Where is the thyroid gland located. What are the main functions of the thyroid gland. How does the thyroid gland affect metabolism. What hormones does the thyroid produce. What are common thyroid disorders.

The Thyroid Gland: An Overview of the Endocrine System’s Metabolic Regulator

The thyroid gland is a crucial component of the human endocrine system, working in tandem with the nervous and immune systems to regulate the body’s metabolism. This butterfly-shaped gland plays a vital role in numerous bodily functions, from energy production to growth and development.

Location and Structure of the Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is situated in the lower front part of the neck, just below the Adam’s apple. It consists of two lobes, one on each side of the windpipe (trachea). This strategic position allows the gland to efficiently distribute its hormones throughout the body via the bloodstream.

The Thyroid’s Role in Hormone Production and Metabolism

The primary function of the thyroid gland is to produce and secrete hormones that regulate metabolism. These hormones are essential for maintaining various bodily functions and overall health.

Key Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid gland produces two main hormones:

• Thyroxine (T4)
• Triiodothyronine (T3)

These hormones play crucial roles in regulating numerous bodily functions, including:

• Body temperature and circulation
• Appetite and energy levels
• Growth and bone development
• Muscle tone and suppleness
• Heart rate and blood sugar levels
• Central nervous system and bowel function
• Cholesterol levels
• Fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism

Thyroid Hormones and Metabolic Control

The thyroid gland acts as a metabolic control center, constantly fine-tuning the chemical processes occurring within the body. This metabolic regulation is essential for providing the energy needed for survival and optimal functioning.

The relationship between thyroid hormones and metabolism is direct: higher levels of T3 and T4 in the bloodstream lead to a faster metabolism, while lower levels result in a slower metabolism. This delicate balance is crucial for maintaining overall health and well-being.

The Importance of Iodine in Thyroid Function

Iodine is a critical component in the production of thyroid hormones. Most people obtain sufficient iodine from their diet, particularly from seafood and vegetables grown in iodine-rich soils. However, iodine deficiency can lead to serious health issues and impaired thyroid function.

Iodine Deficiency and Goiter

A goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, often caused by iodine deficiency. When the body lacks iodine, the pituitary gland may try to compensate by overstimulating the thyroid to produce more hormones. This increased stimulation can cause the thyroid to grow larger, resulting in a visible swelling in the neck.

The Pituitary-Thyroid Axis: A Delicate Balance

The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, plays a crucial role in regulating thyroid function. It produces thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which directly influences the production of T3 and T4 by the thyroid gland.

Feedback Loop Mechanism

The pituitary-thyroid axis operates on a feedback loop system:

1. When T4 levels in the bloodstream are low, the pituitary increases TSH production.
2. Increased TSH stimulates the thyroid to produce more T3 and T4.
3. When T4 levels are high, the pituitary reduces TSH production.
4. Decreased TSH causes the thyroid to slow down hormone production.

This intricate balance ensures that thyroid hormone levels remain within the optimal range for proper bodily function.

Common Thyroid Disorders and Their Impact on Health

Thyroid disorders can significantly impact overall health and well-being. Understanding these conditions is crucial for early detection and proper management.

Hyperthyroidism: When the Thyroid Goes into Overdrive

Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland becomes overactive, releasing excessive amounts of T3 and T4 hormones into the bloodstream. This hormonal imbalance accelerates metabolism, leading to various symptoms and health issues.

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, stimulating it to produce excess hormones.

Hypothyroidism: When the Thyroid Underperforms

Hypothyroidism is characterized by an underactive thyroid gland that produces insufficient amounts of T3 and T4 hormones. This condition slows down metabolism and can lead to a range of health problems.

The primary cause of hypothyroidism is Hashimoto’s disease, another autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks and damages the thyroid gland, impairing its ability to produce hormones.

Other Thyroid Gland Disorders: A Comprehensive Look

In addition to hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, several other disorders can affect the thyroid gland:

• Thyroid cancer
• Thyroid nodules
• Congenital thyroid disease
• Iodine deficiency disorder

Each of these conditions requires specific diagnosis and treatment approaches, highlighting the importance of regular thyroid health check-ups, especially for those with a family history of thyroid disorders.

Maintaining Thyroid Health: Prevention and Management Strategies

Keeping your thyroid gland healthy is essential for overall well-being. While some factors affecting thyroid health are beyond our control, there are several steps we can take to support optimal thyroid function.

Dietary Considerations for Thyroid Health

Ensuring an adequate intake of iodine is crucial for thyroid health. However, it’s important to maintain a balance, as both too little and too much iodine can be problematic. Good dietary sources of iodine include:

• Seafood (fish, shellfish)
• Dairy products
• Eggs
• Iodized salt

Additionally, other nutrients play a role in supporting thyroid function:

• Selenium: found in Brazil nuts, fish, and eggs
• Zinc: present in oysters, beef, and pumpkin seeds
• Vitamin D: obtained through sunlight exposure and fatty fish

Lifestyle Factors Affecting Thyroid Health

Several lifestyle choices can impact thyroid function:

1. Stress management: Chronic stress can affect hormone balance, including thyroid hormones. Incorporating stress-reduction techniques like meditation, yoga, or regular exercise can be beneficial.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain chemicals, such as perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), may interfere with thyroid function. Minimizing exposure to these substances can help protect thyroid health.
3. Regular check-ups: Scheduling routine thyroid function tests, especially if you have a family history of thyroid disorders, can help detect and address any issues early on.

