What are the tests for ms: Multiple sclerosis – Diagnosis and treatment. Can blood tests diagnose MS? How do MRIs detect demyelination? When is a lumbar puncture used in MS diagnosis?

Unraveling the Mystery: Understanding Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, progressive autoimmune condition that affects the central nervous system. This debilitating disease occurs when the immune system attacks the myelin, the protective layer surrounding the nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord. This disruption in communication between the nerves and the brain, known as demyelination, can lead to a wide range of symptoms and permanent nerve damage.

The Comprehensive Approach: Diagnostic Tests for Multiple Sclerosis

Diagnosing MS is a complex process, as there is no single test that can definitively confirm the condition. Instead, doctors rely on a combination of various tests to rule out other potential causes and gather evidence of the characteristic features of MS.

Blood Tests: The First Step in the Diagnostic Journey

Blood tests are often the initial step in the MS diagnostic process. While they cannot directly diagnose MS, they can help eliminate other conditions with similar symptoms, such as Lyme disease, syphilis, HIV/AIDS, and rare hereditary disorders. Abnormal blood test results may also point toward other underlying health issues, such as cancer or vitamin B12 deficiency.

MRIs: Revealing the Secrets of the Central Nervous System

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the primary test used to diagnose MS. MRIs use powerful magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the brain and spinal cord, allowing doctors to detect abnormalities and evidence of demyelination. By identifying these characteristic lesions, MRIs play a crucial role in confirming an MS diagnosis.

How Do MRIs Detect Demyelination?

The myelin sheath that protects nerve fibers is composed of fatty material that typically repels water. When this myelin is damaged, the affected area holds more water, which can be detected by the MRI’s sensitive imaging technology. By identifying these areas of increased water content, doctors can gather evidence of the demyelination that is a hallmark of MS.

Lumbar Puncture: Analyzing Cerebrospinal Fluid

In some cases, a lumbar puncture, also known as a spinal tap, may be performed to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for analysis. This procedure involves inserting a hollow needle into the lower back and drawing a small amount of the fluid that surrounds the spinal cord and brain. Doctors can then examine the CSF for signs of MS, such as elevated levels of certain antibodies or an unusually high number of white blood cells.

What Can CSF Analysis Reveal?

The CSF of individuals with MS may show increased levels of IgG antibodies and the presence of oligoclonal bands, which are proteins indicative of an abnormal immune response. While these findings can support an MS diagnosis, it’s important to note that up to 10% of people with MS may not exhibit any abnormalities in their CSF.

Evoked Potential Tests: Measuring Nerve Function

Evoked potential (EP) tests are another tool used in the MS diagnostic process. These tests measure the electrical activity in the brain in response to specific stimuli, such as sound, touch, or sight. By monitoring the brain’s response to these external stimuli, doctors can assess the function of the affected nerve pathways and gather additional evidence to support an MS diagnosis.

The Different Types of Evoked Potential Tests

There are three main types of EP tests used in MS diagnosis: visual evoked potential (VEP), auditory evoked potential (AEP), and somatosensory evoked potential (SEP). Of these, the VEP is the most commonly used to detect MS-related abnormalities in the visual system.

Putting the Pieces Together: The Diagnostic Process for Multiple Sclerosis

Diagnosing MS is a complex and multifaceted process that often requires a combination of various tests and evaluations. By starting with blood tests to rule out other conditions, followed by MRI imaging to detect the characteristic lesions of MS, and potentially supplemented by lumbar punctures and evoked potential tests, doctors can piece together the evidence and arrive at a comprehensive diagnosis.

While there is currently no single test that can definitively confirm MS, this comprehensive approach allows healthcare providers to gather the necessary information to make an accurate diagnosis and develop an appropriate treatment plan for individuals affected by this challenging autoimmune disorder.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Diagnosis: What Tests Are There?

There’s no single test that can diagnose multiple sclerosis. Instead, a diagnosis typically requires multiple tests to rule out other conditions with similar symptoms.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, progressive autoimmune condition that affects the central nervous system. MS occurs when the immune system attacks the myelin that protects the nerve fibers in the spinal cord and brain.

This is known as demyelination, and it causes communication difficulty between the nerves and the brain. Eventually it can result in damage to the nerves.

The cause of MS is currently unknown. It’s thought that genetic and environmental factors can play a role.

