Sore throat – Symptoms & causes

Overview

A sore throat is pain, scratchiness or irritation of the throat that often worsens when you swallow. The most common cause of a sore throat (pharyngitis) is a viral infection, such as a cold or the flu. A sore throat caused by a virus resolves on its own.

Strep throat (streptococcal infection), a less common type of sore throat caused by bacteria, requires treatment with antibiotics to prevent complications. Other less common causes of sore throat might require more complex treatment.

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Symptoms

Symptoms of a sore throat can vary depending on the cause. Signs and symptoms might include:

• Pain or a scratchy sensation in the throat
• Pain that worsens with swallowing or talking
• Difficulty swallowing
• Sore, swollen glands in your neck or jaw
• Swollen, red tonsils
• White patches or pus on your tonsils
• A hoarse or muffled voice

Throat anatomy

The throat includes the esophagus; windpipe, also known as the trachea; voice box, also known as the larynx; tonsils; and epiglottis.

Infections causing a sore throat might result in other signs and symptoms, including:

• Fever
• Cough
• Runny nose
• Sneezing
• Body aches
• Headache
• Nausea or vomiting

When to see a doctor

Take your child to a doctor if your child’s sore throat doesn’t go away with the first drink in the morning, recommends the American Academy of Pediatrics.

Get immediate care if your child has severe signs and symptoms such as:

• Difficulty breathing
• Difficulty swallowing
• Unusual drooling, which might indicate an inability to swallow

If you’re an adult, see your doctor if you have a sore throat and any of the following associated problems, according to the American Academy of Otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery:

• A sore throat that is severe or lasts longer than a week
• Difficulty swallowing
• Difficulty breathing
• Difficulty opening your mouth
• Joint pain
• Earache
• Rash
• Fever higher than 101 F (38. 3 C)
• Blood in your saliva or phlegm
• Frequently recurring sore throats
• A lump in your neck
• Hoarseness lasting more than two weeks
• Swelling in your neck or face

Causes

Viruses that cause the common cold and the flu also cause most sore throats. Less often, bacterial infections cause sore throats.

Viral infections

Viral illnesses that cause a sore throat include:

• Common cold
• Flu (influenza)
• Mono (mononucleosis)
• Measles
• Chickenpox
• Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
• Croup — a common childhood illness characterized by a harsh, barking cough

Bacterial infections

Many bacterial infections can cause a sore throat. The most common is Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus) which causes strep throat.

Other causes

Other causes of a sore throat include:

• Allergies. Allergies to pet dander, molds, dust and pollen can cause a sore throat. The problem may be complicated by postnasal drip, which can irritate and inflame the throat.
• Dryness. Dry indoor air can make your throat feel rough and scratchy. Breathing through your mouth — often because of chronic nasal congestion — also can cause a dry, sore throat.
• Irritants. Outdoor air pollution and indoor pollution such as tobacco smoke or chemicals can cause a chronic sore throat. Chewing tobacco, drinking alcohol and eating spicy foods also can irritate your throat.
• Muscle strain. You can strain muscles in your throat by yelling, talking loudly or talking for long periods without rest.

• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD is a digestive system disorder in which stomach acids back up in the food pipe (esophagus).

  Other signs or symptoms may include heartburn, hoarseness, regurgitation of stomach contents and the sensation of a lump in your throat.

• HIV infection. A sore throat and other flu-like symptoms sometimes appear early after someone is infected with HIV.

  Also, someone who is HIV-positive might have a chronic or recurring sore throat due to a fungal infection called oral thrush or due to a viral infection called cytomegalovirus (CMV), which can be serious in people with compromised immune systems.

• Tumors. Cancerous tumors of the throat, tongue or voice box (larynx) can cause a sore throat. Other signs or symptoms may include hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, noisy breathing, a lump in the neck, and blood in saliva or phlegm.

Rarely, an infected area of tissue (abscess) in the throat or swelling of the small cartilage “lid” that covers the windpipe (epiglottitis) can cause a sore throat. Both can block the airway, creating a medical emergency.