The Role of Exercise in Thyroid Health

Regular physical activity can support thyroid function in several ways:

• Improving circulation, which helps distribute thyroid hormones throughout the body
• Reducing stress, which can positively impact overall hormone balance
• Supporting metabolism and weight management, which are closely tied to thyroid function

However, it’s important to note that excessive or intense exercise can sometimes stress the thyroid gland. Finding the right balance is key to promoting thyroid health through physical activity.

Diagnosing Thyroid Disorders: Tests and Procedures

Accurate diagnosis of thyroid disorders is crucial for effective treatment. Healthcare providers use a combination of methods to assess thyroid function and identify potential issues.

Blood Tests: The Foundation of Thyroid Diagnosis

Blood tests are the most common and reliable method for evaluating thyroid function. These tests typically measure:

• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• Free T4 (thyroxine)
• Free T3 (triiodothyronine)
• Thyroid antibodies (in cases where autoimmune thyroid disorders are suspected)

The results of these tests provide valuable information about how well the thyroid is functioning and can help identify specific thyroid disorders.

Imaging Studies: Visualizing the Thyroid Gland

In some cases, imaging studies may be necessary to further evaluate the thyroid gland. Common imaging techniques include:

1. Ultrasound: This non-invasive procedure uses sound waves to create images of the thyroid gland, helping to identify nodules or other structural abnormalities.
2. Thyroid scan: This nuclear medicine test involves ingesting a small amount of radioactive iodine, which is then absorbed by the thyroid gland. The resulting images can reveal areas of increased or decreased thyroid activity.
3. CT scan or MRI: These advanced imaging techniques may be used in certain situations, such as evaluating the extent of large goiters or investigating suspected thyroid cancer.

Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy: Investigating Thyroid Nodules

When thyroid nodules are detected, a fine needle aspiration biopsy may be performed to determine whether the nodules are benign or cancerous. This procedure involves inserting a thin needle into the nodule to extract a small sample of cells for microscopic examination.

Treatment Options for Thyroid Disorders: A Personalized Approach

The treatment of thyroid disorders varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. Healthcare providers work closely with patients to develop personalized treatment plans that address individual needs and circumstances.

Medication-Based Treatments

Many thyroid disorders are managed with medication:

• Hypothyroidism: Typically treated with synthetic thyroid hormone replacement (levothyroxine) to restore normal hormone levels.
• Hyperthyroidism: May be treated with antithyroid medications that reduce hormone production or radioactive iodine therapy to destroy overactive thyroid cells.
• Thyroid cancer: Often involves a combination of thyroid hormone replacement and radioactive iodine treatment following surgical removal of the thyroid gland.

Surgical Interventions

In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat thyroid disorders:

1. Thyroidectomy: Partial or complete removal of the thyroid gland, often performed for large goiters, thyroid cancer, or certain cases of hyperthyroidism.
2. Nodule removal: Surgical excision of problematic thyroid nodules.

Lifestyle and Dietary Adjustments

Alongside medical treatments, lifestyle and dietary changes can support thyroid health and improve treatment outcomes:

• Iodine management: Ensuring appropriate iodine intake through diet or supplements, as directed by a healthcare provider.
• Stress reduction: Implementing stress management techniques to support overall hormone balance.
• Regular exercise: Engaging in appropriate physical activity to support metabolism and overall health.
• Nutrient-rich diet: Consuming a balanced diet that includes foods supportive of thyroid function.

By understanding the complexities of the thyroid gland and its role in the endocrine system, individuals can take proactive steps to maintain thyroid health and seek appropriate care when needed. Regular check-ups, awareness of symptoms, and a healthy lifestyle all contribute to optimal thyroid function and overall well-being.

The thyroid gland

What is the thyroid gland?

The thyroid gland is a key part of the human endocrine system and works together with your nervous and immune systems to regulate your body’s metabolism.

Metabolism refers to all of the processes that go on inside your body, for example, the process of turning food into energy.

The thyroid gland regulates metabolism by producing and secreting hormones into your bloodstream.

Terms explained

Autoimmune disorder – a condition where your own antibodies attack your body.

Where is the thyroid gland?

The thyroid gland is located in the lower front part of your throat, just below your Adam’s apple. It consists of 2 lobes on either side of your windpipe.

What does the thyroid gland do?

Your thyroid produces 2 important hormones:

• Thyroxine, known as T4
• tri-iodothyronine, known as T3.

Thyroid hormones affect your:

• body temperature and circulation
• appetite
• energy levels
• growth and bone development
• muscle tone and suppleness
• heart rate
• blood sugar levels
• central nervous system and bowel function
• cholesterol levels
• fat, carbohydrate and protein metabolism.

Thyroid hormones and metabolism

Your thyroid controls the chemical metabolic processes constantly taking place inside your body. This process of metabolism is how your body gets the energy it needs to survive and has a vital function.

Your body needs iodine to make thyroid hormones. Most people get suitable amounts of iodine from their diet as it is found in most food, especially seafood. Small amounts of iodine are found in vegetables grown in soils containing iodine.