MS can be difficult to diagnose. After your doctor conducts a physical examination, they’ll likely order several different tests if they suspect you may have MS.

There’s currently no cure for MS, though there are treatments that can reduce symptoms.

Blood tests will likely be part of the initial testing if your doctor suspects you might have MS. Blood tests can’t currently result in a firm diagnosis of MS, but they can rule out other conditions. These other conditions include:

• Lyme disease
• syphilis
• HIV/AIDS
• rare hereditary disorders

All of these disorders can be diagnosed with bloodwork alone. Blood tests can also reveal abnormal results. This can lead toward diagnoses such as cancer or a vitamin B12 deficiency.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the test of choice for diagnosing MS in combination with initial blood tests. MRIs use radio waves and magnetic fields to evaluate the relative water content in tissues of the body. They can detect normal and abnormal tissues and can spot irregularities.

MRIs offer detailed and sensitive images of the brain and spinal cord. They’re much less invasive than X-rays or CT scans, which both use radiation.

Purpose

Doctors will be looking for two things when they order MRI testing for possible MS:

• any abnormalities that could rule out MS
• evidence of demyelination

The layer of myelin that protects the nerve fibers is fatty and repels water when it’s undamaged. If the myelin has been damaged, however, this fat content is reduced or stripped away entirely and no longer repels water. The area will hold more water as a result, which can be detected by MRIs.

To diagnose MS, doctors must find evidence of demyelination. In addition to ruling out other potential conditions, an MRI can provide solid evidence that demyelination has occurred.

Preparation

Before you go in for your MRI, you should remove all jewelry. If you have any metal on your clothes (including zippers or bra hooks), you’ll be asked to change into a hospital gown.

You’ll lie still inside the MRI machine (which is open on both ends) for the duration of the procedure, which takes between 45 minutes and 1 hour. Let your doctor and technician know ahead of time if you have:

• metallic implants
• a pacemaker
• tattoos
• implanted drug infusions
• artificial heart valves
• a history of diabetes
• any other conditions that you think could be relevant

Lumbar puncture, also called a spinal tap, is sometimes used in the process of diagnosing MS. This procedure will remove a sample of your cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for testing.

During the procedure, a needle is inserted into your lower back, between vertebrae, and into the spinal canal. This hollow needle will collect the sample of CSF for testing.

A lumbar puncture typically takes about 30 minutes, and you’ll be given a local anesthetic. You’ll probably be asked to lie on one side with your spine curved.

After the area has been cleaned and a local anesthetic has been administered, a doctor will insert the hollow needle into the spinal canal to withdraw one to two tablespoons of CSF. Usually there’s no special preparation, though you may be asked to stop taking blood thinners.

Doctors who order lumbar punctures during the process of an MS diagnosis will use the test to rule out conditions with similar symptoms. They’ll also look for signs of MS, such as:

• elevated levels of antibodies called IgG antibodies
• proteins called oligoclonal bands
• an unusually high number of white blood cells

People with MS may have a white blood cell count that’s up to seven times higher than normal. However, these abnormal immune responses can also be caused by other conditions.

It’s also estimated that 5 to 10 percent of people with MS don’t show any abnormalities in their CSF.

Evoked potential (EP) tests measure the electrical activity in the brain that occurs in response to stimulation, such as sound, touch, or sight. Each type of stimuli evokes minute electrical signals, which can be measured by the electrodes placed on the scalp to monitor activity in certain areas of the brain.

There are three types of EP tests. The visual evoked response (VER or VEP) is the one most commonly used to diagnose MS.

When doctors order an EP test, they’re going to look for impaired transmission along the optic nerve pathways. This typically happens early in most MS patients. However, before concluding that abnormal VERs are due to MS, other ocular or retinal disorders must be excluded.

No preparation is necessary to take an EP test. During the test, you’ll sit in front of a screen that has an alternating checkerboard pattern on it. You may be asked to cover one eye at a time. It does require active concentration, but it’s safe and noninvasive.

If you wear glasses, ask your doctor ahead of time whether you should bring them.

Medical knowledge is always advancing. As technology and our knowledge of MS moves forward, doctors may find new tests to make the MS diagnosis process a simpler one.

A blood test is currently being developed that will be able to detect biomarkers that are associated with MS. While this test likely won’t be able to diagnose MS on its own, it can help doctors evaluate risk factors and make diagnosis just a little easier.

