supporting Arabic-speaking patients. Now responsible for data processing and medical content accuracy.

Pap test offers are temporarily unavailable in Germany. We have selected for you the best options according to Bookimed patients in other countries.

Turkey, Istanbul

1. Check-up for women

For women to check their health. The test determines the state of the body, assesses the risk of developing diseases, and also helps to eliminate hidden inflammatory processes and chronic diseases. This allows you to prevent diseases or start treatment on time.

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Germany, Frankfurt am Main

Nordwest Clinic is a large multidisciplinary hospital in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Specialization – oncology, neurology, neurosurgery and orthopedics.

In 2019, Nordwest entered the TOP German hospitals in terms of the effectiveness of radiotherapy and the success of the treatment of colon cancer.

Every year over 25,000 patients visit the medical center .

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Hello!
My dad was treated at the clinic with a diagnosis of stage 3 adenomic carcinoma of the stomach.
Doctors, nurses and accompanying staff are qualified specialists, very attentive! All procedures are done out of necessity, and not for the purpose of making a profit.
The only thing that confuses is the menu for people without a stomach. (They gave spicy and fried)
The accompanying company will take you from the airport on the day of arrival to the airport on the day of departure.
In general, from the moment of the first call until today, everyone is satisfied!
I advise everyone to come here!

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Ukraine, 20 Jun. 2018

Jun 20 2018 • Recall confirmed.

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Germany, Berlin

Helios (Helios) Berlin-Buch is the largest and most modern clinic in the German capital. It is included in the ranking of the best hospitals in Germany 2019of the year by Focus magazine.

94% of patients recommend Helios Berlin-Buch for diagnosis and treatment.

Hospital specializes in oncology and oncosurgery, orthopedics, neurosurgery, obesity treatment.

Every year the clinic admits more than 200,000 patients for treatment .

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The whole experience went smoothly. The help of Bookimed was definitely important in finding the right doctor. I can recommend the service to anyone who needs medical advice abroad.

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Slovenia, 11 Mar. 2018

Mar 11 2018 • Recall confirmed.

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Germany, Hamburg

Asklepios Barmbek is the No. 1 clinic for international patients according to the international organization Medical Travel Quality Alliance.

This is a multidisciplinary medical center, which is part of the largest network of hospitals in Germany Asklepios Kliniken (Asklepios Kliniken).

Asklepios Barmbek specializes in oncology, oncohematology, surgery and pulmonology.

More than 80,000 patients from Germany and abroad are treated here every year .

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What to say to the hospital and Dr. Prof. Fiss, apart from all the best, from the very reception to the treatment of the patient, you just feel that you are in the right place, which gives you peace of mind, which is very important for the health of the patient. About the disease, all the information you receive with a lot of patience and security, so that you know what is happening to you and how it is normal with the right therapy. You know, due to my condition, I was a bit overwhelmed when I picked up the hospital, and all the time I wondered if I made the right move, but now I’m sure for my decision that it was the right one

– Kirill Dimitrov

Macedonia, 27 Dec. 2017

Dec 27 2017 • Recall confirmed.

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Germany, Solingen

Academic Hospital Solingen (Solingen) – a multidisciplinary hospital in Germany, in TOP best hospitals in the country according to Focus magazine.

Specialization – oncology, neurosurgery, gastroenterology, cardiology and orthopedics.

2 doctors of the clinic are included in the list of recommended specialists in Germany according to Focus and Guter Rat – Prof. Wolfgang Schwenk, abdominal surgeon, and Prof. Peter Hering, specialist in the treatment of hypertension and kidney disease.

More than 60,000 patients visit Solingen every year .

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I want to express my deep gratitude to my coordinator Marina Pastukhova, who advised me this clinic, and of course the doctors of the Solingen clinic! A very good clinic. I advise. And of course, thank you that there is such an organization as BOOKIMED

– Eliso Mukhadievna Saidarbaeva

Russia, June 16 2018

Jun 16 2018 • Recall confirmed.

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Germany, Hamburg

Asklepios St. Georg is a multidisciplinary clinic in Hamburg, which is part of the largest Asklepios Kliniken (A Sklepios Kliniken).

specializes in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and the spine.

Hospital St. Georg – in TOP best hospitals in Germany according to Focus magazine.

More than 87,000 patients are treated here annually .