Risk factors

Although anyone can get a sore throat, some factors make you more susceptible, including:

• Age. Children and teens are most likely to develop sore throats. Children ages 3 to 15 are also more likely to have strep throat, the most common bacterial infection associated with a sore throat.
• Exposure to tobacco smoke. Smoking and secondhand smoke can irritate the throat. The use of tobacco products also increases the risk of cancers of the mouth, throat and voice box.
• Allergies. Seasonal allergies or ongoing allergic reactions to dust, molds or pet dander make developing a sore throat more likely.
• Exposure to chemical irritants. Particles in the air from burning fossil fuels and common household chemicals can cause throat irritation.
• Chronic or frequent sinus infections. Drainage from your nose can irritate your throat or spread infection.
• Close quarters. Viral and bacterial infections spread easily anywhere people gather, whether in child care centers, classrooms, offices or airplanes.
• Weakened immunity. You’re more susceptible to infections in general if your resistance is low. Common causes of lowered immunity include HIV, diabetes, treatment with steroids or chemotherapy drugs, stress, fatigue, and poor diet.

Prevention

The best way to prevent sore throats is to avoid the germs that cause them and practice good hygiene. Follow these tips and teach your child to do the same:

• Wash your hands thoroughly and frequently for at least 20 seconds, especially after using the toilet, before and after eating, and after sneezing or coughing.
• Avoid touching your face. Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth.
• Avoid sharing food, drinking glasses or utensils.
• Cough or sneeze into a tissue and throw it away, and then wash your hands. When necessary, sneeze into your elbow.
• Use alcohol-based hand sanitizers as an alternative to washing hands when soap and water aren’t available.
• Avoid touching public phones or drinking fountains with your mouth.
• Regularly clean and disinfect phones, doorknobs, light switches, remotes and computer keyboards. When you travel, clean phones, light switches and remotes in your hotel room.
• Avoid close contact with people who are sick or have symptoms.

Sore throat – Symptoms & causes

Overview

A sore throat is pain, scratchiness or irritation of the throat that often worsens when you swallow. The most common cause of a sore throat (pharyngitis) is a viral infection, such as a cold or the flu. A sore throat caused by a virus resolves on its own.

Strep throat (streptococcal infection), a less common type of sore throat caused by bacteria, requires treatment with antibiotics to prevent complications. Other less common causes of sore throat might require more complex treatment.

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Symptoms

Symptoms of a sore throat can vary depending on the cause. Signs and symptoms might include:

• Pain or a scratchy sensation in the throat
• Pain that worsens with swallowing or talking
• Difficulty swallowing
• Sore, swollen glands in your neck or jaw
• Swollen, red tonsils
• White patches or pus on your tonsils
• A hoarse or muffled voice

Throat anatomy

The throat includes the esophagus; windpipe, also known as the trachea; voice box, also known as the larynx; tonsils; and epiglottis.

Infections causing a sore throat might result in other signs and symptoms, including:

• Fever
• Cough
• Runny nose
• Sneezing
• Body aches
• Headache
• Nausea or vomiting

When to see a doctor

Take your child to a doctor if your child’s sore throat doesn’t go away with the first drink in the morning, recommends the American Academy of Pediatrics.

Get immediate care if your child has severe signs and symptoms such as:

• Difficulty breathing
• Difficulty swallowing
• Unusual drooling, which might indicate an inability to swallow

If you’re an adult, see your doctor if you have a sore throat and any of the following associated problems, according to the American Academy of Otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery:

• A sore throat that is severe or lasts longer than a week
• Difficulty swallowing
• Difficulty breathing
• Difficulty opening your mouth
• Joint pain
• Earache
• Rash
• Fever higher than 101 F (38.3 C)
• Blood in your saliva or phlegm
• Frequently recurring sore throats
• A lump in your neck
• Hoarseness lasting more than two weeks
• Swelling in your neck or face

Causes

Viruses that cause the common cold and the flu also cause most sore throats. Less often, bacterial infections cause sore throats.

Viral infections

Viral illnesses that cause a sore throat include:

• Common cold
• Flu (influenza)
• Mono (mononucleosis)
• Measles
• Chickenpox
• Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
• Croup — a common childhood illness characterized by a harsh, barking cough

Bacterial infections

Many bacterial infections can cause a sore throat. The most common is Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus) which causes strep throat.

Other causes

Other causes of a sore throat include:

• Allergies. Allergies to pet dander, molds, dust and pollen can cause a sore throat. The problem may be complicated by postnasal drip, which can irritate and inflame the throat.
• Dryness. Dry indoor air can make your throat feel rough and scratchy. Breathing through your mouth — often because of chronic nasal congestion — also can cause a dry, sore throat.
• Irritants. Outdoor air pollution and indoor pollution such as tobacco smoke or chemicals can cause a chronic sore throat. Chewing tobacco, drinking alcohol and eating spicy foods also can irritate your throat.
• Muscle strain. You can strain muscles in your throat by yelling, talking loudly or talking for long periods without rest.

• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD is a digestive system disorder in which stomach acids back up in the food pipe (esophagus).

  Other signs or symptoms may include heartburn, hoarseness, regurgitation of stomach contents and the sensation of a lump in your throat.

• HIV infection. A sore throat and other flu-like symptoms sometimes appear early after someone is infected with HIV.

  Also, someone who is HIV-positive might have a chronic or recurring sore throat due to a fungal infection called oral thrush or due to a viral infection called cytomegalovirus (CMV), which can be serious in people with compromised immune systems.

• Tumors. Cancerous tumors of the throat, tongue or voice box (larynx) can cause a sore throat. Other signs or symptoms may include hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, noisy breathing, a lump in the neck, and blood in saliva or phlegm.

Rarely, an infected area of tissue (abscess) in the throat or swelling of the small cartilage “lid” that covers the windpipe (epiglottitis) can cause a sore throat. Both can block the airway, creating a medical emergency.

Risk factors

Although anyone can get a sore throat, some factors make you more susceptible, including:

• Age. Children and teens are most likely to develop sore throats. Children ages 3 to 15 are also more likely to have strep throat, the most common bacterial infection associated with a sore throat.
• Exposure to tobacco smoke. Smoking and secondhand smoke can irritate the throat. The use of tobacco products also increases the risk of cancers of the mouth, throat and voice box.
• Allergies. Seasonal allergies or ongoing allergic reactions to dust, molds or pet dander make developing a sore throat more likely.
• Exposure to chemical irritants. Particles in the air from burning fossil fuels and common household chemicals can cause throat irritation.
• Chronic or frequent sinus infections. Drainage from your nose can irritate your throat or spread infection.
• Close quarters. Viral and bacterial infections spread easily anywhere people gather, whether in child care centers, classrooms, offices or airplanes.
• Weakened immunity. You’re more susceptible to infections in general if your resistance is low. Common causes of lowered immunity include HIV, diabetes, treatment with steroids or chemotherapy drugs, stress, fatigue, and poor diet.

Prevention

The best way to prevent sore throats is to avoid the germs that cause them and practice good hygiene. Follow these tips and teach your child to do the same:

• Wash your hands thoroughly and frequently for at least 20 seconds, especially after using the toilet, before and after eating, and after sneezing or coughing.
• Avoid touching your face. Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth.
• Avoid sharing food, drinking glasses or utensils.
• Cough or sneeze into a tissue and throw it away, and then wash your hands. When necessary, sneeze into your elbow.
• Use alcohol-based hand sanitizers as an alternative to washing hands when soap and water aren’t available.
• Avoid touching public phones or drinking fountains with your mouth.
• Regularly clean and disinfect phones, doorknobs, light switches, remotes and computer keyboards. When you travel, clean phones, light switches and remotes in your hotel room.
• Avoid close contact with people who are sick or have symptoms.

types, symptoms, pathogens and diagnostic methods

Content

• 1 Types of throat infections: classification, symptoms, pathogens and diagnostic methods
  • 1.1 Throat infections: types, symptoms, diagnostic methods
    • 1.1.1 Types of throat infections 9001 0
    • 1.1.2 Symptoms of throat infections
    • 1.1.3 Diagnostic methods
  • 1.2 Throat infections: what is it?
  • 1.3 Symptoms of throat infections
  • 1.4 Classification of throat infections
  • 1.5 Types of throat infections
  • 1.6 Causes of throat infections
  • 1.7 Diagnosis of throat infections
  • 1.8 Differential diagnosis of throat infections
  • 1.9 Complications of throat infections

  900 05 1.10 Treatment of throat infections

  • 1.10.1 Antibiotics
  • 1.10.2 Antivirals
  • 1.10.3 Cough and sore throat remedies
  • 1.10.4 Mustard, warm compresses
  • 1.10.5 Ventilate and humidify the room
  • 1. 10.6 Prevention
  • 1.11 How to prevent throat infections?
  • 1.12 Ways to prevent throat infections
  • 1.13 Related videos:
  • 1.14 Q&A:
    • • 1.14.0.1 What types of throat infections can be identified?
      • 1.14.0.2 What symptoms may indicate a throat infection?
      • 1.14.0.3 What pathogens cause angina?
      • 1.14.0.4 How are throat infections diagnosed?
      • 1.14.0.5 What is pharyngitis and how is it treated?
      • 1.14.0.6 How to prevent throat infections?