Most people who receive an MS diagnosis are between the ages of 20 and 40. However, an MS diagnosis can come at any age, ranging from childhood to ages above 40.

Diagnosing MS currently can be challenging and time consuming. However, symptoms supported by MRIs or other test findings combined with the elimination of other possible causes can help make the diagnosis clearer.

If you’re experiencing symptoms that resemble MS, make an appointment with your doctor. The sooner you get diagnosed, the sooner you can get treatment, which can help to alleviate symptoms.

It can also be helpful to talk with others who are going through the same thing. If you’d like to share advice and stories in a supportive environment, considering joining our MS Buddy community. The MS Buddy app is free and available for iPhone or Android.

Read this article in Spanish.

Multiple Sclerosis | Choose the Right Test

Indications for Testing

MS diagnosis is based primarily on clinical features and imaging studies. However, laboratory testing can provide supportive diagnostic evidence, particularly when clinical and MRI findings are insufficient to support a definitive diagnosis.  Although laboratory testing is not required in all cases, it should be considered in the following situations :

• Disease presentation is not consistent with a typical clinically isolated syndrome (eg, primary progressive MS)
• Clinical, imaging, or initial laboratory test results indicate features of atypical MS (eg, clinical attacks not disseminated in space [DIS] or disseminated in time [DIT])
• Populations in which MS is less likely (eg, children or elderly individuals)

Laboratory testing is also used to inform appropriate medical management and assess treatment response.

Diagnostic Criteria

The 2017 McDonald criteria  provide guidance for the diagnosis of MS in patients with a typical, clinically isolated syndrome suggestive of relapsing-remitting MS. The criteria take into account the number of clinical attacks, when the attacks occur, the number of lesions, and the location of the lesion in the CNS. Lesions that demonstrate DIS and DIT are important for MS diagnosis when using these criteria. The McDonald criteria are also useful for patients with insidious neurologic progression that is suggestive of primary progressive MS. These criteria cannot be used to differentiate MS from other conditions. MS should not be diagnosed unless other clinically similar diagnoses have been ruled out. 

Laboratory Testing

No single laboratory test can confirm the diagnosis of MS. However, laboratory testing can provide evidence in support of clinical features and imaging studies in the diagnosis of MS, particularly in cases with an atypical presentation.

Tests to Inform Diagnosis

Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis

Oligoclonal Bands

Oligoclonal bands (OCBs) are observed when clonal populations of antibodies are present in a patient sample. The presence of CSF OCBs is highly suggestive of MS in patients with supportive clinical and imaging factors.  However, OCBs may be observed in patients with NMOSDs or other neurologic diseases, autoimmune diseases, infections, or trauma. Demonstration of DIT typically requires observation of multiple clinical attacks or imaging results consistent with both active and previous demyelination. However, according to the McDonald criteria, the observation of CSF OCBs may be used to demonstrate DIT if other requirements cannot be met, thereby facilitating earlier diagnosis and treatment.  In these cases, evaluating for CSF OCBs can enable more prompt diagnosis and treatment.

To determine if CSF is positive for OCBs, a matched serum and CSF sample must be assessed to detect the presence of unmatched bands on a gel. The immunoglobulin G (IgG) index may also be assessed to identify intrathecal synthesis of IgG. 

Additional CSF Studies

Additional CSF studies are helpful to distinguish MS from similar diseases. CSF cell count, protein, and glucose are often normal in patients with MS, or there may be a mild pleocytosis.  Abnormalities such as high leukocyte count or elevated protein levels may be suggestive of another disease process.  Detailed information about the use of CSF analysis to distinguish between MS and NMSODs can be found in the ARUP Consult Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders topic.

Autoantibody Testing

Autoantibody testing is important to rule out diseases that present similarly to MS. Aquaporin-4 IgG (AQP4) serum autoantibody is specific for NMSODs, and MOG IgG autoantibody is indicative of MOGAD. Testing for these antibodies using a cell-based assay is generally recommended for patients with symptoms indicative of acute CNS demyelination and features that are atypical of MS to prevent misdiagnosis and improper treatment.

Pretreatment Testing

Before initiating treatment with disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), laboratory testing should be performed to minimize treatment-associated risks.  The specific testing required is dependent on the DMT in question but may include a CBC with differential, liver function testing, and viral serologies. For a detailed list of MS medications and the tests recommended before treatment initiation, refer to our tables listing the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved injectable, oral, and infusion DMTs for MS and the recommended laboratory tests for pretreatment testing and treatment monitoring.