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Everything is at a high level. The doctor came before the operation (they did ablation) and said that he gives 99%, that there will be a good result. Chamber for one person, everything you need is there, everything is thought out. Coordinator Pavel answered all my questions very promptly.

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Russia, 19 Dec. 2018

Dec 19 2018 • Recall confirmed.

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Germany, Krefeld

Helios Krefeld is a multidisciplinary clinic in Germany, one of the most modern in Europe. From 2015 to 2017 occupied leading positions in the ranking of TOP clinics in the country according to Focus.

Hospital specializes in surgery, oncology, cardiac surgery, orthopedics.

More than 57,500 people are treated here every year . According to an anonymous survey, 95% of patients are satisfied with the diagnostics and treatment.

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Germany, Hamburg

Asklepios Altona is the University Hospital of Hamburg, one of the oldest hospitals in Northern Germany. It is part of the country’s largest medical network – Asklepios Kliniken (Asklepios Kliniken).

Specialization Asklepios Altona – robotic surgery, gastroenterology and abdominal surgery, neurology and oncology.

More than 95,000 patients are treated here annually .

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Germany, Hamburg

Asklepios Nord is the largest multidisciplinary clinic in Hamburg. It is part of the largest medical network in Germany – Asklepios Kliniken (Asklepios Kliniken).

Specialization – pediatrics, neurosurgery, gastroenterology, ophthalmology and maxillofacial surgery.

Asklepios Nord regularly enters TOP of the best hospitals in Germany in such areas as dentistry, ophthalmology, proctology.

More than 72,000 patients are treated here annually .

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Germany, Duisburg

The North Rhine-Westphalia complex is a group of 5 centers located 15 minutes drive from the airport of Dusseldorf (Germany).

Doctors of clinics carry out treatment according to 27 directions . The main ones are oncology, robotic surgery, orthopedics, cardiology, urology and gynecology.

The heart center is the largest in Germany. Pilots of civil aviation undergo cardiac diagnostics here.

More than 100,000 outpatients and 45,000 inpatients are treated in the complex every year.

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Capital Doctor
After long rushing around the doctors, I finally found Professor Shels – not just a world specialist, but also a sympathetic person who carefully and thoughtfully listened to my whole story, looked at the extracts and ordered additional examinations. All diagnostics went very quickly and accurately. The treatment prescribed by Professor Schels is working, this is the most important thing.
Special thanks to accompanying Vladimir for a clear translation and assistance in resolving all issues.

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Germany, Solingen

Academic Hospital Solingen

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Pap tests and HPV: what you need to know

January 18, 2022 January 18, 2022 90 580

January – month cervical health awareness and we want to help you take control of your cervical health. More than 14,000 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer each year, but it is preventable and detectable. We spoke with one of our OB/GYNs about the right time to get a Pap smear and when you should get your human papillomavirus (HPV) shot.

What is a Pap test?

The Pap test is used to detect possible cell changes in the cervix that could lead to cancer. In the past, an annual Pap smear was recommended during an OB/GYN visit. But recommendations have changed in recent years due to medical advances that include better Pap smears and more people getting the HPV vaccine.

How is HPV related to cervical cancer? When should I get vaccinated?

Most cervical cancers are caused by HPV, according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States. Only some types of HPV infections are directly linked to cervical cancer, while others are linked to cancers of the vulva, vagina, penis, anus, mouth, and throat. The CDC recommends that children should be vaccinated against HPV at 11-12 years of age to protect them from strains that can cause cancer later in life, but anyone under the age of 45 can receive the vaccine.

What are the current recommendations for the Pap test?

Despite medical advances, it is still recommended that people with cervix start getting a Pap test when they turn 21. Between the ages of 21 and 29, if results return to normal, screening is required only once every three years. People aged 30 and over should be tested for HPV when they take a Pap smear. Persons under 30 are not tested for the virus – on average, 80% of sexually active people have it, but usually the body gets rid of the infection on its own. If the virus is not present, patients can extend the time between Pap smears up to five years. If precancerous cells or HPV are found, the doctor will recommend more frequent testing.

When can I stop getting Pap smears?

Between the ages of 21 and 65, a Pap smear should be scheduled at the time recommended by your doctor. If you have had surgery to remove your cervix and have always had a normal Pap test, you may be eligible to stop having a Pap test.