The article describes the classification of throat infections: types, symptoms, pathogens and diagnostic methods. Learn how to correctly identify an infection and how to treat it.

Throat infections are common diseases of the upper respiratory tract. They present with various symptoms such as pain when swallowing, coughing, runny nose, and nasal discharge.

The classification of throat infections is based on the mechanism of development and the causes of the disease: infectious diseases can be caused by bacteria or viruses. Depending on this, treatment and diagnosis will differ.

A variety of methods are used to diagnose throat infections, including a physical examination, blood and throat tests, and the use of equipment such as endoscopes. Early diagnosis and timely treatment will help prevent complications and shorten the period of the disease.

The purpose of this article is to review the characteristics of various throat infections, the types of symptoms they cause, and methods of diagnosis and treatment.

Throat infections: types, symptoms, diagnostic methods

Types of throat infections

Throat infections are divided into several types, depending on the pathogen. One of the most common types is a viral infection that causes a cold or flu. Another popular type is bacterial infections such as sore throat, sore throat or pharyngitis. In rare cases, the throat may be affected by a fungal infection that causes throat thrush.

Symptoms of throat infections

Symptoms of throat infections may vary depending on the type of infection. However, common symptoms are sore throat, cough, scattered voice, difficulty swallowing, and white patches on the back of the throat. Patients with a bacterial infection may also experience fever, headache, and muscle pain.

Diagnosis methods

To diagnose a throat infection, the doctor examines the throat, looking for spots and swellings in the throat, and takes material for analysis. For greater accuracy, the doctor can use laboratory diagnostics based on microscopic and bacteriological examination methods.

In conclusion, the proper treatment of throat infections requires an accurate diagnosis based on symptoms and test results.

Throat infections: what is it?

Throat infections are diseases that affect the lining of the throat, usually caused by bacteria or viruses. They can lead to pain or irritation in the throat, more serious diseases such as sore throat, pharyngitis or laryngitis.

Throat infections can be caused by a variety of bacteria (eg, streptococci) and viruses (eg, influenza, common cold). Establishing a diagnosis of a throat infection may require a thorough examination by a doctor and sometimes additional laboratory tests.

Treatment for throat infections can include both drugs and non-drug treatments, from simple home remedies such as a hot drink or saline gargle to antibiotics and other drugs. In some cases, hospitalization and specialized treatment may be required.

Symptoms of throat infections

Sore throat and difficulty swallowing – usually the first signs of throat infections. Pain can be mild or severe, acute or chronic. Difficulty swallowing can lead to loss of appetite and dehydration.

Cough is one of the most common symptoms of a throat infection. The cough may be dry or mucus, prolonged or short-term. Cough can be caused by various pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Fever is another of the most common symptoms of throat infections. The fever may be mild or severe and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as weakness, headache, and loss of appetite.

Swelling of the lymph nodes – possible with a number of throat infections, especially in children. Lymph nodes in the neck may be tender and enlarged, indicating that the body is fighting an infection.

Sensation of a lump in the throat or peeling – this sensation may result from irritation of the throat with an infection. They may not cause pain, but they can still be very uncomfortable and interfere with normal daily activities such as swallowing and talking.

Classification of throat infections

Throat infections can be caused by various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Depending on the pathogen, throat infections are divided into several types:

• Viral throat infections – are caused by viruses and are the most common. They are accompanied by a burning pain syndrome, runny nose, cough, eye pain and headache.
• Bacterial throat infections – caused by bacteria and can lead to a purulent infection. These include diseases such as tonsillitis, streptococcal pharyngitis, etc.
• Fungal infections of the throat – are caused by fungi and lead to the appearance of a white coating on the tongue and throat mucosa.
• Parasitic infections of the throat – Caused by parasites and manifested as itchy throat, swelling and pain when swallowing.

For a correct diagnosis of throat infections, it is necessary to consult an otorhinolaryngologist, who will perform an examination and possibly order laboratory tests (eg bacteriological cultures). After a diagnosis based on the type and severity of the infection, a doctor may prescribe specific treatment, such as antiviral or antibacterial drugs, antifungals, or antiparasitic drugs.

Types of throat infections

Throat infections are a group of diseases that cause inflammation in the throat area. They can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi. Different types of throat infections have unique symptoms and pathogens and require different methods of diagnosis and treatment.

1. Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the back of the throat. It can be caused by both viruses and bacteria. Symptoms include: sore throat, cough, fever, and body aches.
2. Laryngitis is an inflammation of the vocal cords that is often caused by viruses. It can cause hoarseness or loss of voice, discomfort, and soreness in the throat.
3. Angina is an acute bacterial inflammation of the tonsils often caused by group A streptococci. Symptoms include: inflammation of the tonsils, white spots on the tonsils, sore throat, fever, and headache.

For a correct diagnosis of throat infections, it is necessary to consult a doctor. They may perform a physical examination, take samples for laboratory testing to identify the causative agent and prescribe appropriate treatment.

Throat infections

Throat infections can be caused by various types of viruses and bacteria. Some of them often lead to painful symptoms such as throat and nasopharynx and compromise overall health.

Streptococcal throat infection is caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes and can lead to purulent sore throat, high fever, headache and severe sore throat.

The influenza virus can also cause sore throat, which may cause burning and fever.

The cold virus can cause sore throat and nasopharyngeal symptoms that can last for several days.

Whooping cough bacteria Bordetella pertussis causes a severe cough attack and painful symptoms in the throat.

Throat infections are diagnosed by a doctor examining the throat and performing laboratory tests.

Pathogen Symptoms

9020 7 Bordetella pertussis

Streptococcus pyogenes0208
Flu virus	Burning throat, fever
Cold virus	Sore throat and nasopharynx
Severe cough attack, sore throat symptoms

Diagnosis of throat infections

The diagnosis of throat infections is an important step in determining treatment, as different types of infections require a different approach. The methods described below help to identify the causative agent of the disease and choose the right treatment.

• Physical exam : doctor checks pharynx, tonsils, back of throat, and body temperature. This allows you to assess the presence of inflammatory processes in the throat and determine the degree of their severity.
• Blood test : complete blood test shows the presence of inflammation in the body, as well as its possible reduction after treatment.
• Microbiological tests : determination of the type of pathogen is carried out by inoculation of isolated bacteria in the laboratory. This allows you to choose the most effective antibacterial drug.
• Immunological tests : determination of the presence of a specific antibody to a specific infectious agent helps to establish an accurate diagnosis and choose the appropriate treatment.

Your doctor may also order other tests, depending on the symptoms and severity of the disease. It is important to see a doctor at the first sign of a throat infection for timely diagnosis and treatment.

Differential diagnosis of throat infections

Throat infections are diseases that cause inflammation of the throat and surrounding tissues. Differential diagnosis of these infections is based on the nature of the symptoms, the type of pathogen and the results of laboratory tests.

Viral throat infections often begin with a runny nose and sore throat accompanied by a cough. They often cause headache, weakness and fatigue. Enlarged lymph nodes are a common symptom of viral infections. The viruses that cause this infection can be found in biopsy specimens and sputum.

Bacterial infections of the throat begin with a significant increase in body temperature, sore throat, which then spread to the ear. Bacterial throat infections also often cause headaches, nausea, and vomiting. Bacteria can be detected using biopsy specimens or sputum.

• Streptococcal angina is a bacterial infection caused by streptococcus.
• Diphtheria is a bacterial infection caused by the bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
• Candidiasis of the throat is a fungal infection caused by Candida albicans.

Acute pharyngitis is a common throat condition that can be caused by either a viral or bacterial infection. Symptoms include sore throat, runny nose and cough. To determine the type of infection, it is necessary to conduct laboratory tests.

Complications of throat infections

Peritonsillar abscess is an acute purulent inflammation of the tissues of the pharynx, which is a severe complication of angina. Symptoms are severe pain in the throat, lack of appetite, fever, and possible breathing problems. Diagnosis requires computed tomography or ultrasound.

Epiglottitis is a severe, acute throat infection that causes redness, inflammation, and swelling of the larynx and epiglottis. Symptoms include severe difficulty breathing, loud and noisy exhalation, severe pain when swallowing, and elevated body temperature. X-rays and laboratory tests are used for diagnosis.

Reactive arthritis is a rare complication of purulent throat infections that can lead to inflammation of the joints and other tissues. Symptoms may include joint and muscle pain, fever, and general symptoms of a throat infection. For diagnosis, laboratory tests and examination of the joints are carried out.

