Thrombosis | Blood Disorders

You have thrombosis [throm-BOH-sis] when you have a blood clot in your body. Another word for a blood clot is a thrombus.
A blood clot can be superficial [soo-per-FISH-uhl] if it is near the surface of the skin. Sometimes a superficial clot will move deeper. Other times, a blood clot will form in the deep tissues, and that is called deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Most of the time, a DVT is a blood clot deep in the leg.

DVTs are dangerous. They can damage the valves in your veins, leading to chronic pain and swelling. They can also break loose and travel in your veins.
A blood clot that has broken loose is called an embolism [EM-buh-liz-um]. If it has travelled to the lungs, it is called a pulmonary [PUHL-moh-ner-ee] embolism or PE. A PE can be life threatening.

Often deep vein thrombosis has no noticeable symptoms. If you do have symptoms, they can include:

• Pain in the affected area (such as a leg)
• Swelling in the affected area
• Redness or warmth in the affected area

Sometimes the first noticeable symptoms are from a pulmonary embolism. These symptoms can include:

• Shortness of breath that comes on suddenly
• Chest pain that gets worse when you breathe deeply or cough
• Coughing or vomiting blood

If you experience symptoms of pulmonary embolism, call 911 and get medical help immediately.

You should seek medical help right away if you have symptoms of thrombosis, including deep vein thrombosis:

• Pain or tenderness in one leg when walking or standing
• Swelling in one calf, ankle, foot, or thigh
• Redness or warmth in part of your leg

Call 911 if you have any of these signs of pulmonary embolism:

• Shortness of breath that comes on suddenly
• Chest pain that gets worse when you breathe deeply or cough
• Coughing or vomiting blood

Blood clots can be caused by anything that slows or stops the flow of blood in your body. This can include inactivity, surgery, injury, or inherited factors. Risk factors include:

• Sitting for a long time, such as when you are driving or flying
• Long periods of bedrest, as when hospitalized or paralyzed
• Injury to a deep vein from surgery, a broken bone, or other trauma
• Birth control pills
• Hormone replacement therapy
• Cancer and some of its treatments
• Heart failure
• Pacemaker or catheter in a central vein
• Being overweight or obese
• Smoking
• Personal or family history of DVT or embolism
• Pregnancy and the first 6 weeks after giving birth

There are two main reasons you are at higher risk during pregnancy and the first 6 weeks after giving birth:

• Hormones in your body make your blood more likely to clot than normal.
• Slower blood flow (from your expanding uterus pressing on your blood vessels and from being less physically active) also promotes blood clotting.

Your risk of DVT is increased further if you’re on bed rest during pregnancy or recovering from a C-section (cesarean section) birth.

If your doctor suspects you have DVT, you may be given one or more of these tests:

• Ultrasound. Sound waves are used to measure the blood flow through your veins and to identify any blood clots.
• Venogram. An x-ray is taken to produce an image of your veins and to identify blood clots.
• CT or MRI scans. Computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide images of the inside of the body, including the veins.
• Blood tests. Your blood may be tested for an inherited blood clotting disorder. It may also be tested for a substance called D-dimer, which is usually present in patients with blood clots. If you don’t have it, your symptoms are probably not caused by a blood clot.

DVT needs to be treated right away. The goal of treatment for DVT is to prevent the blood clot from getting bigger or becoming an embolism (breaking off and traveling toward the lungs). Treatment also aims to keep you from getting more blood clots. Your treatment may include one or more of the following:

• Self-care. Your doctor may recommend that you:
  • Elevate your leg.
  • Apply a heating pad for 20 minutes every 2 hours.
  • Limit your walking, physical work, and lifting.
• Compression stockings. These can reduce the swelling that happens after a blood clot forms in your leg. The stockings are tighter near the ankle and looser near the top. This helps keep your blood from pooling and clotting.
• Blood thinner medications. These medications (also called anticoagulants [an-tee-koh-AG-yuh-lunts]) reduce your blood’s ability to clot. They can’t break up clots you already have, but they can prevent them from getting bigger. They can also prevent new clots from forming. They’re usually taken for at least 3 months.
• Clot busters. These medications (also called thrombolytics) are given to break up blood clots. Because they can cause severe bleeding, they’re only given in very serious situations.
• Filters. If you cannot take medications, you may have a small filter inserted into a large vein in the abdomen called the vena cava. If a blood clot breaks off, this will reduce the chance of it traveling to the lungs.

If you’re at risk of having DVT or emboli, or have had one before, take these measures to help prevent having one in the future:

• Have regular checkups with your doctor. Make sure your prescriptions are still correct.
• Take all your medicine as prescribed.
• If you’ve been in bed after surgery or an illness, get up and walk around as soon as possible.
• If you have to sit for a long time, stand up and walk around every hour. Stretch your legs and feet every 20 minutes while sitting. Drink plenty of water.
• Modify your lifestyle to improve your overall health. Maintain a healthy weight, quit smoking, and control your blood pressure.

