What are the signs of eczema? Discover the symptoms, causes, and treatments for eczema (atopic dermatitis). Learn about the different types, triggers, and how to manage flare-ups.

Understanding Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)

Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is an inflammatory skin condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by a variety of symptoms, including itchy, dry, and irritated skin. Eczema can manifest in different forms and can range in severity from mild to severe.

Types of Eczema

There are several types of eczema, each with its own unique characteristics. The most common type is atopic dermatitis, but there are also other forms such as contact dermatitis, dyshidrotic eczema, nummular eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, and stasis dermatitis.

Symptoms of Eczema

The primary symptom of eczema is itchy skin. Other common symptoms include dry, scaly, and inflamed skin, rashes, blisters, and skin infections. The symptoms can vary in intensity and may come and go, often in response to environmental triggers.

Causes of Eczema

The exact cause of eczema is not fully understood, but it is believed to be the result of a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Factors that can contribute to eczema include a weakened skin barrier, an overactive immune system, and exposure to irritants or allergens.

Risk Factors for Eczema

Certain factors can increase the risk of developing eczema, including a family history of the condition, allergies, and exposure to certain environmental triggers. People with a weakened immune system or underlying health conditions may also be more susceptible to eczema.

Treating Eczema

The treatment for eczema typically involves a combination of medication, skincare, and lifestyle changes. Common treatments include moisturizers, topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, and in some cases, prescription medications. It is important to work closely with a healthcare professional to develop a personalized treatment plan.

Managing Eczema Flare-ups

Eczema can be a chronic condition, with periods of flare-ups and remission. Identifying and avoiding triggers, maintaining a consistent skincare routine, and managing stress can all help to prevent and manage eczema flare-ups.

What are the different types of eczema?

The main types of eczema include atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, dyshidrotic eczema, nummular eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, and stasis dermatitis. Each type has its own unique symptoms and underlying causes.

What are the common triggers for eczema flare-ups?

Common triggers for eczema flare-ups can include dry skin, irritants (such as certain soaps, detergents, or fabrics), allergens, stress, and changes in temperature or humidity. Identifying and avoiding these triggers can help manage eczema symptoms.

How can eczema be treated?

Eczema treatment typically involves a combination of moisturizers, topical medications (such as corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors), oral antihistamines, and in some cases, prescription oral medications. Working closely with a healthcare professional to develop a personalized treatment plan is essential for managing eczema effectively.

Can eczema be prevented?

While eczema cannot be completely prevented, there are steps that can be taken to reduce the risk of developing the condition or minimize the severity of flare-ups. These include maintaining a consistent skincare routine, avoiding known triggers, and managing stress levels.

How does eczema affect daily life?

Eczema can have a significant impact on daily life, particularly due to the chronic nature of the condition and the persistent itchiness and discomfort it can cause. This can lead to sleep disturbances, difficulties with daily activities, and even social and emotional challenges.

Is eczema contagious?

No, eczema is not contagious. It cannot be passed from one person to another through direct contact or any other means. Eczema is a chronic, non-communicable skin condition that develops due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Can eczema be cured?

There is currently no known cure for eczema, but the condition can be effectively managed through a combination of treatment, lifestyle changes, and avoidance of triggers. While eczema may persist throughout a person’s life, the symptoms can be controlled, and flare-ups can be minimized with proper management.

Eczema (atopic dermatitis): Causes, symptoms, and treatment

Eczema (eg-zuh-MUH) is an inflammatory skin condition that causes itchiness, dry skin, rashes, scaly patches, blisters and skin infections. Itchy skin is the most common symptom of eczema. There are seven different types of eczema: atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, dyshidrotic eczema, nummular eczema, seborrheic dermatitis and stasis dermatitis. 

More than 31 million Americans have some form of eczema. Eczema can begin during childhood, adolescence, or adulthood – and it can range from mild to severe. Newborn babies can experience eczema within the first weeks and months after birth. Young children with eczema can experience patches of skin that are extremely dry; itchy skin that can lead to blisters and skin infections due to excessive scratching. Adults can also experience eczema and adult eczema is most commonly developed when someone is in their 20s or over the age of 50.

Many people with eczema use the phrase “flare-up” to describe a phase of eczema when they are experiencing one or more acute symptoms or side effects from prolonged itchiness; severe eczema may include periods of flare-ups that can last many days or even several weeks. Moisturizers, antihistamines, topical steroid creams and corticosteroids are among the potential courses of eczema treatments usually recommended by healthcare providers, dermatologists and the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD).

Sometimes eczema is confused with other skin diseases, like psoriasis, so it’s important to get a diagnosis. A dermatologist or other qualified healthcare professional will also have expert knowledge on treatment options–and they’re often an invaluable partner in developing your symptom management plan and in stopping future flare-ups.

What is atopic dermatitis?

Atopic dermatitis, the most common type of eczema (sometimes referred to as “atopic eczema”), results from an overactive immune system that causes the skin barrier to become dry and itchy.  Eczema is not contagious. You can’t “catch it” from someone else. While the exact cause of eczema is unknown, researchers do know that people develop eczema because of an interaction between genes and environmental triggers.  Many people with eczema often report comorbid symptoms of hay fever, allergic asthma and food allergies. Proper, consistent skin care is essential in the prevention and management of eczema.

What are the causes of eczema?

Atopic dermatitis (sometimes referred to as “atopic eczema”) is the most common type of eczema. It results from an overactive immune system that causes the skin barrier to become dry and itchy. This condition can occur on any part of the body and has varied symptoms. Many factors can contribute to eczema, including an interaction between your environment and your genes. When an irritant or an allergen from outside or inside the body “switches on” the immune system, it produces inflammation, or a flare-up, on the surface of the skin. This inflammation causes the symptoms common to most types of eczema. Creases of the skin, especially the flexural areas behind the knees, elbows, lower legs and other areas of skin that rub against each other can lead to irritation.