• Reactive mononucleosis is a severe complication of throat infections that can lead to inflammation of the spleen, liver, and other internal organs. Symptoms include high body temperature, severe headaches, sudden deterioration in health. For diagnosis, laboratory tests and examination of internal organs are used.

Treatment of throat infections

Antibiotics

In the case of a bacterial infection of the throat, a course of antibiotics may be prescribed. Their choice depends on the causative agent of the disease, its sensitivity to different drugs and the age of the patient.

Antibiotics should be taken exactly as directed and recommended by your doctor. If the dosage regimen is observed, usually after a few days, relief of the condition and a decrease in temperature are noticeable.

Antivirals

In case of a viral throat infection, antivirals are used. They can shorten the duration of illness and reduce the severity of symptoms, but it must be borne in mind that the effectiveness of such drugs depends on the time they are taken and the types of viral pathogens.

Cough and sore throat remedies

Syrups, solutions, lozenges, tablets containing various active ingredients can be used to alleviate severe coughs and sore throats. Some of them may have an anti-inflammatory and relaxing effect, such as eucalyptus oil, menthol, salicylates, lysozyme.

Mustard, warm compresses

If the disease is not accompanied by high fever, various mustard and warm compresses can be applied to the throat, chest and back. They can help relax muscles, make breathing easier, improve circulation, and reduce swelling.

Ventilate and humidify the room

In addition to medical treatment, it is important not to forget about simple measures that can help speed up recovery. In particular, it is necessary to regularly ventilate the room and ensure sufficient air humidity, for example, using humidifiers.

Prevention

To avoid recurrent infections of the throat, it is necessary to maintain good personal hygiene, avoid contact with the sick, smoke less or not at all, strengthen the immune system through proper nutrition, exercise and avoiding bad habits. In case of frequent recurrences of throat infections, you should consult a doctor for additional examination and special treatment.

How to prevent throat infections?

Throat infections occur when microorganisms enter the throat and begin to multiply, causing inflammation. To prevent throat infections, you need to take some precautions.

• Wash your hands frequently. Washing your hands regularly helps reduce the risk of contracting viruses or bacteria.
• Avoid contact with people who are sick. If the person has a throat infection, ask them to wear a mask or limit contact.
• Do not share personal items. Do not share a toothbrush, towel, or glass with someone who has a throat infection.
• Eat right. Foods rich in vitamins and minerals help maintain a healthy immune system.

Remember that prevention is better than cure. If you feel the first symptoms of a throat infection, see your doctor and start treatment as soon as possible. Do not self-medicate, it can worsen your condition.

Ways to prevent a throat infection

1. Practice good hygiene

Throat infections are most often transmitted through airborne droplets and contact with infected objects. To avoid infection, follow the rules of hygiene: wash your hands regularly, avoid contact with sick people, do not use other people’s items for food and drink.

2. Strengthen your immune system

A strong immune system helps the body fight infections. To strengthen it, exercise regularly, eat right, drink water and avoid stress.

3. Avoid cold and heat

Cold and heat weaken the body and can lead to throat infections. Therefore, keep an eye on the temperature in the room and when communicating outside, do not forget to wear clothes suitable for the weather.

4. Ventilate the room regularly

Ventilate the room regularly to prevent the accumulation of harmful microorganisms in the room. This will not only help to avoid getting a throat infection, but also improve the air quality in the room.

5. Take care of your health

If you have symptoms of a throat infection or other illness, contact your doctor immediately. Timely treatment will help to avoid complications and return to normal life faster.

Related videos:

Q&A:

What types of throat infections can be distinguished?

Depending on the pathogen, infections caused by bacteria (for example, tonsillitis, pharyngitis), viruses (SARS, influenza), fungi (candidiasis stomatitis), as well as infections caused by a combination of these pathogens can be distinguished.

What symptoms might indicate a throat infection?

The most characteristic symptoms include pain when swallowing, fever, cough, plaque on the tongue and tonsils, itching and burning in the throat, and general well-being.

What pathogens cause angina?

Angina is most commonly caused by group A streptococci. Less commonly, staphylococci, pneumococci and Haemophilus influenzae can be pathogens.

How are throat infections diagnosed?

To diagnose a bacterial infection of the throat, a bacteriological examination of a swab from the tonsils is necessary. To diagnose viral infections, such as SARS or influenza, a general blood test and / or PCR diagnostics is sufficient. Candidal stomatitis is diagnosed by smear microscopy and bacteriological culture.