If your thyroid cannot produce a sufficient amount of hormones you are vulnerable to a range of serious health conditions.

The higher the T3 and T4 iodine count that circulates in your blood the faster your metabolism is. If you have less T3 and T4, your metabolism levels drop.

If your thyroid becomes overactive (hyperthyroidism), or underactive (hypothyroidism) it is not performing normally and starts to produce abnormal chemical reactions in your body leading to:

• disruption of your entire metabolic system
• unusually high or low levels of hormones or enzymes
• malfunctioning hormones or enzymes
• a build-up of toxic substances in your body
• diseases and serious health conditions.

Your pituitary and thyroid glands

The pituitary is an endocrine gland located at the base of your brain that controls your endocrine system, including your thyroid. The pituitary affects the thyroid by producing a hormone called thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).

TSH causes cells within your thyroid to make more T3 and T4 hormone.

If there is too much T4 in your bloodstream your pituitary produces less TSH, which causes your thyroid activity to slow. If there is not enough T4 hormone the pituitary increases the amount of TSH to help speed up your metabolism.

Goitre

A goitre is when your thyroid gland becomes significantly swollen and enlarged – this can happen if your diet is low in iodine.

If you are iodine deficient your pituitary gland may try to compensate by overstimulating your thyroid to produce more thyroid hormone. When this happens your thyroid grows larger and larger.

The presence of goitre in your neck suggests your thyroid is not functioning properly or you are iodine deficient.

Other thyroid gland disorders

Several disorders are associated with the thyroid gland:

• Graves’ disease
• Hashimoto’s disease
• thyroid cancer
• thyroid nodules
• congenital thyroid disease
• iodine deficiency disorder.

Hyperthyroidism – overactive thyroid

Hyperthyroidism is a condition where your thyroid is overactive and releases too many T4 and T3 hormones into your bloodstream, creating a hormonal imbalance and causing your metabolism to speed up.

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is an autoimmune condition called Graves’ disease.

Learn more about hyperthyroidism, including Graves’ disease and the symptoms and treatment of an overactive thyroid.

Hypothyroidism – underactive thyroid

Hypothyroidism is a condition where your thyroid is underactive and releases too little T4 and T3 hormones into your bloodstream.

This causes your metabolism to slow down too much and reduces the thyroid’s ability to make hormones.

The most common cause of hypothyroidism is an autoimmune condition called Hashimoto’s disease.

Learn more about hypothyroidism, including Hashimoto’s disease and the symptoms and treatment of an underactive thyroid.

Where to get help

• See your doctor
• See your endocrinologist
• Visit a GP after hours
• Ring healthdirect Australia on 1800 022 222.

Remember

• People with a family history of thyroid conditions have a higher risk of also getting thyroid and other autoimmune conditions.
• An overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) releases too much T4 and T3 into your blood stream and causes your metabolism to speed up.
• An underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) does not release enough T4 and T3 into your blood stream and causes your metabolism to slow down too much.
• Thyroid conditions can be treated and have a good prognosis.
• Thyroid conditions affect more women than men.

Acknowledgements

Diabetes and Endocrine Health Network

This publication is provided for education and information purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical care. Information about a therapy, service, product or treatment does not imply endorsement and is not intended to replace advice from your healthcare professional. Readers should note that over time currency and completeness of the information may change. All users should seek advice from a qualified healthcare professional for a diagnosis and answers to their medical questions.

See also

• 
  Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid)




• 
  Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid)




• 
  Your family health history




• 
  Genetic conditions




• 
  Genetic testing

What to Know About This Endocrine-Hormone Powerhouse

The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped organ located in the base of your neck. It releases hormones that control metabolism—the way your body uses energy. The thyroid’s hormones regulate vital body functions, including:

• Breathing

• Heart rate

• Central and peripheral nervous systems

• Body weight

• Muscle strength

• Menstrual cycles

• Body temperature

• Cholesterol levels

The thyroid gland is about 2 inches long and lies in front of your throat below the prominence of thyroid cartilage sometimes called the Adam’s apple. The thyroid has two sides called lobes that lie on either side of your windpipe, and they’re usually connected by a strip of thyroid tissue known as an isthmus. Some people do not have an isthmus, and instead have two separate thyroid lobes.

How the Thyroid Gland Works

The thyroid is part of the endocrine system, which is made up of glands that produce, store, and release hormones into the bloodstream so the hormones can reach the body’s cells. The thyroid gland uses iodine from the foods you eat to make two main hormones:

• Triiodothyronine (T3)

• Thyroxine (T4)

It is important that T3 and T4 levels are neither too high nor too low. Two glands in the brain—the hypothalamus and the pituitary communicate to maintain T3 and T4 balance.

The hypothalamus produces TSH Releasing Hormone (TRH) that signals the pituitary to tell the thyroid gland to produce more or less of T3 and T4 by either increasing or decreasing the release of a hormone called thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).

• When T3 and T4 levels are low in the blood, the pituitary gland releases more TSH to tell the thyroid gland to produce more thyroid hormones.

• If T3 and T4 levels are high, the pituitary gland releases less TSH to the thyroid gland to slow production of these hormones.