There is also a potential genetic component to eczema that includes a protein called “filaggrin” that helps maintain moisture in your skin; a filaggrin deficiency can lead to drier, itchier skin. If you have family members with atopic dermatitis and certain other types of eczema, you may be at an increased risk.

Along with having a family history of eczema, many common household items are also potential environmental irritants and can cause allergic reactions leading to an eczema flare. Additional common triggers of eczema may include:

• extended exposure to dry air, extreme heat or cold
• some types of soap, shampoos that cause dander, bubble bath products, body wash, and facial cleansers
• laundry detergents and fabric softeners with chemical additives
• certain fabrics like wool or polyester in clothing and sheets
• surface cleaners and disinfectants
• natural liquids like the juice from fruit, vegetables and meats
• fragrances in candles
• metals, especially nickel, in jewelry or utensils
• formaldehyde, which is found in household disinfectants, some vaccines, glues and adhesives
• isothiazolinone, an antibacterial found in personal care products like baby wipes
• cocamidopropyl betaine, which is used to thicken shampoos and lotions
• paraphenylene-diamine, which is used in leather dyes and temporary tattoos
• dust mites and living in dirty spaces

To avoid being triggered by a household product, make sure to use products with the National Eczema Association Seal of Acceptance^TM.

Emotional stress can also trigger an eczema flare-up, but it’s not exactly known why. Some people’s eczema symptoms and flare-ups get worse when they’re feeling “stressed.” Others may become stressed, just knowing they have eczema, and this can make their skin flare up.

Is eczema contagious?

Eczema is not contagious. You can’t “catch it” from someone else. While the exact cause of eczema is unknown, researchers do know that people develop eczema because of an interaction between genes and environmental triggers.

What are the symptoms of eczema?

The most important thing to remember is that eczema and its symptoms are different for everyone. Every individual’s skin care routine will also impact the affected areas of the skin differently. Your eczema may not look the same on you as it does on another adult or on your child. Different types of eczema may even appear in different affected areas of the body at different times.

Some people mistake symptoms of psoriasis for eczema, although the two conditions are different. Many people with eczema also report similar symptoms to hay fever, allergic asthma and food allergies. Proper, consistent skin care is essential in the prevention and management of eczema.

Eczema almost always includes itchy skin. The scientific term for itch is “pruritus.” For many people, the itch can range from mild to moderate. Sometimes the itch gets so bad that people scratch it until it bleeds. This is called the “itch-scratch cycle.”

Symptoms of eczema often include:

• Itch;
• Dryness, sensitive skin;
• Inflamed, discolored skin;
• Rough, leathery or scaly skin, appearing as scaly patches;
• Oozing or crusting;
• Areas of swelling.

You might have all of these symptoms of eczema or only just a few. You might have some flare-ups or your symptoms could go away entirely. Eczema can appear red in lighter skin, whereas people of color may experience eczema as ashen skin, grey skin, darker brown or purple in color. Black Americans are more likely to report severe symptoms associated with eczema. The best way to find out if you have eczema is to consult with a healthcare provider, such as a dermatologist who has experience diagnosing and treating eczema.

Types of eczema

There are seven main types of eczema and it can sometimes be hard to tell the difference between symptoms of atopic dermatitis and other types. In fact, many of the symptoms, causes and treatment options overlap. Here’s what you can generally expect from the most common types.

Atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis, the most common type of eczema, affects more than 9.6 million children and about 16.5 million adults in the United States alone. The hallmark symptom is itching, but the itching can cause other symptoms such as rashes, pain, and poor sleep caused by itching. folks with this type can also experience the breaking down of the skin barrier, which can weaken the immune system. People with atopic dermatitis can get the skin condition anywhere on their body and oozing rashes can form as a result.

Contact dermatitis

If the skin becomes inflamed or irritated after coming into contact with a substance, you might be experiencing contact dermatitis. This version displays typical eczema symptoms, but what sets it apart from the other types is that it happens as a reaction to an environmental trigger.

Dyshidrotic eczema

Dyshidrotic eczema causes small blisters on the hands, feet and edges of the fingers and toes. This form of eczema is sometimes referred to as hand eczema or foot eczema, though other types can affect these areas too. The cause of this form is unknown, though it affects more men than women.

Neurodermatitis

Experiencing an intense itching could be a sign of neurodermatitis, which affects 12% of the population. Affected areas are often visible because of the skin lines, scales, and discoloration that form from excessive itching. While it can appear anywhere, it is most common on the feet, ankles, hands, wrists, elbows, shoulders, neck and scalp.

Nummular eczema (sometimes called discoid eczema)

Scattered circular patches are often a sign of nummular eczema, also known as discoid eczema and nummular dermatitis. Often, these patches ooze or can be very dry and sensitive.

Seborrheic dermatitis

Seborrheic dermatitis usually affects the scalp. Those with this condition often experience a constant itch, a rash around the scalp, and other symptoms. Shampoos for seborrheic dermatitis are often a good treatment option.

Stasis dermatitis

Also called gravitational dermatitis, venous eczema, and venous stasis dermatitis, stasis dermatitis occurs when there’s poor circulation in the legs. Symptoms are usually contained in the leg and can include itchy skin, redness in lighter skin tones that may appear brown, purple, gray or ashen in darker skin tones, and dry skin.

Is there a cure for eczema?

There is no cure for eczema, but there are treatments. Every treatment plan should be tailored to your individual eczema symptoms. Depending on your age and the severity of your eczema, these treatments might include: medical grade moisturizing creams, prescription topical medications including topical corticosteroids, over-the-counter (OTC) home remedies, phototherapy (also known as light therapy), immunosuppressants and injectable biologics.

Many people with eczema also find success with specific natural and alternative treatments, including bleach baths, cryotherapy, medical-grade honey, meditation and acupuncture. With these natural and alternative treatments, you want to be careful and also consult a healthcare professional before starting. Some natural treatments, like meditation, work amazingly with over-the-counter or prescription medications or ointments.

