Thrombosis (Blood Clots) | Boston Children’s Hospital

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Thrombosis is a blood clot that develops within veins or sometimes arteries in the body. Thrombosis may be serious or inconvenient but often occurs as a complication of a procedure, medication, or other disease. If left untreated a thrombosis can cause long-term problems; such as chronic swelling, pain, or even permanent damage to internal organs.

Thrombophilia refers to anything that increases one’s tendency to develop blood clots. Thrombosis in children is uncommon and is most often seen in children with complex medical problems or procedures. Thrombophilia can be considered the opposite of hemophilia, a disorder that prevents blood from clotting.

How is thrombophilia classified?

Thrombophilia refers to a group of disorders that increases a child’s tendency to develop dangerous blood clots. There are two main types of thrombophilia:

• Inherited thrombophilia is caused by certain genetic conditions.
• Acquired thrombophilia is caused by lifestyle factors or medical conditions, including immobility, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, trauma, smoking, or oral contraceptive use.

How we care for thrombosis

Children and young adults with blood clots are treated through the Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s Thrombosis and Anticoagulation Program. Through our unique program, we can quickly identify children who need anticoagulation medications (or “blood-thinners”) using established monitoring and risk identification guidelines. Children outside of the hospital visit our outpatient center staffed by pediatric hematologists and pediatric hematology nurse practitioners with specialized expertise in the diagnosis and treatment of thrombosis.

Our areas of research for thrombosis

For many children with rare or hard-to-treat conditions, clinical trials provide new options. Participation in any clinical trial is completely voluntary. We will take care to fully explain all elements of the treatment plan prior to the start of the trial, and you may remove your child from the medical study at any time. Currently, our hematology team is studying several new oral blood thinners in children for treatment and prevention of blood clots. We are also involved in an international study of the length of anticoagulation needed to treat thrombosis. Your hematologist may mention opportunities to participate in these studies, but you should feel free to ask about current research studies relevant to your child.

Researchers at Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s perform scientific and clinical research on platelets and related aspects of hemostasis and thrombosis. A particular focus is antiplatelet therapy, including the characterization of:

• how newly discovered molecules and mechanisms could help control platelets and clotting
• how antiplatelet drugs affect normal blood clotting (coagulation) and aspects of the immune system (e. g., inflammation)
• the relationship between the strength of antiplatelet treatments and the balance between thrombosis (uncontrolled clotting) and hemorrhage (uncontrolled bleeding)
• how tests of platelet function could help guide antiplatelet therapy in the clinic

Thrombosis | Symptoms & Causes

What are the symptoms of thrombosis?

Thrombosis symptoms in children can vary significantly depending on the size and location of the blood clot, and each child may experience symptoms differently. A thrombosis may occur anywhere in a child’s body, but most are in the legs or arms (deep-vein thrombosis or DVT) or lungs (pulmonary embolism). Other types of thrombosis include sinus venous thrombosis and arterial thrombosis.

Children with a thrombosis in the legs or arms may have the following symptoms:

• swelling
• pain
• redness and warmth
• low-grade fever
• in some cases, you may even be able feel the clot, like a knot or rope under the skin

If a child has a pulmonary embolism, they may experience:

• chest pain
• shortness of breath, often beginning suddenly

A pulmonary embolus is a life-threatening medical emergency, and you should seek help immediately if you suspect this condition in your child.

It is important to understand that some thrombosis symptoms may resemble those of other more common medical problems. Because some of these symptoms can also point to other conditions, it’s important to have your child evaluated by a qualified medical professional for an accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment. If you have a family history of thrombosis, it is important to bring this up during evaluation for these symptoms.

What causes thrombosis?

There are three categories of causes of thrombosis: damage to the blood vessel (catheter or surgery), slowed blood flow (immobility), and/or thrombophilia (if the blood itself is more likely to clot).

Causes of thrombosis depend on whether your child has inherited or acquired thrombosis. Inherited thrombophilia is caused by certain genetic conditions while acquired thrombophilia is caused by lifestyle factors or medical conditions.

Possible factors for acquired thrombophilia include:

• immobility
• obesity
• sedentary lifestyle
• trauma

In teens and adults, risk factors also may include smoking or oral contraceptive use. Some patients with chronic inflammation or rheumatologic disorders may develop antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, a disorder where antibodies produced by the patient cause thrombosis to occur.