What is pharyngitis and how is it treated?

Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the back of the throat. Treatment of pharyngitis depends on its form and the causative agent of the infection. In the case of a bacterial infection, antibiotics are usually prescribed. Hot drinks, gargles with antiseptics, and, if necessary, treatment of symptoms are also recommended.

How to prevent throat infections?

To prevent throat infections, it is necessary to maintain oral hygiene, regularly ventilate rooms, avoid contact with sick people, strengthen immunity through proper nutrition and regular physical activity.

Throat infections, their types, symptoms and treatment

Contents

• Species
• Symptoms
• Causes of infection
• Diagnosis
• Treatment of throat infections
• Prevention
• Useful video about one of the factors in the development of infections of the throat and nose

Every day the human body encounters many pathogens. And not every immune system is able to withstand this attack. Throat infections are among the most common diseases.

Bacteria, viruses and fungi can be infectious agents. Getting on the mucous membrane of the throat, they multiply and attack the cells of the body, provoking an inflammatory process. The type of pathogen in the throat depends on the symptoms of the disease, their severity and treatment.

Species

The following infections most commonly affect the throat.

Viral infection of the throat

From the name it is obvious that the infection factors are viruses – non-cellular microflora. To begin reproduction and activity, viruses need living cells of the body. Different viruses prefer strictly defined cells. For example, the flu virus loves the cells of the larynx, which is why this disease is not without a sore throat.

It is also worth noting that viruses, invading living cells, change their structure in such a way that they themselves begin to multiply pathogenic microflora and lose the ability to function correctly.

Outwardly, this manifests itself in the following symptoms of a viral throat infection:

• discomfort and sore throat,
• hyperemia (redness) of the pharynx,
• general weakness,
• fever, etc.

Any virus that infects the throat causes almost the same clinical picture of the disease, so the treatment will be similar.

Bacterial throat infection

Bacterial microflora, in contrast to the viral one, is a fully formed and self-sufficient form of cellular life. That is, for a disease to occur, it is enough for pathogenic bacteria to enter favorable conditions for reproduction. And the pharyngeal mucosa correspond to these conditions.

Most often, bacterial infections in the throat occur due to streptococci, pneumococci, staphylococci, pertussis and diphtheria bacilli, etc. The danger of these pathogenic bacteria is that many of them produce exo- and endotoxins. Treatment of bacterial infections in the throat should be started as soon as possible, as the complications of the disease can be severe.

Fungal infection of the throat

This type of infection is much less common than the previous two. A fungal infection of the throat is not primary, more often it is the result of another disease that has gone into an exacerbation stage or has reached a certain severity.

Infection is usually caused by a yeast or mold and is easily mistaken for a bacterial infection at first. A diagnostic smear from the throat will help to clarify the causative agent of the infection. An analysis carried out in the laboratory will determine not only the type of infection, but also further treatment tactics.

See also: Runny nose inhaler

Symptoms

In an infection in the throat, symptoms will develop if the full mechanism of infection is followed:

• presence of an infectious agent,
• transmission path,
• susceptibility of the organism to infection.

The source of infection is a person with an acute course of the disease or a carrier of the infection. Transmission routes for throat infections are limited to airborne, food and contact. It directly depends on the susceptibility of the body whether a person will fall ill in principle, and what degree of severity of the disease he will have.

After the penetration of pathogenic microflora into the body, the first symptoms of infection will not appear immediately. This moment is called incubation.

All throat infections have common signs of intoxication – headache, general weakness, muscle aches and chills. At the same time, body temperature may rise. Then there are specific signs characteristic of a particular type of pathogen, for example, sore throat, rhinitis, cough, etc.

A viral infection is characterized by catarrhal inflammation of the throat and the presence of clear mucous discharge from the nasopharynx.

A bacterial infection of the throat usually presents with a high fever, severe pain with a purulent coating in the pharynx, and nasal congestion is usually absent.

Individual diseases can proceed in quite specific ways: for example, whooping cough is characterized by debilitating bouts of coughing, and diphtheria by the formation of films in the head and larynx, which can cause spasm of the upper respiratory tract and an asthma attack.