For most types of eczema, managing flares comes down to these basics:

• Know your triggers so that you can avoid exposure;
• Implement a daily bathing and moisturizing routine;
• Use OTC creams and prescription medication consistently and as prescribed.

Symptoms may be different from one child to the next. More often than not, eczema goes away as a child grows older, though some children will continue to experience eczema into adulthood. Adults can develop eczema, too, even if they never had it as a child. Read more for additional information about managing itch.

Frequently asked questions about eczema

As you might have already guessed, eczema is a nuanced condition which impacts millions of people worldwide. There’s a lot of information out there about this condition–including the resources on this very website–but here are the answers to the most commonly asked questions about this skin condition.

What is the main cause of eczema?

There is no “main” cause of eczema. In fact, there are seven types and each has at least one cause, if not more. Some of the most common causes are a family history of eczema, being exposed to certain environmental triggers and stress.

What is the best treatment for eczema?

The best treatment option for eczema depends on the individual’s preferences, the severity of your case, the age of the person with eczema and what type of eczema they have. To find the best treatment for you or a loved one, consult with a dermatologist. Usually a dermatologist will create a treatment plan consisting of a skin care routine, natural treatments, over-the-counter products and/or prescribed medications.

It’s important to note that it could take some time, as well as trial and error, to find the best treatment for you or your child. That’s ok and completely normal! Focus on finding a treatment which works to manage your symptoms, not the best objective treatment out there.

What cures eczema fast?

Unfortunately there is no quick cure for eczema. In fact, there is no known cure for this condition! Luckily there are some treatment options which can help you manage symptoms and some might be able to minimize symptoms quickly. To find the best treatment for you, talk with a dermatologist or qualified medical professional.

What are some of the alternate terms people with eczema sometimes use to describe their skin condition?

There are many subcategories of eczema within the general descriptions like “atopic dermatitis,” each of which may include specific triggers and sytmptoms specific to individual body parts. For instance, eczema may appear one way on your ears or face, whereas it could appear differently on your hands and feet. The skin disease appears and evolves differently for everyone.

The phrase “discoid eczema” is sometimes used interchangeably with nummular eczema or discoid dermatitis. General treatment and management recommendations for discoid eczema or nummular eczema are available here. Recommendations for experts in discoid eczema and other forms of severe eczema are available via the National Eczema Association Eczema Provider Finder. Severe eczema comes with additional complications beyond itchy skin and rashes and can lead to hospitalization if left untreated. People with severe eczema are also at higher risk for food allergy and asthma, a triangulation of conditions that commonly co-occur known as the Atopic March. Topical cortiocosteroids, if prescribed by your healthcare provider, should be sparingly for this skin disease to avoid potential complications with topical steroid withdrawal.  

Be sure to review the NEA Product Directory before choosing skin products, steroid cream, or other eczema treatments for your eczema prone skin: what might work for one person’s acute eczema or severe cases may lead to allergic reaction or inflamed skin if the product is not a good fit for your particular set of eczema symptoms. Itching, skin infection and allergy are all treatable components of this skin disease that should be discussed with your dermatologist or allergist. 

Living with eczema and next steps

As you might imagine, this is only the type of the eczema iceberg! If you or a loved one experiences eczema, there’s still a lot to learn, from researching your specific type to deciding which treatment option is best for you. Many in the eczema community often feel overwhelmed trying to figure out the cause of their case and the best way to manage symptoms.

While it’s normal to feel overwhelmed, it’s also important to know you’re not alone. The National Eczema Association and the wider eczema community can be a place to find support, solidarity and resources which might help with the physical or mental health impacts of this condition. 

Symptoms, treatment, causes, and types

Eczema is a condition in which patches of skin become inflamed, itchy, cracked, and rough. Some types can also cause blisters. Home remedies and medical treatment can help manage and prevent flares.

Different types and stages of eczema affect 31.6 million people in the United States, which equals more than 10% of the population.

Many people use the word eczema when referring to atopic dermatitis, which is the most common type. The term atopic refers to a collection of conditions that involve the immune system, including atopic dermatitis, asthma, and hay fever. The word dermatitis refers to inflammation of the skin.

Certain foods, such as nuts and dairy, can trigger symptoms of eczema. Environmental triggers can include smoke, pollen, soaps, and fragrances. Eczema is not contagious.

About a quarter of children in the U.S. have the condition, as well as 10% of African Americans, 13% of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, 13% of Native Americans, and 11% of people who are white.

Some people outgrow the condition, while others will continue to have it throughout adulthood. This article will explain what eczema is and discuss its symptoms, treatments, causes, and types.

The symptoms of atopic dermatitis can vary depending on a person’s age and the condition’s severity and can vary by individual.

People with the condition will often experience periods of time when their symptoms worsen, followed by periods of time when their symptoms will improve or clear up.

The following sections will outline some of the potential differences in symptoms in more detail.

General eczema symptoms

In most cases eczema symptoms are mild. The most common symptoms of atopic dermatitis include:

• dry, scaly skin
• skin flushing
• itching
• open, crusted, or weeping sores

People with severe eczema may need more intensive treatment to relieve their symptoms. Continuous rubbing and scratching can also lead to skin infections.

Learn how to identify infected eczema here.

Eczema symptoms in People of Color

In People of Color, an eczema rash may appear gray or brown. This can make outbreaks harder to see.

However, People of Color who get eczema may also get dark or light skin patches even after eczema symptoms go away. These can last a long time. Doctors call these patches hyperpigmentation and depigmentation or hypopigmentation.

A dermatologist can evaluate these patches, which may respond to treatments like steroid creams.

Learn more about eczema in People of Color here.