Why You Need a Thyroid Gland

T3 and T4 travel in your bloodstream to reach almost every cell in the body. The hormones regulate the speed with which the cells/metabolism work. For example, T3 and T4 regulate your heart rate and how fast your intestines process food. So if T3 and T4 levels are low, your heart rate may be slower than normal, and you may have constipation/weight gain. If T3 and T4 levels are high, you may have a rapid heart rate and diarrhea/weight loss.

Other symptoms of too much T3 and T4 in your body (hyperthyroidism):

• Anxiety

• Irritability or moodiness

• Nervousness, hyperactivity

• Sweating or sensitivity to high temperatures

• Hand trembling (shaking)

• Hair loss

• Missed or light menstrual periods

Other symptoms that may indicate too little T3 and T4 in your body (hypothyroidism):

• Trouble sleeping

• Tiredness and fatigue

• Difficulty concentrating

• Dry skin and hair

• Depression

• Sensitivity to cold temperature

• Frequent, heavy periods

• Joint and muscle pain

Notes: This article was originally published January 29, 2015 and most recently updated March 26, 2019.

• National Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Information Service (NEMDIS): Thyroid Tests. March 2013. http://www.endocrine.niddk.nih.gov/pubs/thyroidtests/index.aspx#whatis. Accessed January 12, 2015.

• British Thyroid Foundation: Your Thyroid Gland. https://www.btf-thyroid.org/index.php/thyroid. Accessed January 12, 2015.

• National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine: PubMed Health: How Does the Thyroid Gland Work? July 2011. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0010393/. Accessed January 12, 2015.

Our Review Process

what it is and how to effectively treat it

Contents

• 1 Thyroid gland: what is it and how to treat it correctly
  • 1.1 Thyroid gland and its treatment
    • 1.1.1 What is the thyroid gland?
    • 1.1.2 What are the types of thyroid disease?
    • 1.1.3 How to effectively treat thyroid diseases?
  • 1. 2 The thyroid gland: what it is and how it functions
    • 1.2.1 What is the thyroid gland?
  • 1.3 What are the symptoms of an underactive thyroid in humans?
  • 1.4 What causes thyroid dysfunction?
  • 1.5 Methods for diagnosing thyroid disorders
  • 1.6 Medicines for the treatment of thyroid diseases
  • 1.7 What foods help treat the thyroid gland?
  • 1.8 Physical activity regimens to improve thyroid function
  • 1.9 Clinics and centers specializing in complex treatment of the thyroid gland
  • 1.10 Expert doctor’s advice for improving thyroid function
    • 1.10.1 1. Nutrition
    • 1.10.2 2. Sleep
    • 1.10.3 3. Physical activity
    • 1.10.4 4. Avoid stress
  • 1.11 How to treat the thyroid gland: effective methods
  • 1.12 Methods of surgical treatment of the thyroid gland
    • 1.12.1 Thyroidectomy
    • 1.12.2 Thermal ablation
  • 1. 13 Related videos:
  • 1.14 Q&A:
    • • 1.14.0.1 What is the thyroid gland?
      • 1.14.0.2 What diseases can cause thyroid dysfunction?
      • 1.14.0.3 What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
      • 1.14.0.4 How can hypothyroidism be treated?
      • 1.14.0.5 Can a goiter be treated without surgery?
      • 1.14.0.6 How is thyroid dysfunction diagnosed?

Learn all about the thyroid gland, from its role in the body to its causes and treatments. Read our article for the latest information on thyroid health.

The thyroid gland is an organ of the endocrine system located in the neck. It plays an important role in the metabolism and regulation of many organs and systems of the body. However, unfortunately, many people have thyroid problems.

One of the most common thyroid disorders is hypothyroidism. It is characterized by a decrease in the level of hormones produced by the thyroid gland. This can lead to various negative effects, including fatigue, decreased immunity, poor circulation, and more.

There are a variety of treatments for thyroid problems, from traditional medicine and drugs to alternative medicine, including diet and specialized exercise. It is important to approach treatment individually, taking into account the characteristics of the body of a particular patient and the recommendations of doctors – endocrinologists and nutritionists.

Thyroid gland and its treatment

What is the thyroid gland?

The thyroid gland is located in the neck and is responsible for the production of hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development of the body. Problems with the thyroid gland can lead to various disorders in the body, so it is important to remain attentive to its condition.

What types of thyroid disease are there?

The most common thyroid disorders are hypothyroidism (decreased thyroid function) and hyperthyroidism (increased thyroid function). You can also encounter the formation of tumors, cysts or inflammation in the thyroid gland.

How to effectively treat thyroid disease?

Treatment of thyroid disorders depends on the specific problem. Hypothyroidism is usually treated with thyroid hormone replacement therapy. In the case of hyperthyroidism, medications, radioablation, or surgery may be used. It is also important to follow a healthy lifestyle, eat nutritious foods, avoid stress and regularly check the condition of the thyroid gland at preventive examinations.

What is the thyroid gland and how does it function

What is the thyroid gland?

The thyroid gland is an endocrine organ located in the front of the neck that plays an important role in regulating metabolism and producing thyroid hormones. It consists of two lobes connected by a small piece of tissue, and is usually shaped like a butterfly.

The thyroid gland is sensitive to changes in the level of thyroid hormones in the blood and regulates their production depending on the needs of the body.