Thrombosis | Diagnosis & Treatments

How is thrombosis diagnosed?

The first step in treating your child is forming an accurate and complete diagnosis. If thrombosis is suspected, imaging is done to confirm the diagnosis and to define where the blood clot starts and ends. Thrombosis is sometimes found accidentally but mostly because patients develop signs and symptoms of a blood clot. 

If your child is suspected of having a thrombosis, diagnostic tests may include:

• a physical examination to evaluate symptoms of a blood clot
• ultrasound, an imaging technique that uses high frequency sound waves and their echoes to make images of the inside of your child’s body
• magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), an imaging exam that uses a large magnet, radio waves, and a computer to produce two- and three-dimensional images of your child’s body’s organs, tissues, and bones
• computed tomography (CT or CAT) scan, a non-invasive procedure that uses X-ray equipment and computers to create detailed, cross-sectional images of your child’s body
• analysis of blood samples to evaluate whether your child’s blood is clotting normally and identify any abnormalities in the levels of certain proteins
• genetic tests may be performed to check for hereditary disorders (inherited thrombophilia)

There may be other diagnostic tests your doctor will discuss with you depending on your child’s individual situation. After we complete all necessary tests, our experts meet to review and discuss what they have learned about your child’s condition. Then we will meet with you and your family to discuss the results and outline the best possible treatment options.

What are the treatment options for thrombosis?

Your child’s treatment team will determine a specific care plan. In most cases, thrombosis is treated with anticoagulation medications (blood thinners). These medications prevent the clot from growing and decrease the risk of its breaking apart and causing further complications. Your child may need to continue taking these medications for several months after initial treatment.

Examples of anticoagulation medication your child’s physician may prescribe include:

• injections under the skin (also called subcutaneous injections) of a low molecular weight heparin such as enoxaparin (Lovenox) or dalteparin (Fragmin)
• oral agents such as warfarin (Coumadin)
• intravenous heparin
• antiplatelet agents such as aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), or prasugrel (Effient)

Other treatments may include wearing compression stockings, remaining active, and applying warm packs to improve blood flow and pain caused by the clot.

Of course, your child’s team of doctors will help determine the best approach for your child’s unique situation, based on a number of factors, including:

• your child’s age, overall health, and medical history
• the severity of the disease
• your child’s tolerance for certain medications, procedures, or therapies
• how your child’s doctors expect the disease to progress
• your opinion and preferences

What is the long-term outlook for children with thrombosis?

Some deep vein thromboses may resolve without treatment. Treatment is given to help get rid of the blood clot and to minimize complications of thrombosis. If the blood clot remains, other veins will enlarge to bypass the blockage. Sometimes these veins are visible, like varicose veins. After a blood clot some people develop long-term pain and swelling in the leg called post-thrombotic syndrome, which is caused by reduced blood flow and damage to the affected vein. Some patients also have changes in skin color, which may not develop for a year or more afterward.

Blood clots in the thigh are more likely to break off and travel to the lungs than blood clots below the knee or in the arms. A pulmonary embolism can be a life-threatening emergency, requiring immediate medical attention.

Thrombosis | Programs & Services

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Center for Limb Preservation and Diabetic Foot

Deep vein thrombosis (throm-BO-sis), or DVT, is a blood clot that forms in a vein deep in the body. Blood clots occur when blood thickens and clumps together.

Most deep vein blood clots occur in the lower leg or thigh. They can also occur in other parts of the body.

A blood clot in a deep vein can break off and travel through the bloodstream. The loose clot is called an embolus (EM-bo-lus). It can travel to an artery in the lungs and block blood flow. This condition is called pulmonary embolism (PULL-mun-ary EM-bo-lizm), or PE.

PE is a very serious condition. It can damage the lungs and other organs in the body and cause death.

Blood clots in the thighs are more likely to break off and cause PE than blood clots in the lower legs or other parts of the body. Blood clots can also form in veins closer to the skin’s surface–however, these clots won’t break off and cause PE.

Other Names for Deep Vein Thrombosis

• Blood clot in the leg.
• Thrombophlebitis.
• Venous thrombosis.
• Venous thromboembolism (VTE). This term is used for both deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.