Infant eczema symptoms

The following atopic dermatitis symptoms are common in babies under the age of 2:

• rashes on the scalp and cheeks
• rashes that bubble up before leaking fluid
• rashes that can cause extreme itchiness, which may interfere with sleeping

Childhood eczema symptoms

The following atopic dermatitis symptoms are common in children age 2 and above:

• rashes that appear behind the creases of elbows or knees
• rashes that appear on the neck, wrists, ankles, and the crease between the buttocks and legs
• bumpy rashes
• rashes that can become lighter or darker
• skin thickening, also known as lichenification, which can then develop into a permanent itch

Most people with the condition develop it before the age of 5 years. An estimated 60% of children will no longer show symptoms by adolescence.

African American and Hispanic children may have more severe eczema than children who are white.

Symptoms in adults

The following atopic dermatitis symptoms are common in adults:

• rashes that are more scaly than those occurring in children
• rashes that commonly appear in the creases of the elbows or knees or the nape of the neck
• rashes that cover much of the body
• very dry skin on the affected areas
• rashes that are permanently itchy
• skin infections

Adults who developed atopic dermatitis as children but no longer experience the condition may still have dry or easily irritated skin, hand eczema, and eczema on the eyelids.

The appearance of skin affected by atopic dermatitis will depend on how much a person scratches and whether the skin is infected. Scratching and rubbing can further irritate the skin, increase inflammation, and make the itching worse.

There is currently no cure for eczema. Treatment for the condition aims to heal the affected skin and prevent flares of symptoms.

Doctors will suggest a treatment plan based on an individual’s age, symptoms, and current state of health.

For some people, eczema goes away over time. For others, however, it is a lifelong condition.

The sections below will list some treatment options.

Medications

Doctors can prescribe several medications to treat the symptoms of eczema, including:

• Topical corticosteroid creams and ointments: These are anti-inflammatory medications and should relieve the main symptoms of eczema, such as inflammation and itchiness. People can apply them directly to the skin. Some people may benefit from prescription-strength medications.
• Oral medications: If topical treatments are not effective, a doctor may prescribe oral medications like systemic corticosteroids or immunosuppresants. These are available as injections or oral tablets. People should only use them for short periods of time. Also, it is important to note that the symptoms may worsen upon stopping these drugs if the person is not already taking another medication for the condition.
• Antibiotics: Doctors prescribe antibiotics if eczema occurs alongside a bacterial skin infection.
• Antihistamines: These can reduce the risk of nighttime scratching, as they tend to cause drowsiness.
• Topical calcineurin inhibitors: This drug suppresses the activities of the immune system. It decreases inflammation and helps prevent flares.
• Barrier repair moisturizers: These reduce water loss and work to repair the skin.
• Phototherapy: This involves exposure to UVA or UVB waves. This method can treat moderate dermatitis. A doctor will monitor the skin closely throughout the treatment.
• Injected biologic drugs: These medications block proteins in the immune system to limit immune system response.

To treat moderate to severe eczema, a doctor may prescribe a combination of topical and systemic treatments, such as biologics.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved two biologics to treat eczema: dupilumab (Dupixent) and tralokinumab-ldrm (Adbry).

These biologics target specific proteins in the immune system that trigger inflammation, which can help reduce eczema symptoms. They can sometimes cause side effects, which are usually mild and manageable.

Even after an area of skin has healed, it is important to keep looking after it, as it may easily become irritated again.

Even though the condition itself is not currently curable, each person should consult with a doctor to get a tailored treatment plan.

Home care

There are several things that people with eczema can do to support skin health and alleviate symptoms.

They can try:

• taking lukewarm baths
• applying moisturizer within 3 minutes of bathing to “lock in” moisture
• moisturizing every day
• wearing cotton and soft fabrics
• avoiding rough, scratchy fibers and tight fitting clothing
• using a humidifier in dry or cold weather
• using a mild soap or a non-soap cleanser when washing
• taking extra precautions to prevent eczema flares in winter
• air drying or gently patting the skin dry with a towel, rather than rubbing the skin dry after bathing or taking a shower
• where possible, avoiding rapid changes of temperature and activities that cause sweating
• learning and avoiding individual eczema triggers
• keeping fingernails short to prevent scratching from breaking the skin

People can also try various natural remedies for eczema, including aloe vera, coconut oil, and apple cider vinegar.

Researchers do not know the definitive cause of eczema, but many health professionals believe that it develops from a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Children are more likely to develop eczema if a parent has it or another atopic condition. If both parents have an atopic condition, the risk is even higher.

Some environmental factors may also bring out the symptoms of eczema. These include:

• Irritants: These include soaps, detergents, shampoos, disinfectants, juices from fresh fruits, meats, and vegetables.
• Allergens: Dust mites, pets, pollens, and mold can all lead to eczema. This is known as allergic eczema.
• Microbes: These include bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, viruses, and certain fungi.
• Hot and cold temperatures: Very hot and very cold weather, high and low humidity, and perspiration from exercise can bring out eczema.
• Foods: Dairy products, eggs, nuts and seeds, soy products, and wheat can cause eczema flares.
• Stress: This is not a direct cause of eczema, but it can make the symptoms worse.
• Hormones: Females may experience increased eczema symptoms when their hormone levels are changing, such as during pregnancy and at certain points in the menstrual cycle.

There are several types of eczema. Besides atopic dermatitis, other types include:

• Allergic contact dermatitis: This is a skin reaction that occurs following contact with a substance or allergen that the immune system recognizes as foreign.
• Dyshidrotic eczema: This refers to irritation of the skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. It is characterized by blisters.
• Neurodermatitis: This leads to scaly patches of skin on the head, forearms, wrists, and lower legs. It occurs due to a localized itch, such as from an insect bite.
• Discoid eczema: Also known as nummular eczema, this type presents as circular patches of irritated skin that can be crusted, scaly, and itchy.
• Stasis dermatitis: This refers to skin irritation of the lower leg. It is usually related to circulatory problems.