Monitoring

Therapeutic drug monitoring can be performed during treatment to monitor the efficacy and safety of DMTs prescribed for the treatment of MS. Antibodies against some DMTs such as natalizumab can develop over the course of treatment and result in serious allergic reactions or loss of treatment efficacy. Laboratory testing can identify antibodies against some DMTs and aid in medical management decisions.

Leukopenia and/or lymphopenia are common side effects of many MS treatments. The impact on lymphocyte count is specific to each DMT, and each medication has a unique monitoring plan. 

Each MS treatment is associated with specific recommendations for the laboratory tests that should be performed during treatment. Refer to our tables listing the FDA-approved injectable, oral, and infusion DMTs for MS and the recommended laboratory tests for pretreatment testing and treatment monitoring.

Medical tests for nurses online

1. Online tests

2. Medicine
3. For nurses

• Theoretical foundations of nursing
  

  04/14/2013
  60878

  Qualification tests are designed to certify nurses. The tests include general nursing theory questions for all nursing specialties.

• Fundamentals of pathology. 1 chapter.
  

  05/04/2020
  3941
  0

  Fundamentals of pathology. 1 chapter. INDEPENDENT WORK Pedagogical control

• Test No. 2 according to MDK 04.02. “Safe environment for patient and staff”
  

  09/09/2014
  30753

  Assignment in the test form according to PM 04.02. “Safe environment for staff and patient”. for theoretical studies.

• SDA. Exam questions section: “First aid in case of an accident.

  ”
  

  10/31/2016
  3689

  In the presented test, the questions of tickets for traffic rules valid from 09/01/2016 are collected.
  If you have wishes for new tests, write their topic or topic.
  Please leave comments and suggestions for tests. Thank you.

• Test number 1. according to MDK 04.01. “Theory and practice of nursing”.
  

  06/07/2014
  31465
  0

  PM 04 “PERFORMING WORK IN THE PROFESSION JUNIOR NURSE FOR PATIENT CARE”

• Test: What substances are missing in your body?
  

  07/18/2017
  3779

  Take the test and get a free recommendation from our specialist!

• Are you at risk of developing diabetes?
  

  10/11/2016
  4672

  Test developed by the American Diabetes Association

• Nursing Practice Tests
  

  03/10/2015
  9772

  nursing practice tests

• Modular control tests “Methods of examination of patients with pathology of the respiratory system”
  

  07/15/2015
  16993
  0

  Tests of modular control on propaedeutics of internal diseases “Methods of examination of patients with pathology of the respiratory system. Main syndromes and symptoms in patients with pathology of the lungs”

• How well do you know Neovita Cosmetics products?
  

  05/31/2017
  21
  0

  NEOVITA COSMETICS is a modern, dynamically developing brand in the field of professional face and body skin care, which has existed since 1967 and is popular among professional cosmetologists. Are you sure you know this cosmetic line well? Let’s check!?

• Emergency care in surgery
  

  03/15/2019
  1021
  0

  test control of knowledge for conducting a qualifying exam on topics

• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
  

  11/07/2021
  1782
  0

  Sudden death (respiratory and circulatory arrest) can be caused by diseases (myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, etc. ) or external influences (trauma, electric shock, drowning, etc.). Regardless of the reasons for the disappearance of signs of life, cardiopulmonary resuscitation is carried out in accordance with a certain algorithm recommended by the Russian National Council for Resuscitation and the European Council for Resuscitation.

• Organization of meals for the patient in the hospital.
  

  11/06/2021
  556
  0

  Nutrition is one of the fundamental human needs. A nurse creates a safe environment when feeding a patient, teaches relatives,

• Nursing care in dermatovenereology. Afo skin. Allergic skin diseases.
  

  01/20/2022
  472
  0

  Hello! You are offered a test in the specialty “Nursing”, consisting of 12 questions. The purpose of the test is to assess the knowledge of students of medical organizations of the secondary prof. education in the section “Dermatovenereology”.