Causes

Blood clots can form in your body’s deep veins if:

• A vein’s inner lining is damaged. Injuries caused by physical, chemical, or biological factors can damage the veins. Such factors include surgery, serious injuries, inflammation, and immune responses.
• Blood flow is sluggish or slow. Lack of motion can cause sluggish or slow blood flow. This may occur after surgery, if you’re ill and in bed for a long time, or if you’re traveling for a long time.
• Your blood is thicker or more likely to clot than normal. Some inherited conditions (such as factor V Leiden) increase the risk of blood clotting. Hormone therapy or birth control pills also can increase the risk of clotting.

Risk Factors

The risk factors for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) include:

• A history of DVT.
• Conditions or factors that make your blood thicker or more likely to clot than normal. Some inherited blood disorders (such as factor V Leiden) will do this. Hormone therapy or birth control pills also increase the risk of clotting.
• Injury to a deep vein from surgery, a broken bone, or other trauma.
• Slow blood flow in a deep vein due to lack of movement. This may occur after surgery, if you’re ill and in bed for a long time, or if you’re traveling for a long time.
• Pregnancy and the first 6 weeks after giving birth.
• Recent or ongoing treatment for cancer.
• A central venous catheter. This is a tube placed in a vein to allow easy access to the bloodstream for medical treatment.
• Older age. Being older than 60 is a risk factor for DVT, although DVT can occur at any age.
• Overweight or obesity.
• Smoking.

Your risk for DVT increases if you have more than one of the risk factors listed above.

Signs and Symptoms

The signs and symptoms of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) might be related to DVT itself or pulmonary embolism (PE). See your doctor right away if you have signs or symptoms of either condition. Both DVT and PE can cause serious, possibly life-threatening problems if not treated.

Deep Vein Thrombosis

Only about half of the people who have DVT have signs and symptoms. These signs and symptoms occur in the leg affected by the deep vein clot. They include:

• Swelling of the leg, or along a vein in the leg
• Pain or tenderness in the leg, which you may feel only when standing or walking
• Increased warmth in the area of the leg that’s swollen or painful
• Red or discolored skin on the leg

Pulmonary Embolism

Some people aren’t aware of a deep vein clot until they have signs and symptoms of PE. Signs and symptoms of PE include:

• Unexplained shortness of breath
• Pain with deep breathing
• Coughing up blood

Rapid breathing and a fast heart rate also may be signs of PE.

Diagnosis

Your doctor will diagnose deep vein thrombosis (DVT) based on your medical history, a physical exam, and test results. He or she will identify your risk factors and rule out other causes of your symptoms.

For some people, DVT might not be diagnosed until after they receive emergency treatment for pulmonary embolism (PE).

Medical History

To learn about your medical history, your doctor may ask about:

• Your overall health
• Any prescription medicines you’re taking
• Any recent surgeries or injuries you’ve had
• Whether you’ve been treated for cancer

Physical Exam

Your doctor will check your legs for signs of DVT, such as swelling or redness. He or she also will check your blood pressure and your heart and lungs.

Diagnostic Tests

Your doctor may recommend tests to find out whether you have DVT.

Common Tests

The most common test for diagnosing deep vein blood clots is ultrasound. This test uses sound waves to create pictures of blood flowing through the arteries and veins in the affected leg.

Your doctor also may recommend a D-dimer test or venography (ve-NOG-rah-fee).

A D-dimer test measures a substance in the blood that’s released when a blood clot dissolves. If the test shows high levels of the substance, you may have a deep vein blood clot. If your test results are normal and you have few risk factors, DVT isn’t likely.

Your doctor may suggest venography if an ultrasound doesn’t provide a clear diagnosis. For venography, dye is injected into a vein in the affected leg, which makes the vein visible on an x-ray image. The x-ray will show whether blood flow is slow in the vein, which may suggest a blood clot.

Other Tests

Other tests used to diagnose DVT include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (to-MOG-rah-fee), or CT scanning. These tests create pictures of your organs and tissues.

You may need blood tests to check whether you have an inherited blood clotting disorder that can cause DVT. This may be the case if you have repeated blood clots that are not related to another cause. Blood clots in an unusual location (such as the liver, kidney, or brain) also may suggest an inherited clotting disorder.