Eczema is a common inflammatory skin condition. The most common type is called atopic dermatitis. Eczema is most common in children, but the majority of children will grow out of it by the time they reach adolescence.

Eczema can cause discomfort and can vary in severity. It can present differently depending on a person’s age. In people with darker skin tones, the symptoms may be harder to see.

Although there is currently no cure, people can treat and prevent eczema flares using home remedies, moisturizers, medications, and lifestyle changes.

Read this article in Spanish.

causes and treatment in St. Petersburg

The author of the article: Skosareva Marina Yuryevna

Chief doctor of the clinic. Dermatovenereologist, cosmetologist, physiotherapist, trichologist, health and public health specialist

Social network profile: Instagram

Time to read: 12 min

Publication date: 05/11/22

Effective treatments for eczema

Cryotherapy

NeoGen procedure

Plasma therapy

One of the most common skin diseases is eczema. It is an inflammation, accompanied by redness, itching and the appearance of tiny bubbles with liquid. It is the latter that explains the name of the disease: such bubbles resemble the boiling of water, from the Greek eczeo means “boil”.

According to statistics, eczema affects up to 2% of the world’s population. And in the practice of dermatologists, such a pathology occurs in almost 40% of all skin diseases. Most often, patients turn to the problem of the appearance of foci of inflammation on the arms, legs, body and head. Rashes go through several stages of development, over time from simple redness developing into weeping erosion and severe peeling. Against the background of such a pathology, secondary purulent infections often develop. If left untreated, visible cosmetic defects remain on the skin that do not disappear with time.

Let’s figure out why eczema occurs, how to suspect its development and how such a pathology is treated.

Causes of disease

Until now, doctors cannot unequivocally answer the question about the causes of eczema in adults and children. Most experts agree that the disease develops as a result of a complex effect of endogenous factors (for example, genetic predisposition) and exogenous factors (professional, etc.). Simply put, external factors most often include various allergens that affect the body constantly or for a long time. To internal, endogenous – genetic predisposition. It has been proven that if there is a person with eczema in the family, the risk of disease in relatives increases significantly. If one of the parents (mainly the mother) is ill, the risk of eczema in a child is approximately 40%, if both parents are ill, it is almost 60%

The most common triggers for eczema are:

• chronic allergies;
• disruption of the endocrine system;
• psychoemotional triggers.

Also, additional factors are isolated that can weaken the body’s immunity and thereby provoke the development of eczema. This is:

• chronic inflammatory processes;
• secondary immunodeficiencies;
• diseases of the digestive system;
• foci of chronic infection in the body.

Among the possible causes of eczema are called psychosomatics: we are talking about constant stress, various disorders of the autonomic system, anxiety and depression. Patients often show functional changes in the activity of the central nervous system, the predominance of the activity of unconditioned reflexes over the activity of conditioned ones, as well as an imbalance between the activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

Types of eczema

Specialists distinguish the following types of pathology:

• True, or idiopathic. The patient has symmetrical foci of inflammation and pigmentation, symptoms appear on open areas of the skin. Over time, erosion develops, on which exudate accumulates. As it heals, skin peeling occurs.
• Microbial. This form of pathology develops against the background of traumatic injuries, fungal, viral and bacterial infections. Infiltrate often accumulates under the skin. Non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene provokes an accelerated spread of lesions throughout the body.
• Seborrheic. This pathology is characterized by damage to areas of the skin on the scalp. The affected areas have typical redness, peeling and itching. In some cases, the course of the disease is complicated by swelling and weeping cracks.
• Professional. It occurs due to the constant contact of the patient with various allergens: dust, chemicals, cleaning products, etc. Very often, small vesicles appear on various parts of the body.
• Weeping. At the beginning of such a disease, pink spots of various shapes and sizes appear on the skin, swelling and the formation of subcutaneous exudate are also observed. Then the cortical stage and exfoliation begin. The main feature is the presence of a rash at all stages of the disease.
• Dyshidrotic. This pathology affects the sweat glands of the feet and hands, is characterized by the formation of serous vesicles and seasonal exacerbation. As a rule, there are pronounced vesicles with a dense shell. There is severe itching and peeling.
• Allergic. It occurs as a result of hypersensitivity of the body to external and internal stimuli. Accompanied by rashes, itching and dry skin. In place of the opening bubbles, large crusts form, sometimes the process is accompanied by a burning sensation.

Disease stages

If we talk about the features of the course of the disease, then usually there are three stages of its development:

• Acute. It is characterized by the appearance of vesicles on edematous skin, punctate erosions with weeping, serous crusts, etc. The rashes are multiple.
• Subacute. This stage is characterized by erythema, redness, and scaling.
• Chronic. It is characterized by infiltration and increased “skin pattern”, the appearance of pigmentation.

Symptoms of eczema

Depending on the cause of the disease and the location of the inflammation, the symptoms can vary significantly. The most common manifestations of skin eczema in patients are:

• At the erythematous stage, red inflammatory spots appear, which gradually merge with each other.
• At the papular stage – bright red nodules with clear boundaries are formed.
• At the vesicular stage – vesicles appear with transparent contents.
• At the stage of wetting – the bubbles open, point erosions are formed with the release of exudate.
• At the cortical stage, grayish-gray crusts are found, under which the skin heals.
• At the stage of peeling – the removal of crusts and scales from the surface of the skin.

Symptoms of the disease go away with the elimination of provoking factors. However, the healed area of ​​the skin has an uneven color and dense texture.