• Knowledge control of medical personnel of GBUZ JSC “OKSC” on sanitary epidemiological. regime
  

  12/16/2016
  4119
  0

  Infection safety and infection control in healthcare facilities

• Nursing care for children
  

  03/20/2019
  982
  0

  Test control of knowledge for the qualification exam
  100 questions. part one

• Nursing care for children part 2
  

  03/21/2019
  385
  0

  Leningrad Regional Medical College
  State budgetary professional educational institution

• Rotavirus infection
  

  04/03/2020
  850
  0

  Test task to test theoretical knowledge on the topic of rotavirus infection

• Nursing care for pyoderma and dermatoses.

  Scabies. Pediculosis.
  

  01/22/2022
  605
  0

  Hello! You are offered a test in the specialty “Nursing”, consisting of 13 questions. The purpose of the test is to assess the knowledge of students of medical organizations of the secondary prof. education in the section “Dermatovenereology”.

Pediatric nursing tests with answers

Pediatric nursing tests for nurses

The correct answer is marked with +

1. Body weight in grams of a full-term baby should be:

+A) 3300-3600;

B) 3900 – 4200;

B) 2700 – 2900.

2. The body length of the newborn should be:

A) 46-48 cm;

+B) 50 – 52 cm;

B) 53 – 55 cm.

+B) 75 cm;

B) 60 cm.

4. Average head circumference of a newborn:

A) 30 – 32 cm;

B) 32 – 34 cm;

+B) 33 – 35 cm.

B) 33 – 36;

C) 35 – 37.

B) Ballard;

+B) Apgar.

7. It has a high energy value, nutrient content, rich in various immunity factors – these are:

A) Breast milk;

B) Adapted milk formula;

+B) Colostrum.

8. The first attachment to the mother’s breast should be carried out:

A) On the second day after birth;

B) 4 hours after delivery;

+B) In the first 30 minutes after birth.

9. Free feeding is:

+A) Attachment to the breast at the request of the child;

B) Breastfeeding every 3 hours with a break at night;

C) Application every three hours, including at night.

test 10. The neonatal period lasts:

A) one year after birth;

B) 6 months after birth;

+B) 1 month after birth.

11. Supplementary food is:

A) Dietary diversity;

+B) Supplementary food given to a child of the first year of life who does not have enough breast milk;

C) Introduction of new products into the diet in order to replenish the energy costs of the baby.

12. Complementary foods are:

A) Dietary diversity;

B) Supplementary food given to a child of the first year of life who does not have enough breast milk;

+B) Introduction of new products into the diet in order to replenish the energy costs of the baby.

13. Breast period continues after birth:

+A) 1 year;

B) 6 months;

C) How long a woman will breastfeed her baby.

14. The recommended daily amount of dairy products for children from one to two years of age is:

A) 300-400 ml;

B) 100 – 200 ml;

+B) 500 – 600 ml.

15. Children from 1 to 3 years of age are recommended milk:

+A) Children’s industrial modified;

B) Fresh whole cow;

C) Mass industrial production.

16. The following products should be included in the daily diet, except:

A) Vegetables;

+B) Fish;

C) Butter.

17. The frequency of respiratory movements in a newborn within the normal range is:

A) 60 – 70 per minute;

+B) 40 – 50 per minute;

C) 16 – 20 per minute.

18. The frequency of respiratory movements in a child of 5 years within the normal range is:

A) 30 – 35 per minute;

+B) 20 – 25 per minute;

B) 15 – 20 per minute.

19. The average value of the pulse rate in a newborn is:

A) 90 per minute;

B) 100 per minute;

+B) 130 – 140 per minute.

test-20. The average value of the pulse rate in a child of 10 years old is:

A) 100 per minute;

+B) 90 per minute;

B) 120 per minute.

21. With hypotrophy of the first degree in the postnatal period, body weight is reduced:

+A) 20%;

B) More than 35%;

B) 5%.

22. Paratrophy is:

A) Insufficient body weight within 10%;

+B) Overweight by more than 10%;

C) Excess growth of more than 10%.

23. Of all types of allergies in childhood, the most common:

+A) Food;

B) Medicinal;

C) Inhalation.

24. The following berries most often cause food allergies:

A) Currant;

+B) Strawberry;

C) Gooseberry.

25. The most common food allergies are the following vegetables;

+A) Tomatoes;

B) Courgette;

C) Carrot.

26. Flour almost never causes allergies:

A) Semolina;

B) Oatmeal;

+B) Soya.

27. The first complementary foods to prevent vitamin D deficiency should include the product:

A) Bread;

+B) Yolk;

C) Meat.