If your doctor thinks that you have PE, he or she may recommend more tests, such as a lung ventilation perfusion scan (VQ scan). A lung VQ scan shows how well oxygen and blood are flowing to all areas of the lungs.

For more information about diagnosing PE, go to the Health Topics Pulmonary Embolism article.

Treatment

Doctors treat deep vein thrombosis (DVT) with medicines and other devices and therapies. The main goals of treating DVT are to:

• Stop the blood clot from getting bigger
• Prevent the blood clot from breaking off and moving to your lungs
• Reduce your chance of having another blood clot

Medicines

Your doctor may prescribe medicines to prevent or treat DVT.

Anticoagulants

Anticoagulants (AN-te-ko-AG-u-lants) are the most common medicines for treating DVT. They’re also known as blood thinners.

These medicines decrease your blood’s ability to clot. They also stop existing blood clots from getting bigger. However, blood thinners can’t break up blood clots that have already formed. (The body dissolves most blood clots with time. )

Blood thinners can be taken as a pill, an injection under the skin, or through a needle or tube inserted into a vein (called intravenous, or IV, injection).

Warfarin and heparin are two blood thinners used to treat DVT. Warfarin is given in pill form. (Coumadin® is a common brand name for warfarin.) Heparin is given as an injection or through an IV tube. There are different types of heparin; your doctor will discuss the options with you.

Your doctor may treat you with both heparin and warfarin at the same time. Heparin acts quickly, while warfarin takes 2 to 3 days before it starts to work. Once the warfarin starts to work, the heparin is stopped.

Pregnant women are usually treated with just heparin, because warfarin is dangerous during pregnancy.

Treatment for DVT using blood thinners usually lasts for 6 months. The following situations may change the length of treatment:

• If your blood clot occurred after a short-term risk (for example, surgery), your treatment time may be shorter.
• If you’ve had blood clots before, your treatment time may be longer.
• If you have certain other illnesses, such as cancer, you may need to take blood thinners for as long as you have the illness.

The most common side effect of blood thinners is bleeding. Bleeding can happen if the medicine thins your blood too much. This side effect can be life threatening.

Sometimes the bleeding is internal (inside your body). People treated with blood thinners usually have regular blood tests to measure their blood’s ability to clot. These tests are called PT and PTT tests.

These tests also help your doctor make sure you’re taking the right amount of medicine. Call your doctor right away if you have easy bruising or bleeding. These may be signs that your medicines have thinned your blood too much.

Thrombin Inhibitors

These medicines interfere with the blood clotting process. They’re used to treat blood clots in patients who can’t take heparin.

Thrombolytics

Doctors prescribe these medicines to quickly dissolve large blood clots that cause severe symptoms. Because thrombolytics can cause sudden bleeding, they’re used only in life-threatening situations.

Other Types of Treatment

Vena Cava Filter

If you can’t take blood thinners or they’re not working well, your doctor may recommend a vena cava filter.

The filter is inserted inside a large vein called the vena cava. The filter catches blood clots before they travel to the lungs, which prevents pulmonary embolism. However, the filter doesn’t stop new blood clots from forming.

Graduated Compression Stockings

Graduated compression stockings can reduce leg swelling caused by a blood clot. These stockings are worn on the legs from the arch of the foot to just above or below the knee.

Compression stockings are tight at the ankle and become looser as they go up the leg. This creates gentle pressure up the leg. The pressure keeps blood from pooling and clotting.

There are three types of compression stockings. One type is support pantyhose, which offer the least amount of pressure.

The second type is over-the-counter compression hose. These stockings give a little more pressure than support pantyhose. Over-the-counter compression hose are sold in medical supply stores and pharmacies.

Prescription-strength compression hose offer the greatest amount of pressure. They also are sold in medical supply stores and pharmacies–however, a specially trained person needs to fit you for these stockings.

Talk with your doctor about how long you should wear compression stockings.

Prevention

You can take steps to prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). If you’re at risk for these conditions:

• See your doctor for regular checkups.
• Take all medicines as your doctor prescribes.
• Get out of bed and move around as soon as possible after surgery or illness (as your doctor recommends). Moving around lowers your chance of developing a blood clot.
• Exercise your lower leg muscles during long trips. This helps prevent blood clots from forming.