What other symptoms may indicate the development of eczema:

• Scaly layer on the border of the scalp. Develops with seborrheic eczema. At the initial stage, it manifests itself as single yellowish nodules that grow rapidly. In the future, a scaly layer is formed along the border of the hair.
• Round eruptions on the arms. Appear in almost 80% of cases of eczema. At the initial stage, they have a rounded shape, but over time they lose it.
• Eruptions with sharp edges. Most often found on the legs. They can be seen with varicose veins, the rashes have a rounded shape and pronounced borders.
• Symmetrical eruptions on the body. Are located on all body, often are shelled. At the initial stages, they look typical – they are vesicles with liquid, later areas of thickened skin with severe peeling appear.
• Callous eruptions on the palms. Such formations, especially in places atypical for corns, also indicate eczema. Bubbles form, but due to the dense skin, they may not open.
• Vesicles in the axillary region with a hair in the center. A rash with a hair in the center is a sign of sycosis – damage to the hair follicles. As a rule, such rashes are accompanied by itching and redness.
• Bumps on the face and hands. Such formations do not have wetting and crusts, often appear on the face.
• Itching redness on the arms and legs. Indicate true or microbial eczema. Accompanied by multiple vesicles.
• Suppuration around wounds. With the development of microbial pathology, purulent crusts and hyperemia of the skin appear.

In its signs, eczema is often similar to atopic dermatitis. However, it should be understood that pathologies have significant differences. Dermatitis, as a rule, occurs in childhood, while eczema is found in adults and even elderly patients. Another difference is that the first pathology is most often localized on the elbow and knee bends, neck and face, while eczema can be located on any area, but more often on the hands and shins. Dermatitis occurs suddenly and often also disappears. Eczema occurs regularly and is often the immediate result of exposure to a particular allergen.

Diagnosis of eczema

The diagnosis is made on the basis of examination and questioning of the patient. In some cases, additional studies may be prescribed to differentiate eczema from other skin diseases. With true eczema, the clinical picture of the disease is typical. In other cases, the symptoms may be similar to atopic dermatitis, toxidermia and allergic contact dermatitis.

The diagnostic process may include:

• general blood analysis;
• tissue scraping for examination under a microscope;
• allergy tests to identify the source of the allergy;
• histological examination of tissues.

Treatment is prescribed only after confirming the diagnosis and determining the existing type of pathology.

Features of treatment

A key task in the treatment of eczema is to identify and minimize provoking factors. In addition, systemic or local therapy is prescribed, as well as various physiotherapy procedures:

• Systemic therapy. It is based on taking antihistamines, which can prevent an acute allergic reaction. Sedatives, glucocorticosteroids and a number of hormonal drugs are also used.
• local therapy. May include the use of retinol ointment, anti-inflammatory and antiseptic agents. Therapy is selected taking into account the identified form of eczema and the causes of its occurrence. For example, a virus or fungal infection may need to be treated.
• Physiotherapy. As a rule, it includes ozone therapy, magnetotherapy and laser therapy. In difficult cases, it is possible to treat foci of eczema with the help of cryotherapy. Often prescribed therapeutic and mud baths, exposure to ultraviolet radiation, etc.

Preventive measures

Diet and lifestyle play an important role in preventing the development of new exacerbations. The diet should exclude any foods that can provoke allergic reactions. Typically this is:

• red berries;
• citrus;
• Fish and seafood;
• chocolate;
• dairy products.

Patients are also advised to avoid alcohol and smoking.

Personal hygiene is also important. With the development of eczema of the feet, legs, hands and face, it is recommended to refuse flavored soaps. Water-based creams can be used to moisturize the skin.

And most importantly, improper treatment of skin diseases can provoke eczema. So, you should not self-medicate. If any rashes and redness appear, do not postpone a visit to a dermatologist, because this can be the key to a quick and successful recovery.

If you are faced with symptoms of eczema and do not know how to get rid of such an ailment, then the dermatologists of our KallistoMed clinic are ready to help in this matter. We will be waiting for you at the reception – sign up using the website or by phone!

Information sources

1. Federal clinical guidelines for the management of patients with eczema. – M.: 2013.
2. Olisova O.Yu., Belousova T.A., Kail-Goryachkina M.V. Strategy and tactics of treatment of patients with infectious and inflammatory diseases of the skin. Dermatology. – 2017; No. 1. – pp. 42–47.

symptoms, types, treatments and prevention

Contents

• 1 Eczema on the skin: symptoms, types and treatment – everything you need to know
  • 1.1 Definition and causes of eczema
  • 1.2 Different types of eczema 9004 0
  • 1.3 Symptoms of eczema
  • 1.4 Diagnosis of eczema
    • 1.4.1 Dermatological examination
    • 1.4.2 Wide range of laboratory tests
    • 1.4.3 Diagnostic criteria
  • 1.5 Medical treatment of eczema
  • 1.6 Folk remedies for eczema
  • 1.7 Diets as a treatment for eczema: do’s and don’ts
    • 1.7.1 Hypoallergenic diet
    • 1.7.2 Paleo diet 9004 0
    • 1.7.3 Vegetarian diet
  • 1.8 Psychotherapy to improve eczema
  • 1.9 Prevention of eczema: how to avoid symptoms?
  • 1.10 Skin care for eczema
    • 1.10.1 Skin cleansing
    • 1.10.2 Moisturizing the skin
    • 1. 10.3 Preventing sticky nails
    • 1.10.4 Avoid skin heat
    • 1.10.5 Wear the right clothing

  90 039 1.11 Conclusions

  • 1.12 Related videos:
  • 1.13 Question -answer:
    • • 1.13.0.1 What is eczema?
      • 1.13.0.2 What types of eczema are there?
      • 1.13.0.3 What are the symptoms associated with eczema?
      • 1.13.0.4 How is eczema treated?
      • 1.13.0.5 How can eczema be prevented?
      • 1.13.0.6 How long can eczema treatment last?

The article tells about the symptoms, types and methods of treatment of eczema, one of the most common dermatological diseases. Learn how to identify eczema, what its forms are and what are the ways to deal with this unpleasant disease.

Eczema is a chronic skin disease that causes a variety of skin rashes. It can manifest itself in different forms, but the main symptom is itching. In its acute form, eczema can be very painful and require immediate treatment. Although the cause of eczema is unknown, there are various methods of treatment and prevention.