28. Early signs of rickets include:

+A) Increased sweating;

B) Change in the shape of the skull;

C) Curvature of the bones of the lower extremities.

29. One of the signs of “blue defect” in an infant is:

A) Sweating;

+B) Blue lips, fingers, neck;

C) Shortness of breath.

test_30. The appearance of “seizures” in the corners of the mouth may be the cause of the pathological condition:

A) Pneumonia;

+B) Iron deficiency anemia;

C) Atopic dermatitis.

31. BCG is administered to prevent the disease:

+A) Tuberculosis;

B) Pneumonia;

C) Hepatitis.

32. The appearance of a papule after the introduction of the BCG vaccine occurs:

A) a week later;

+B) After 3 months;

C) After 4 weeks.

33. Purulent skin lesions in newborns manifest themselves as:

A) Ritter’s disease;

B) Furunculosis;

+B) Vesiculopustulosis.

34. To confirm phenylketonuria, the following should be examined:

A) Blood;

+B) Urine;

C) Cal.

35. A reliable sign of asphyxia in a newborn is:

+A) Absence of breathing;

B) Decreased muscle tone;

C) Areflexia.

36. Birth injury occurs due to one of the following reasons:

A) Post-term pregnancy;

+B) Mismatch between the size of the pelvis of the woman and the head of the fetus;

C) Anomalies in the structure of genes.

37. Reactive conditions in newborns include all of the following except:

+A) Melena;

B) Breast engorgement;

C) Physiological jaundice.

38. The period of closure of the large fontanel is within the normal range:

+A) 1.5 – 2 years;

B) 6 months;

C) 2.5 years.

39. A potential problem with pyoderma is:

A) Diaper rash;

B) prickly heat;

+B) Sepsis.

test*40. Atopic dermatitis at an early age is manifested by the occurrence of:

A) Enlargement of the thyroid gland;

+B) Milk scab;

C) Neurasthenia.

41. It is possible to improve sputum discharge during productive cough if:

+A) Carry out vibration massage;

B) Place mustard plasters;

C) Administer antibiotics.

42. Using the Zimnitsky test, you can determine:

A) Color, volume, density of urine;

B) Glucose in urine;

+B) The concentration function of the kidneys.

43. Rashes on the skin in the form of vesicles are characteristic of an infectious disease:

A) Measles;

B) Scarlet fever;

+B) Chicken pox.

44. Treatment of the umbilical wound refers to:

+A) Independent nursing intervention;

B) Dependent nursing intervention;

C) Interdependent nursing intervention.

45. In case of allergic diathesis, the following should be excluded from the diet in the first place:

A) Apple juice;

+B) Oranges;

C) Kefir.

46. In what disease is scraping from perinatal folds performed for diagnostic purposes:

+A) Enterobiosis;

B) Ascariasis;

C) Trichuriasis.

47. The main symptom of bronchial asthma in a child:

A) Convulsions;

+B) Attack of suffocation;

C) Edema.

48. When there is a threat of stenosis of the larynx outside the medical institution, the tactics of a nurse:

+A) Urgent hospitalization;

B) Oxygen therapy;

C) ventilator.

49. The main sign of bleeding from the stomach or duodenum:

+A) Melena;

B) Pain in the gastrointestinal tract;

C) Vomiting.

tes No. 50. Leading sign of croup:

+A) Inspiratory dyspnea;

B) Temperature increase;

C) Redness of the face.

51. With glomerulonephritis in the urine of a child:

A) Bacteriuria;

+B) Hematuria;

C) Crystalluria.

52. Pyelonephritis in the urine of a child reveals:

+A) Bacteriuria;

B) Hematuria;

C) Crystalluria.

53. Epidemic parotitis can later lead to:

+A) Infertility;

B) Cystitis;

C) Pyelonephritis.

54. Head thrown back in the supine position may indicate a disease:

A) Myocarditis;

B) Pneumonia;

+B) Meningitis.

55. Late detection of diabetes mellitus can lead to the development of coma:

A) Hypoglycemic;

+B) Ketoacidotic;

B) Uremic.

56. Form 112 is:

A) Group diary;

+B) Child development history;

B) Isolator magazine.

57. The neonatal nurse is responsible for:

A) to bathe a child;

B) Measure blood pressure;

+B) Treat the umbilical wound, weigh the child.

58.