Thyroid dysfunction can lead to various diseases, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, autoimmune thyroiditis, and thyroid cancer. Proper treatment can help restore the function of the gland and reduce the chance of complications.

What are the symptoms of thyroid dysfunction in humans?

Symptoms of hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland)

• general weakness and fatigue;
• drowsiness and decreased work efficiency;
• decrease in body temperature and feeling cold;
• decreased appetite and weight gain;
• constipation;
• skin rashes;
• fluid retention in the body, edema;
• elevated blood cholesterol.

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland)

1. nervousness and irritability;
2. rapid heartbeat and high blood pressure;
3. excessive sweating;
4. diarrhea;
5. nervousness with sleep disturbance;
6. weight reduction;
7. absence or insignificance of the menstrual cycle;
8. hair loss, brittle nails.

What causes thyroid dysfunction?

The thyroid gland is an endocrine organ that regulates the metabolism in the human body. Her work depends on the level of hormones that she produces. Excess or lack of hormones can lead to serious disorders in the functioning of the thyroid gland.

Hypothyroidism can be caused by a variety of factors, including autoimmune diseases (eg, chronic thyroiditis), hypothalamic and pituitary disorders, iodine intake disorders, and environmental problems.

• Graves-Basedow disease
• Autoimmune diseases
• Hypothalamic and pituitary disorders
• Iodine intake disorders
• Environmental problems

Methods diagnosis of thyroid disorders

The thyroid gland is one of the key organs responsible for numerous processes in the body. If problems arise with her work, it is important to establish an accurate diagnosis as soon as possible and begin treatment.

Among the methods for diagnosing disorders of the thyroid gland, the following can be distinguished:

• Clinical examination and anamnesis
• Laboratory blood tests, including complete blood count, analysis of the level of thyroid hormones, antibodies and other indicators
• Ultrasound of the thyroid gland
• Radioisotope examination of the thyroid gland

The combined use of these methods allows for more accurate and timely diagnosis of thyroid disorders, as well as effective treatment and monitoring of the state of the gland in the future.

Thyroid medicines

The thyroid gland can produce too much or too little hormone, which can lead to various diseases. Various drugs are used to treat these diseases.

Medicines for hyperthyroidism: If the thyroid gland produces too much hormone, it is called hyperthyroidism. Beta-blockers, such as propranolol, are used to treat this condition, which help to reduce blood flow and heart rate. Also used are antithyroid drugs, such as thiamazole and propthiuracil, which reduce the production of thyroid hormones.

Medicines for hypothyroidism: If the thyroid gland produces too little hormone, it is called hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormones such as levothyroxine, which is a synthetic hormone similar to thyroxine that the thyroid gland produces, are used to treat this condition.

Treatment results: Thyroid problems can take months or even years to heal. The results of treatment will depend on many factors, including the type of disease, medications taken, and following the recommendations of doctors. People who receive the right and effective treatment can experience a significant improvement in their condition and a decrease in the symptoms of the disease.

What foods help treat the thyroid gland?

Proper nutrition is an important component of thyroid care. A rich source of iodine, necessary for the functioning of the thyroid gland, are seafood. Fish (tuna, mackerel, herring) contain a small amount of iodine, but it is recommended to consume it regularly. In addition, eating seaweed (seaweed, kelp, fucus) can help stimulate thyroid function.

One way to balance thyroid hormones is to eat foods that contain magnesium and zinc. Magnesium can be obtained from green vegetables, nuts, fish, whole grains, and zinc from seafood, beans, nuts.

• Seafood (fish, seaweed)
• Nuts (Brazil nuts)
• Meat
• Eggs
• Green vegetables
• Whole grains
• Beans

All of the above products can be included in the diet for thyroid diseases and help improve its performance when used correctly.

Physical activity regimens to improve thyroid function

Physical activity is an important factor in maintaining health, including thyroid function. However, not all sports are suitable for people with thyroid problems.

To improve the functioning of the thyroid gland, it is recommended to choose the safest types of physical activity, such as walking, swimming, yoga. They will help increase oxygen consumption of cells, reduce stress levels and activate metabolism.

However, if you have an overactive thyroid or are taking medication to regulate your thyroid, you should limit yourself to slower sports and increase physical activity gradually.

It is also worth considering the time of day when you play sports. Morning exercise can be helpful for revitalizing the thyroid gland, but if you get tired quickly, then it is better to exercise in the evening or in the afternoon.

• Yoga
• Walking
• Swimming
• Slow running

It is best to consult a doctor or trainer to determine the appropriate exercise regimen for your health. Do not apply the principle “the more the better.” Moderation and gradualness will help to achieve better results and at the same time not harm your health.

Clinics and centers specializing in complex treatment of the thyroid gland

The thyroid gland is a very important organ responsible for the body’s metabolism. To avoid possible health problems, it is very important to take care of it and contact professionals at the first symptoms of pathologies.

These professionals include various clinics and centers that specialize in complex treatment of the thyroid gland. For example, “Medical Clinic No. 1” offers a combination of traditional and non-traditional methods of treatment, using innovative equipment. The Institute of Nutrition and Dietetics also offers individual programs for the treatment and prevention of thyroid diseases, taking into account nutrition and physical activity.