Eczema can affect anyone at any age. However, people with dry skin, allergic reactions, thyroid disease, stress and genetic predisposition are most susceptible to this disease. Eczema can manifest itself in different forms, such as allergic, contact, irritant, fungal, kart, etc.

The disease is not an infection and is not transmitted from person to person. Treatment methods may include the use of ointments, creams, lotions, antihistamines, etc. It is very important to avoid strong allergens, try to maintain skin hygiene, do not overheat or overcool. Some people may use alternative medicine methods such as herbs and oils to relieve symptoms of eczema.

Prevention of eczema comes down to relieving stress, avoiding contact with all-tolerant foods, using humidifiers and skin care ointments. It is very important to know that eczema is not curable, but it is possible to manage its symptoms and lead a fulfilling life with the right treatment and prevention.

Definition and causes of eczema

Eczema is a chronic skin condition characterized by intense itching and rashes. It can develop on different parts of the body and bring significant discomfort to the patient.

The causes of eczema can be different. It can result from contact with allergens such as animal dander or certain chemicals. Also, eczema can be associated with skin damage, viral and bacterial infections, and a compromised immune system.

• allergens are a common cause of eczema. In people prone to allergic reactions, contact with certain substances may cause a skin reaction.
• Injuries to the skin , such as those associated with excessive use of soap or sudden changes in temperature, may lead to the development of eczema.
• Infections – Viral and bacterial infections can affect skin health and cause eczema.
• Immune system disorders may cause various skin reactions including eczema.

Determining the cause of eczema is the first step in choosing the most effective treatment and prevention method. Consultation with a dermatologist and the implementation of all prescriptions can help to cope with this unpleasant disease.

Various types of eczema

Eczema is a general name for skin diseases that are manifested by inflammatory reactions. There are several types of eczema that have their own characteristics:

1. Atopic dermatitis is a chronic skin disease that most often manifests itself in people with a hereditary predisposition to allergic reactions. Atopic dermatitis is characterized by dryness, flaking and itching of the skin, as well as the appearance of red rashes.
2. Contact dermatitis – skin reaction to contact with an irritant. This type of eczema most commonly causes blisters, itching, and redness of the skin. Contact dermatitis can be caused not only by chemicals, but also by plants, metals, and even drugs.
3. Seborrheic dermatitis is a skin disease that is manifested by inflammatory reactions on the scalp, face and body. Symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis are a yellowish crust on the skin, itching, inflammation in the corners of the lips and behind the ears.

Regardless of the type of eczema, the treatment is to eliminate the symptoms and causes of the disease. To do this, the doctor may prescribe antibiotics, glucocorticosteroids, ointments, creams and lotions, as well as advice on diet and hygiene. It is important to remember that eczema can recur, so prevention and proper skin care is important.

Symptoms of eczema

Eczema is a skin disease that presents with various symptoms. One of the main symptoms is the appearance of a skin rash on different parts of the body. In this case, the rash can have a different appearance – it can be redness of the skin, on which bubbles form, brown spots, dry cracks, etc.

Shortness of breath and itching are two more characteristic symptoms of eczema. Often patients complain of severe itching, which is accompanied by a burning sensation and skin irritation. In this case, signs of an allergic reaction may appear, such as redness of the eyes, runny nose, cough, shortness of breath, etc.

Symptoms of eczema often appear in early childhood and may accompany the patient throughout life. It is important to consult a doctor in a timely manner and not self-medicate, as incorrect treatment can increase symptoms and aggravate the skin condition.

Diagnosis of eczema

Dermatological examination

A dermatologist should be consulted for the diagnosis of eczema. He will conduct a dermatological examination, which includes examining the skin and conducting the necessary tests.

During the examination, the dermatologist pays attention to the following signs:

• Characteristic skin rashes;
• Spread of rashes;
• Symptoms of itching and irritation;
• Areas of dryness and peeling of the skin;
• Visible skin lesions;
• Size, shape and color of scales removed from the skin.

A wide range of laboratory tests

Additionally, a dermatologist may order laboratory tests to determine the cause of eczema and its form. The following examinations are most often prescribed:

• Blood tests for the level of immunoglobulins;
• Allergen and food intolerance tests;
• Examination of swabs from damaged skin areas;
• Histological examination of skin samples.

Diagnostic criteria

To accurately diagnose eczema, a dermatologist relies on diagnostic criteria that include characteristic symptoms and laboratory tests. These include:

• Characteristic skin rashes;
• Symptoms of itching, irritation and redness of the skin;
• Presence of germs or fungi on broken skin;
• Presence of heredity, in particular allergic reactions;
• Results of laboratory tests and diagnostic methods.

Medications for treating eczema

Medications are used to treat eczema to help relieve the symptoms of the disease and eliminate the cause of its occurrence. Depending on the type and degree of development of eczema, various drugs are selected.

Glucocorticosteroids is a group of medicines that are included in ointments, creams and lotions. They help to cope with inflammation and itching, and also accelerate the healing of damaged skin.

Antihistamines are medicines that reduce itching and relieve allergic reactions. They are effective in contact and atopic eczema, as well as in some other types of disease.

immunosuppressants are drugs that suppress the immune system. They are effective in the treatment of atopic eczema, as they help to cope with allergic reactions and prevent the recurrence of the disease.

Emollients are medicines that moisturize the skin and promote its healing. They can be used in combination with other medications or on their own to help maintain healthy skin.

When choosing medicines, you should contact a dermatologist who will select the optimal course of treatment and advise on the method of using the drugs.

Folk remedies for the treatment of eczema

Eczema is a disease requiring urgent treatment. But many people prefer to use folk remedies as a complement to conventional medicine.

Compresses are one of the most popular treatments for eczema. Use wet compresses of holly, sunflower, chamomile and propolis. Soak the material with an infusion of plant material and apply to the affected area.

Garlic is one of the most effective folk herbs for treating eczema. Its properties eliminate inflammation, itching and redness. Gum from garlic tablets is applied to areas affected by eczema.