If you’ve had DVT or PE before, you can help prevent future blood clots. Follow the steps above and:

• Take all medicines that your doctor prescribes to prevent or treat blood clots.
• Follow up with your doctor for tests and treatment.
• Use compression stockings as your doctor directs to prevent leg swelling.

Contact your doctor at once if you have any signs or symptoms of DVT or PE. For more information, go to “What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Deep Vein Thrombosis?”

Travel Tips

The risk of developing DVT while traveling is low. The risk increases if the travel time is longer than 4 hours, or if you have other DVT risk factors.

During long trips, it may help to:

• Walk up and down the aisles of the bus, train, or airplane. If traveling by car, stop about every hour and walk around.
• Move your legs and flex and stretch your feet to improve blood flow in your calves.
• Wear loose and comfortable clothing.
• Drink plenty of fluids and avoid alcohol.

If you have risk factors for DVT, your doctor may advise you to wear compression stockings while traveling, or he or she may suggest that you take a blood-thinning medicine before traveling.

Living With Deep Vein Thrombosis

NHLBI Resources

• Pulmonary Embolism (Health Topics)

Non-NHLBI Resources

• Deep Vein Thrombosis (MedlinePlus)
• Pulmonary Embolism (MedlinePlus)

Clinical Trials

• Children and Clinical Studies
• Clinical Trials (Health Topics)
• Current Research (ClinicalTrials.gov)
• NHLBI Clinical Trials
• NIH Clinical Research Trials and You (National Institutes of Health)
• ResearchMatch(link is external) (funded by the National Institutes of Health)

Links to Other Information About Deep Vein Thrombosis

NHLBI Resources

• Pulmonary Embolism (Diseases and Conditions Index)
• Study Finds Ways to Improve Detection of Blood Clots in the Lung (NIH News Release, May 31, 2006)

Non-NHLBI Resources

• Deep Vein Thrombosis (MedlinePlus)
• Pulmonary Embolism (MedlinePlus)

Clinical Trials

• Current Research (ClinicalTrials. gov)
• NHLBI Pediatric Clinical Trials

Blood clots in the legs can be suspected by these signs – the doctor gave advice

How to recognize thrombosis in time (photo: freepik)

Author:
Vasilina Kopytko

Pain in the legs can be not only a sign of overwork, but also signal the appearance of blood clots in the veins. In no case should you ignore this symptom, because blood clots can break off and enter other organs through the bloodstream.

Express writes about the 4 warning signs of vein thrombosis.

What are the signs of a blood clot?

Venous surgeon Omar Abu-Bakr states that approximately 50% of people with deep vein thrombosis may not experience any symptoms at all. Therefore, sometimes this problem is called a “silent” state.

When symptoms appear, it is important to seek immediate medical attention.

The doctor named 4 warning signs that indicate blood clots in the veins.

Edema

Swelling, usually in the leg, ankle or foot, is considered one of the signs of deep vein thrombosis.

“On its own, this symptom can be mistaken for something else, such as an insect bite. However, in combination with other signs, it can be an indicator of deep vein thrombosis,” the doctor explained.

Pain and spasms in dilated veins

Edema can often be accompanied by visibly swollen veins that are difficult to touch.

“In addition to swelling, people can also experience sharp, painful leg cramps. These usually start in the calves and then spread to the rest of the leg,” Omar said.

Warmth or redness

Deep vein thrombosis may cause a feeling of warmth in the affected area around the site of the thrombus.

“This heat is noticeable by the temperature difference between the affected area and other parts of the body,” Abu-Bakr specified.

Discoloration of the skin

The affected area may change its usual color and become pale with a red or blue tint.

“If you’re experiencing any of these symptoms, especially if you have risk factors for deep vein thrombosis, it’s important to see your doctor right away to prevent complications,” advises the venous surgeon.

How to reduce the risk of blood clots in the veins

The doctor recommends the use of compression stockings to improve blood circulation in the legs (especially useful when it comes to long-haul flights).

It is also important to be physically active to eliminate risk factors for deep vein thrombosis. Mobility will maintain a healthy weight, improve circulation and lung function, and strengthen muscles.

Drink regularly, this will reduce the risk of blood clots. Avoid prolonged sitting or standing (or take frequent breaks to stretch your legs).