Fungal infections of the throat can occur both acutely and for a long time, manifesting as a cheesy coating in the mouth and throat, causing dryness and burning of the affected tissues. More about the causes of plaque in the throat →

Causes of infection

Causes of throat infection are factors that increase a person’s susceptibility to these diseases:

• Age. Throat infections are more common in children and adolescents. Adults get sick twice as often.
• Smoking, including passive smoking. Tobacco smoke contains a lot of harmful chemical elements that violate the local immunity of the pharynx and nasopharynx.
• Allergy. People suffering from any type of allergy (seasonal, food) have a sore throat more often than healthy people.
• Chemical irritants. Household chemicals, fuel combustion particles and much more can irritate the throat mucosa, reducing the protective barrier.
• Chronic infections of the nasal cavity (sinusitis) can permanently lead to infection of the throat.
• Neglect of personal hygiene standards. Frequent and thorough hand washing can prevent any infection.
• Weak immunity. Insufficient immune protection makes the body more susceptible to any kind of infection. Poor and monotonous nutrition, overwork, chemotherapy of tumor diseases, diabetes mellitus, hormone therapy, etc. negatively affect the immune system.

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Diagnosis

Diagnosis is made on the basis of patient complaints, examination results and additional examination methods, in particular instrumental ones. In dealing with any infection of the throat, in the first place, he prescribes a general blood test, in which the leukocyte formula is of particular importance. With its help, you can determine the type of pathogen – a virus or a bacterium.

In most cases, mandatory throat swabs are practiced. The fence is made with a sterile cotton swab or swab. A smear for microscopy will show what prevails in the focus of infection – fungal or bacterial flora. In the future, the smear can be used for artificial colonization of bacteria or fungi, in order to determine their sensitivity to medications.

Treatment of throat infections

Treatment of a bacterial throat infection requires medical attention. The specialist prescribes antibiotics of the penicillin group (Sumamed, Amoxicillin), lincosamides (Dalacin, Lincomycin), macrolides (Azithromycin, Josamycin) or cephalosporins (Cefuroxin), the course of which is important to drink to the end, even if the symptoms of the disease pass earlier. Read more about taking antibiotics for angina →

In addition to antibiotic therapy, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed to reduce high fever and eliminate sore throat (Ibuprofen, Paracetamol). It is also indicated by the use of sprays with an antiseptic effect (Tantum Verde, Hexoral), frequent rinsing of the pharynx with the use of Furacilin. More about antiseptics for the throat →

Viral throat infections are treated almost on the same principle as bacterial ones, only instead of antibiotics, the doctor will prescribe antiviral drugs – Cycloferon, Kagocel, etc.

Treatment of a fungal infection of the throat should be comprehensive. The disease is treated taking into account a specific pathogen. The course of treatment also depends on the nature of the symptomatic picture. Antifungal medications are prescribed topically (Fluconazole, Clotrimazole), in severe cases – systemically in the form of tablets and injections.

Specific antifungal therapy should be supplemented with topical antiseptics, such as sprays and solutions intended for gargling. When a bacterial infection is attached, antibiotics are indicated. In addition, it is important to pay attention to immunomodulatory treatment, vitamin therapy and the prevention of intestinal dysbacteriosis.

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Also, for fungal infections of the throat, physiotherapy is prescribed: electrophoresis, ultraviolet and laser. During the disease, you need to follow a diet that excludes foods that irritate and injure inflamed tissues (salty, spicy, too hot dishes). With candidiasis of the pharynx and oral cavity, it is recommended to give up sweets and pastries made from white flour. Rinse your mouth after eating.

Prevention

It is impossible to protect yourself from throat infections, but it is quite possible to minimize the chances of infection. –> For this you need:

• Quit smoking . Tobacco smoke weakens the local immune defense of the mucous membrane of the throat and nasopharynx, making them susceptible to the influence of external pathogenic factors.
• Diet varied . A poor diet leads to the fact that the body receives less than the necessary vitamins and minerals. That’s why doctors insist on a varied diet, with particular emphasis on foods fortified with vitamin C – they strengthen the immune system.
• Humidify the microclimate at home . Along with the heating season, dry air comes into our homes, which irritates the mucous membrane of the throat and nasopharynx. This can lead to the formation of microtraumas on their surface, which in the future will become the entrance gate for infection. A decorative fountain, a household air humidifier, or just a damp sheet or towel on a radiator will help solve the problem of humidification.
• Maintain hygiene . According to experts, infectious pathogens most often enter our body with unwashed hands. Washing your hands frequently will keep you from getting sick.
• Take a multivitamin during cold season . With the onset of the cold season, as well as with persistent ENT infections, it is recommended to start taking multivitamins and immunomodulators that will improve the state of the immune system.