In addition, there are other centers involved in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid pathologies, for example, the Onegin Medical Center and the Medical Center for Enthusiasts.

• Medical Clinic No. 1 – a combination of traditional and alternative medicine.
• Institute of Nutrition and Dietetics – treatment programs based on nutrition and physical activity.
• Oneginskiy Medical Center – diagnostics and treatment of thyroid pathologies.
• Enthusiastov Medical Center – diagnostics and treatment of thyroid diseases.

Expert doctor’s advice for better thyroid function

1. Nutrition

One of the key aspects of thyroid health is proper nutrition. The expert doctor recommends eating foods rich in iodine, selenium and vitamin D. These foods include seafood, dairy products, fresh vegetables and fruits.

It is also important not to overindulge in gluten and sugar, which can negatively impact thyroid health.

2. Sleep

Sufficient and quality sleep is necessary for the normal functioning of the thyroid gland. The expert recommends sleeping at least 7-8 hours a day and trying to go to bed and wake up at the same time.

3. Physical activity

Regular exercise helps improve thyroid function. The expert advises choosing moderate physical activity, such as walking, swimming, yoga or dancing, and doing it for at least 30 minutes a day.

4. Avoid stress

Stressful situations can negatively affect thyroid health. The expert recommends avoiding stress and learning to manage your emotions. Relaxation techniques such as meditation, breathing exercises, and yoga can help manage stress.

How to treat the thyroid gland: effective methods

The thyroid gland plays an important role in regulating the functioning of many body systems, and its violations can lead to serious diseases. Problems such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism can be caused by different factors and require an individual approach to treatment.

Another method is lifestyle and nutritional change. Some foods, for example, are rich in iodine, selenium and other substances that are needed for the normal functioning of the thyroid gland. It is important to stop bad habits, such as smoking and drinking alcohol, which can negatively affect thyroid function.

Another method is the use of physical exercises. Regular exercise can improve blood flow and help your thyroid function better. However, it should be borne in mind that some exercises, especially in bodybuilding, can negatively affect the functioning of the gland, so it is important to choose the right sport for yourself.

• Medications, including hormones
• Lifestyle and diet changes
• Exercise

Thyroid surgery

Thyroidectomy

Thyroidectomy is an operation in which part or all of the thyroid cartilage is removed. It can be prescribed in case of thyroid cancer or a significant enlargement of the gland, when it begins to put pressure on the surrounding tissues and organs in the chest cavity.

Depending on the complexity of the operation, duration of treatment and recovery time, there are different types of thyroidectomy:

• Total thyroidectomy – removal of the entire thyroid gland. Indicated for cancer or recurrent thyroid disease
• Partial thyroidectomy – removal of only part of the thyroid gland. It is prescribed in case of a nodular formation in the gland, which may be malignant
• Hemithyroidectomy – removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland. Apply if the tumor has developed in only one lobe of the thyroid gland

In addition to thyroidectomy, radical lymphadenectomy can be performed – removal of lymph nodes located near the thyroid gland. This is necessary for malignant tumors, when there is a risk of cancer cells spreading to other parts of the body.

Thermal ablation

Thermal ablation is a method of treating the thyroid gland, which is based on the effect of high temperature on the gland tissue. It is carried out using radio frequency equipment, which, using a vertical needle, introduces radio frequency radiation into the tissues of the thyroid gland.

The advantages of thermal ablation over surgery are lower complications, no need for hospitalization and anesthesia, and faster recovery after the procedure.

Thermal ablation is used in cases of benign tumors and nodules in the thyroid gland.

Related videos:

Q&A:

What is the thyroid gland?

The thyroid gland is an endocrine organ located in the region of the larynx. It is responsible for the production of hormones that regulate the body’s metabolism.

What diseases can cause dysfunction of the thyroid gland?

Dysfunction of the thyroid gland can lead to diseases such as hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroiditis, goiter, etc.

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

The symptoms of hyperthyroidism can vary, but the most common are high blood pressure, palpitations, irritability, sweating, weight loss, diarrhea, irritability, nervousness, etc.

How can hypothyroidism be treated?

Hypothyroidism can be treated with levothyroxine, which is a synthetic analogue of the thyroid hormone thyroxine. Changes in diet and increased physical activity are also applied.

Can a goiter be treated without surgery?

Yes, you can. In most cases, goiter can be treated with medication, prescribing drugs that reduce the amount of goiter tissue. The operation is required only in cases where the goiter reaches a large size and leads to squeezing of the surrounding organs.

How is thyroid dysfunction diagnosed?

For the diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction, laboratory and instrumental studies are carried out: blood tests for the main thyroid hormones, ultrasound, biopsy, etc.

Thyroid gland – structure, features, significance of the thyroid gland for the human body.

What is the thyroid gland (thyroid)

The thyroid gland (lat. glandula thyroidea) is an endocrine organ involved in the regulation of two major body processes: the main (i. e., energy or caloric) and calcium-phosphate metabolism. It is under the control and regulation of the nervous system and the anterior pituitary gland (TSH). The individual structure of the thyroid gland and its relationship with other organs and systems in the body affect the development and course of diseases.

The thyroid gland (TG) is an unpaired organ consisting of two parts: the right and left lobes, usually connected in the central part by an isthmus. The thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck, covering the trachea on both sides with volumetric lobes, and in front with an isthmus.