“It is important to note that these strategies may not be effective in all cases, and some people may need additional interventions such as drugs or surgery to prevent thrombosis,” the doctor said.

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Doctor’s advice

Named signs that a deadly blood clot has already formed in your body

• Health

A blood clot can cause death – cause cardiac arrest, breathing and lead to a stroke. What signs might indicate that you are in danger? Named the symptoms of the appearance of blood clots in the vessels.

April 6, 2022

Source:

Getty Images

A blood clot is a blood clot that forms in thick vessels (most often in the legs and heart) and blocks the blood supply. Having broken away and moving with the bloodstream, a blood clot can cause a sudden blockage of a vessel – moreover, even located quite far from the place where the blood clot formed. If it enters the lungs or brain, a pulmonary embolism (PE) or stroke develops.

Why blood clots form – 6 factors

Taking hormonal birth control pills

Hormones can thicken your blood and cause hypercoagulability. But according to statistics, a blood clot occurs in one in a hundred women taking birth control. Overall, these pills are safe, highly effective, and their other health benefits outweigh the possible risks.

Some doctors recommend testing for a predisposition to increased blood clotting before taking hormones. This is a comprehensive genetic study that allows you to determine the risk of developing hereditary thrombophilia.

Pregnancy

Hormonal changes during pregnancy (especially estrogen levels) can also cause blood clots due to hypercoagulability. The most dangerous in this sense is the third trimester of pregnancy or the period immediately after childbirth.

Smoking

Smoking can cause many health problems, including blood clots. Smoking disrupts the mechanisms of blood clotting and negatively affects blood vessels. They are destroyed and damaged by the chemicals in cigarettes.

Surgery

Some hip, abdominal and leg surgeries increase the risk of blood clots. Patients who have undergone surgery, after which mobility is noticeably limited, are at greatest risk. The solution may be to wear special stockings and resume physical activity as much as possible after surgery.

Overweight

Obesity causes slow blood flow in the veins, which increases the risk of blood clots.

Heart disease

If the heart does not work properly, blood flow is disturbed – blood flows more slowly and is distributed unevenly throughout the body. This can lead to the formation of blood clots.

See also

How to reduce the risk of blood clots

• regular exercise,

• weight control, BMI less than 25,

• 9000 2 smoking cessation,

• during sedentary work – “sports » five minutes every hour,

• a healthy plant-based diet,

• keeping LDL or “bad” cholesterol below 100 mg/dL,

• blood pressure control,

• addition of omega-3 fatty acids to the diet.

Signs of a fatal blood clot

Leg clot

“Blood clots most commonly form in the lower leg or thigh,” says Dr. Vincent Nouri, board certified vascular surgeon at Baltimore Medical Center. — The most common signs of thrombosis are swelling, pain, fever, and erythema — reddening of the skin. Most often, these symptoms appear on the calves of both one leg and both.

Thrombus in the arm

Clots are less common in the arm than in the legs. Signs of a blood clot in the arm are swelling, pain, tingling, or discomfort when moving the elbow or wrist.

Thrombosis in the lung

Signs of a blood clot in the lungs – shortness of breath (especially on exertion), chest pain, fainting, fast or irregular heartbeat.

Read also

When you urgently need to see a doctor

If you have the above symptoms, you should definitely visit a doctor and pass the necessary tests.

The situation is especially dangerous for those who can answer yes to the questions below. These patients should seek emergency medical attention

• You have traveled within the last 90 days (you have had a long flight or a long non-stop car ride).

• You have suffered a moderate or severe injury (eg painful fall, severe bruising, fracture).

• You have recently had surgery.

• You are taking hormonal birth control or are on hormone replacement therapy.

• You have recently been diagnosed with cancer.

• You have chest pain, shortness of breath, fainting, or coughing up blood.

Read also

Earlier, doctor Vladimir Pirozhnikov told what eating habits can cause thrombosis. At risk, for example, lovers of pork and beef liver. The fact is that it contains many vitamins of the K group – and they have a bad effect on blood clotting and increase the likelihood of blood clots.

The doctor also called a feeling of lack of air, increased swelling, cramps in the legs, pain in the abdomen and bouts of nausea and vomiting as signs of a blood clot.

Text author:Anna Mayskaya

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