If you are on bed rest or recovering from a C-section, your care team may suggest these preventive steps:

• Sequential compression device (SCD). This device helps prevent DVT by gently squeezing your legs in sequence. This speeds circulation in your veins. Make sure your SCD is on your legs and that it is turned on for as long as you are confined to your bed. You may find the device noisy and perhaps a bit hot, but it’s important.
• Medication. You may need to take an anticoagulant, a blood thinning medicine. It can help prevent clots from forming or getting bigger.

All pregnant women and women recovering from childbirth should follow these general measures for preventing DVT:

• If you have to sit for a long time, stretch your legs and feet every 20 minutes. Get up and walk around every hour. (Note: This does not apply to women on bed rest.)
• Drink plenty of water.
• Follow your doctor’s or midwife’s advice about exercise and lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking.
• Keep all of your scheduled visits with your doctor or midwife.

Thrombosis happens when you have a blood clot in your body. A blood clot can be superficial (near the surface of the skin). Sometimes a superficial clot will move deeper. Sometimes a blood clot will form in the deep tissues. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a dangerous blood clot in the body’s deep tissues, usually in the leg. An embolism is a blood clot that has broken loose and can travel in your veins. If it reaches your lungs, it can be life threatening.

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Blood clot in a vein (venous thrombosis)

Developing a blood clot in a vein is a serious, potentially fatal, medical condition. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a blood clot that develops within a deep vein in the body, usually in the leg. This page has information on what causes blood clots and ways to help prevent them.

About blood clots in a vein 

A blood clot in a vein is known as venous thrombosis.

If the blood clot, or part of it breaks away, it can travel through the bloodstream, causing blockage in an artery.  This is known as venous thromboembolism (VTE) and is a serious medical condition.

If the clot travels in the bloodstream to the lungs, this causes a pulmonary embolism (PE), and this can be fatal.

Although serious, most blood clots can be avoided. The key is to be aware if you’re at risk and take some simple preventative steps.

This article is about blood clots in veins. If you want information on blood clots in arteries, which is a common cause of heart attack and stroke, see the page on arterial thrombosis.

How to tell if you have a blood clot 

Before leaving hospital, you should be told about anything you need to look out for that could suggest you’ve developed a blood clot.

Symptoms of a blood clot can include:

• cramping pain, redness, warmth, or swelling in one of your legs – these are symptoms of DVT
• breathlessness, chest pain, fainting or coughing up blood – these are symptoms of a pulmonary embolism

If you develop symptoms of a blood clot, see your GP or go to your nearest emergency department as soon as possible.

Blood clots can be treated if they’re spotted in time. Read more about treating blood clots.

Who can get a blood clot

Anyone can get a blood clot, but you’re more at risk if you can’t move around much or if you’re unwell.

Most blood clots actually develop during or just after a stay in hospital.

Your risk is also increased if you:

• are unable to move around – for example, after an operation or sitting on a long haul flight
• are over 60 years old
• are overweight or obese
• have had a blood clot before
• are having hormone treatment – for example, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or taking a contraceptive pill
• are pregnant or have recently given birth
• are dehydrated
• have heart failure
• have cancer or are having cancer treatment
• suffering severe infection
• have a condition that causes your blood to clot more easily than normal, such as antiphospholipid syndrome

Reducing your risk of blood clots in hospital 

There are things you and the medical professionals looking after you can do before, during and after a hospital stay to minimise your risk of developing a blood clot.

Before coming into hospital

You can help yourself before coming into hospital by:

• trying to lose any excess weight
• keeping as mobile as you can
• talking to your doctor if you take HRT or the combined contraceptive pill – you may need to stop them a few weeks before your operation

While in hospital

While you’re in hospital, you will reduce your chances of a blood clot if you:

• drink plenty of fluids to keep hydrated
• wear your compression stockings day and night (except when you’re washing)
• wear any other compression devices you’ve been given
• take any blood-thinning medicines you’ve been offered
• get up and move around as soon as you’re advised to

After leaving hospital

You’re still at risk of developing a blood clot in the days and weeks after leaving hospital. So you might be advised to continue preventative measures for a short period. Your care team will discuss this with you before you are discharged.

You may be given compression stockings to wear until you are fully mobile. You may need to keep using anticoagulants for several weeks. You should also take care to stay as mobile as possible and keep yourself well hydrated.

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Blood clots in the veins of the legs – a danger to your health!

Many of us have heard that blood clots are dangerous to health and even to life. Is it possible to prevent their formation? Is it possible to recognize before the trouble occurs? It is possible, but for this you need to know the signs of the disease and be sure to seek help from a doctor.