Inward from the gland are the tracheal rings, on the side are the carotid arteries and jugular veins, and in front of the muscle formations, connective tissue septa and skin with subcutaneous tissue. The location of the thyroid gland relatively close to the surface allows good palpation of the organ. This feature is convenient for ultrasound diagnostics.

From the time of formation (in the prenatal period) of the thyroid gland and throughout life, its general and microscopic structure naturally changes. In some periods of life, such transformations are significantly pronounced.

Structure (anatomy) of the thyroid gland

The thyroid gland is a large organ. This is an important note! Each lobe of the gland is voluminous and shaped like a tongue. The erroneous comparison of the thyroid gland with a butterfly complicates the understanding of changes in the gland and the principle of ultrasound (ultrasound). It is important to remember that a butterfly is predominantly a flat object (2D), while a thyroid one is 3D (3D).

The volume of the gland is an important guideline for clinical diagnosis, as it indicates the amount of compensatory tension. According to a study conducted at the Thyroid Clinic by Dr. A.V. Ushakov, it has been proved that in normal women the optimal volume of the thyroid gland is 7-8 ml , and in men it is 9-11 ml. An increase in the gland by an additional 2-4 ml is physiological, and can occur under energy-consuming conditions (during pregnancy, during menstruation, in winter . ..). Those extra 2-4 ml are natural physiological buffer . A further increase in the volume of the thyroid gland is associated with widespread (diffuse) and nodular hypertrophy, and is indicated in the diagnosis by the concept of goiter or struma.

Outdated standards for thyroid volume (up to 18 ml and 25 ml for all women and men) proposed by Dr. Gutecunst R. et al. (1988) are distorted and false. This circumstance is evidently explained in the article by A.V. Ushakov “Distortion of the maximum norm of the volume of the thyroid gland in adults” (2016).

Each lobe of the thyroid gland is surrounded by a thin capsule of connective tissue . There are two sheets of such a capsule, between which lie dense plexuses of nerves and blood vessels. The inner leaf of the capsule in some places penetrates inside, carrying with it the neurovascular plexuses, and divides the partitions inside each lobe into larger and smaller parts. Connective tissue partitions have an individual manifestation – more or less pronounced.

The smaller anatomical part is the lobule. It consists of several dozen follicles, formations consisting of cells covering the colloid. The lobules are determined by ultrasound. The follicle is a histological concept and is examined under a microscope. Follicles are spherical elements, consisting of epithelial cells along the periphery and an internal colloidal “lake”.

The thyroid gland has the most abundant blood circulation compared to other organs. For example, the density of the vascular network and the intensity of blood flow are 4 times greater here than in the kidneys. This circumstance is associated with the importance of thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) for the body and the need for intensive formation of these hormones. When the tension of the thyroid gland increases (for example, with hyperthyroidism), the blood flow in it is significantly activated, which is noticeable with ultrasound.

Nervous network penetrates into the tissue of the thyroid gland together with the vessels (in 95-97%) and separately from them. The nerves branch into tiny ones and directly contact the cells of the glandular tissue. This circumstance, according to the biological axiom of I.M. Sechenov, clearly indicates the leading role of nervous regulation in the activity of the thyroid gland. Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve formations are predominantly involved in the regulation of the activity of the thyroid gland.

Behind each lobe of the thyroid gland (thyroid) there are 2-4 small formations – parathyroid glands . Some parathyroid glands can go deep into the thyroid gland and even completely located inside its lobes (This feature is important for the differential diagnosis of parathyroid adenoma). More posteriorly are the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae. To the right and behind the right lobe is the esophagus. Above the gland is the thyroid cartilage.

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Age types of the thyroid gland structure

Based on studies of the structure of the thyroid gland tissue in different age periods, Professor V. I. Puzik (1951) identified 7 main histological variants of the organ structure.

1. Embryonic type The gland has small follicles, without colloid and a small amount, with developed loose connective tissue and abundant blood flow. It is observed from during the first months after birth and gradually changes.

2. First year of life There is unevenness of follicles in the center and along the periphery of the lobes of the thyroid gland, with active blood flow.

3. From 1 to 3 years Equalization of the size and shape of follicles in different parts of the gland, the connective tissue base of the gland is clearly formed.

4. From 3 to 7-8 years Gland growth. An increase in the size of tissue follicles and the formation of their uniformity. The main type of blood flow organization develops.

5. From 9 to 13-14 years old Activation of processes due to increased body development. Significant physiological increase and growth of follicles. Instability of the colloidal composition (lumpy, liquid character).

6. Initial adult type Processes of depletion-restoration of gland tissue are balanced. There is a uniform distribution of follicles and their forms, a dense colloid, a little pronounced and evenly located connective tissue inside the gland.

7. Senile (volutory) type Flattening of follicle cells, reduction of colloid, depletion and atrophy of follicles, the predominance of lymphoid tissue – with a general normal organization of glandular tissue.

All of these variants of the structure of the gland tissue are directly related to the intensity of processes in the human body.