Linseed oil is the only product rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which have strong anti-inflammatory properties. Flaxseed oil is taken orally and applied to the affected skin.

Honey and Juniper – Honey and juniper tincture can help control itching and irritation in eczema. Mix one tablespoon of honey and the same areas of dry ground juniper, and apply on the affected area for a few minutes.

• Important to remember:
• Be sure to consult your doctor before using folk remedies.
• Do not leave compresses on the skin for more than 30 minutes.
• Wash skin thoroughly after using herbal remedies.
• Avoid herbal remedies if you are allergic to any of the ingredients.

Diets as a treatment for eczema: what to eat and what not to

For those who suffer from eczema, proper nutrition can significantly reduce the number and severity of symptoms. There are several diets that help cope with eczema, each of them has its own characteristics and contraindications.

Hypoallergenic diet

This diet avoids potentially allergenic foods such as dairy products, egg shells, nuts, fish, honey, chocolate and flavorings. Instead, it is recommended to eat foods that are easily digestible by the body.

Paleo diet

This diet is based on the idea that a person should not eat foods that have appeared in the human diet only in the last few thousand years. Thus, the Paleo diet eliminates gluten, dairy, grains, potatoes, sugar, and derivatives. It is important to consider that such a diet may have contraindications for people who suffer from stomach or kidney problems.

Vegetarian Diet

A vegetarian diet can improve skin conditions in people with eczema as it contains many foods rich in antioxidants, vitamins and minerals. A vegetarian diet includes vegetables, fruits, nuts, grains, legumes, and soy products.

Do not forget that each body is unique and may require an individual approach to diet. Consultation with a doctor or dietitian about the choice of diet is recommended.

Psychotherapy to improve eczema

Psychotherapy plays an important role in a comprehensive approach to the treatment of eczema. It is aimed at reducing the level of stress, which can aggravate the symptoms of the disease. Using psychotherapy techniques can help patients change their response to stress and make them more resilient to negative emotions.

It is important to note that psychotherapy can be especially helpful for children suffering from eczema. Young patients often experience stress and anxiety, which can make symptoms worse. Therefore, it is important to include psychotherapy in general treatment and help the child learn to deal effectively with stressful situations.

• Cognitive behavioral therapy to change thinking and behavior.
• Meditation and relaxation to reduce stress.
• Psychotherapy is especially useful for children.

Prevention of eczema: how to avoid symptoms?

Prevention of eczema includes the following measures:

• Hygiene. Skin hygiene is very important to prevent eczema. Bathe regularly with mild, neutral cleansers. Avoid overwashing and drying the skin after bathing, it is better to leave some moisture on the skin. Remember to clean your clothes and bed linen to protect your skin from irritants.
• Avoid contact with allergens. To prevent eczema, avoid contact with allergens such as dust, pollen, pets, or certain foods. If necessary, apply special measures to prevent contact with the allergen.
• Use humidifiers. Dry skin may contribute to eczema. Moisturize your skin regularly using skin moisturizers. Avoid strong detergents, perfumes and sprays that can irritate the skin.
• Avoid stress and lack of sleep. Stress and lack of sleep can worsen eczema symptoms. Maintain a healthy lifestyle by exercising regularly, going for walks and trying to get enough sleep.
• Medical consultation. If you are at risk of developing eczema, or if your skin is already showing symptoms, see a dermatologist for advice. He will help determine the cause of eczema and prescribe appropriate treatment and prevention.

Skin care for eczema

Skin cleansing

Skin hygiene is very important for eczema. The skin should be cleansed gently, without the use of aggressive products. It is best to use hypoallergenic cleansers or special gels for eczema-prone skin. Do not rub the skin with a rough sponge or towel, it is best to blot it with a cotton cloth.

Moisturizing the skin

Patients with eczema often have dry and irritated skin. Therefore, it is very important to moisturize the skin using special ointments, creams or lotions. It is best to use moisturizers that contain natural ingredients such as shea butter, aloe, tea tree oil, or glycerin.

Preventing sticky nails

In eczema, especially in children, stuck nails can lead to additional skin infections. Therefore, it is advisable to ensure that the nails are trimmed and neat. If the patient sticks nails, it is best to use special transparent stickers or gloves at night.

Avoid thermal skin exposure

For eczema avoid thermal skin exposure. This means that hot baths, showers and saunas should be avoided as hot water and heat can aggravate the skin condition. Moreover, you need to avoid prolonged exposure to direct sunlight and use special creams with an SPF factor.

Wear the right clothes

With eczema, especially during the cold season, it is very important to choose the right clothes. It is best to wear clothes made from natural materials such as cotton, wool and linen. Tight-fitting clothing and woolen items should also be avoided.

Conclusions

Eczema is a common condition that can affect anyone at any age. It has different types, each of which can manifest itself in different ways.

The effectiveness of eczema treatment directly depends on the correct diagnosis and choice of treatment methods. Therefore, the disease should be diagnosed in the clinic and treated under the supervision of a physician.

It is important to remember that eczema can recur and require continued treatment. Therefore, for its prevention, it is necessary to maintain a healthy lifestyle, skin care, avoid contact with allergens and stressful situations.

• Take care of your skin and seek professional help at the first sign of eczema.
• Do not self-medicate as this may aggravate the condition.
• Make lifestyle changes to boost your immune system and eliminate factors that can trigger eczema.

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Q&A:

What is eczema?

Eczema is a skin condition characterized by various symptoms including itching, redness and irritation of the skin.

What types of eczema are there?

There are many types of eczema, including atopic eczema, contact eczema, autoimmune eczema, etc.

What are the symptoms associated with eczema?

Symptoms of eczema may include itching, redness, dry skin, burrs, crusting, and even bleeding.

How is eczema treated?

Treatment for eczema may include drugs, topical agents, lifestyle changes, diet, etc.