Formation of a blood clot

First you need to figure out what exactly causes the formation of a blood clot. Often this is a consequence of damage to the vessel wall or its inflammation. As a result, the blood coagulation system begins to work more actively, and a blood clot forms near the inner wall of the vein. Over time, it spreads, closing the lumen of the vessel from the inside.

It must be remembered that the primary cause of blood clots can be varicose veins, which cause inflammation of the veins. Since most of us face varicose veins sooner or later, do not forget about the dangerous consequences of this disease.

The formation of blood clots can be a consequence of a malfunction of the blood coagulation system, and then blood clots form not in superficial, but in deep veins. The main risk factors here are smoking, weight gain, taking oral contraceptives and other hormonal changes, older age, and others.

Blood clots in blood vessels: why is it dangerous?

Closure of the lumen of the vein is dangerous by circulatory disorders. In some cases, the spread of a thrombus leads to complete closure of the vessel, and blood flow through it stops. If this happens with superficial veins, the function of blood supply is taken over by deep vessels. If a blood clot has formed in a deep vein, taking blood-thinning medications, wearing compression stockings, or, in some cases, surgery may help.

Why does a blood clot come off?

In addition to blood clots that are “attached” to the walls of blood vessels, there are other types of blood clots. In particular, in places of active blood circulation, such blood clots appear that are attached to the vessel wall at only one point. They are called floating and pose a serious threat to the life and health of the patient.

The main reason why a blood clot comes off is active blood circulation. The clot, which is in the lumen of the vessel, begins to move and, as a result, can enter the pulmonary artery. This is the most dangerous scenario.
If blood clots form in the tributaries of vessels that have a small diameter, they are less dangerous. Usually they adhere more closely to the vein wall and gradually spread.

How to recognize a blood clot?

There are a number of signs indicating that blood clots may have formed in the superficial veins:

• redness and induration in the area of ​​the vein
• pain that is especially pronounced when walking
• possible increase in limb temperature

If blood clots form in deep veins, this is also accompanied by pain, but the limb becomes pale, cyanotic. Edema appears.

If you experience similar symptoms, contact your doctor immediately. The formation and spread of a blood clot poses a threat to life, so treatment should be started as soon as possible.

It is impossible to cope with a blood clot on your own, at home. Therapy in this case is prescribed by a doctor, and then a mandatory treatment of varicose veins is carried out. This is what serves as an effective prevention of the formation of blood clots in the vessels in the future

Arterial thrombosis – diagnosis and treatment at the medical center “Andreev hospitals”

Thrombosis (novolat. thrombosis – coagulation from other Greek. θρ?μβος – clot) – the occurrence of blood clots that block the normal flow of blood through the vessel.

Causes of arterial thrombosis

It develops due to the fact that with closed injuries of the vascular endothelium, the formation of an atherosclerotic plaque gradually occurs, and when it is fragmented (destroyed), the particles of this plaque are carried by the blood flow and clog a vessel of a smaller diameter, which leads to a cessation of blood supply to any area and the development of tissue ischemia. .

As it became known thanks to the research of scientists, thrombosis can occur not only in the veins, but also in the arteries. The occurrence of arterial thrombosis in young people is almost zero, because. atherosclerosis factor is not so significant.

Symptoms of thrombosis (embolism) of arteries

A symptom of thrombosis in the first place is severe pain in the place where blood cannot flow. Over time, the color of the skin in the affected area may change, the patient’s temperature drops, the sensitivity of the skin decreases, he feels a general malaise. With blockage of blood vessels in the intestinal area, the patient may experience nausea or vomiting, a swollen stomach, and stool disorders. It happens that the affected area is the limbs, so it becomes difficult or completely impossible to move them. The legs of a person turn white, and below the area where a blood clot may have stuck, there is no pulsation of the arteries.

When the vessels in the kidney area (renal arteries) are blocked, the patient develops a clinic of renal colic.

Often embolism of large vessels is accompanied by hemodynamic disturbances (falling blood pressure, tachycardia) and signs of shock.

Diagnostics of thrombosis (embolism) of arteries

As a rule, in order to diagnose the disease, it is necessary to undergo various examination methods:

• The most important method for diagnosing this pathology is Doppler ultrasound of the arteries
• Angiography
• MRI
• APTT
• Thrombosed test

Treatment of arterial thrombosis

After the examinations, the doctor should prescribe the patient a diet low in cholesterol, as well as drugs that tend to lower LDL levels:

• Anticoagulants,
• Antiplatelet agents
• Drugs that inhibit platelet aggregation
• Fibrates
• Statins
• Inhibitors that interfere with intestinal absorption of cholesterol

Prevention of arterial thrombosis

Precautionary methods in order not to get sick with thrombosis are, first of all, an annual examination by a doctor for arterial thrombosis.