Symptoms of thyroid diseases

Overview

Symptoms help to pay attention to the disease. Therefore, it is true that almost every patient, having suspected something was wrong, tries to understand whether there are signs of changes in his thyroid gland. Most people are not familiar with the symptoms of thyroid disease. Some guess what kind of manifestations are associated with thyroid hormone metabolism. Others think they know everything about thyroid symptoms, but don’t even realize how little… Next →

Hypothyroidism or “Hypothyroidism”

Hypothyroidism is a laboratory symptom, not a disease per se. In our Clinic, hypothyroidism is understood as an increased need of the body for thyroid hormones. At the same time, the thyroid gland is overstimulated by the peripheral nervous system and the pituitary gland (by increasing TSH)… but, as the gland is depleted, it is accompanied by a lack of thyroid hormones. Only with a significant deficiency of thyroid hormones do signs of the disease appear … Next →

Hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis

In the 19th century, the syndromic principle of disease characterization prevailed. The description of subcompensated and decompensatory signs in hyperthyroidism was proposed by Flajani, Peri, Grevs, Basedow, Gauthier, Mobius. For example, Basedow (Germany) presented to distinguish the disease by a combination of three main symptoms. This is the so-called Merseburg triad: palpitations (tachycardia), bulging eyes (exophthalmos) and an enlarged thyroid gland (goiter).

By the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries, a dominant view of hyperthyroidism, previously designated nosologically, in accordance with the syndrome, was formed in the medical environment – Graves’ disease (or otherwise – Graves’ disease), and later – thyrotoxicosis… Further →

Autoimmune thyroiditis

Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) is an activation of the immune system in the thyroid gland with phenomena of lymphocytic infiltration (penetration of lymphocytes into the tissue), in which specific thyroid antibodies are detected in the blood, which is hypothetically assessed as inflammation.

Autoimmune processes of the thyroid gland are accompanied by euthyroidism, hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, nodular or diffuse changes, may have isotrophic, hypertrophic and hypotrophic volume. In a population, autoimmune thyroiditis occurs from 1% to 12%, depending on age. .. Further →

Thyroid nodules

A thyroid nodule is a structurally and functionally separate section of its tissue, with an unchanged or naturally transformed structure. The number of nodes in the thyroid gland can be different. From one, two or three, to a state where almost the entire internal content of the gland is represented by many nodes.

A node or a nodal process is a focal formation formed from a part of the gland and developing without signs of a significant increase in volume. If the volume of the node progressively increases, then this condition is called nodular goiter. In addition to the number, thyroid nodules differ in size, in relation to the borders of the gland, the state and degree of functional stress. The choice of tactics depends on these signs.. Next →

Thyroid adenoma

Thyroid adenoma is an intensive reproduction of the same type of benign cells inside the node, and corresponds to the tumor. Why tumor? Because any development of cells in the nodes is a tumor process. The formation of benign tissue occurs behind the nodes and within the nodes. In the first case, this process is called regeneration, and in the second, proliferation.

Can an adenoma change, become malignant? You will find the answer to all questions in this article. You expect real, not schematic knowledge. … Next →

Diffuse goiter

The word “goiter” means an increase in the volume of the thyroid gland. The diffuse process focuses on changes that are distributed almost evenly throughout the entire tissue of the gland. It is necessary to distinguish between a general (total) and a bilateral increase in the volume of the gland. In the first case, the entire gland increases, and in the second case, only two lobes (without the isthmus) increase.

In conditions when the body requires more than usual amounts of hormones, the gland is forced to activate its activity. At the same time, the intensive work of gland cells leads to their thickening (cellular hyperplasia) and additional accumulation of colloid in the follicles (tissue hyperplasia). This is one of the circumstances contributing to the increase … Further →

Diffuse toxic goiter

Hypercompensatory (enhanced) tension of the thyroid gland with a widespread increase in its volume and excessive saturation of the body with thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), which have a specific effect. Diffuse toxic goiter in the population ranges from 0.47% to 1.53%, prevailing in the area of ​​hyperthyroid syndrome (up to 70-80%), which includes the hyperthyroid process and nodular hyperthyroidism.

The traditional DTZ designations are associated with the names of Basedow (Germany) and Graves (Great Britain), who described in 19century this syndrome: an increase in the thyroid gland, palpitations and exophthalmos. The combination of three signs of the disease is not constant and depends on individual compensatory characteristics… Further →

Cancer of thyroid nodules

Thyroid cancer usually has no symptoms. The content of popular articles like “10 Symptoms of Thyroid Cancer”, as a rule, does not correspond to reality. Only extremely rarely and in very advanced cases of aggressive variants of thyroid cancer can there be hoarseness due to irritation of the recurrent nerve. Protrusion of the gland node is not a sign of cancer.

Only 4% of thyroid nodules detected by ultrasound are cancerous. However, each node requires careful examination to exclude or confirm a malignant process… Next →

TI-RADS in cancer diagnosis

TI-RADS is a thyroid nodule ultrasound assessment system for reporting the likelihood of malignancy (cancer) and indicating fine needle biopsy. This system has features of classification and helps to unify the conclusion about the likelihood of thyroid cancer and the choice of diagnostic tactics for doctors of different specialties. There are different systems… Next →

Subacute thyroiditis

Subacute thyroiditis is an inflammatory damage to the thyroid tissue, accompanied by transient hyperthyroidism with thyrotoxicosis, the likelihood of transition to hypothyroidism, local and general body reactions.